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密级分类号编号成绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraper in building译文标题住宅施工过程中现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治作者所在系别xxxx作者所在专业xxxx作者所在班级xxxx作者姓名xxx作者学号xxx指导教师姓名xxx指导教师职称xxxx完成时间2012 年 3 月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题住宅施工过程中现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治原文标题roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraper inbuilding作者PAUL QUIGLEY译名保罗·圭格利国籍美国原文出处The American Society of Civil Engineers现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治随着城市住宅建设步伐的加快，不少住宅小区相继建成，许多住户陆续搬进新居，他们对住房的质量要求越来越高，尤其对一些现浇楼板出现的裂缝情况非常关注，担心这些裂缝最终会引发不安全事故，而纷纷向建筑质量监督部门投诉。
如某市一开发商共建6层楼住宅16幢，建筑面积约10万平方米，砖混结构，初装修，一梯二户用砖墙分隔，每层设有圈梁同楼板整浇，板厚100mm，混凝土标号为C20，房屋长约80-90m之间，不设伸缩缝，底层为2.2m车库层，基础采用C20钢筋笼灌注桩。
该小区于2003年10月完工，竣工验收时，未发现明显裂缝，在住户装修时，发现楼板有裂缝出现，故联名向质量监督部门投诉，经实地踏看，16幢房屋均存在深浅不一的裂缝。
裂缝宽度在0.2mm-0.4mm之间，裂缝位置绝大多数处在板四角，朝阳处更为明显。
于是，质监部门组织有关单位，首先对房屋沉降量和倾斜度进行复查，结果都在允许范围内，再查看施工图纸也符合有关规范要求。
鉴于上述情况，经过认真分析，确认裂缝原因有以下几点：1、引起现浇板裂缝的主要原因是混凝土的收缩，因为混凝土在自然硬化过程中，由于水份不断蒸发，而体积渐渐收缩，但板四周受支座的约束，不能自由伸缩，所以当混凝土的收缩所引起现浇板的约束应力超过一定限度时，势必引发现浇板开裂。
养老院毕业设计养老院毕业设计随着人口老龄化的加剧，养老院的建设和发展成为了社会关注的焦点。
为了提高养老院的服务质量和居住环境，我决定以养老院为主题进行毕业设计。
本文将从养老院的设计理念、功能规划、建筑风格以及运营管理等方面进行探讨，旨在为养老院的建设提供一些有益的思考。
一、设计理念在养老院的设计中，我认为人性化是最重要的理念。
养老院是老年人晚年生活的居所，应该注重为他们提供舒适、安全、便利的居住环境。
设计上可以考虑使用无障碍设施，提供方便老年人行动的通道和设备。
同时，养老院的设计还应该注重社交和交流的空间，为老年人提供互动和活动的场所，以满足他们的精神需求。
二、功能规划在养老院的功能规划上，我认为应该注重两个方面：一是提供基本的生活保障，二是提供多样化的活动和服务。
基本的生活保障包括提供舒适的住所、饮食、医疗和护理等服务。
而多样化的活动和服务可以包括文化娱乐、健身养生、技能培训等，以满足老年人的多样化需求。
三、建筑风格在养老院的建筑风格上，我倾向于选择传统与现代相结合的设计风格。
传统的建筑风格可以给老年人带来亲切感和安全感，而现代的设计元素可以增加养老院的时尚感和现代感。
此外，建筑的外观和内部空间的布局也应该注重光线、通风和景观的设计，以提供舒适的居住环境。
四、运营管理养老院的运营管理是养老院建设的关键环节。
在运营管理上，我认为应该注重以下几个方面：一是人员培训和管理，包括对工作人员的专业培训和管理，以提高服务质量；二是设立健全的制度和规范，明确各项工作的责任和流程，提高工作效率；三是注重与社区、医院、社会组织等的合作，形成资源共享和互动发展的格局。
五、养老院的未来发展养老院作为社会福利事业的重要组成部分，未来的发展充满着巨大的潜力和挑战。
随着科技的进步，养老院的设施和服务将会更加智能化和人性化。
同时，随着社会对老年人关注度的提高，养老院的发展也将更加多样化和个性化。
未来的养老院将会更加注重老年人的精神需求，提供更多的文化娱乐和社交活动，为老年人晚年生活带来更多的快乐和幸福。
![毕业设计(论文)外文参考资料及译文-养老院[管理资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/54322851284ac850ac0242e0.png)
毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：养老院学生姓名：学号：专业：行政管理所在学院：人文学院指导教师：职称：讲师2011 年 3 月 29日养老院养老院分为疗养院，专业护理组（首尔大学），护理院或疗养院。
这是一个需要护理和日常活动有不便的人居住的地方。
居住在这里的居民包括身体或精神残疾的老人和成年人，住在疗养院的人如果发生意外或疾病也会被进行物理治疗。
居民的法律权利取决于机构的法律地位。
美国在美国，一个“专业护理机构”或“民营护理机构”是指一个注册参加并可以医疗保险报销的机构。
联邦医疗保险方案主要是为那些在工作时为社会保障和医疗保险做出贡献的老年人而设的，护理基金是指给予那些得到认证并参与了医疗报销的养老院的资金。
联邦医疗补助计划是为每个国家提供医疗及相关服务，并为那些所谓的“穷人”实施的。
所谓的“穷人”是指每个国家确定的给予老人，残疾人或儿童医疗补助的资格（如儿童的健康保险计划 -芯片和母婴保健和食品方案）。
每个国家开办的养老院，都受到国家法律和法规的保护。
护养院可以选择参加医疗保险或医疗补助。
如果他们通过一项调查（检查），他们得到许可，也受到联邦法律和法规的保护。
全部或部分护理之家可参加医疗保险或医疗补助。
在美国，护理安老院参加医疗保险或医疗补助须有职业护士每天24小时值班。
至少每天8小时，每周7天，必须有一个注册护士值班。
护养院的管理由持牌护理之家管理员管理。
不像美国护理没有标准化的培训和管理人员发牌规定，但大多数州都要求有联邦许可证，许多州，如加利福尼亚州有他们自己的系统管理员执照。
到2005年4月18日，美国共有16094家有许可的养老院，低于2002年12月12日，德尔的16516家。
有些国家已经给能够在社区生活但需要帮助的老人和其他成年人提供不同的照料。
例如，康涅狄格安老院或安老院是由公共卫生国务院授权。
这些安老院提供24小时监管，提供了更多的“如家“的环境。
许多人实际上已转化为住房，提供一个住宅社区，促进了独立的生活方式和给予他人需要的某种形式的援助，以促进更好的在社区生活服务护理之家提供的服务包括护士，护理助手和助理服务，物理，职业及语言治疗师，社会工作者及康乐助理和食宿。
老年公寓管理系统毕业设计一、选题背景老年公寓是为老年人提供居住、护理和社交服务的场所。
随着我国人口老龄化的加剧，老年公寓的需求量也越来越大。
然而，当前老年公寓管理存在一些问题，如信息共享不畅、服务质量参差不齐等。
因此，设计一个高效、智能的老年公寓管理系统是十分必要的。
二、选题意义1.提高管理效率：通过建立老年公寓管理系统，可以实现信息共享和统一管理，从而提高管理效率。
2.提升服务质量：通过系统化管理和智能化服务，可以更好地满足老年人的需求，提升服务质量。
3.促进行业发展：建立规范化、智能化的老年公寓管理系统有助于促进行业发展。
三、设计思路1.需求分析：通过调研和访谈等方式获取用户需求，并进行分析和整理。
2.系统设计：根据用户需求进行系统设计，并确定技术方案和开发框架。
3.系统实现：按照设计方案进行开发，并进行测试和优化。
4.系统部署：将开发完成的系统部署到服务器上，并进行配置和调试。
5.维护与更新：对系统进行维护和更新，保证其稳定运行和功能完善。
四、系统功能1.老年人信息管理：包括老年人基本信息、健康状况、服务需求等。
2.员工管理：包括员工基本信息、岗位职责、工作考核等。
3.公寓设施管理：包括设施使用情况、设备维护记录等。
4.服务管理：包括餐饮服务、医疗护理、社交活动等。
5.安全管理：包括安全检查、应急预案、监控记录等。
6.统计分析：对各项数据进行统计分析，为管理决策提供参考依据。
五、技术方案1.前端技术：采用HTML5+CSS3+JavaScript技术实现网页前端开发，并使用jQuery框架进行页面交互效果编写。
2.后端技术：采用Java语言开发，使用Spring框架实现控制层和业务层的逻辑处理，使用MyBatis框架实现数据访问层的数据库操作。
3.数据库技术：采用MySQL数据库存储数据，并对数据进行备份和恢复操作，保证数据的安全性和可靠性。
4.服务器技术：采用Linux操作系统作为服务器环境，使用Tomcat作为Web服务器，实现系统的部署和运行。
1 引言1.1 项目背景介绍众所周知，老年人养老问题已逐渐成为社会上沉重的包袱。
随着目前人均寿命的延长，退休和无业年龄逐渐提前，人口的老龄化程度提升，在这些老人当中，还有一些失能老人和空巢老人，也需要照顾；再加上计划生育政策的实施，每个家庭基本只有一个子女，由于子女的时间、经济能力有限，致使子女的赡养能力变得薄弱，养老问题面临着愈发严峻的挑战。
中国未来的老人养老趋势将是社会提供养老金，老人们到社会提供的养老院里养老。
入住养老院实现了一种规模经济、安全服务，也增进了老年人之间的情感交流与联系，让老人不再有孤独寂寞的感觉。
进养老院将会是对自己与下一代很负责的决定。
养老院养老服务可以解决很大一部分老年人的养老问题，同时可以减轻家庭的负担，适应时代发展的潮流，是未来我国养老的发展模式。
1.2 市场调研分析1.2.1 养老模式发展历程（1）家庭养老。
家庭养老是指家庭对老年人进行赡养，是我国传统的养老模式，老人可以自己单独居住，也可以和配偶居住，也可以和子女一起居住，可以起到分散养老的作用。
从目前来看，我国养老的主要模式仍然是家庭养老模式。
因为养老不仅需要物质上的养老还需要精神上的养老。
老年人在家养老不仅可以保障在生活上有依靠，还可以和自己的儿女和孙子女有情感的交流。
但随着我国经济的发展，再加上实施计划生育政策，不再是多个子女同时赡养两个老人的情况，家庭结构产生了变化，年轻人把注意力更多的集中到了自己的工作上，导致不会有很多的时间和精力投入到照顾老人方面，因此家庭养老摸式逐渐弱化。
在这种情况下，在赡养老人方面出现了各种各样的问题，包括对老年人生活方面照顾不周、对老人患病后的护理问题不能及时有效解决、无法满足老年人的心理诉求等。
因此居家养老的老年人更多的选择向除家庭以外的外界寻求照顾，导致越来越多的老年人不再选择传统的家庭养老模式。
（2）社区养老。
社区养老就是老人住在家里或家庭附近，利用社区的资源进行养老，来照顾老年人的生活起居、患病时的护理、满足老年人的心理诉求等。
养老院管理系统毕业设计摘要随着我国超龄古老化，养老院近年来受到了极大的关注，而管理系统的发展也是，以实现良好的管理效果为目标推动系统的运行和发展。
本文的研究分析了现有的养老院管理系统有哪些不足，现有的养老院管理系统有什么需求。
根据需求，本文提出了一个更新型的养老院管理系统，该系统需要实现的主要功能是病人资料管理、医务药物管理以及病人信息及社会活动的采集。
系统的结构中添加了安全检查功能确保数据安全性。
研究讨论了该系统的设计和实现，包括人机交互界面设计、模块功能设计和系统实现。
本系统主要采用B/S架构，是一个数据库客户端/服务器架构，使用SQL Server数据库，使用和技术实现系统开发，让系统具备安全可靠、可靠性强的优点。
关键字：养老院管理系统，人机界面，数据库客户端，服务器架构，SQL Server，，1 引言近年来，由于社会养老服务的不断完善，养老院的数量也日益增多，而养老院的运营和管理也变得比以前更加复杂。
为了实现有效的管理，养老院应当采取有效的管理举措，结合现代信息技术，建立一个有效的养老院管理系统。
因此，本文旨在开发一个基于B/S架构的养老院管理系统，实现提高养老院管理效率，并确保数据安全的有效性。
2 相关技术2.1 人机交互界面设计人机交互界面需要满足系统的用户友好性，它需要弹性地适应各种不同设备的使用，以及相应的操作环境。
本系统使用Web 界面设计，采用了清晰的布局和直观的用户友好界面，方便用户使用该系统，并增强用户体验。
2.2 模块功能设计根据养老院管理的性质，本系统模块分为病人资料管理、医务药物管理、社会活动管理等。
病人资料管理模块包括建立病人档案、病人信息的检索和查询，可以方便的查询和管理病人信息；医务药物管理模块包括病人使用药物的管理和检查，以及医疗保险的管理；社会活动管理模块主要记录和采集住户参加社会活动的信息，方便住户安排适合自己的活动休闲时间。
2.3 数据库设计本系统采用SQL Server数据库，使用和技术实现系统开发，确保数据的安全性。
养老院管理系统毕业设计随着我国老龄社会的日益发展，养老行业发展也迅猛，建设养老机构成为社会发展的新热点。
然而，由于现今养老机构管理水平较低，缺乏有效的管理方式和机制，限制了养老机构发展，影响了养老行业的稳健发展，也给老年人提供的养老服务带来了不小的困难。
为此，本次毕业设计的主要目的是设计一套养老机构管理系统，以提高养老机构的管理水平，帮助养老机构实现安全、高效的运营。
其目的是：1）提升养老机构的管理水平；2）建立安全、高效的运营方式；3）提高养老服务质量。
养老机构管理系统有三大部分组成：管理系统、信息系统、服务系统。
其中，管理系统主要负责管理养老机构的运营和管理。
主要功能包括：登记老人信息、安排客房、设置费用标准、进行养老服务安排、实施评估及考核等。
信息系统主要负责对养老机构的老人信息进行管理。
它可以根据老人的基本信息，从而可以更有效地为老人提供养老服务。
服务系统主要负责安排服务，将养老机构提供的养老服务安排好，以便保证老人得到满足。
实施这一系统必须协同多方力量进行推动，并且充分考虑实际情况，对养老机构的管理水平和服务质量有效提升。
为此，本次毕业设计拟定的实施步骤如下：第一步：明确实施目标和内容，制定详细的实施计划；第二步：按照实施计划分配资源，为系统的安装、配置和运行准备技术支撑；第三步：系统安装和配置，实施软件和硬件的运行测试；第四步：结合养老机构的实际情况，进行系统的定制开发，添加功能和改进UI；第五步：组织人员培训，帮助养老机构的工作人员掌握系统的操作；第六步：将系统投入使用，并定期进行维护和升级，以保证系统的正常运行。
本次毕业设计是一项系统的建设工作，将有效改善养老机构的管理水平和养老服务质量，提高老人的生活质量，让养老服务者更好地满足老人的需求，为老龄化社会的发展做出贡献。
LANDSCAPE DESIGNL OF THE COUNTY TOWN设计时间：2015/05 设计者：赵小涵南部县大坪镇养老院改造设计目录前期分析PRELIMINARU ANALYSIS 区位分析场地现状分析老年人心里特征分析老年人户外活动喜好分析总体设计OVERALL DESIGN设计主题设计理念总平面图功能分区交通分析节点分析节点设计立面图植物设计PLANT DESIGN植物配置原则植物意向图植物配置意向图专项设计SPECIAL DESIGN大门设计景墙设计廊架设计座椅设计铺装设计建筑立面设计CONTENTS前期分析PRELIMINARU ANALYSIS四川省南部县大坪镇大坪镇养老院位于大坪镇南边，距离大坪镇大约5分钟的路程，交通方便。
养老院人口有45人左右，改造场地长约100米，宽约80米。
四川位于中国大陆西北腹地，是西部地区的政治中心和文教中心，国家七大军区的所在地。
南部县 四川省南充市代管县，位于四川盆地北部。
属亚热带湿润季风气候区，境内浅丘起伏，地势西北高，东南低，海拔在298-826米之间。
大坪镇位于南部县西北边陲，是南部县生猪、蚕桑、山羊的生产基地，已基本形成产业化。
场地优势：1、距离大坪镇只有10分钟左右的路程，交通便捷，采购方便。
2、周围的风景较好。
3、周围环境比较静谧，适合老年人静养。
4、场地地势平坦，适合老年人居住、活动。
场地劣势：1、功能布局不合理。
2、没有老人健身、聊天等活动的场地。
3、空间单调乏味、不具有美观性。
4、建筑较为简陋。
老人心理特征分析前期分析PRELIMINARUANALYSIS1、认识力低下老人身体机能衰退、大脑功能发生改变，导致感觉能力降低。
2、孤独和依赖老人不能自觉适应周围环境，做事信心不足，被动顺从，感情脆弱。
3、睡眠障碍老人由于大脑皮质兴奋和抑制能力低下造成睡眠减少等睡眠障碍。
4、抑郁和焦虑老人脑内生物胺代谢改变，长期存在焦虑心理，促使疾病发生。
毕业设计养老院案例毕业设计养老院案例在现代社会中，随着人口老龄化的加剧，养老问题逐渐成为一个亟待解决的社会难题。
为了满足老年人的需求，养老院作为一种常见的养老方式，越来越受到关注和重视。
本文将以毕业设计养老院案例为主题，探讨养老院的建设和管理，以及其对老年人和整个社会的影响。
一、案例介绍1.1 毕业设计养老院的背景毕业设计养老院位于某市的郊区，占地面积为5000平方米。
由于该市老年人口不断增长，现有的养老院已经无法满足需求。
该养老院的建设旨在为该市的老年人提供一个安全、舒适和温馨的居住环境。
1.2 设计理念和特点该毕业设计养老院以“家”的概念为核心，旨在营造一个家庭化的居住环境。
养老院的设计融合了现代化和传统文化的元素，注重绿化和自然环境的打造。
养老院设有独立的住宅区、医疗保健中心、娱乐活动区和休闲场所，以满足老年人的各种日常需求。
二、养老院建设与管理2.1 建筑和设施规划在毕业设计养老院的建设中，建筑和设施规划起着关键的作用。
养老院的建筑要兼顾功能性、舒适性和美观性，同时要考虑老年人的特殊需求，如无障碍通道、安全设施等。
设施方面，除了基本的居住设施外，还应配备医疗设备、康复设施和娱乐设施，以提供全方位的服务。
2.2 人员配备和培训毕业设计养老院需要合适的人员配备和培训，以确保老年人得到良好的照顾和关怀。
养老院需要招聘合格的医护人员、保洁人员和娱乐活动组织者，他们应具备良好的沟通技巧和对老年人的关心和理解。
对员工进行定期的培训和进修，以提高其专业水平和服务质量。
三、养老院对老年人和整个社会的影响3.1 对老年人的影响毕业设计养老院对老年人来说是一个理想的居住选择。
养老院提供了安全、舒适和友善的居住环境，老年人可以享受到全天候的医疗保健和社交活动。
养老院还提供心理辅导和康复服务，帮助老年人保持积极的心态和身体健康。
3.2 对社会的影响毕业设计养老院在社会中起到了积极的作用。
养老院缓解了老年人的养老压力，降低了社会的养老负担。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（部）：管理信息系专业：公共事业管理班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：Nursing HomeFrom Wikipedia ,the free encyclopedia附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文2012年3月15日附录一原文Nursing HomeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA nursing home, convalescent home, skilled nursing unit (SNU), care home, rest home, intermediate care, or old people's home provides a type of care of residents: it is a place of residence for people who require constant nursing care and have significant deficiencies with activities of daily living[citation needed]. Residents include the elderly and younger adults with physical or mental disabilities. Residents in a skilled nursing facility may also receive physical, occupational, and other rehabilitative therapies following an accident or illness. Residents may have certain legal rights depending on the location of the facility.United StatesIn the United States, a "Skilled Nursing Facility" or "SNF" is a nursing home certified to participate in, and be reimbursed by Medicare. Medicare is the federal program primarily for the aged who contributed to Social Security and Medicare while they were employed. A "Nursing Facility" or "NF" is a nursing home certified to participate in, and be reimbursed by Medicaid. Medicaid is the federal program implemented with each State to provide health care and related services to those who are "poor." Each State defines poverty and; therefore, Medicaid eligibility.In the United States, nursing homes which participate in Medicare and/or Medicaid are required to have licensed practical nurses (LPNs) (in some States designated "vocational nurses" or "LVNs") on duty 24 hours a day. For at least 8 hours per day, 7 days per week, there must be a registered nurse on duty. Nursing homes are managed by a Licensed Nursing Home Administrator. On April 18, 2005 there were a total of 16,094 nursing homes in the United States, down from 16,516 on December 12, 2002.There are states that have other levels of care offered to elderly and other adults who need assistance and are able to live in the community. For instance, Connecticut has Residential Care Homes or RCH that are licensed by the State Department of Public Health. These homes provide 24-hour supervision and typically offer a more "home-like" environment. Many are actually large homes that have been converted to dwellings that offer a residential community that promotes an independent lifestyle and fosters fellowship with others who need some form ofassistance to live in the community.ServicesServices provided in nursing homes include services of nurses, nursing aides and assistants; physical, occupational and speech therapists; social workers and recreational assistants; and room and board. Nursing homes also provide transportation. Most care in nursing facilities is provided by CNAs (certified nursing assistants), not by skilled personnel. In 2004, there were, on average, 40 certified nursing assistants per 100 resident beds.Nursing homes that participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs are subject to federal requirements regarding staffing and quality of care for residents. In 2004, 98.5% of the 16,100 nursing facilities nationwide were certified to participate in Medicare, Medicaid, or both.Medicare covers nursing home services for up to 100 days for beneficiaries who require skilled nursing care or rehabilitation services following a hospitalization of at least three consecutive days. The program does not cover nursing care if only custodial care is needed — for example, when a person needs assistance with bathing, walking, or transferring from a bed to a chair. To be eligible for Medicare-covered skilled nursing facility (SNF) care, a physician must certify that the beneficiary needs daily skilled nursing care or other skilled rehabilitation services that are related to the hospitalization, and that these services, as a practical matter, can be provided only on an inpatient basis. For example, a beneficiary released from the hospital after a stroke and in need of physical therapy, or a beneficiary in need of skilled nursing care for wound treatment following a surgical procedure, might be eligible for Medicare-covered SNF care.SNF services may be offered in a free-standing or hospital-based facility. A freestanding facility is generally part of a nursing home that covers Medicare SNF services as well as long-term care services for people who pay out-of-pocket, through Medicaid, or through a long-term care insurance policy. Generally, Medicare SNF patients make up just a small portion of the total resident population of a free-standing nursing home.The cost of staying in a nursing home can be equal to several thousand per month or more. In fact, cheaper nursing homes cost about $45,000 a year, whereas the most expensive ones can cost up to $200,000 per year. Some deplete their resources on the often high cost of care. If eligible, Medicaid will cover continued stays innursing home for these individuals for life. However, they require that the patient be "spent down" to a low asset level first by either depleting their life savings or asset-protecting them, often using an elder law attorney.U.S. Government regulations and oversightAll nursing homes in the United States that receive Medicare and/or Medicaid funding are subject to federal regulations. People who inspect nursing homes are called surveyors or, most commonly, state surveyors. State surveyors may inspect for compliance with licensure (State regulations) and/or certification (Medicare and Medicaid regulations).For United States SNFs and NFs, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has a website which allows users to see how well facilities perform in certain metrics (see "Nursing Home Compare Tool" in the external link section below). CMS also publishes a list of Special Focus Facilities - nursing homes with "a history of serious quality issues." The US Government Accountability Office (GAO), however, has found that state nursing home inspections understate the number of serious nursing home problems that present a danger to residents. The GAO concluded that while CMS oversight has improved, there are still weaknesses in its oversight of nursing homes. A report issued in September 2008 found that over 90% of nursing homes were cited for federal health or safety violations in 2007, with about 17% of nursing homes having deficiencies causing "actual harm or immediate jeopardy" to patients.SNFs and NFs are subject to federal regulations and also strict state regulations. The nursing home industry is considered one of the two most heavily regulated industries in the United States (the other being the nuclear power industry).StructureFor surveying, structure is the nursing home's resources. That includes staff, their knowledge and skills, policies, procedures, records, equipment, buildings, etc. Structure surveying looks at the instrumentalities of care and their organization.ProcessProcess is the nursing home's resources in action. Process surveying looks at the appropriateness, timeliness and quality of care and services in relation to each resident's needs. Process can be organized into 5 kinds of intellectual and physical activities: assessing, planning, implementing (acting), evaluating, and communicating. These activities must be integrated and often occur together. Unfortunately theseprocesses can be task or resident-centered. A task nurse implements a physician ordered-dressing change, perhaps assessing the wound while it is uncovered. A resident-centered nurse would already know if the treatment causes the resident pain and pre-medicated the resident. During the care, she (or he) will talk with the resident about topics they have both shared before, distracting the resident from discomfort and addressing social needs. Communication is heightened when residents feel comfortable discussing various issues with someone who is experienced with their particular case. In this particular situation nurses are also better able to do longitudinal follow up, which insures the implementation of more lasting results.OutcomeIn Donabedian's model, outcome is assumed to result from processes and processes are assumed to require structures. An outcome may be a facility outcome which indirectly supports direct resident care. An example of an indirect or facility outcome would be supervising and correcting or training staff That changes staff knowledge and skills. Staff applying those new skills is a process which should yield better resident outcomes. Resident outcomes may be classified as physical (death, disease, disability or dysfunction) and psychosocial (discomfort, dissatisfaction). Resident outcomes are usually specified in terms of health, well-being, patient satisfaction, etc. Resident outcomes are usually improved when staff provide and residents experience resident oriented care.Consumer choicesCurrent trends are to provide people with significant needs for long term supports and services with a variety of living arrangements. Indeed, research in the U.S. as a result of the Real Choice Systems Change Grants, shows that many people are able to return to their own homes in the community. Private nursing agencies may be able to provide live-in nurses to stay and work with patients in their own homes.When considering living arrangements for those who are unable to live by themselves, potential customers consider it to be important to carefully look at many nursing homes and assisted living facilities as well as retirement homes, keeping in mind the person's abilities to take care of themselves independently. While certainly not a residential option, many families choose to have their elderly loved one spend several hours per day at an adult daycare center.Beginning in 2002, Medicare began hosting an online comparison site intended to foster quality improving competition between nursing homes.TrendsIn the U.S. a few nursing homes are beginning to change the way they are managed and organized to create a more resident-centered environment, so they are more "home-like" and less institutional or "hospital-like." In these homes, units are replaced with a small set of rooms surrounding a common kitchen and living room. The staff giving care is assigned to one of these "households." Residents have far more choices about when they awake, when they eat and what they want to do during the day. They also have access to more companionship such as pets. Many of the facilities utilizing these models refer to such changes as the "Culture Shift" or "Culture Change" occurring in the Long Term Care, or LTC, industry. Sometimes this kind of nursing home is called a "greenhouse."Task-oriented careTask oriented care is where nurses are assigned specific tasks to perform for numerous residents on a specific ward. Residents in this particular situation are exposed to multiple nurses at any given time. Because of the random disbursement of tasks, nurses are declined the ability to develop more in depth relations with any particular resident. Licensed (vocational) nurse training in the United States is task oriented. The primary care giver in a certified nursing home is a "Certified Nurses Aide" (CNA). CNAs receive a minimum of 75 hours of didactic and practical task-oriented training and must pass an oral or written test. Thus, in U.S. nursing homes, the training of the majority of direct care-givers in nursing homes is task oriented.United KingdomIn 2002 nursing homes became known as care homes with nursing, and residential homes became known as care homes.In the United Kingdom care homes and care homes with nursing are regulated by different organisations in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. To enter a care home, you need an assessment of needs and of your financial condition from your local council. You may also have an assessment by a nurse, should you require nursing care. The cost of a care home is means tested in England.As of April 2009 in England, the lower capital limit is £13,500. At this level, all income from pensions, savings, benefits and other sources, except a "personal expenses allowance" (currently £21.90), will go to paying the care home fees. Thelocal council pays the remaining contribution provided the room occupied is not more expensive than the local council's normal rate, currently £364.48 for Hampshire for example. If the resident is paying more than this the council will not pay anything and contributions from a third party or charity must be found or the resident move to a cheaper care home. Between the lower and the upper capital limits, the resident pays their income less personal expenses allowance + £1/week for every £250 capital between lower and higher limit. The council pays the rest, subject to the same conditions as before. It is therefore preferable to find a home within the council's limit if council funding is likely to be required to avoid a forced move later. Patients with capital over more than £23,000 pay the full cost of the care home, until the total value of their assets fall below the threshold.[19] Patients who require additional nursing care are assessed for this (Hampshire nursing limit 2009 £483pw) and receive additional financial support (£103.80pw) through the National Health Service (NHS); this is known as Funded Nursing Care.The NHS has full responsibility for funding the whole placement if the resident in a care home with nursing meets the criteria for NHS continuing Health Care. This is identified by a multi-disciplinary assessment process as detailed on the DOH website.Care homes for adults in England are regulated by Care Quality Commission, which replaced the Commission for Social Care Inspection, and each care home is inspected at least every three years. In Wales the Care Standards Inspectorate for Wales has responsibility for oversight, In Scotland Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland otherwise known as the Care Inspectorate, and in Northern Ireland the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority in Northern Ireland.In May 2010, the Coalition Government announced the formation of an independent commission on the funding of long-term care, which is due to report within a 12-month timeframe on the financing of care for an Ageing population. The Care Quality Commission have themselves implemented a re-registration process, completed in October 2010, which will result in a new form of regulation being outlined in April 2011.附录二译文养老院养老院分为疗养院、专业护理组（首尔大学）、护理院或疗养院。
