托福TPO38阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

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The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe 1One of the most important factors driving Europe slow emergence from the economic stagnation of the Early Middle Ages(circa 500000 BC)was the improvement of agricultural technology.One innovation was a new plow,with a curved attachment(moldboard)to turn over wet,heavy soils,and a knife(or coulter)in front of the blade to allow a deeper and easier cut.(A)This more complex plow replaced the simpler cratch plow that merely made a shallow,straight furrow in the ground.(B)In the lands around the Mediterranean,with light rains and mild winters,this had been fine,but in the wetter terrain north and west of the Danube and the Alps,such a plow left much to be desired,and it is to be wondered if it was used at all.Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling,with little direct help from animals,and the vast forests natural to Northern Europe remained either untouched,or perhaps cleared in small sections by fire,and the land probably used only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded good crops and then abandoned for some other similarly cleared field.(C)Such a pattern of agriculture and settlement was no basis for sustained cultural or economic life.(D) 2With the new heavy plow,however,fields could be cleared,sowed,and maintained with little more difficulty than in the long-settled lands of Southern Europe,while the richness of the new soils,the reliability of the rains,and the variety of crops now possibly made for an extremely productive agriculture.The new tool,however,imposed new demands,technical,economic,and social.The heavy plow was a substantial piece of capital,unlike a simple hand hoe,and this had the same sorts of implications that capitalization always hasn’t favored the concentration of wealth and control.Moreover,making full use of it required more animal power,and this had a host of implications of its own.The full importance of this was even more apparent in the centuries after 1000,when oxen began to give way in certain parts of Western Europe to horses. 3The powerful,rugged farm horse was itself a product of improvement during the Middle Ages,and it was part of a complex set of technical changes and capabilities.The introduction of new forms of equipment for horses transformed this animal into the single most important assist to human labor and travel.Instead of the old harness used by the ancient Greeks and Romans,there appeared from Central Asia the rigid,padded horse collar.Now,when the horse pulled against a load,no longer did the load pull back against its neck and windpipe but rather rode on the sturdy shoulders.When this innovation was combined with the iron horseshoe,the greater speed and stamina of the horse displaced oxen wherever it could be afforded.The larger importance of this lay not only in more efficient farmwork,but in swifter and surer transportation between town and countryside.The farmer with horses could moveproducts to market more frequently and at greater distances than with only oxen,and the urban development that was to transform the European economic and social landscape after the eleventh century was propelled in large part by these new horse-centered transport capabilities. 4Another indicator of how compelling and important was the new horse agriculture was its sheer cost.Unlike oxen and other cattle,horses cannot be supported exclusively on hay and pasturage;they require,particularly in northern climates where pasturing seasons are short,cropped food,such as oats and alfalfa.Unlike grass and hay,these are grown with much of the same effort and resources applied to human nourishment,and thus their acquisition represents a sacrifice,in a real sense,of human food.The importance of this in a world that usually lived at the margins of sufficient diet is hard to overstate.The increased resources that went into making the horse central to both the medieval economy and,in a separate but related development,medieval warfare,are the surest signs of the great utility the animal now assumed. 1.The word“stagnation”in the passage is closest in meaning to A)instability B)lack of growth C)dependence on others D)decline (第1段)2.According to paragraph 1,what was the main advantage of the new plow over the scratch plow A)The new plow created straighter rows. B)The new plow was easier for animals to pull. C)The new plow could dig deeper into the soil. D)The new plow was easier to make. (第1段)3.According to paragraph 1,the scratch plow was particularly unsuited to A)the lands around the Mediterranean B)places where the soil was often dry。

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托福TPO38口语Task3阅读文本： Student Play Should Be Free for Everyone Thanks to our superb theater program here at the university, we are fortunate to be able to see many plays that are put on by student actors. However, while all employees and students at the university may attend these plays for free, anyone who is not directly associated with the university must play a fee to attend. I think student plays should be open to everyone free of charge. That way, people in the local community could benefit from having a free entertainment opinion in town. It would also be good for the student actors, since it would help to ensure larger audiences at the plays. Sincerely, Marie Jones 托福TPO38口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the letter. W: Hey Paul! You're an actor, right? What do you think about this idea? M: I think it's great！ W: Oh yeah? M: Absolutely! I mean, for the people in town there's sometimes not a lot going on, not a lot to do. There's not even a movie theater nearby and if you want to see a professional show you have to travel. I think the nearest professional theater's like an hour away. W: Yeah, plus those professional plays can be really expensive. I saw one last semester and the ticket cost me like $40. M: Right, so it'll be good for people to have another entertainment option; an opportunity to see live shows that won't be so expensive. W: Sure! M: Plus it would definitely be helpful for us actors. W: Yeah? M: Yeah, because on some nights there's not a lot of people that go; not a lot of people there to watch us, and that can have a bad effect on the show. It might not be as good. W: Yeah. I can imagine it must be a completely different energy for you and the other actors if the seats are half empty. M: Exactly. Like if the show was a comedy and it's supposed to be funny, in order for it to really seem funny, there needs to be a lot of people there to laugh at the jokes. Otherwise it just doesn't seem as humorous. Having a crowd there laughing at the jokes really helps the show along; helps it to be good. W: That makes sense. So this proposal would help that. M: Yeah, help make it more likely that there'd be a full house; a lot of people watching. 托福TPO38口语Task3题目： The man express his opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state his opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons he gives for holding the opinion. 托福TPO38口语Task3满分范文： The letter discusses a proposal that students play should be free to everyone especially to the community citizens in town. It gives two reasons: one reason is it can provide the local community a free entertainment option; the other reason is it is also beneficial to the student actors by ensuring large amounts of audiences. The man agrees with this proposal and explains the advantages again. He says that there is no professional theaters or cinemas in town so it can be expensive and inconvenience for local people to get some entertainment. The open of students’ theater can deal with this question. Also, he thinks that the crowd of local audience will be good for the students’ actors. Because sometimes there are only few people in the theater, it will cast a negative influence on the actors. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO38口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福阅读真题第38篇TheOriginsoftheArcticFox托福阅读真题第38篇The Origins of the Arctic FoxThe Origins of the Arctic FoxThe arctic fox lives in the far northern Arctic region with other well-known arctic animals like the caribou, musk ox, and polar bear.Scientists aren't sure exactly when the arctic fox first evolved. Arctic fox bone fragments from the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million-11,700 years ago) are rare, and the ones that do exist are difficult to date with any degree of accuracy. The oldest confirmed arctic fox bone is believed to be 200,000 years old. There are other bones that may be 400,000 years old, but whether they belonged to an arctic fox or some other fox remains under debate. "It's still an open question,"says Love Dalen,a Swedish biologist who has been using genetics in an attempt to understand the evolution of the arctic fox. "Right now the best estimate is that arctic foxes emerged somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago, presumably during one of the ice Ages."For many years researchers believed the species arose in Europe,basing this conclusion on the location of those 2000-year-old fossils. Since the early 1980s, however, genetic comparisons between different fox species have revealed some surprising results. For example, research done by Robert Wayne at the University of California at Los Angeles has found that the arctic fox, despite its unique appearance and adaptations, is actually much more closely related to other foxes than had previously been thought. Its closest living relative, according to the genetic studies, is the North American swift fox.The result suggests one of two scenarios. One is that arcticfoxes gave rise to swift foxes, an evolutionary sequence that would depend on the arctic fox being much older than the fossil record currently indicates. The second possibility is that swift foxes gave rise to arctic foxes, likely during the height of a period of glaciation when tundra forming to the south of the ice sheets may have met the grassland habitat of the swift fox.On the one hand, the latter scenario could hardly seem more implausible. Swift foxes, after all, live on the arid, sun-baked prairies and open desert, where temperatures can top 120°F (49°C). It's hard to imagine a greater environmental leap from this environment to the frozen tundra. T o have acquired over the course of a few hundred thousand years all the adaptations necessary for survival in such an extreme environment suggests a rapid rate of evolution. And for the early species to have so rapidly conquered such a large territory in a polar region seems equally mystifying.In other ways, however, this scenario works. As one of the smallest foxes, the swift fox can survive on very little food, a trait that would have helped its ancestors gradually stray farther and farther into the biologically barren tundra. And being a nocturnal hunter that seeks shelter in a den during the day, the swift fox is not overly adapted for life at high temperatures. Indeed, in the northern parts of their range, modern swift foxes have faced winter temperatures every bit as severe as those encountered in the Arctic.From what researchers know about the evolution of other polar species, there seems to be a pattern of evolution in which species living in the biologically rich temperate zone give rise to animals that are more specialized for survival in the more extreme Arctic. Polar bears, for instance, are thought to haveevolved from a northern population of brown bears that learned to hunt seals out on the sea ice. As for the rapid evolution and widespread dispersal, one must remember that the arctic fox is no ordinary species when it comes to both reproductive efficiency and migratory tendency; rapid genetic change and rapid migration would both appear to be well within the species' capabilities.According to Love Dalen, most of the arctic species evolved during the Quaternary Period (the last 2.6 million years) and they all seem to have evolved from temperate species. In evolutionary terms, arctic species are quite young, including, presumably, the arctic fox. Dalen adds that if that is true, then the arctic fox would have evolved in North America, though he notes that there is no solid proof either way.1.The arctic fox lives in the far northern Arctic region with other well-known arctic animals like the caribou, musk ox, and polar bear.Scientists aren't sure exactly when the arctic fox first evolved. Arctic fox bone fragments from the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million-11,700 years ago) are rare, and the ones that do exist are difficult to date with any degree of accuracy. The oldest confirmed arctic fox bone is believed to be 200,000 years old. There are other bones that may be 400,000 years old, but whether they belonged to an arctic fox or some other fox remains under debate. "It's still an open question,"says Love Dalen,a Swedish biologist who has been using genetics in an attempt to understand the evolution of the arctic fox. "Right now the best estimate is that arctic foxes emerged somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago, presumably during one of the ice Ages."2.The arctic fox lives in the far northern Arctic region with other well-known arctic animals like the caribou, musk ox, and polar bear.Scientists aren't sure exactly when the arctic fox first evolved. Arctic fox bone fragments from the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million-11,700 years ago) are rare, and the ones that do exist are difficult to date with any degree of accuracy. The oldest confirmed arctic fox bone is believed to be 200,000 years old. There are other bones that may be 400,000 years old, but whether they belonged to an arctic fox or some other fox remains under debate. "It's still an open question,"says Love Dalen,a Swedish biologist who has been using genetics in an attempt to understand the evolution of the arctic fox. "Right now the best estimate is that arctic foxes emerged somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago, presumably during one of the ice Ages."3.For many years researchers believed the species arose in Europe,basing this conclusion on the location of those 2000-year-old fossils. Since the early 1980s, however, genetic comparisons between different fox species have revealed some surprising results. For example, research done by Robert Wayne at the University of California at Los Angeles has found that the arctic fox, despite its unique appearance and adaptations, is actually much more closely related to other foxes than had previously been thought. Its closest living relative, according to the genetic studies, is the North American swift fox.4.On the one hand, the latter scenario could hardly seem more implausible. Swift foxes, after all, live on the arid, sun-baked prairies and open desert, where temperatures can top 120°F(49°C). It's hard to imagine a greater environmental leap from this environment to the frozen tundra. T o have acquired over the course of a few hundred thousand years all the adaptations necessary for survival in such an extreme environment suggests a rapid rate of evolution. And for the early species to have so rapidly conquered such a large territory in a polar region seems equally mystifying.5.In other ways, however, this scenario works. As one of the smallest foxes, the swift fox can survive on very little food, a trait that would have helped its ancestors gradually stray farther and farther into the biologically barren tundra. And being a nocturnal hunter that seeks shelter in a den during the day, the swift fox is not overly adapted for life at high temperatures. Indeed, in the northern parts of their range, modern swift foxes have faced winter temperatures every bit as severe as those encountered in the Arctic.6.In other ways, however, this scenario works. As one of the smallest foxes, the swift fox can survive on very little food, a trait that would have helped its ancestors gradually stray farther and farther into the biologically barren tundra. And being a nocturnal hunter that seeks shelter in a den during the day, the swift fox is not overly adapted for life at high temperatures. Indeed, in the northern parts of their range, modern swift foxes have faced winter temperatures every bit as severe as those encountered in the Arctic.7.From what researchers know about the evolution of other polar species, there seems to be a pattern of evolution in whichspecies living in the biologically rich temperate zone give rise to animals that are more specialized for survival in the more extreme Arctic. Polar bears, for instance, are thought to have evolved from a northern population of brown bears that learned to hunt seals out on the sea ice. As for the rapid evolution and widespread dispersal, one must remember that the arctic fox is no ordinary species when it comes to both reproductive efficiency and migratory tendency; rapid genetic change and rapid migration would both appear to be well within the species' capabilities.8.From what researchers know about the evolution of other polar species, there seems to be a pattern of evolution in which species living in the biologically rich temperate zone give rise to animals that are more specialized for survival in the more extreme Arctic. Polar bears, for instance, are thought to have evolved from a northern population of brown bears that learned to hunt seals out on the sea ice. As for the rapid evolution and widespread dispersal, one must remember that the arctic fox is no ordinary species when it comes to both reproductive efficiency and migratory tendency; rapid genetic change and rapid migration would both appear to be well within the species' capabilities.9.⬛In other ways, however, this scenario works. ⬛As one of the smallest foxes, the swift fox can survive on very little food, a trait that would have helped its ancestors gradually stray farther and farther into the biologically barren tundra. ⬛And being a nocturnal hunter that seeks shelter in a den during the day, the swift fox is not overly adapted for life at high temperatures. ⬛Indeed, in the northern parts of their range, modern swift foxes have faced winter temperatures every bit as severe as those encountered in the Arctic.10.答案如下：38篇The Origins of the Arctic Fox。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO3阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO3阅读Passage3原文文本： The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests. The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. ▉托福TPO3阅读Passage3题目： Question 1 of 14 The word “particular ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. natural. B. final. C. specific. D. complex. Question 2 of 14 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? A. They occur at the end of a succession..。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 38试题及答案PASSAGE 38During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard's surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, west Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth's albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.1. What is the main topic of the passage ?(A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers(C) The definition of a surge glacier(D) The history of a particular surge glacier2. The word "intervals" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) records(B) speeds(C) distances(D) periods3. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a(A) fish(B) wave(C) machine(D) boat4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?(A) The decline in sea levels(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves(D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier5. The word "freeing" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) pushing(B) releasing(C) strengthening(D) draining6. According to the passage , the Hubbard Glacier(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895(C) is 800 feet wide(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day7. Yakutat is the name of(A) an Alaskan town(B) the last ice age(C) a surge glacier(D) an Antarctic ice shelf8. The word "plunge" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) drop(B) extend(C) melt(D) drift9. The term "vicious cycle" in line 24 refers to the(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska10. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?(A) tributary (line 15)(B) ice dam (line 16)(C) albedo (line 25)(D) interglacial(line 26)11. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge glaciers.(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves.(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth's climate.ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B。

托福TPO3阅读真题原文题目及答案Part2托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO3阅读真题及答案Part2，望喜欢！托福TPO3阅读真题原文Part2Depletion of the Ogallala AquiferThe vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wellsnow tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting byusing great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.Paragraph 1: The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.托福TPO3阅读真题题目Part21.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?○Until farmers and rancher s settled there in the 1880s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.○The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.○The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.○Before the early 1900s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.Paragraph 2: The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:○The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.○The aquifer's water comes from underground springs.○Water has been gatheri ng in the aquifer for 30,000 years.○The aquifer's water is stored in a layer of sandstone.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region's climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.○Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.○Because of the region's present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.○Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.Paragraph 3: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.4. The word "ensuing" in the passage is closest in meaning to○continuing○surprising○initial○subsequent5. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?○To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most importantpart of the economy of the High Plains○To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation○To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains○To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United StatesParagraph 4: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.6. The word "unprecedented" in the passage is closest in meaning to○difficult to control○without any restriction○unlike anything in the past○rapidly expanding7. The word "virtually" in the passage is closest in meaningto○clearly○perhaps○frequently○almost8. According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:○The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.○Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.○Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.○Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.9. According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas○has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water○contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil○is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry○uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needsParagraph 5: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.10. The word "inevitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to○unfortunate○predictable○u navoidable○final11. Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.Paragraph 6: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injectingcompressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.12.According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?○The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer's needs.○Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.○The costs of using capillar y water for irrigation will increase.○Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.Paragraph 5: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. █Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. █The ince ntive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies. █Paragraph 6: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed totransport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. █Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageBut even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Ogallala aquifer is a large underground source of water in the High Plains region of the United States.●●●Answer choices○The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.○Given the aquifer's low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.○Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water○The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.○In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.○Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.托福TPO3阅读真题答案Part2参考答案：1. ○42. ○23. ○14. ○45. ○36. ○37. ○48. ○19. ○310. ○311. ○212. ○213. ○314. The use of the Ogallala for…Given the aquifer's low recharge…Several solutions to the upcoming…托福TPO3阅读翻译Part2奥加拉拉蓄水层的枯竭19世纪80年代，在美国中部北美大平原的广阔草原上定居着农场主们和牧场主们。

1. According to paragraph 1, what happens to the light when a specimen is being viewed with a light microscope?A. The light continues unchanged directly into the viewer's eye or onto film.B. A glass lens bends the light to form a magnified image of the specimen.C. The light is projected onto photographic film to produce a blurred image.D. The intensity of the light increases a thousand times.Paragraph 1 is marked with ►答案：B 选项正确解析：本题根据 the light，specimen 和a light microscope 定位到第一段这几句：The first microscopes were light microscopes, which work by passing visible light through a specimen. Glass lenses in the microscope bend the light to magnify the image of the specimen and project the image into the viewer's eye or onto photographic film. 第二句讲了光学显微镜的原理，就是折射光以放大标本的图像，并且把图像投射到观察者的眼睛里或者投射到胶卷上。

选项 B 符合这句话的前半句，正确。

雅思阅读第038套P3-Musical_Maladies雅思阅读第038套P3-Musical MaladiesREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Musical MaladiesNorman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks on music.Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialis-ing in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expecta-tions of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book—which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethoven’s Pathétique S onata—makes a positive impression that is borne out by the contents of the book. Sacks’s voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pon-tifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting.The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the “enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perception and imagery, and thecomplex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone ”He also stresses the importance of “the simple art of observation” and “the richness of the human context.” He wants to combine “observation and description with the latest in technology,” he says, and to imaginatively enter into the expe-rience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is torn between the "old-fashioned” path of observation and the new-fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former.The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part I, “Haunted by Music,” begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a “torrent” of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electro-encephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his trauma and subsequent "conversion” to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame!Part II, “A Range of Musicality,” covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little ornothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interest-ing chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about “amusia,” an inabil-ity to hear sounds as music, and “dysharmonia,” a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific “dissociations” are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.To Sacks’s credit, part III, “Memory, Movement and Music,” brings us into the underappreci-ated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how “melodic intonation therapy” is being used to help expressive aphasie patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally fol-lowing a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinson’s patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect.To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implica-tions of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease dis-cussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories.It’s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatmentsthat have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational oppor-tunity.Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no "cures” for neurological prob-lems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments men-tioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which “damp down” the excit-ability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely.Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have “normal” EEG results. Although Sacks recognises the existence of new tech-nologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neu-rological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest com-passion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the hook’s preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that “the simple art of observation may be lost” if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neuro logical community will respond.SECTION 3: QUESTIONS 27-40Questions 27-30Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27Why does the writer have a mixed feeling about the book?AThe guilty feeling made him so.BThe writer expected it to be better than it was.CSacks failed to include his personal stories in the book.DThis is the only book written by Sacks.28What is the best part of the book?Athe photo of Sacks listening to musicBthe tone of voice of the bookCthe autobiographical description in the bookDthe description of Sacks’s wealth29In the preface, what did Sacks try to achieve?Amake terms with the new technologiesBgive detailed description of various musical disordersCexplain how people understand musicDexplain why he needs to do away with simple observation30What is disappointing about T ony Cicoria’s case?AHe refuses to have further tests.BHe can’t determine the cause of his sudden musicality.CHe nearly died because of the lightening.DHis brain waves were too normal to show anything. Questions 31-36Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet, write31 _______________ It is difficult to give a well-reputable writer a less than favorable review.32 _______________ Beethoven’s Pathétique Sonata is a good treatment for musical disorders.33 _______________ Sacks believes technological methods is not important compared with observation when studying his patients.34 _______________ It is difficult to understand why music therapy is undervalued.35 _______________ Sacks should have more skepticism about other theories and findings.36 _______________ Sacks is impatient to use new testing methods.Questions 37-40Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 ____________ The dissociations between harmony and melody38 ____________ The study of treating musical disorders39 ____________ The EEG scans of Sacks’s patients40 ____________ Sacks believes testing based on new technologie。

托福-练习三十八(总分120, 做题时间90分钟)Passage 11.NOTICE OF FREE CAREER WORKSHOPTaylor University invites all students and prospective students to take part in a free career workshop and resource fair, on Saturday, February 10. The purpose of the daylong event is to provide resources to students who want to pursue careers in business, health services, or community development. Dr. Janis Morris, past president of the college, will give the opening address. The resource fair will provide information on employment in the region and educational programs at the university. Employers and career counselors will answer questions.Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.The man expresses his opinion about the career workshop. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The man's opinion is that the woman should attend a free career workshop.One reason he gives is that there will be several people to talk to about working in her field.Another reason is that the university has only one career workshop each year and she shouldn't miss it.Another reason is that the workshop is a good way to start looking for a job after graduation.[解析]M: Are you going to the career workshop on Saturday?W: Um.! don't know. I don't think so. I have a lot of studying to do this weekend.M: You should go. It's supposed to be really good.W: Oh, yeah? How?M: My professor recommended it. He owns a small business downtown, and he'll be there. He says that talking to the business peoplewho'll be there is one of the best ways to find out what's happening. W: But my major isn't business; it's nursing.M: Oh. But you should go anyway. There'll be a lot of people to talk to, people in health services. You should talk to people working in the field to find out more about what it's like. Some of them are graduates of this university.W: But I have a test on Monday. I really need to study all day.M: Study on Sunday instead. This is more important. The university has only one of these workshops each year. You shouldn't miss it.It's a good way to start looking for a job after graduation.W: Hmm. Maybe you're right.The man expresses his opinion about the career workshop. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 2.RECIPROCITYReciprocity is an interchange between parties in which both sides benefit equally. Reciprocity is based on sharing and balance. To share is to bond. Sharing establishes a reciprocal relationship that is not easily denied. People give in order to receive. When both parties expect reciprocity, each is more likely to be satisfied than if one side felt entitled to receive without giving. We enter into reciprocal relationships almost every time we interact with others. When we buy something, we expect it to be a balanced exchange, in which we give and receive equal value. Reciprocity contributes to our sense of fairness.Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.Use the examples from the lecture to explain the concept of reciprocity.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:Reciprocity is a relationship between parties that benefits both sides equally. It is based on sharing and balance. Both sides give and receive equal value.The professor discusses friendship as a reciprocal relationship. Close friendships involve the sharing of emotions. This illustrates how reciprocity is based on sharing.Friendship involves giving and receiving. When giving and receiving are not in balance, the friendship is less reciprocal and less satisfying. This illustrates how reciprocity is based on balance.[解析]All social contracts involve the concept of reciprocity, even thosein our daily lives. For example, reciprocity is a key feature of friendship. Strong, intimate friendships are always reciprocal. Sharing is important. In fact, an essential ingredient in the shift from acquaintance to friendship is the willingness of each person to share his or her feelings. The sharing of emotions establishes a personal, reciprocal relationship. Reciprocal friendship is the most intimate form of friendship, with long-term bonds of affection and mutual feelings of trust. Such friends seek each other out because they desire and enjoy each other's company.Reciprocal friendships are balanced. If we receive more than we give, or give more than we receive, we're likely to be less satisfied with a friendship. And when a friendship changes from being reciprocal to being less so, we're generally less satisfied, less emotionally supported by the friendship. This is because the friendship is out of balance. It's one-sided because one person puts more into it than the other does. Of course, with our most intimate friends, we don't always "keep score" of who owes whom a favor. With our very close friends, reciprocity is spread out over time. Use the examples from the lecture to explain the concept of reciprocity.3.Briefly summarize the problem the students are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The woman's problem is that she has two midterms on Monday, but she will have little time to study that weekend because her parents **ing to visit.One possible solution is for the woman to join a study groupthat night to review for the midterm.Another solution is for the woman to explain the problem to her parents and give them a list of places to go during the day.Opinions about the preferred solution will vary.[解析]W: This weekend is going to be crazy! I have two midterm exams on Monday, and I should study all weekend, but my parents **ing to visit. They'll want to spend time with me and want me show them around town. I look forward to seeing them, but I don't know whenI'll have the time to study for my exams!M: Why don't you join our biology group tonight? There are three of us so far. We're reviewing for the midterm, starting at six o'clock. W: Tonight? Uh ... I'd have to get the night off from work.M: Well, if you can make it, then **e. We meet at Mark's house at six o'clock.W: Uh ... Okay, but I'll have to talk to my boss.M: Another thing you could do is just explain to your parents that you have to study for examinations. I'm sure they'll understand. You don't have to spend the entire weekend with them. Just give them alist of places to go during the afternoon and then spend the evening with them.W: Hmm. I could at least try that. I've got to do something to get ready for exams.Briefly summarize the problem the students are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.4.Using points and examples from the talk, describe the uses of gestures and facial expressions in **munication.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:Humans have more than one hundred separate gestures and facial expressions that are nonverbal signals in communication.Body **municates how people perceive a social situation; for example, strangers meeting at a party will lift their eyebrows to communicate friendly feelings.Hand or arm gestures, such as a salute or a handshake, signal involvement.Eye movement and eye contact are used to regulate the rhythm of conversation. In Western society, friends look at each other often during conversation. A speaker looks away to signal his intention to speak; a listener looks at the speaker and nods his head to signal his interest and attention.The smile has a tremendous power to generate friendly feelings. The smile has the same meaning in every culture and is first seen in babies when they are very young.[解析]Communicating with other human beings relies heavily on what iscalled body language--all the nonverbal signals that people send to each other. Humans have more than one hundred separate gestures and facial expressions. This makes us the **municators in the animal world, even without our spoken language.Body **municates a great deal about how people perceive a social situation. When strangers first meet in a social situation, such as a meeting or a party, they often will lift their eyebrows to communicate friendly feelings. Also, they may make some hand or arm gesture, such as a salute or a handshake, to signal involvement.The human face is extremely expressive. Eye movement. for example, has an important role in regulating the rhythm ot" conversation. In Western society, eye contact is usually held between people about one third of the time they are talking together. The closer and more friendly they are, the more often they look at each other. Often a speaker will signal his intention to speak by looking away from the other person and then continuing to look away while speaking. The listener signals his interest and attention by looking at the speaker anc nodding his head slightly.Most important is the smile, the very human gesture that recognizes the other person as a fellow social being. Even though a lot of body language varies in meaning across cultures, the meaning of the smile is the same in every culture. The smile has a tremendous power to generate friendly feelings. The smile is first seen in human babies as early as four or five weeks old, and a baby can be made to smile by any smiling human face, or even by any stimulus that resembles a face, such as a simple drawing. Using points and examples from the talk, describe the uses of gestures and facial expressions in**munication.Passage 25.BASIC COLLEGE WRITINGThe objective of this course is to write effective college essays that integrate assigned readings, class discussions, and the writer's knowledge and experience. Students will produce a total of six essays. Each week, students will have two hours of lecture and discussion, two hours in a writing workshop, and one hour in a peer feedback group. In the feedback group, students will read and respondto each other's writing. The course will help students prepare for future study and/or careers in writing, humanities, literature, and teaching.Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.The man expresses his opinion about the peer feedback group. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The man will be taking a writing course that includes a peer feedback group. He does not want to attend the peer feedback group.One reason he gives is that he was in a student writing group before, but it didn't help with his writing.Another reason is that he can't learn from other students if they don't know how to write.Another reason is that he can learn better from a teacher because a teacher has more education and experience.[解析]M: Professor Olson, I'll be in your writing course next session, and I ... uh ... I was wondering if I could skip the peer feedback group and **e to the lecture and writing workshop.W: Oh?M: It's like this ... I ... uh ... you see, I was in a studentwriting group before, but it didn't help at all with nay writing. The other students were not good writers, so it was a waste of time. I can't learn from other students if they don't know how to write.W: Learning how to write with other students, responding to the writing of others, expressing yourself in a small group--these are important step in the learning process.M: But I can learn better from a teacher because a teacher has more education and experience. The other students don't know how to teach writing. Isn't that the teacher's job?W: I promise that you'll learn from the teacher, but you'll also learn more than you think from your peers.The man expresses his opinion about the peer feedback group. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.6.COHORTSSocial scientists use the term "cohort" to describe a group of individuals who were born around the same time, usually within a span of five to ten years. Members of the same cohort move through history together. They share certain historical and cultural influences because they experience major events at the same age. The life experiences of one cohort will be different from those of another, even a cohort that is just a few years older or younger. This is because the timing of historical events interacts with developmental issues, producing unique patterns of influence for each cohort.Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.Explain the concept of cohort and how the examples given by the professor illustrate the concept.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:A cohort is a group of people who were born around the same time. Members of the same cohort experience historical events together.The professor discusses two cohorts that were influenced by the Great Depression of the 1930s, but in different ways. People who were young children in the 1930s were affected negatively, while people who were teenagers had more positive effects.The examples show how historical events and developmental issues interact in influencing cohorts.[解析]If we look at times of major social change, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, we can see how variations in experience affected different cohorts. Everyone who was alive during that period was affected in some way by economic conditions, but because these circumstances hit each cohort at a different age, the effects were different for each.For example, one study showed that people who were young children during the 1930s showed more long-term effects than did people who were teenagers at the time. The younger cohort spent a greaterportion of their childhood under conditions of economic hardship, and that affected their family life and their educational opportunities.The negative effects of the Depression on the children'spersonalities could still be seen in adulthood.In contrast, people who were teenagers during the Depression didn't show negative effects later in life. In fact, some of them showed more independence and initiative. Many teenagers had to work to help their families, and this early responsibility had a positive influence on their development. So, you can see how two cohorts that were close in age experienced the same circumstances differently because they were different ages at the time. Explain the concept of cohort and how the examples given by the professor illustrate the concept.7.The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the woman's problem. Briefly describe the problem. Then state which solution you prefer and explain why.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The woman's problem is that she has to drive to school and needs to park on campus, but the parking lots are not big enough, and a parking permit does not guarantee a space.One possible solution is for the woman to register for classes that meet in the afternoon, when the parking lots are less full.Another solution is to park in the park-and-ride lot a mile from campus and ride the free shuttle bus from there to campus.Opinions about the preferred solution will vary.[解析]W: How much does it cost for a permit to park my car on campus?M: A parking permit is $45 for the quarter. But I'm required to tell you that a parking permit does not guarantee a parking space on campus.W: What? It takes me an hour to drive here, and I have to park my car somewhere.M: We know it's a problem. Our parking lots just aren't big enoughfor all the students we have this year. That's why I'm required to warn you about the situation.W: What am I supposed to do? I have to drive to school.M: One thing you can do, if possible, is register for classes that meet in the afternoon. The parking lots are usually full in the morning, but less full in the afternoon.W: Okay.M: Another thing you can do is park in our park-and-ride lot on Western Avenue, a mile from here. Your parking permit is good there, and you can usually find a parking space. You catch a free shuttle bus to campus from there. They run every 20 minutes.W: Okay, thanks. I appreciate your advice.The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the woman's problem. Briefly describe the problem. Then state which solution you prefer and explain why.8.Using points and details from the lecture, explain what the pyramid chart and the wheel chart reveal about a company.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:Organizational charts reveal a company's management structure and how information flows.The pyramid chart reveals a hierarchy, a formal chain of command with management on the top and the labor force on the bottom. Information flows up, and orders flow down. The pyramid is logical and orderly, but decision-making can take a long time.The wheel chart reveals an **pany, with management at the hub and the labor force on the rim. Information flows around the rim in both directions. The wheel chart implies a policy of **munication.[解析]No matter what size a business is, its organizational chart shows who is in charge of what, and who reports to whom. Organizational charts direct the flow of information so people **municate in an orderly way.**panies have an organizational chart in the shape of a pyramid. In the pyramid chart, the labor force is on the bottom, supporting the whole structure. In the middle are the various layers of management, one on top of the other, all the way up to the chief executiveofficer at the top. The pyramid structure defines a formal chain of command. Information flows up the chain, and orders flow down. The pyramid is logical and orderly. Everyone knows his or her place in the hierarchy. However, with the pyramid, decision-making ean take a long time because everything has to work its way up and down the chain of command.**panies have an organizational chart that looks more like a bicycle wheel. The wheel chart reveals a more integrated organization. Management is the hub, and all the departments are the spokes giving the wheel its shape. The labor force is the rim. Information flows around the rim in both directions, and up and down the spokes. The wheel chart implies a policy of **munication throughout the organization. This means that any staff member can go anywhere in**pany to ask questions and get answers. Using points and details from the lecture, explain what the pyramid chart and the wheel chart reveal about a company.Passage 39.VOLUNTEERS NEEDED FOR CONFERENCEStudents are needed to work as volunteers during theuniversity's 2-day conference on global warming, April 6-7. Volunteer positions are available to set up conference rooms, assist guest speakers, and work at the information booth. Volunteers are asked to work a 2-hour shift on the day before the conference or on either day during the conference. In return, volunteers receive a free conference T-shirt and admission to the reception for guest speakers on April 7. To volunteer, go to the planning meeting on March 15 or talk to Steve in the Environmental Studies office.Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.The woman expresses her opinion about volunteering for the conference. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The woman's opinion about volunteering for the conference isthat it will be a great opportunity.One reason she gives is that volunteers can go to the reception and meet a lot of prominent scientists from around the world.Another reason is that volunteers will learn how a conference is organized; this interests her because she plans to be involved in environmental issues.Another reason is to get a free T-shirt.[解析]W: What do you think? Are you going to volunteer for the conference? M: Oh, I don't know. It's difficult for me to plan that far ahead.It's over a month away.W: I know, but this conference is going to be great. There'll be alot of prominent speakers from this country and all over the world, including a couple of scientists who won the Nobel Prize.M: Really?W: Yeah, and if we work for just two hours, we get to go to the reception and meet lots of experts on global warming. It's a great opportunity--kind of exciting for our school, isn't it? I mean, this conference is a really big event for us, and volunteering is a way to be a part of it.M: That's true. But you have to work! Isn't it better to just attend the conference?W: Ah, but this is one way to learn how a conference is organized.I'm really interested in knowing how to do this sort of thing since I plan to be involved in environmental issues.M: And you want the free T-shirt.W: Right!The woman expresses her opinion about volunteering for the conference. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.10.THE CHASE FILMThe chase film was a popular form of comedy during the silent film era of the early twentieth century. In a chase film, the story was simple to tell and simple for the audience to follow. All that filmmakers needed to do was to establish some offense--a theft, an insult, or a boy's naughty behavior--and then start a humorous chase after the offender. The chase could be extended for several minutes, through any number of scenes and situations. The fast movement of the chase provided visual excitement, often with the person being chased and the chasers all running forward, past the camera.Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response.Define the chase film, and explain how the examples given in the lecture illustrate the definition.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The chase film was a popular form of comedy that told a simple story of someone being chased by others.The lecture describes a film about a rich man who is looking for a wife and ends up being chased by a crowd of women. This example illustrates the humorous nature of the chase film.The lecture describes the chase films about the Keystone Kops, clownish policemen who chased villains and bank robbers. These examples illustrate the fast action, excitement, **edy of the chase film.[解析]There were lots of variations on the chase film. One of the most popular chase films was a comedy called Personal. This movie told the story of a wealthy man who is looking for a wife, so he advertises in a personal ad in the newspaper. His ad says that he will meet any potential wives at a famous landmark on a certain day. But when he goes to the place, he finds a crowd of eager women, who then chase him through the streets. This variation was such a hit that other filmmakers quickly copied it.Another variation was the slapstick police chase made famous by the Keystone Kops. The Keystone Kops were the kings of early **edy. They were seven clownish policemen who created confusion and silliness as they chased villains and bank robbers. They dashed off to the chase on foot or hung onto a speeding car. The motion of the film was fast and jerky. A lot of the stunts involved fast-moving cars, tall buildings, and of course, somebody getting a cream pie in the face. All these variations on the chase film had fast action, excitement, **edy. Define the chase film, and explain how the examples given in the lecture illustrate the definition.11.Briefly summarize the problem the students are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:The woman must take a course during the summer in order to transfer to the university in the fall. However, she had planned to take a sailboat trip in the summer.One solution is to go on the sailboat trip and delay thetransfer to the university.Another solution is to cancel the sailboat trip and take the course in the summer so she can go to the university in the fall.Opinions about the preferred solution will vary.[解析]M: Are you still going to transfer to the university in the fall? W: I want to, but I've got a problem. I just talked to my adviser, and it seems I still need one more course to complete my basic requirements.M: You do?W: Yeah. I dropped a course a while back and never made it up. My adviser says I have to make up the course this summer, or I won't be able to transfer to the U.M: I thought you were sailing to Hawaii this summer.W: That's what I was planning to do. I promised my friend I'd go on the sailboat trip, and we've already paid a deposit. We were looking forward to it.M: The sailboat trip sounds great.W: I know! I really want to go!M: You can delay going to the university, can't you? I mean, youdon't have to transfer in the fall. You could start there next spring, right?W: I'm not sure.M: Oh, hmm. I don't know. Sailing sounds great, but the university is important too. Maybe you should cancel your trip and take the course you need. You can probably get a refund for the deposit you paid on the sailboat.W: Maybe.M: You just have to decide what's more important to you: goingsailing or going to the university.W: Right.M: Well, good luck with that.W: Thanks.Briefly summarize the problem the students are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.12.Using points and examples from the lecture, explain some of **mon causes of insomnia.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5答案:Key points:Insomnia is difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.Insomnia can be caused by emotional distress. It can be caused by stress from a single event, such as job loss or change, death of a loved one, or moving. Long-term insomnia may be caused by chronic stress or depression.Insomnia can have physical causes, such as discomfort or pain due to illness or injury. The consumption of coffee or alcohol may cause insomnia.Insomnia can be related to environmental factors such as noise, light, or extreme temperatures. Other causes are jet lag and a change in work shift.[解析]Many people experience insomnia, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. There is no single cause of insomnia, as several different factors----emotional, physical, and environmental--can interfere with sleep.A common cause is emotional distress. This can he related to a single specific event. For example, there might be significant stress caused by a job loss or change, the death of a loved one, or moving to a different place. Insomnia caused by a single event is usually short-term, lasting from days to weeks. Long-term insomnia, on the other hand, is a recurring problem and may be caused by chronic stress, depression, or other health issues.Insomnia can have physical causes, such as discomfort or pain due to illness or injury. Chronic back pain is a common cause. Also, what you consume can interfere with your sleep-- drinking too much coffee, for example, or drinking it too late in the day. Alcohol can affect your sleep patterns. At first, alcohol might make you feel sleepy, but after its effects wear off, it may actually cause you to wake up during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep.Finally, insomnia can be related to environmental fact:ors such as noise, light, or extreme temperatures. Many peopie can't sleep during hot, humid summer weather. Other factors that throw offyour normal sleep schedule are jet lag or switching from the day shift to the night shift at work. Using points and examples from the lecture, explain some of **mon causes of insomnia.Passage 413.What book have you read that you would recommend to others? Explain why you think other people should read this book. Include details and examples to support your explanation.。

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Earth’s AtmosphereEarth’s atmosphere has changed through time. Compared to the Sun, whosecomposition is representative of the raw materials from which Earth and otherplanets in our solar system formed, Earth contains less of some volatileelements, such as nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, and helium. These elements werelost when the envelope of gases, or primary atmosphere, that surrounded earlyEarth was stripped away by the solar wind or by meteorite impacts, or both.Little by little, the planet generated a new, secondary atmosphere by volcanicoutgassing of volatile materials from its interior.Volcanic outgassing continues to be the main process by which volatilematerials are released from Earth. Although it is now going on at a much slowerrate. The main chemical constituent of volcanic gases (as much as 97 percent ofvolume) is water vapor, with varying amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, andother gases. In fact, the total volume of volcanic gases released over the past4 billion years or so is believed to account for the present composition of theatmosphere with one important exception: oxygen. Earth had virtually no oxygenin its atmosphere more than 4 billion years ago, but the atmosphere is nowapproximately 21 percent oxygen.Traces of oxygen were probably generated in the early atmosphere by thebreakdown of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen by ultraviolet light (aprocess called photodissociation). Although this is an important process, itcannot begin to account for the present high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere.Almost all of the free oxygen now in the atmosphere originated through photosynthesis, the process whereby plants use light energy to induce carbon dioxide to react with water, producing carbohydrates and oxygen.Oxygen is a very reactive chemical, so at first most of the free oxygen produced by photosynthesis was combined with iron in ocean water to form iron oxide-bearing minerals. The evidence of the gradual transition from oxygen-poor to oxygen-rich water is preserved in seafloor sediments. The minerals in seafloor sedimentary rocks that are more than about 2.5 billion years old contain reduced (oxygen-poor) iron compounds. In rocks that are less than 1.8 billion years old, oxidized (oxygen-rich) compounds predominate. The sediments that were precipitated during the transition contain alternating bands of red (oxidized iron) and black (reduced iron) minerals. These rocks are called banded-iron formations. Because ocean water is in constant contact with the atmosphere, and the two systems function together in a state of dynamic equilibrium, the transition from an oxygen-poor to an oxygen-rich atmosphere also must have occurred during this period.Along with the buildup of molecular oxygen (O2) came an eventual increasein ozone (O3) levels in the atmosphere. (A) Because ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, this made it possible for life to flourish in shallow water and finally on land. (B) This critical state in the evolution of the atmosphere was reached between 1,100 and 542 million years ago. (C) Interestingly, the fossil record shows an explosion of life forms 542 million years ago. (D)Oxygen has continued to play a key role in the evolution and form of life.。

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Extinction Episodes of the Past 【1】It was not until the Cambrian period,beginning about 600 million years ago,that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.Since the Cambrian period,biodiversity has generally risen,but there have been some notable exceptions.Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe.The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention,but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events.Collectively,more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent.The best known of the five major extinction events,the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs,is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. 【2】Starting about 280 million years ago,reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments.In popular language this was the era“when dinosaurs ruled Earth,”when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches.However,no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely,and when,after over 200 million years,the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago,mammals began to flourish,evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species,including bats and whales,that we know today.Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period,often abbreviated as the K-T boundary.This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organisms.Overall,about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost,with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct.An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared,although they rebounded later.Among plants,the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns,club mosses,horsetails,and conifers and other gymnosperms.The number of flowering plants(angiosperms)was reduced at this time,but they then began to increase dramatically. 【3】What caused these changes?For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible,with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because,like modern reptiles,they were ectothermic(dependent on environmental heat,or cold-blooded).It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms(animals that maintain a relatively consistent body temperature by generating heat internally).Nevertheless,climatic explanations for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic,because evenendotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate. 【4】Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour.They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth,shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires.In other words,a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions.Initially,the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence.At locations around the globe,geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago.Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface,but it is abundant in some meteorites.Therefore,Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid.Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation,180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula,was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago. 1.The word"proliferation"in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to A.decline. B.extinction. C.increase. D.migration. 2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period? A.Biodiversity levels were steady,as indicated by the fossil record. B.Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked. C.The most dramatic extinction episode occurred. D.Few microscopic species existed. 3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information. A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago,at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify. B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever,mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct. C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years,the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago. D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today,including bats and whales,evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs. 4.According to paragraph 2,why are dinosaurs popularly said to have"ruled Earth"during the Cretaceous period? A.Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period. B.Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period. C.Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period,whereas many other animal species did not. D.Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period. 5.According to paragraph 2,which of the following species initially increased in number at the K-T boundary? A.Dinosaurs. B.Foraminifera. C.Ferns. D.Ammonoid mollusks. 6.Why does the author note that"even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate"(paragraph 3)? A.To argue that there was a significant climate at the time that endothermicdinosaurs became extinct. B.To argue that climate change caused some dinosaurs to evolve as endotherms. C.To support the view that at least some of the dinosaurs that became extinct were endotherms. D.To defend climate change as possible explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs. 7.The word"generated"(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to A.collected. B.produced. C.spread. D.added. 8.The word"extensive"(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to A.widespread. B.sudden. C.numerous. D.subsequent. 9.According to paragraph 4,all of the following contributed to the massive extinctions of the K-T period EXCEPT: A.tidal waves. B.fires. C.insufficient solar radiation. D.iridium. 10.According to paragraph 4,which of the following statements explains the importance of the discovery of high levels of iridium rocks? A.It provided evidence that overexposure to solar radiation led to the K-T extinction. B.It showed that more than one cataclysmic event was responsible for the K-T extinction. C.It suggested that the cause of the K-T extinction may have been a meteorite striking Earth. D.It provided evidence that the K-T extinction occurred 65 million years ago. 11.According to paragraph 4,which of the following is true about the Yucatan Peninsula? A.The circular formation there was caused by a meteorite impact 65 million years ago. B.Sedimentary rocks from that area have the lowest iridium concentration of any rocks on Earth. C.There is evidence that a huge tidal wave occurred there 65 million years ago. D.Evidence found there challenged the meteorite impact theory. 12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the meteorite theory? A.The data originally presented as evidence for the theory were eventually rejected. B.Many scientists did not accept it when it was first proposed. C.It has not been widely accepted as an explanation for the K-T extinction. D.Alvarez subsequently revised it after a circular formation was found in the Yucatan Peninsula. 13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?This focused on the chemical composition of ancient rocks. Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour.Theybelieved that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth,shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires.In other words,a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions.■【A】Initially,the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence.■【B】At locations around the globe,geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago.■【C】Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth's surface,but it is abundant in some meteorites.■【D】Therefore,Alvarez and his colleagues concluded that it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid.Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation,180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula,was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago. 14.Prose Summary The K-T extinction 65 million years ago is the best known of the five major extinction episodes since the Cambrian period. A.Collectively,the five major extinction episodes resulted in the elimination of a larger number of species than did all the minor extinction events. B.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid mollusks but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants. C.An extreme cooling of the climate could not have caused the K-T extinction of dinosaurs,because,while most dinosaurs depended on environmental heat,some did not. D.The K-T extinction of the dinosaurs is the only mass extinction that has been explained by the impact of a meteorite. E.In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth. F.A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez'hypothesis. 1.proliferation，繁殖，激增，对应C。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO38×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO38×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The world¡¯s forests are facing increasing pressure which, if left unchecked, will threaten the health of many industries, economies, nations, and lives. The development of an international fund to help developing countries implement useful conservation techniques in forest protection is the best way to protect the world¡¯s forests and hopefully reverse negative trends that imperil our forests. Using the internationally established forest protection fund to protect forest agriculture is perhaps the most important initiative. Dispersing these funds to governments, land owners, and farmers will allow them to resist intrusions by the logging industry, oil companies, and property developers who are after their land. This is a very specific initiative that will help agricultural areas from being developed into environmentally damaging industries and ensure that agricultural farm use is uninterrupted. A second use of this protection fund could be used to develop the economies of villages and tribal communities located in forest areas. By parceling out funds to provide villagers and tribal residents of forests with a stipend will help these people continue their way of life and resist pressure to convert their forest land to the above mentioned industries. Providing living stipends and other financial aid to forest residents will help people afford education, health services, and nutritional aid so that they are less tempted to resort to destructive or exploitative forest practices to make a living. Much of the global concern with deforestation focuses on the alarming loss of biodiversity. Humans use thousands of species of plants and animals on a daily basis for food, shelter, clothing and medicinal needs. Deforestation threatens species that humans rely on for these essential services. Using the international fund to help governments and people establish protected forest areas is the best way to maintain valuable forest biodiversity and protect species from exploitation, endangerment and extinction.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO38×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The world¡¯s forests are indeed under tremendous pressure from industries and practices that deforest these important ecosystems. However, the suggestion put forth in the reading passage, that the creation of an international protection fund will help protect these areas, is flawed for several reasons. Firstly, agriculture is itself a destructive force upon the forest ecosystem. With the rising populations, farmers are under constant pressure to increase harvest yields by using modern agricultural technology and practices. These include harmful practices such as fertilizer and pesticide use which have been proven to be detrimental to the surrounding environments because they create runoff waste and water pollution. This in turn leads to deforestation at a rate much worse than that of logging. Continued promotion of agriculture as a solution to deforestation is not a good idea. Secondly, payingvillagers and tribal communities a stipend is an inadequate solution to the deforestation problem. Disbursement of money from the international protection fund would mean that money would go to forest owners. More often than not these owners are in fact governments, not residents. Therefore, a payout of this sort would not end up in the hands of these forest dwellers. Additionally, there is no guarantee that if governments received money that it would be appropriately used to protect the forest. Finally, if money is spent promoting biodiversity by encouraging the planting of new forest, there is no doubt that people will plant trees which have commercial purposes. If people merely plant plantation forests, this will do nothing in the way of promoting the goal of forest biodiversity. As you can see, the development of an international monetary fund to protect developing countries¡¯ forests is rather inadequate.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO38×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡Integrated Writing The passage concentrates on forest protection and lists three means that he thinks practical. However, the speaker retorts all the three ideas one by one. First, the writer reckons that international fund can be raised to protect mere agricultural use of the forest. But the lecturer points out that agricultural damage is a strong destructive force. In order to get harvest, farmers will use pesticide and fertile to help crops grow better. This will produce run-off waste and water pollution which was detrimental to forest condition. Therefore, the first approach of the passage is proved unconvincing. Second, the passage says government should help to develop the economics of nearby villages and tribal communities so they will not make money through damaging the forest. Nevertheless, the speaker regards this as an inadequate solution. He emphasizes that money given to landowners ¨C the government will not be used for forest developers. It will not be properly used so the writer¡¯s second idea is rebutted. Third, the author indicates that we should be cautious about the loss of biodiversity caused by forest destruction. Therefore, he argues that new trees should be planted to maintain biodiversity. But the speaker says that if people are encouraged to plant new trees, they will first choose certain kinds of trees which can bring them commercial benefits. Recovering forest biodiversity needs various kinds of trees. So merely planting money-making trees in fact will harm biodiversity. Thus reliably retorted the last argument in the essay. (245 words)¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO38×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage states the merits of developing an international monetary fund to help combat the destruction of forests by developing nations. These notions, however, are discredited by the lecturer and said to be ineffective. First, the lecturer contends that disbursing money to farmers to help them resist loosing agricultural land to destructive industries is a poor idea. The lecturer states that it is in fact agriculture, not logging or property developers, which poses the largest。

托福阅读tpo38R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Transgenic Plants①Genes from virtually any organism,from viruses to humans,can now be inserted into plants,creating what are known as transgenic plants.Now used in agriculture, there are approximately109million acres of transgenic crops grown worldwide,68 percent of which are in the United States.The most common transgenic crops are soybeans,corn,cotton,and canola.Most often,these plants either contain a gene making them resistant to the herbicide glyphosate or they contain an insect-resistant gene that produces a protein called Bt toxin.②On the positive side,proponents of transgenic crops argue that these crops are environmentally friendly because they allow farmers to use fewer and less noxious chemicals for crop production.For example,a21percent reduction in the use of insecticide has been reported on Bt cotton(transgenic cotton that produces Bt toxin).In addition,when glyphosate is used to control weeds,other more persistent herbicides do not need to be applied.③On the negative side,opponents of transgenic crops suggest that there are many questions that need to be answered before transgenic crops are grown on a large scale.One question deals with the effects that Bt plants have on nontarget organisms such as beneficial insects,worms,and birds that consume the genetically engineered crop.For example,monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants near Bt cornfields will eat some corn pollen that has fallen on the milkweed boratory studies indicate that caterpillars can die from eating Bt pollen.However,field tests indicate that Bt corn is not likely to harm monarchs. Furthermore,the application of pesticides(the alternative to growing Bt plants) has been demonstrated to cause widespread harm to nontarget insects.④Another unanswered question is whether herbicide-resistant genes will move into the populations of weeds.Crop plants are sometimes grown in areas where weedy relatives also live.If the crop plants hybridize and reproduce with weedy relatives,then this herbicide-resistant gene will be perpetuated in the offspring.Inthis way,the resistant gene can make its way into the weed population.If this happens,a farmer can no longer use glyphosate,for example,to kill those weeds. This scenario is not likely to occur in many instances because there are no weedy relatives growing near the crop plant.However,in some cases,it may become a serious problem.For example,canola readily hybridizes with mustard weed species and could transfer its herbicide-resistant genes to those weeds.⑤We know that evolution will occur when transgenic plants grown on a large scale over a period of time.Of special concern is the development of insect populations resistant to the Bt toxin.This pesticide has been applied to plants for decades without the development of insect-resistant populations.However,transgenic Bt plants express the toxin in all tissues throughout growing season.Therefore,all insects carrying genes that make them susceptible to the toxin will die.That leaves only the genetically resistant insects alive to perpetuate the population.When these resistant insects mate,they will produce a high proportion of offspring capable of surviving in the presence of the Bt toxin.Farmers are attempting to slow the development of insect resistance in Bt crops by,for example,planting nontransgenic border rows to provide a refuge for susceptible insects.These insects may allow Bt susceptibility to remain in the population.⑥Perhaps the most serious concern about the transgenic crop plants currently in use is that they encourage farmers to move farther away from sustainable agricultural farming practices,meaning ones that allow natural resources to continually regenerate over the long run.Transgenics,at least superficially,simplify farming by reducing the choices made by the manager.Planting a glyphosate-resistant crop commits a farmer to using that herbicide for the reason, probably to the exclusion of all other herbicides and other weed-control practices. Farmers who use Bt transgenics may not feel that they need to follow through with integrated pest-management practices that use beneficial insects and timely applications of pesticides to control insect pests.A more sustainable approach would be to plant nontransgenic corn,monitor the fields throughout the growing season,and then apply a pesticide only if and when needed.译文转基因植物①从病毒到人类，几乎任何生物体的基因现在都可以植入植物，从而创造出所谓的转基因植物。

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Savanna FormationLocated in tropical area at low altitudes,savannas are stable ecosystems,some wet and somedry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered treeor shrubs.They occur on a wide range of soil typesand in extremes of climate.There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given sitewill be a savanna,but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.热带草原或热带稀树草原位于热带低海拔地区，干湿气候皆有。

稀疏分布着树木和灌木的广阔大草原，其为一个稳定的生态系统。

气候极端，涵盖了广泛的土壤种类。

对于热带草原的形成原因，虽无单一的解释，但似乎仍有一些因素对其形成起到了重大作用。

Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season.One theory behind savannaformation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season,and thussavanna,rather than rain forest,is favored on the site.Savannas experience an annual rainfallof between 1000 and 2000 millimeters,most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season.Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year,for at least part of the year littledoes,creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses.Such conditions prevailthroughout much of northern South America and Cuba,but many Central American savannasas well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern.In theseareas,rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition,so other factors mustcontribute to savanna formation.热带草原通常会经历十分漫长的旱季。

TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26) TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27) TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28) TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29) TPO11 (30) 1. 阅读部分 (30) 3. 范文赏析 (30) TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34) TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38) TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41) TPO15 (43) 1. 阅读部分 (43)3. 范文赏析 (45) TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49) TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54) TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55) TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56) TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57) TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58) TPO22 (59) 1. 阅读部分 (59) 3. 范文赏析 (59) TPO23 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60) TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61) TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62) TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63) TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64) TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65) TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66) TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。

托福阅读tpo38R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Microscopes①Before microscopes were first used in the seventeenth century,no one knew that living organisms were composed of cells.The first microscopes were light microscopes,which work by passing visible light through a specimen.Glass lenses in the microscope bend the light to magnify the image of the specimen and project the image into the viewer's eye or onto photographic film.Light microscopes can magnify objects up to1,000times without causing blurriness.②Magnification,the increase in the apparent size of an object,is one important factor in microscopy.Also important is resolving power,a measure of the clarity of an image.Resolving power is the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate.For example,what looks to the unaided eye like a single star in the sky may be resolved as two stars with the help of a telescope.Any optical device is limited by its resolving power.The light microscope cannot resolve detail finer than0.2micrometers,about the size of the smallest bacterium; consequently,no matter how many times its image of such a bacterium is magnified,the light microscope cannot show the detailsof the cell's internal structure.③From the year1665,when English microscopist Robert Hooke discovered cells,until the middle of the twentieth century,biologists had only light microscopes for viewing cells.But they discovered a great deal,including the cells composing animal and plant tissues, microscopic organisms,and some of the structures within cells.By the mid-1800s,these discoveries led to the cell theory,which states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.④Our knowledge of cell structure took a giant leap forward as biologists began using the electron microscope in the1950s.Instead of light,the electron microscope uses a beam of electrons and has a much higher resolving power than the light microscope.In fact,the most powerful modern electron microscopes can distinguish objects as small as0.2nanometers,a thousandfold improvement over the light microscope.The period at the end of this sentence is about a million times bigger than an object0.2nanometers in diameter,which is the size of a large atom.Only under special conditions can electron microscopes detect individual atoms.However,cells,cellular organelles, and even molecules like DNA and protein are much larger than single atoms.⑤Biologists use the scanning electron microscope to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces.It uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a cell or group of cells that have been coated with metal. The metal stops the beam from going through the cells.When the metal is hit by the beam,it emits electrons.The electrons are focused to form an image of the outside of the cells.The scanning electron microscope produces images that look three-dimensional.⑥The transmission electron microscope,on the other hands,is used to study the details of internal cell structure.Specimens are cut into extremely thin sections,and the transmission electron microscope aims an electron beam through a section,just as a light microscope aims a beam of light through a specimen.However,instead of lenses made of glass,the transmission electron microscope uses electromagnets as lenses,as do all electron microscopes.The electromagnets bend the electron beam to magnify and focus an image onto a viewing screen or photographic film.⑦Electron microscopes have truly revolutionized the study of cells and cell organelles.Nonetheless,they have not replaced the light microscope.One problem with electron microscopes is that they cannot be used to study living specimens because the specimen must be held in a vacuum chamber;that is,all the air and liquid must beremoved.For a biologist studying a living process,such as the whirling movement of a bacterium,a light microscope equipped with a video camera might be better than either a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope.Thus,the light microscope remains a useful tool,especially for studying living cells.The size of a cell often determines the type of microscope a biologist uses to study it.译文显微镜①在十七世纪首次使用显微镜之前，没有人知道生物是由细胞组成的。

托福阅读真题3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black incoiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets from baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6. According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 4The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives ofnineteenth- century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. Theolder painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized inNew York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varyingfrequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole,lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route toother sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The National Academy of Design(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River(C) North American landscape paintings(D) The training of American artists in European academies2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?(A) Figural painting(B) Landscape painting(C) Impressionistic painting(D) Historical painting3. The word "struggle" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection(B) distance(C) communication(D) competition4. The word "monopolized" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed(B) dominated(C) repelled(D) pursued5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835?(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.(C) It determined which subjects were appropriate.(D) It supported their growth and development.6. The word "it" in line 12 refers to(A) matter(B) technique(C) patronage(D) country7. The word "factions" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) sides(B) people(C) cities(D) images8. The word "flattering" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) expressive(B) serious(C) complimentary(D) flashy9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?(A) In Europe(B) In the Adirondacks(C) In Vermont(D) In New Hampshire答案：PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA。