《跨文化交际与翻译》 (1)

1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。

一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。

他开始与雪白的颜色。

“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。

”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。

”“哦,是的,我明白了。

一定是毛茸茸的颜色。

”“不,它也像纸。

”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。

跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生，当两种文化碰撞时。

anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道，空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉，the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑，用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时，有些事情似乎就错过了，The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。

你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单，并且虔诚地遵守着。

You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌，不犯任何文化失礼，不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。

为什么呢？Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间，一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。

跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 作者作者: : ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 日期日期: :第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新现代社会依赖于技术创新,,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。

越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。

实行知识产权保护。

但这方面做得还远远不够。

我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果样的后果,,从而吸取教训。

许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时健全时,,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。

要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。

而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。

盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。

盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。

例如，例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫 Londax 的著名除草剂的著名除草剂,,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。

该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。

然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌 Ｌｏnd ａｘ公然上市了。

冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ron ｄex ,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。

瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。

但是，但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。

它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。

同时它也使得该同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。

生产Lon ｄax 的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。

1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。

在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。

值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。

通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。

2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。

但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。

文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。

用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。

文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。

一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。

文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。

文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。

文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。

社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。

如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。

从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。

文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。

文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。

Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and EastAbstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China.In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic equivalence, or at least pragmatic equivalence.Key words: intercultural communication; translation; culture-loaded words; semantic equivalence; pragmatic equivalenceIntroductionIntercultural communication involves two different cultures, and different culture created a different national language. Culture plays an important role in specific semantic structure and model of language. The vocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, and the cultural concepts and values of different nation at all levels of culture are "reflected in their vocabulary system, and then form the words with cultural connotation." [1]With special cultural connotation, cultural words are often difficult in cross-cultural communication translation, and even become an obstacle to transmission of information.Influence of culture on translationFrom the perspective of intercultural communication, one of the purposes is to establish the cultural equivalence between the source language and target language. In terms of the translation of cultural terms, the cultural equivalence mainly reflects in the semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Semantic equivalence is the basis of pragmatic equivalence. Thus, in many cases, equivalent translation is also mainly refers to the semantic equivalence.The author believes that the basic principles of cultural lexicon translation should be done to maximize the semantic and pragmatic equivalence. We should at least ensure the pragmatic equivalence if semantic equivalence can not be achieved. For instance, in Tianjin city of China, there is a century-old snack "Goubuli" steamed buns, and now many tourist cities in the country establish its branches, and the buns are also soldabroad. Its English translation "Dog Won't Leave" is far from its original Chinese name meaning. And there is no semantic equivalent at all, because the Chinese "dog ignore" have no contact with “the dog” and “leave”. However, from the perspective of pragmatic translation, “Dog Won't Leave” is a wonderful translation. Dogs won’t leave buns stands for it will not leave its host either. Undoubtedly, such translation has a strong attraction force for diners in English and America who love dogs like loving friends. Basically, the equivalence in pragmatic effects is achieved.As the source language and target language are different in language and culture, it is almost impossible to achieve totally equivalence in semantic and pragmatic aspect for the source language and target language symbols. Therefore, when translating cultural words, we only try to pursuit of semantic equivalence as far as possible under the premise of ensuring pragmatic equivalence. There are five commonly used methods when translating cultural words:First, shift translation. It refers to unchanged moving all or part of the source language to the target language. For instances, CD, VCD, DVD, DNA, ICU, and many computer terms which are translated into Chinese by the shift frequently appear on Chinese newspapers and magazines. Some expressions with Chinese characteristics like qigong (qigong), taijiquan (shadow boxing), jiaozi (dumplings), qipao (cheongsam), has moved in English and American newspapers.Second, transliteration. Some of the source language culture-specific images are "blank" or "vacant” in the target language. I n this case, we can transplant these unique to the target language using transliteration method. Transliteration is homophonic inChinese words or word combinations in English translation, and these words or word combinations are not meaningful ready-made words in Chinese. For instance: 秀(show), 酷(cool), 黑客(hacker), 艾滋病(AIDS), 色拉(salad), 可口可乐(Coca-cola) and so on.Third, literal translation. Literal translation refers to translation of the "corresponding" phrase and cultural information in the source language. This can preserve cultural identity of the source language as much as possible and broaden the cultural horizons of target language readers. However, it can not be applied mechanically, and it should not mislead the reader of the target language. For instance: olive branch (橄榄树), lonely as a cloud (像一朵孤云), 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country with two systems), etc.Four, free translation. It focuses on the translation to convey the original meaning (interpretation), which lay down the language form and literal meaning of the source language. It expresses the cultural information of source language in the target language with cross-cultural "pragmatic equivalence. For instance: the Renaissance (文艺复兴); "辛亥革命"(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty), etc.Five, Replacement. It refers to the replacement of original words with some similar meaning but different concept meaning in the target language on the basis of keeping communication meaning of the original. That is to replace words with rich cultural connotation in the source language with corresponding word with same cultural connotation in the target language. Such as: to laugh off one's head (笑掉大牙); lead a dog's life (过着牛马不如的生活); 挥金如土(to spend money like water); 力大如牛(asstrong as a horse).ConclusionEnglish and Chinese are two different languages, and both reflect the cultural differences which form the barrier of communication. How to overcome obstacles and achieve cultural equivalence is a difficult problem to solve. Practice shows that in most cases we can find reasonable translation methods which can be accepted by readers in the target language. By means of the necessary modifications, we can at least achieve pragmatic equivalence. The important thing is that the translators should attach great importance to cultural factors in the source language, and consider issues from the purpose of intercultural communication.。

跨文化交际与翻译【摘要】翻译意味着文化的比较，并且翻译活动旨在促进文化之间的交流。

文化是个很复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。

为了避免由于文化障碍造成失败的交际案例，我们应当研究这些不同语言反映出的不同文化。

本文作者即以汉语和英语的跨语言文化交际翻译为主要论据，阐述其翻译活动中涉及的中西文化比较与交流，并指明跨文化交际活动中翻译工作的重要性。

【关键词】跨文化交际翻译中文英文文化是人类在社会历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如教育、科学、文艺等。

文艺批评家朱刚则认为：文化研究作为独立的一门学科是非常难下定义的；一般来说，人们认为“文化”一词首先于中世纪出现，后来的演变大大延展了文化在社会生活的各方面的用途（2010：340）。

德国翻译理论家弗米尔（hans j.vermeer）认为：文化是一个社会全部的准则和习俗惯例，是作为社会一员的个体所必须懂得的，这样才能与人相似或与人相异（2005：43）。

在各种文化定义中，英国人类学家泰勒（edward burnett tylor）给出的定义最具代表性：文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力和习惯（2005：68）。

在此意义上，文化是个复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。

那么这个时候的翻译行为，就是在目标语文化中重现源语语言文化所提供的某些信息。

众所周知，语言总是折射着文化的底蕴；中英不同的语言也各自反映着不同文化。

忽略文化差异容易造成使译作的读者群大惑不解的局面。

也就是说，源语的读者群所熟知的内容往往令目标语的读者群深感新奇陌生。

我们发现，人们的每一个行为往往都是置于某个具体文化背景之下进行的，本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际、具有不同语言和文化背景的人从事交际的过程被称之为“跨文化交际”（cross-cultural communication）。

在跨文化交际过程中，行为主体必须对对方的语言和文化背景有所了解甚至于熟悉，否则跨文化交际就会产生障碍。

Unit1 passage AThe English characterToo the Europeans, the best known quality of the British is "reserve".A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person; he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that. If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible. Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply "Yes," because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, "I'm not bad," or "Well, I'm very keen on tennis." This self-deprecation is typically English, and, mixed with their reserve, it often produces a sort of general air of indifference which appears to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. It’s ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals. The criticism, "He has no sense of humor," is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is so highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure. Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down"─in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.译文：对于其他欧洲人来说，英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。