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2011年12月大学英语六级真题答案快速阅读1. Google claims its plan for the world’s biggest online library is _____【答案】B. to serve the interest of the general public【解析】该题问的是Google 所声称的自己图书馆计划的目的。
根据顺序原则该题靠前，同时注意到第三段开头连续并列why，提示第三段很有可能提到原因或目的。
用claim定位至第三段第三句，该句motive 引出后面Google声称的原因是“本质上被公众精神驱动”，三段末更提到是为了所有人的知识需求。
核心名词public及句意都对应B选项。
2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google’s book-scanning project will【答案】B. broaden humanity’s intellectual horizons【解析】该题问的是Santiago de la Mora对Google图书扫面项目的看法。
用人名可定位至四段中，之后该人提到Goo gle该项目能expand the frontiers of human knowledge，即拓广人类知识的范围。
对应B选项。
核心名词knowledge被改为同义词intellectual，frontier被同义替换为horizon，动词expand被同义替换为broaden。
3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlledby_______.【答案】C. non-profit organizations【解析】该题问的是反对Google的人对数字知识控制者的看法。
2011年6月大学英语六级真题Part ⅠWriting (30minutes)1．现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试2．其目的各不相同3．在我看来……The Certificate CrazePart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming andScanning) (15 minutes)Minority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.Barry Mills, the president of Bowdoin College, was justifiably proud of Bowdoin's efforts to recruit minority students. Since 2003 the small, elite liberal arts school in Brunswick, Maine, has boosted the proportion of so-called under-represented minority students in entering freshman classes from 8% to 13%. "It is our responsibility to reach out and attract students to come to our kinds of places," he told a NEWSWEEK reporter. But Bowdoin has not done quite as well when it comes to actually graduating minorities. While 9 out of 10 white students routinely get their diplomas within six years, only 7 out of 10 black students made it to graduation day in several recent classes. "If you look at who enters college, it now looks like America," says Hilary Pennington, director of postsecondary programs for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has closely studied enrollment patterns in higher education. "But if you look at who walks across the stage for a diploma, it's still largely the white, upper-income population."The United States once had the highest graduation rate of any nation. Now it stands 10th. For the first time in American history, there is the risk that the rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one. The graduation rate among 25- to 34-year-olds is no better than the rate for the 55- to 64-year-olds who were going to college more than 30 years ago. Studies show that more and morepoor and non-white students want to graduate from college – but their graduation rates fall far short of their dreams. The graduation rates forblacks, Latinos, and Native Americans lag far behind the graduation rates for whites and Asians. As the minority population grows in the United States, low college graduation rates become a threat to national prosperity.The problem is pronounced at public universities. In 2007 the University of Wisconsin-Madison – one of the top five or so prestigious public universities – graduated 81% of its white students within six years, but only 56% of its blacks. At less-selective state schools, the numbers get worse. During the same time frame, the University of Northern Iowa graduated 67% of its white students, but only 39% of its blacks. Community colleges have low graduation rates generally –but rock-bottom rates for minorities. A recent review of California community colleges found that while a third of the Asian students picked up their degrees, only 15% of African-Americans did so as well. Private colleges and universities generally do better, partly because they offer smaller classes and more personal attention. But when it comes to a significant graduation gap, Bowdoin has company. Nearby Colby College logged an 18-point difference between white and black graduates in 2007 and 25 points in 2006. Middlebury College in Vermont, another top school, had a 19-point gap in 2007 and a22-point gap in 2006. The most selective private schools – Harvard,Yale, and Princeton – show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates. But that may have more to do with their ability to select the best students. According to data gathered by Harvard Law School professor Lain Gainer, the most selective schools are more likely to choose blacks who have at least one immigrant parent from Africa or the Caribbean than black students who are descendants of American slaves."Higher education has been able to duck this issue for years, particularly the more selective schools, by saying the responsibility is on the individual student," says Pennington of the Gates Foundation. "If they fail, it's their fault." Some critics blame affirmative action –students admitted with lower test scores and grades from shaky high schools often struggle at elite schools. But a bigger problem may bethat poor high schools often send their students to colleges for whichthey are "under matched": they could get into more elite, richer schools, but instead go to community colleges and low-rated stateschools that lack the resources to help them. Some schools out for profit cynically increase tuitions and count on student loans and federal aid to foot the bill – knowing full well that the students won't make it. "The school keeps the money, but the kid leaves with loads of debt and no degree and no ability to get a better job. Colleges are not holding up their end," says Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust.A college education is getting ever more expensive. Since 1982 tuitions have been rising at roughly twice the rate of inflation. In 2008 the net cost of attending a four-year public university – after financial aid – equaled 28% of median (中间的)family income, while a four-year private university cost 76% of median family income. More and more scholarships are based on merit, not need. Poorer students are not always the best-informed consumers. Often they wind up deeply in debt or simply unable to pay after a year or two and must drop out. There once was a time when universities took pride in their dropout rates. Professors would begin the year by saying, "Look to the right and look to the left. One of you is not going to be here by the end of the year." But such a Darwinian spirit is beginning to give way as at least a few colleges face up to the graduation gap. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the gap has been roughly halved over the last three years. The university has poured resources into peer counseling to help students from inner-city schools adjust to the rigor (严格要求)and faster pace of a university classroom –and also to help minority students overcome the stereotype that they are less qualified. Wisconsin has a "laser like focus" on building up student skills in the first three months, according to vice provost (教务长)Damon Williams. State and federal governments could sharpen that focus everywhere by broadly publishing minority graduation rates. For years private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have had success bringing minorities onto campus in the summer before freshman year to give them some prepare Tory courses. The newer trend is to start recruiting poor and non-white students as early as the seventh grade, using innovative tools to identify kids with sophisticated verbal skills. Such programs can be expensive, of course, but cheap compared with the millions already invested in scholarships and grants for kids who have little chance to graduate without special support.With effort and money, the graduation gap can be closed. Washington and Lee is a small, selective school in Lexington, Va. Its student body is less than 5% black and less than 2% Latino. While the school usually graduated about 90% of its whites, the graduation rate of its blacks and Latinos had dipped to 63% by 2007. "We went through a dramatic shift," says Dawn Watkins, the vice president for student affairs. The school aggressively pushed mentoring (辅导) of minorities by other students and "partnering" with parents at a specialpre-enrollment session. The school had its first-ever black homecoming. Last spring the school graduated the same proportion of minorities as it did whites. If the United States wants to keep up in the global economic race, it will have to pay systematic attention to graduating minorities, not just enrolling them.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2011 年12 月大学英语六级考试Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause. During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A), B),C)and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.11.M: I don’t know what to do. I have to drive to Chicago next Friday for my cousin’s wedding, but I have got a Psychology test to prepare for.W: Why don’t you record your notes so you can study on the way?Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?12.M:Professor Wright,you may have to find another student to play this role,the lines are so long and I simply can’t remember them all.W: Look, Tony. It is still a long time before the first show. I don’t expect you to know all the lines yet. Just keep practicing.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?13.M: Hello, this is Dr. Martin from the Emergency Department. I have a male patient with a fractured ankle.W: Oh, we have one bed available in ward 3, send him here and I will take care of him.Q: What are the speakers talking about?14.W: Since Simon will graduate this May, the school paper needs a new editor. So if you are interested, I will be happy to nominate you.M: Thanks for considering me. But the baseball team is starting up a new season. And I’m afraid I have a lot on my hands.Q: What does the man mean?15. W: Have you heard the news that Jame Smeil has resigned his post as prime minister?M: Well, I got it from the headlines this morning. It’s reported that he made public at this decision at the last cabinet meeting.Q: what do we learn about Jame Smeil?16. W: The morning paper says the space shuttle is taking off at 10 a.m. tomorrow.M:Yeah,it’s just another one of this year’s routine missions.The first mission was undertaken a decade ago and broadcast live then worldwide.Q: what can we infer from this conversation? 17. M: We do a lot of camping in the mountains. What would you recommend for two people? W:You’d probably be better off with the four real drive vehicle.We have several off-road trucks in stock, both new and used.Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?18. W: I hear you did some serious shopping this past weekend.M: Yeah, the speakers of my old stereo finally gave out and there was no way to repair them.Q: What did the man do over the weekend?Conversation OneW: Now, could you tell me where the idea for the business first came from?M: Well, the original shop was opened by a retired printer by the name of Gruby.Mr Gruby being left-handed himself, thought of the idea to try to promote a few products for left-handers.W: And how did he then go about actually setting up the business?M:Well,he looked for any left-handed products that might already be on the market which were very few.And then contacted the manufactures with the idea of having products produced for him, mainly in the scissors range to start with.W: Right. So you do commission some part of your stock.M: Yes, very much so. About 75 percent of our stock is specially made for us.W: And the rest of it?M:Hmm,the rest of it now,some 25,30years after Mr.Gruby’s initial efforts,there are more left-handed product actually on the market.Manufactures are now beginning to see that there is a market for left-handed products.W: And what’s the range of your stock?M: The range consists of a variety of scissors from children scissors to scissors for tailors, hairdressers etc. We also have a large range of kitchen ware.W: What’s the competition like? Do you have quite a lot of competition?M:There are other people in the business now in specialists,but only as mail-order outlets.But we have a shop here in central London plus a mail-order outlet.And we are without any doubt the largest supplier of the left-handed items.Q19: What kind of business does the man engaged in?Q20: What does the man say about his stock of products?Q21: What does the man say about other people in his line of business?Conversation TwoM: Can we make you an offer? We would like to run the campaign for four extra weeks.W:well,can we summarize the problem from my point of view?First of all,the campaign was late.It missed two important trade affairs.The ads also did not appear into key magazines.As a result, the campaign failed. Do you accept that summary of what happened?M: well, the delay wasn’t entirely our fault. You did in fact make late changes to the specifications of the advertisements.W:Uh,actually,you were late with the initial proposals so you have very little time and in fact, we only asked for small changes.M: Well whatever, can we repeat our offer to run the campaign for 4 extra weeks?W: That’s not really the point. The campaign missed two key trade affairs. Because of this, we are asking you either to repeat the campaign next year for free, or we only pay 50% of the fee for this year.M:Could we suggest a 20%reduction to the fee together with the four week sustention to the campaign.W: We are not happy. We lost business.M: I think we both made mistakes. The responsibility is on both sides.W: Ok, let’s suggest a new solution. How about a 40% cut in fee, or a free repeat campaign?M: Well, let’s take a break, we’re not getting very far. Perhaps we should think about this.22: What do we learn about the man’s company?23: Why was the campaign delayed according to the man?24: What does the woman propose as a solution to the problem?25: What does the man suggest they do at the end of the conversation?Section BPassage OneThe University of Tennessee’s Walters Life Sciences building, is a model animal facility, spotlessly clean,careful in obtaining prior approval for experiments from an animal care committee.Of the 15,000mice house there in a typical year,most give their lives for humanity. These are good mice and as such won the protection of the animal care committee.At any given time however some mice escape and run free.These mice are pests.They can disrupt experiments with the bacteria organisms they carry.They are bad mice and must be captured and destroyed. Usually,this is accomplished by means of sticky traps, a kind of fly paper on which they become increasingly stuck.But the real point of the cautionary tale,says animal behaviorist Herzau,is that the labels we put on things can affect our moral responses to ing stick traps or the more deadly snap traps would be deemed unacceptable for good mice.Yet the killing of bad mice requires no prior approval.Once the research animal hits the floor and becomes an escapee,says Herza,its moral standard is instantly diminished.In Herzau’s own home,there was more ironic example when his young son’s pet mouse Willy died recently,it was accorded a tearful ceremonial burial in garden.Yet even as they mourned Willy,says Herzau,he and his wife were setting snap traps to kill the pest mice in their kitchen with the bare change in labels from pet to pest,the kitchen mice obtained totally different moral standardsQuestions:26, What does the passage say about most of the mice used for experiments?27, Why did the so-called bad mice have to be captured and destroyed?28, When are mice killed without prior approval?29, Why does the speaker say what the Herzau’s did at home is ironical?Passage TwoThere are roughly three New Yorks.There is,first,the New York of the man or woman who was born here,who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable.Second,there is the New York of the commuter —the city that is swallowed up by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something.Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last,the city of final destination,the city that has a goal.It is this third city that accounts for New York's high-strung disposition,its poetical deportment,its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable muters give the city its tidal restlessness;natives give it solidity and continuity;but the settlers give it passion.And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum,or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being observed by her neighbors,or a boy arriving from theCorn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart,it makes no difference:each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love,each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.Questions30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. What does the speaker say about the natives of New York?31. What does the speaker say commuters give to New York?32. What do we learn about the settlers of New York?Passage Three“If you asked me television is unhealthy”,I said to my roommate Walter,as I walked into the living room. “While you are sitting passively in front of the TV set, your muscles are turning to fat, your complexion is fading,and your eyesight is being ruined.”“Shh~”Walter put his finger to his lips, “This is an intriguing murder mystery.”“Really?” I replied.“But you know,the brain is destroyed by TV viewing.Creativity is killed by that box.And people are kept from communicating with one another.From my point of view,TV is the cause of the declining interest in school and the failure of our entire educational system. ”“Ah ha,I can’t see your point.”Walter said softly.“But see?The woman on the witness stand in this story is being questioned about the murder that was committed one hundred years ago. ”Ignoring his enthusiastic description of the plot, I went on with my argument.“As I see it,” I explained, “not only are most TV programs badly written and produced, but viewers are also manipulated by the mass media.As far as I am concerned,TV watchers are cut off from reality from nature,from the other people,from life itself!I was confident in my ability to persuade.After a short silence, my roommate said, “Anyway, I’ve been planning to watch the football game.I am going to change the channel.”“Don’t touch that dial!” I shouted, “I wanted to find out how the mystery turns out!”I am not sure I got my point to cross.Questions 33- 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. As the speaker walked into the living room, what was being shown on TV?34. What does the speaker say about watching television?35. What can we say about the speaker?Section C Compound DictationIn the past,one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro scale.For example,doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to detect health problems or to perform delicate surgery.Repair crews did not have a way of identifying broken pipes located deep within a high-rise apartment building.However, that’s about to change.Advances in computers and biophysics have started a micro miniature revolution that allows scientists to envision and in some cases actually build microscopic machines.These devices promise to dramatically change the way we live and work.Micromachines already are making an impact.At Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, research scientists have designed a 4-inch silicon chip that holds 700 tiny primitive motors. At Lucas Nova Sensor in Fremont, California, scientists have perfected the world’s first microscopic blood-pressure sensor.Threaded through a person’s blood vessels,the sensor can provide blood pressure readings at the valve of the heart itself.Although simple versions of miniature devices have had an impact, advanced versions are still several years away.Auto manufacturers, for example, are trying to use tiny devices that can sense when to release an airbag and how to keep engines and breaks operating efficiently .Some futurists envision nanotechnology also being used to explore the deep sea in small submarine, or even to launch finger-sized rockets packed with micro miniature instruments.“There is an explosion of new ideas and applications,”So,when scientists now think about future machines doing large and complex tasks,they’re thinking smaller than ever before.Listening Comprehension 短对话听力答案11.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?【答案】A) Listen to the recorded notes while driving.12.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?【答案】C) The man lacks confidence in playing the part.13.Q: What are the speakers talking about?【答案】A) Arranging a bed for a patient.14.Q: What does the man mean?【答案】A) He is too busy to accept more responsibility.Section A11.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?【答案】A) Listen to the recorded notes while driving.12.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?【答案】C) The man lacks confidence in playing the part.13.Q: What are the speakers talking about?【答案】A) Arranging a bed for a patient14.Q: What does the man mean?【答案】A) He is too busy to accept more responsibility.15.Q: what do we learn about Jame Smeil?【答案】C) He has left his position in the government.16.Q: what can we infer from this conversation?【答案】D) The man is well informed about the space shuttle missions.17.Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?【答案】A) At a car renting companySection BPassage One【材料评析】本篇文章主要是讲述人们对待老鼠不同的道德态度。
Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11. A) She has completely recovered.B) She went into shock after an operation.C) She is still in a critical condition.D) She is getting much better.12. A) Ordering a breakfast. C) Buying a train ticket.B) Booking a hotel room. D) Fixing a compartment.13. A) Most borrowers never returned the books to her.B) The man is the only one who brought her book back.C) She never expected anyone to return the books to her.D) Most of the books she lent out came back without jackets.14. A) She left her work early to get some bargains last Saturday.B) She attended the supermarket’s grand opening ceremony.C) She drove a full hour before finding a parking space.D) She failed to get into the supermarket last Saturday.15. A) He is bothered by the pain in his neck.B) He cannot do his report without a computer.C) He cannot afford to have a coffee break.D) He feels sorry to have missed the report.16. A) Only top art students can show their works in the gallery.B) The gallery space is big enough for the man’s paintings.C) The woman would like to help with the exibition layout.D) The man is uncertain how his art works will be received.17. A) The woman needs a temporary replacement for her assistant.B) The man works in the same department as the woman does.C) The woman will have to stay in hospital for a few days.D) The man is capable of dealing with difficult people.18. A) It was better than the previous one.B) It distorted the mayor’s speech.C) It exaggerated the city’s economy problems.D) It reflected the opinions of most economists.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) To inform him of a problem they face.B) To request him to purchase control desks.C) To discuss the content of a project report.D) To ask him to fix the dictating machine.20. A) They quote the best price in the market.B) They manufacture and sell office furniture.C) They cannot deliver the steel sheets on time.D) They cannot produce the steel sheets needed21. A) By marking down the unit price.B) By accepting the penalty clauses.C) By allowing more time for delivery.D) By promising better after-sales service.22. A) Give the customer a ten percent discount.B) Claim compensation from the stool suppliers.C) Ask the Buying Department to change suppliers.D) Cancel the contract with the customer.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Stockbroker. C) Mathematician.B) Physicist. D) Economist.24. A) Improve computer programming.B) Predict global population growth.C) Explain certain natural phenomena.D) Promote national financial health.25. A) Their different educational backgrounds.B) Changing attitudes toward nature.C) Chaos theory and its applications.D) The current global economic crisis.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2011年12月大学英语六级(CET-6)真题试卷Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there willbe a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D),and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11. A) Cancel the trip to prepare for the test.B) Review his notes once he arrives in Chicago.C) Listen to the recorded notes while driving.D) Prepare for the test after the wedding.12. A) The woman will help the man remember the lines.B) The man lacks confidence in playing the part.C) The man hopes to change his role in the play.D) The woman will prompt the man during the show.13. A) Preparations for an operation. C) Arranging a bed for a patient.B) A complicated surgical case. D) Rescuing the woman's uncle.14. A) He is interested in improving his editing skills.B) He is eager to be nominated the new editor.C) He is sure to do a better job than Simon.D) He is too busy to accept more responsibility.15. A) He has left his position in the government.B) He has already reached the retirement age.C) He made a stupid decision at the cabinet meeting.D) He has been successfully elected Prime Minister.16. A) This year's shuttle mission is a big step in space exploration.B) The man is well informed about the space shuttle missions.C) The shuttle flight will be broadcast live worldwide.D) The man is excited at the news of the shuttle flight.17. A) At an auto rescue center. C) At a suburban garage.B) At a car renting company. D) At a mountain camp.18. A) He got his speakers fixed. C) He listened to some serious musicB) He went shopping with the woman. D) He bought a stereo system.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) Providing aid to the disabled.B) Printing labels for manufactured goods.C) Promoting products for manufacturers.D) Selling products made for left-handers.20. A) Most of them are specially made for his shop.B) All of them are manufactured in his own plant.C) The kitchenware in his shop is of unique design.D) About half of them are unavailable on the market.21. A) They specialise in one product only. C) They run chain stores in central London.B) They have outlets throughout Britain. D) They sell by mail order only.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) It publishes magazines. C) It runs sales promotion campaigns.B) It sponsors trade fairs. D) It is engaged in product design.23. A) The ad specifications had not been given in detail.B) The woman's company made last-minute changes.C) The woman's company failed to make payments in time.D) Organising the promotion was really time-consuming.24. A) Extend the campaign to next year. C) Run another four-week campaign.B) Cut the fee by half for this year. D) Give her a 10 percent discount.25. A) Stop negotiating for the time being. C) Reflect on their respective mistakesB) Calm down and make peace. D) Improve their promotion plans.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you willhear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you heara question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) andD). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through thecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
1 中医助理医师资格考试——实践技能（第一站）一 感冒外感感冒：1.风寒束表证—辛温解表—荆防达表汤或荆防败毒散加减辨病：恶寒重，发热轻，无汗 辩证：口不渴或渴喜热饮2.风热犯表证—辛凉解表—银翘散或葱豉桔梗汤加减.辨病：身热较著，微恶风，汗泄不畅 辩证：口干欲饮。
3.暑湿伤表证—清暑祛湿解表—新加香薷饮加减辨病：汗少，肢体酸重 辩证：头昏重胀痛，咳嗽痰黏，鼻流浊涕。
表湿较重，肢体酸痛，头重头胀，身热不扬者，加羌活、独活祛风除湿，或用羌活胜湿汤加减。
体虚感冒：1.气虚感冒—益气解表—参苏散加减 辨病：恶寒较甚，发热，无汗 辩证：咯痰无力，平素神疲体弱，气短懒言，脉浮而无力。
2.阴虚感冒—滋阴解表—加减葳蕤汤化裁.辨病：身热，微恶风寒，少汗 辩证：心烦，口干，舌红少苔，脉细数。
二 咳嗽外感咳嗽：1.风寒袭肺证—疏风散寒，宣肺止咳—三拗汤合止嗽散加减辨病：咳嗽 辩证：咯痰稀薄色白，常伴鼻塞，流清涕，头痛，肢体酸楚，或见恶寒发热，无汗等表证。
2.风热犯肺证—疏风清热，宣肺止咳—桑菊饮加减辨病：咳嗽 辩证：喉燥咽痛，咯痰不爽，痰黏稠或黄，鼻流黄涕，口渴，头、身痛，或见恶风，身热。
3.风燥犯肺证—疏风清肺，润燥止咳—桑杏汤加减 辨病：干咳，连声作呛 辩证：无痰或痰少而黏连成丝，不易咯出，或痰中带有血丝，口干，初起或伴鼻塞、头痛、微寒、身热。
另有凉燥证，乃燥证与风寒并见，表现干咳少痰或无痰，咽干鼻燥，兼有恶寒发热，头痛无汗，舌苔薄白而干等症。
用药当以温而不燥、润而不凉为原则，方取杏苏散加减。
内伤咳嗽： 1.痰湿蕴肺证—燥湿化痰，理气止咳—二陈平胃散合三子养亲汤加减辨病：咳声重浊 辩证：痰出咳平，痰黏腻或稠厚成块，色白或带灰色，进甘甜油腻食物加重，大便时溏，舌苔白腻，脉象濡滑。
2.痰热郁肺证—清热肃肺，豁痰止咳—清金化痰汤加减辨病：咳嗽气息粗促 辩证：痰多质黏厚或稠黄，咯吐不爽，身热，口干而黏，欲饮水，舌质红，舌苔薄黄腻，脉滑数。
初论自锁颈枷现代奶牛群管理需要更频繁地保定牛只。
在进行常规体检、免疫、人工授精、妊检、治疗、去角、产犊等生产活动时，奶牛必须被保定。
表1列出了日常进行的奶牛管理活动，可以看出，由于每头奶牛一个泌乳期可能进行40－50次处置，因而奶牛保定很是关键。
比如要注射药物进行同期发情处理，则一个配种期就需要保定四次牛。
由于专业分工的不同，常需要几个人管理同一个牛群。
兽医要经常进行牛群健康检查，配种员同时要观察母牛发情和配种。
随着牛群规模的扩大，许多常规工作内容需要包给场外的技术人员去完成。
这些人每天来场识别需要进行配种的母牛并适时配种和保持完整的记录。
可以设置若干饲槽式自锁颈枷便于技术人员同时处置多头牛。
自锁颈枷使得技术人员可以灵活掌握到场时间，并以有效的方式对奶牛进行观察、识别和配种。
设计此设施时应便于奶牛进出和人员的操作。
由于这方面的研究报道很少，在生产实际中，应根据管理需要和个人偏好决定全部或部分采用自锁颈枷。
一、奶牛保定方式对奶牛进行分群和保定的活动可以以不同的方式完成，如人工分群、电子自动分群门或自锁颈枷等。
自锁颈枷是在随机保定后再识别目标牛，而分群门通常是有选择地将牛只导向处置区再进行保定。
选择不同的保定方式，操作规程、人力需要及奶牛应激程度相应的也会有差别，因而要结合考虑奶牛场管理目前和长远的需要。
保定栏的型式或样式应按照奶牛生产者管理意图自成体系。
通道宽度和交叉，饮水器、风机、喷淋和自由卧栏的设计等，必须满足奶牛饲喂效率、挤奶次数和生产目标的需要。
这对于6列式牛舍尤其重要，此类牛舍每头牛拥有的饲喂、过道和空间比其他牛舍要小。
一个人就应能够安全方便地隔离和保定一头奶牛。
应该考虑生产流程中奶牛挤奶、饲喂、治疗活动的运动通道。
粗暴对待或长时间保定是引起奶牛应激的主要原因。
应急奶牛产奶量下降，放奶速度减慢，并且难于控制，骚动的姿势增加了操作人员和奶牛受伤的危险性。
设计不良的保定设施可能使奶牛恐惧不安，而设计良好的设施使奶牛更容易进入，粗暴驱赶行为减少，应激程度降低。
1. Their claims to damages have not been convincingly ______ .A refutedB overwhelmedC depressedD intimidated正确答案：A答案详解：[译文] 他们要求的损失赔偿还没有被令人信服地驳倒。
[注释] 难词辨义。
refute 意为“反驳，驳斥”；符合题意。
overwhelm 意为“制服，压服”；depress 意为“使沮丧”；intimidate 意为“胁迫”。
2. Please don't _____ too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.A hesitateB lingerC retainD dwell正确答案：D答案详解：[译文] 请不要总想着这些令人痛苦的记忆。
一切会好起来的。
[注释] 难词辨义。
dwell on/upon 意为“凝思，详述；老是想着”，与题意吻合。
hesitate 意为“犹豫”；linger 意为“徘徊，逗留”；retain 意为“保持，保有”。
3. The jobs of wildlife technicians and biologists seemed ______ to him, but one day he discovered their difference.A identicalB verticalC parallelD specific您所选答案：正确答案：A答案详解：[译文] 对他来说，野生动植物技师和生物学家的工作是完全相同的，但有一天他发现了他们的差异。
[注释] 难词辨义。
identical 意为“完全相同的，等同的”，符合题意。
vertical 意为“垂直的”；paralled 意为“类似的；平行的”；specific 意为“明确的，具体的”。
4. Mary became ______ homewsick and critical of the United States, so she fled from her home in west Bloomfield to her hometown in Austria.A completelyB sincerelyC absolutelyD increasingly您所选答案：正确答案：D答案详解：[译文] 玛丽越来越想家，看不惯美国，所以她从西布鲁姆菲德飞回了奥地利的家乡。
The Way to Success First essay—stream of thought type The Way to Success "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." And here co mes our question, what is the way to success? A strong will and great efforts are the most essential two keys to the door of succes s. Why do people fail to achieve their goal? The reason is that most of them give up halfway due to their lack of a strong will once they encounter any difficulty. A man of a strong will always sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Would Thomas Edison be such a great man in history if he had done nothing but po ssessing a strong will? We are all familiar with his story that he had tried one thousand kinds of materials before he finally made his great bulb light up. Without hard effort, Edi son might have been a nobody. Without efforts, no one can succeed. To sum up, a strong will and great efforts can help one open up the way to success. Where there is a will with efforts, there is a way. 【作文解析】本次六级考试作文题为The way to success，与本次四级考试作文Nothing succeeds wi thout a strong will遥相呼应，大同小异，都是在讨论成功这一话题。
2011年12月英语六级考试试题(完整版)Part I WritingThe Way to SuccessPart II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)Google’s plan for world’s biggest online library: philanthropy or act of piracy?Google has already scanned 10 million books in its bid to digitise the contents of the world’s major libraries, but a copyright battle now threatens the project, with Amazon and Microsoft joining authors and publishers opposed to the scheme.In recent years the world’s most venerable libraries have played host to some incongruous visitors. In dusty nooks and far-flung stacks, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been beavering away to make digital copies of books. So far, Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe – including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear; the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process.Why is Google undertaking such a venture, so seemingly out-of-kilter with its snazzy, hi-tech image? Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades? The company claims its motives are essentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to "organise the world’s information", so it would be odd if that information did not include books. Like the Ancient Egyptians who attempted to build a library at Alexan dria containing all the known world’s scrolls, Google executives talk of constructing a universal online archive, a treasure trove of knowledge that will be freely available – or at least freely searchable – for all.The company likes to present itself as having lofty, utopian aspirations. "This really isn’t about making money" is a mantra. "We are doing this for the good of society." As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today, we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge."Dan Clancy, the chief architect of Google Books, offers an analogy with the invention of the Gutenberg press –Google’s book project, he says, w ill have a similar democratising effect. He talks of people in far-flung parts being able to access knowledge as never before, of search queries leading them to the one, long out-of-print book they need.And he does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily a philanthropic exercise. "Google’s core business is search and find, so obviously what helps improve Google’s search engine is good for Google," he says. "But we have never built a spreadsheet outlining the financial benefits of this, and I have never had to justify the amount I am spending to the company’s founders."It is easy, talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along by their missionary zeal. But Google’s book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodies representing authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have levelled two sets of criticisms at Google.First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world’s bo oks should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. In a recent essay in the New York Review of Books, Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University’s library, argued thatbecause such books are a common resource –the possession of us all –only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them.The second, related criticism is that Google’s scanning of books is actually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Bleak House look straightforward.At its centre, however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. The inconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention, is that they are protected by copyright. Copyright laws differ from country to country, but in general protection extends for the duration of an author’s life and for a substantial period afterwards, thus allowing the author’s heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means, of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright – and last century saw more books published than in all previous centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in US libraries, for example, an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these, some 27 million are out of print.Outside the US, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out of copyright and thus in the "public domain" (works such as the Bodleian’s first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search).But, within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. In its defence, Google points out that it displays only snippets of books that are in copyright –arguing that such displays are "fair use". But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders, Google has committed piracy."The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can be copied only once authors have expressly given their permission," says Piers Blofeld, of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. "Google has reversed this –it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask."In 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of US publishers and publishers, launched a class action suit against Google that, after more than two years of wrangling, ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are staggeringly complicated –the text alone runs to 385 pages – and trying to summarise it is no easy task. "Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible," says Blofeld, one of the settlement’s most vocal British critics.Broadly, the deal provides a mechanism for Google to reimburse authors and publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future.The settlement stipulates that a body known as the Books Rights Registry will represent the interests of US copyright holders. Authors and publishers with a copyright interest in a book scanned by Google who make themselves known to the registry will be entitled to receive a payment – in the region of $60 per book – as compensation.Additionally, the settlement hands Google the power –but only with the agreement of individual rights holders – to exploit its database of out-of-print books. It can include them in subscription deals sold to libraries or sell them individually under a consumer licence. It is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement’s most controversial aspect.Critics point out that, by giving Google the right to commercially exploit its database, the settlement paves the way for a subtle shift in the company’s role from provider of information to seller. "Google’s business model has always been to provide information for free, and sell advertising on the basis of the traffic this generates," points out James Grimmelmann, associate professor at New York Law School. Now, he says, because of the settlement’s provisions, Google could become a significant force in bookselling.Interest in this aspect of the settlement has focused on "orphan" works, where there is no known copyright holder – these make up an estimated 5% to 10% of the books Google has scanned. Under the settlement, when no rights holders come forward and register their interest in a work, commercial control automatically reverts to Google. Google will be able to display up to 20% of orphan works for free, include them in its subscription deals to libraries and sell them to individual buyers under the consumer licence."The deal has in effect handed Google a swath of intellectual copyright. It is a mammoth potential bookselling market," says Blofeld. He adds it is no surprise that Amazon, which currently controls 90% of the digital books market, is becoming worried.But Dan Clancy of Google dismisses the idea that, by gaining control over out-of-print and orphan works, Google is securing for itself a significant future revenue stream. He points out that out-of-print books represent only a tiny fraction of the books market – between 1% and 2%. "This idea that we are gaining access to a vast market here –I really don’t think that is true."James Gleick, an American science writer and member of the Authors Guild, broadly agrees. He says that, although Google’s initia l scanning of in-copyright books made him uncomfortable, the settlement itself is a fair deal for authors."The thing that needs to be emphasised is that this so-called market over which Google is being given dominance – the market in out-of-print books –doesn’t currently exist. That’s why they’re out of print. In real life, I can’t see what the damage is –it’s only good."It is by no means certain that the settlement will be enacted –it is the subject of a fairness hearing in the US courts. But if it is enacted, Google will in effect be off the hook as far as copyright violations in the US are concerned. Many people are seriously concerned by this –and the company is likely to face challenges in other courts around the world.Over the coming months, we will hear a lot more about the Google settlement and its ramifications. Although it’s a subject that may seem obscure and specialised, it concerns one of the biggest issues affecting publishing and, indeed, other creative industries – the control of digital rights.No one knows the precise use Google will make of the intellectual property it has gained by scanning the world’s library books, and the truth, as Gleick points out, is that the company probably doesn’t even know itself. But what is certain is that, in some way or another, Google’s entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in years to come.1. Google claims its plan for the world’s biggest online library is _____A. to save out-of-print books in libraries.B. to serve the interest of the general publicC. to encourage reading around the worldD. to promote its core business of searching2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google’s book-scanning project willA. help the broad masses of readersB. broaden humanity’s intellectual horizonsC. make full use of the power of its search engineD. revolutionise the entire book industry3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world’s books should be controlledby_______.A) the world’s tech giantsB)the world’s leading librariesC)non-profit organizationsD)multinational companies4. 4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored______.A. the copyright of authors of out-of -print booksB. the interest of traditional sellersC. the copyright of the books it scannedD. the differences of in-print and out-of-print books.5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that __________.A) making electronic copies of books is not a violation of copyrightB) the online display of in-copyright books is not for commercial useC) it is willing to compensate the copyright holdersD) it displays only a small part of their content6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?A. It ended in a victory for the Authors Guild of America.B . It was settled after more than two years of negotiations.C . It failed to protect the interest of American publishers.D. It could lead to more out-of-court settlements of such disputes.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?A. The compensation for copyright holders.B. The change in Google’s business model.C. Google’s further exploitation of its database.D. The commercial provisions of the settlement.8. While_______, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called_______.10. Google’s entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously _______ i n the future. 第一篇"Just one word," Mr. McGuire tells Dustin Hoffman’s Benjamin Braddock in The Graduate. "Plastics."What’s the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate today? China? India? Hedge fund (that’s two words)? Plastic surgery? How about trade?AdvertisementWhen the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June spiked to nearly $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say,they could contribute to a slowdown in growth.But there’s ano ther way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recession—i.e., a renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United States—but an economic expansion.In June, imports were $200.3 billion and exports were $150.5 billion—total trade in goods and services of $350.8 billion. In June 2009, by contrast, imports were $155 billion and exports were $128 billion—a total trade in goods and services of $283 billion. In other words, the volume of U.S. trade with other countries in June was up nearly 24 percent from the year before, with exports up 17.5 percent and imports up 29 percent. Trade is nowhere near its peak—in July 2008, when exports were $165 billion and imports were $232 billion, the monthly total was nearly $400 billion. But over the course of 2010, as the rate of economic growth has slowed, trade has gained momentum. In June, exports were 5 percent higher than they were in December 2009, and imports were up 10.5 percent.The rising volume of trade—more goods and services shuttling in and out of the United States—is good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets—when we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price—agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil.And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as it does in the United States each month. While that may not do much for imports, it does help GM’s balance sheet—and hence makes the jobs of U.S.-based executives more stable.One great challenge for the U.S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. That’s to be expec ted, given what we’ve been through. But there’s a bigger challenge. Can U.S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but it’s no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home.As they figure out how to monetize eyeballs in the United States, for example, smart media companies should also be figuring out how they can invest in and promote new ventures in other countries—a la Slate.fr. Newsweek’sdomestic struggles have been well-documented, but several foreign publishers license the magazine’s name and content to produce local, foreign-language versions. Newsweek Pakistan is about to launch. It’s a mystery to me that every U.S. print media company doesn’t have an aggressive strategy to become heavily involved in India. Resorts and hotels that don’t have a plan to appeal to the growing legions of Chinese people who have the ability and desire to travel to the United States are similarly missing out on a large potential opportunity.Companies and individuals who don’t have a strategy to export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting themselves out of the lion’s share of economic opportunity in our world.第二篇A recurring criticism of the UK’s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured, despite an annual £40m spend by the Department of Health on all kinds of research.We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system and, in the face of the current economic turmoil, one of the few ’get out of jail’ cards still held by the nation.However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity.Our weaknesses show up in the rates of US patenting and license income arising from our efforts, but these have improved and there is no reason to believe that this trend will not be continued.When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade, such as the sharp increase in research funding, the evolution of the Higher Education Innovation Fund and the continuation of the Research Assessment Exercise have helped transform the performance of UK universities. The evidence suggests the UK’s position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement.Now for the health warning. National data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.This type of skewed distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities are in receipt of 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active.As part of the debate on the future of higher education, John Denham, the innovation, universities and skills secretary, challenged authors to take a 10-15 year outlook on the direction of the sector.My report, Intellectual Property and Research Benefits, highlights the interrelationships which have evolved around research funding, graduate schools and the effective creation, management and exploitation of intellectual property. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities.A consequence of more than two decades of policy recognising and rewarding research excellence is further differentiation in the sector. At the same time, we need to increase the number of PhD students across a broad range of disciplines. This will generate an opportunity to develop the graduate schools at those universities with higher numbers of PhD registrations, to invest in more scholarships and to expand the training opportunities for PhD students by promoting courses linked to commercialisation skills and business development practices.The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. Their purpose is not to generate funds to add to the bottom line of the university or to substitute other income streams. Rather, these universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities. On the evidence presented in my report, there are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work.If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.Part V ClozeThe Truth About PlasticBy BRYAN WALSH Thursday, July 10, 2008 （Time magazine）If you know where to find a good plastic-free shampoo, can you tell Jeanne Haegele? Last September, the 28-year-old Chicago resident 62. resolved to cut plastics out of her life. The marketing coordinator was concerned about 63. what the chemicals coming out of some common types of plastic might be doing to her body. She was also worried about the damage all the plastic 64. rubbish was doing to the environment. So she 65. hopped on her bike and rode to the nearest grocery store to see what she could find that didn’t 66. include plastic. "I went in and 67. barely bought anything," Haegele says. She did 68. purchase some canned food and a carton (纸盒) of milk---69. only to discover later that both containers were 70. lined with plastic resin(树脂). "Plastic," she says, "just seemed like it was in everything."She’s rig ht. Back in the 1960s, plastic was well 71. on its way to becoming a staple of American life. The U.S. produced 28 million tons of plastic waste in 2005--27 million tons of which 72. ended up in landfills. Our food and water come 73. wrapped in plastic. It’s used in our phones and our computers, the cars we drive and the planes we ride in. But the 74. infinitely adaptable substance has its dark side. Environmentalists fret about the petroleum needed to make it. Parents worry about the possibility of 75.toxic chemicals making their way from 76. household plastic into children’s bloodstreams. Which means Haegele isn’t the only person trying to cut plastic out of her life--she isn’t 77. even the only one blogging about this kind of 78. endeavor. But those who’ve tried know it’s 79. far from easy to go plastic-free. "These things seem to be so common 80. that it is practically impossible to avoid coming into 81. contact with them," says Frederick vom Saal, a biologist at the University of Missouri. Part VI Translation1. You shouldn’t have run across the road without looking, you would have been knocked down by a car. (也许会被车撞到)2 By no means does he regard himself as an expert, (他把自己当成专家) although he knows a lot about the field.3 He doesn’t appreciate th e sacrifice his friends have made for him, however, he takes it for granted.(把他们所做的视作理所应当)4 Janet told me that she would rather her mother not have interfered with hermarriage.(不干涉她的婚姻)5 To keep up with the expanding frontiers of scholarship. Edward Wilson found himself always searching for information on the internet. （经常上网查信息）。
