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OFFERTeam 5 阿拉依-1111081101 鲍嫚迪-1111081102陈美惠-1111081104 刘雅仙-11106501041. What is an offer?1.1 DefinitionAn offer is a proposal to sell or buy a specific product or service under specific conditions. Offer can be made by seller or buyer .(If it made by buyer , it is called bid(递盘).)The expression of an offer may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper advertisement, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract.1.2 Conditions of the effective offer1)The offer should be sent to one or more than one particular person.if it doesn't specify the offeree, it will be regarded as an offer of invitation only, or invitation to offer.2)The contents of the offer must be specific .It means an offer must be clear, definite, complete and final.3)An expression of hope that want to make a contract with offeree.Offeror should mention that when the offeree accepted the offer, whice means offer terms and conditions entered into a contract . he will the undertake the legal responsibility togethere with offeree.4) The offer must delivery to offeree.an offer will be effective when it reach to offeree.1.3 Type of the offerAn offer may either be a firm offer or a non-firm offer.1.3.1 Firm offerA firm offer is made when a seller promises to sell goods at a stated price usually within a certain time limit. It must be clear, definite, complete and final. It is irrevocability . But As a general rule, all offers are revocable at any time prior to acceptance, even those offers that purport to be irrevocable on their face.In a firm offer the following should be given: the description of the commodity, the unit price, quantity, specifications, the time of shipment ,the mode of payment, the detailed information of the goods etc. If possible, samples will be provided.1.3.2 Non-firm offerA non-firm offer may contain fewer items than firm offer.It doesn’t have leaglly banding.In non-firm offer some terms must be reserved such as:“subject to our final confirmation”；“Without engagement”；“subject to prior sale”.“All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated”.“Our offer is subject to approval of export licence.”1.4 Attention1) An offer is legally bindingIf an offer be sent to offeree, it can’t be casualy revoke. Once the offeree accept an offer, the offeror have to deal with offeree on the offer terms and conditions and toperform the contract obligations.2)Effective time of an offerAn offer take effect when it is Reached to offeree.Withdraw offer: Offeror get offer back before offer reach to offeree.Revoke offer: An offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the revocation must be communicated to the offeree (although not necessarily by the offeror). However, an offer may not be revoked if it has been summed up in an option. If the offer is one that leads to a unilateral contract, the offer generally cannot be revoked once the offeree has begun performance.3）The validity of an offerUsually, In international trade, offer validity has two forms: specified time limit, and adopt reasonable time effectively. The former not only few disputes but also can promote clinch a deal, so it is used more, but cannot be revoked; the another one is easy to generate controversy, but if the other party didn't accept the offer. it may be revoked. About Using which one depends on specific circumstances.4）Termination of offer:the offeree refuses to failure ；the offeror withdraw the offer ; the specified period is expired and failure ；the reasonable time has failed.2. How to make an offer?2.1 The main contents of an offerA satisfactory quotation will include the following:1)An expression of thanks for the enquiry.2)Names of the goods, quality, quantity or specifications.3)Details of prices and of what prices cover, such as freight, insurance, discount, commission etc.4) A statement or clear indication of the terms of payment.5)Time of shipment, date of delivery and packing conditions.6)The period for which the qutoation is valid if it is a firm offer.7)An expression of hope that the offer will be accpeted.2.2The steps of making an satisfactory offer（1）An expression of thanks for the enquiry. And response questions asked by offeree.e.g. Thank you for your inquiry for…（2) Conditions of trade. （name 、specifications、quantity、packing、price、shipment、payment、insurance…）.e.g. For the Butterfly Brand sewing machine, the best price is USD79.00 per set FOB Tianjin（3）Declare effective period of an offer and other conditions.e.g. In reply we would like to offer, subject to your reply reaching us before…（4) An expression of hope that the offer will be accepted.e.g. We hope that you place a trial order with us.2.3 when should we make an offer?①after enquiry②send the offer directly3. How to reply an offer?(1)AcceptA promise or act on the part of an offeree indicating a willingness to be bound bythe terms and conditions contained in an offer.(2)Accept but change some main terms in the offer---Counter-offer(3)RejectRejection of offer An offer can be terminated on the grounds of rejection by the offeree, that is if the offeree does not accept the terms of the offer or makes a counter-offer as referred to above.If the offeree fails to accept the offer within this specific period, then the offer will be deemed as terminated.。
一、名词解释1、询盘（Inquiry）2、发盘（Offer）3、还盘(Counter Offer)4、接受(Acceptance )二、单项选择题1、根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，合同成立的时间是（）。
A、接受生效的时间B、交易双方签订书面合同时C、在合同获得国家批准时D、当发盘送达受盘人时2、根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，接受于（）生效。
A、合理时间内B、向发盘人发出时C、送达发盘人时D、发盘人收到后以电报确认时3、按照《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的解释，发盘于（）生效。
A、向特定的人发出时B、合理时间内C、送达受盘人时D、受盘人收到并确认时4、关于逾期接受，《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定是（）。
A、逾期接受无效B、逾期接受是一个新的发盘C、逾期接受完全有效D、逾期接受是否有效，关键取决于发盘人5、关于接受生效的时间，各国法律有不同的规定，其中（）采用“投邮生效”的原则。
A、英美法B、大陆法C、《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》D、我国的《合同法》6、某发盘人在其订约建议中加有“仅供参考”字样，则这一订约建议为（）。
A、发盘B、递盘C、邀请发盘D、还盘7、向广大公众发出的商业广告是否构成发盘的问题，各国法律规定不一。
其中大陆法规定（）。
A、向公众作出的商业广告，只要内容确定在某些场合下可视为发盘B、凡向广大公众发出的商业广告，不得视为发盘C、商业广告可完全视为一项发盘D、商业广告本身并不是一项发盘，通常只能视为邀请对方提出发盘8、当一项发盘未具体列明有效期时，根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，如果采用口头发盘时，（）方为有效。
A、受盘人尽快表示接受时B、受盘人当场表示接受，除非发盘人发盘时另有声明C、受盘人在一段合理时间内表示接受D、受盘人24小时内表示接受9、关于发盘能否撤销的问题，英美法与大陆法存在着严重的分歧，其中英美法认为（）。
A、发盘人原则上应受发盘的约束，不得随意将其发盘撤销B、发盘已经生效，但是受盘人尚未表示接受之前这段时间内，只要发盘人及时将撤销通知送达受盘人，就可将其发盘撤销C、受盘人表示接受之前，即使发盘中规定了有效期，发盘人也可以随时予以撤销D、发盘在受盘人接受之前可以撤销，但若撤销不当，发盘人应承担损害赔偿责任10、接受的撤回或修改的问题上，《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》采取了（）原则。
国际贸易发盘范文一、引言国际贸易是各国之间经济合作的重要方式，通过发盘（offer）的方式，买卖双方可以进行商品的交易。
本文将以国际贸易发盘为主题，介绍发盘的基本概念、要素和范文。
二、发盘的基本概念发盘是指卖方向潜在买方提出商品的销售条件和交易细节的文件。
通过发盘，卖方可以向买方传达自己的意愿和要求，进而达成双方的交易合作。
三、发盘的要素1.商品描述：发盘中需要详细描述所销售的商品的名称、规格、数量、质量等相关信息，以便买方了解商品的具体情况。
2.价格条款：发盘中需要明确商品的价格条款，包括价格单位、价格计算方法、货币种类等，以确保双方对价格的理解一致。
3.交货方式：发盘中需要说明商品的交货方式，包括运输方式、运输时间、交货地点等，以便买方了解商品的运输安排。
4.支付方式：发盘中需要明确商品的支付方式，包括付款方式、付款期限、付款账户等，以确保双方对支付方式的理解一致。
5.其他条款：发盘中可以包括其他条款，如质量检验、售后服务、违约责任等，以满足双方特定的交易需求。
四、发盘范文尊敬的先生/女士，我公司是一家专业从事电子产品贸易的企业，现向贵公司发盘如下：1.商品描述：我们的产品为最新款手机，型号为X1，颜色可选黑色或白色，数量为1000部。
2.价格条款：每部手机的价格为100美元，货币种类为美元，价格有效期为30天。
3.交货方式：我们将通过海运的方式将商品运输到贵公司所在的目的地港口，运输时间为30天。
4.支付方式：我们要求贵公司在签订合同后的30天内通过电汇方式支付全款到我司指定账户。
5.其他条款：我们保证所提供的手机为全新原装正品，如有质量问题可进行退换货。
双方签订合同后，如有一方违约，违约方需承担相应的违约责任。
请贵公司查阅以上发盘，并在10天内给予回复，以便我们进一步商讨合作细节。
如有任何疑问，请随时与我们联系。
祝商祺！五、结论通过以上范文可以看出，国际贸易发盘是商务合作中重要的文件，通过发盘双方可以明确交易条件和细节，为后续的合作打下基础。
发盘（Offers）通常是以广告，传单，信件或回应询盘的方式发出的。
定义：交易的一方为了销售或购买一批商品，向对方提出有关的交易条件，并表示愿按这些条件达成一笔交易，这种意思表示的行为称作发盘。
通常由卖方提出，也可由买方提出（又称作递盘）。
在国际贸易实务中，发盘也称报盘、发价、报价。
法律上称之为“要约”。
发盘可以是应对方询盘的要求发出，也可以是在没有询盘的情况下，直接向对方发出。
一般是由卖方发出的，但也可以由买方发出，业务称其为“递盘”。
发盘可以分成两类：实盘（Firm Offer）和虚盘（Non-firm Offer）。
二者的区别一定要清楚，因为不仅是它们的表达方式不同，更重要的是它们的法律效力是不一样的。
实盘是发盘人承诺在一定期限内，受发盘内容约束，非经接盘人同意，不得撤回和变更；如接盘人在有效期限内表示接受，则交易达成，实盘内容即成为买卖合同的组成部分。
一个完整的实盘应包括明确肯定的交易条件，如商品名称、规格、数量、价格、支付方式、装运期等，还应有实盘的有效期限并应明确发盘为实盘。
虚盘是发盘人有保留地表示愿意按一定条件达成交易，不受发盘内容约束，不作任何承诺，通常使用“须经我最后确认方有效”等语以示保留。
撰写：发盘因撰写情况或背景不同，在内容、要求上也有所不同。
但从总的情况看，其结构一般包括下列内容：（1）感谢对方来函，明确答复对方来函询问事项。
如Thank you for your inquiry for…（2）阐明交易的条件（品名、规格、数量、包装、价格、装运、支付、保险等）。
如:For the Butterfly Brand sewing machine, the best price is USD 79.00 perset FOB Tianjin（3）声明发盘有效期或约束条件。
如：In reply we would like to offer, subject to your reply reaching us before…（4）鼓励对方订货。
国际商务背景知识—发盘-还盘-接受
发盘(offer)，又称报价，在法律上称为“要约”，是指买方或卖方向对方提出的各项交易条件，并愿意按照这些条件成交的表示。
在发盘人(offeror)发盘之后，在受盘人(offered)接受之前，发盘人能否撤回或更改发盘内容，各国法律对此有不同规定；为避免误解，于是把发盘分为实盘(Firm offer)和虚盘Non—Firm offer)两种：实盘是指对发盘人行约束力的发盘，受盘人收到后，在合同有效期内不经受盘人的同意不得随意撤销或修改其中的贸易条件。
而虚盘是指发盘人可以根据情况和需要随时修改或撤销的发盘与实盘不同，虚盘不受法律的约束、
还盘(counter offer)，又称还价，是指受盘人对发盘内容所做的变更的表示。
还盘既是受盘人对发盘的拒绝，又是受盘人以发盘人的地位提出的新发盘，在交易磋商中，买卖双方在不断的还盘过程中逐步在贸易条件上协调一致，直到最后完成交易。
接受(Acceptance)．在法律上称为“承诺”，是指买方或卖方同意对方在发盘中提出的各项交易条件，并愿意按照这些条件达成交易、订立合同的表示。
作为一项有效接受，必须具备以上四项条件：1．接受只能由受盘人作出；2．接受必须是无条件的，完全同意发盘中提出的各项交易条件；3．接受的方式必须符合发盘的要求；4．接受必须在发盘规定的有效期内作出。
OFFERTeam 5 阿拉依-1111081101 鲍嫚迪-1111081102陈美惠-1111081104 刘雅仙-11106501041. What is an offer?1.1 DefinitionAn offer is a proposal to sell or buy a specific product or service under specific conditions. Offer can be made by seller or buyer .(If it made by buyer , it is called bid(递盘).)The expression of an offer may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper advertisement, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract.1.2 Conditions of the effective offer1)The offer should be sent to one or more than one particular person.if it doesn't specify the offeree, it will be regarded as an offer of invitation only, or invitation to offer.2)The contents of the offer must be specific .It means an offer must be clear, definite, complete and final.3)An expression of hope that want to make a contract with offeree.Offeror should mention that when the offeree accepted the offer, whice means offer terms and conditions entered into a contract . he will the undertake the legal responsibility togethere with offeree.4) The offer must delivery to offeree.an offer will be effective when it reach to offeree.1.3 Type of the offerAn offer may either be a firm offer or a non-firm offer.1.3.1 Firm offerA firm offer is made when a seller promises to sell goods at a stated price usually within a certain time limit. It must be clear, definite, complete and final. It is irrevocability . But As a general rule, all offers are revocable at any time prior to acceptance, even those offers that purport to be irrevocable on their face.In a firm offer the following should be given: the description of the commodity, the unit price, quantity, specifications, the time of shipment ,the mode of payment, the detailed information of the goods etc. If possible, samples will be provided.1.3.2 Non-firm offerA non-firm offer may contain fewer items than firm offer.It doesn’t have leaglly banding.In non-firm offer some terms must be reserved such as:“subject to our final confirmation”；“Without engagement”；“subject to prior sale”.“All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated”.“Our offer is subject to approval of export licence.”1.4 Attention1) An offer is legally bindingIf an offer be sent to offeree, it can’t be casualy revoke. Once the offeree accept an offer, the offeror have to deal with offeree on the offer terms and conditions and toperform the contract obligations.2)Effective time of an offerAn offer take effect when it is Reached to offeree.Withdraw offer: Offeror get offer back before offer reach to offeree.Revoke offer: An offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the revocation must be communicated to the offeree (although not necessarily by the offeror). However, an offer may not be revoked if it has been summed up in an option. If the offer is one that leads to a unilateral contract, the offer generally cannot be revoked once the offeree has begun performance.3）The validity of an offerUsually, In international trade, offer validity has two forms: specified time limit, and adopt reasonable time effectively. The former not only few disputes but also can promote clinch a deal, so it is used more, but cannot be revoked; the another one is easy to generate controversy, but if the other party didn't accept the offer. it may be revoked. About Using which one depends on specific circumstances.4）Termination of offer:the offeree refuses to failure ；the offeror withdraw the offer ; the specified period is expired and failure ；the reasonable time has failed.2. How to make an offer?2.1 The main contents of an offerA satisfactory quotation will include the following:1)An expression of thanks for the enquiry.2)Names of the goods, quality, quantity or specifications.3)Details of prices and of what prices cover, such as freight, insurance, discount, commission etc.4) A statement or clear indication of the terms of payment.5)Time of shipment, date of delivery and packing conditions.6)The period for which the qutoation is valid if it is a firm offer.7)An expression of hope that the offer will be accpeted.2.2The steps of making an satisfactory offer（1）An expression of thanks for the enquiry. And response questions asked by offeree.e.g. Thank you for your inquiry for…（2) Conditions of trade. （name 、specifications、quantity、packing、price、shipment、payment、insurance…）.e.g. For the Butterfly Brand sewing machine, the best price is USD79.00 per set FOB Tianjin（3）Declare effective period of an offer and other conditions.e.g. In reply we would like to offer, subject to your reply reaching us before…（4) An expression of hope that the offer will be accepted.e.g. We hope that you place a trial order with us.2.3 when should we make an offer?①after enquiry②send the offer directly3. How to reply an offer?(1)AcceptA promise or act on the part of an offeree indicating a willingness to be bound bythe terms and conditions contained in an offer.(2)Accept but change some main terms in the offer---Counter-offer(3)RejectRejection of offer An offer can be terminated on the grounds of rejection by the offeree, that is if the offeree does not accept the terms of the offer or makes a counter-offer as referred to above.If the offeree fails to accept the offer within this specific period, then the offer will be deemed as terminated.。
