chapter 3 morphology 形态学

the classification of morphemes 1
A. free morpheme自由语素 Morphemes may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorphemeic单语素词 words are free morphemes.
Free morphemes can be divided into two categories: Lexical morphemes(词汇语素)：ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives which carry the content of messages we convey. E.g. book, desk Functional morphemes(功能语素)：conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. E.g. if, when, because.
2. The smallest unit of morphology & the classification of morphemes
Morpheme(语素): A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. It cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
1.4 Definition of morphology P52
Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

root
stem
base
friendship
friend
friend
friendships friend
friendship
friendship
classrooms class,room classroom
classroom
Decide the root, stem or base of the following terms.
Compounds usually have different stress patterns from the noncompounded word sequence.
green 'house --- 'greenhouse black 'board --- 'blackboard The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. e.g.redcoat greenhand
1987现代英语词汇学概现代英语词汇学概2004简明现代汉语简明现代汉语mm
Chapter 3 Morphology
Preliminaries: Q: What is the difference between word and non-word? Divide each of the following words into the parts it is made up of. activity, teacher, creation; letters, boy’s; enlarge, dislike; taken, talking, ended; interesting, careful, friendly; sooner, quickest;

closed
3.1 What is morphology?
simple
adj. just adj. quality n. identity n. beauty n.
—— —— —— —— ——
simplify v. justify v. qualify v. identify v. beautify v.
为自由词素是因为它们可以作为单词 独立使用，如helpful中的help就是自 由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单 词来使用。
能单独出现独立成词的是自由词素。
所有的单词素词都是自由词素，如 dog, nation, close等。
除了可以作为独立的单词使用以外，
它们也可以和其它词素相结合构成单 词。
组成部分都是自由语素的多词素词叫
复合词，如 babysit, godfather, sunflower, blackbird等。
helper — help-er timetable — time-table quicken — quick-en roommate --- room-mate disabled — dis-able-ed assistant — assist-ant carelessly — care-less-ly frightening — fright-en-ing
open class and Байду номын сангаасlosed class
Open

class words: 开放类词 new words can be regularly added indefinite in number content words nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs

语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.