西安交大欧洲文化渊源期末考试题型

Multiple Choice1. Parthenon in Greece is the place where people worship ________.a. many gods b。

one godc。

many goddesses d. many gods and goddesses 2．In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _______.a. the rich b。

the poorc. the ruling classd. all people3. Which of the following statements about Knighthood is NOT true?a。

a nobleman was born a knightb. knighthood had to be earnedc。

one had to be trained in order to become a knightd. after being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry。

4。

The Inquisition was _____。

a. a church court set up to try heretics b。

an organization for church investigationc. a court in many kingdomsd. the decision-making body of the church5。

The Statue of Liberty was a gift from ________ to the American people for the 100—year anniversary of the independence of the U.S.A。

Question:1.What are the two major cultural influences over the European mind?Multiple-choices1. What integrated the Celtic, Germanic and Slavic cultures with the Roman culture into Western culture?A. The acceptance of Christianity.B. Greece under Alexander.C. Latin language.D. The fall of Greece2. Which of the following classical styles is built with a spiral scroll-like capital?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column3. Which of the following capitals is not of Greek style?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column4. A _____ knot can be referred to as an endless or mystical knot, reminding us of the endless nature, an uninterrupted life cycle.A. CelticB. GreekC. GermanicD. Slavic5. Which of the following countries is often known as “the Cradle of Western Civilization”?A. IsraelB. GreekC. ItalyD. Egypt6. _____ was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos.A. AlcmeneB. DanaëC. EuropaD. IoTrue or false1. Victoria is known as the ancient Greek goddess of victory. T2. Japan, as a developed country, is includ ed in “the West”. T3. The first Greek civilization arose from the old city of Mycenae. FQuestion:1.What are the two major cultural influences over the European mind?Multiple-choices1. What integrated the Celtic, Germanic and Slavic cultures with the Roman culture into Western culture?A. The acceptance of Christianity.B. Greece under Alexander.C. Latin language.D. The fall of Greece2. Which of the following classical styles is built with a spiral scroll-like capital?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column3. Which of the following capitals is not of Greek style?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column4. A _____ knot can be referred to as an endless or mystical knot, reminding us of the endless nature, an uninterrupted life cycle.A. CelticB. GreekC. GermanicD. Slavic5. Which of the following countries is often known as “the Cradle of Western Civilization”?A. IsraelB. GreekC. ItalyD. Egypt6. _____ was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos.A. AlcmeneB. DanaëC. EuropaD. IoTrue or false1. Victoria is known as the ancient Greek goddess of victory. T2. Japan, as a developed country, is included in “the West”. T3. The first Greek civilization arose from the old city of Mycenae. FMultiple-choices1. Which of the following was written by Virgil, a Roman poet?A. UlyssesB. The AeneidC. AntigoneD. Andromache2. What country looks like a boot at the map?A. BritainB. ItalyC. NorwayD. Egypt3. What river was believed to be the river into which Romulus and Remus were thrown as infants?A. Tiber.B. Danube.C. Nile.D. Euphrates4. Which of the following is a Roman goddess?A. MithraB. IsisC. AthenaD. Minerva5. Most of the English letters in the alphabet came from ______.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. LatinD. Semitic6. Which of the following does not belong to the Indo-European language family?A. GermanicB. HebrewC. BalticD. Slavic7. Which of the following Latin mottos means the principle of reciprocity?A. Domine, dirige nosB. Lux et VeritasC. do ut desD. Hinc lucem et pocula sacra.8. The Romans admired the ______ art and had a tradition of imitating it.A. GreekB. GaulC. EgyptianD. Babylonian9. Who wrote “I came, I saw, I conquered.”A. Alexander the GreatB. AugustusC. DariusD. Julius Caesar10. Roman conquered Greece in the year of ______.A. 323BCB. 146BCC. 42BCD. 30BC11. Who of the following doesn’t belong to the first triumvirate?A. AntonyB. CrassusC. Julius CaesarD. Pompeii12. In 392 A.D., ______, the Roman Emperor, made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all the other religions.A. Constantine IB. Theodosius IC. NeroD. TrajanTrue or false1. Tianjin University was founded in the year of MDCCCXCIV.2. The Roman writer Horace once said, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”3. Remus was known as the first king of the town which he named Rome, after himself.4. Pax Romana, which means “Roman peace”, was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force established by Julius Caesar.5. In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and the Eastern.6. In 1453, the Western Roman Empire ended with Romulus.MatchNeptune CronusPlato AresUranus HermesSaturn PoseidonJupiter HadesMars ZeusMercury OuranosMultiple-choices1. Vulgate is the ______ version of the Bible.A. LatinB. HebrewC. GreekD. Germanic2. History goes on ______ generations from David to Christ.A.14B. 28C. 42D. 563. The Arabic for ______ is IbrahimA. AbrahamB. IsraeliteC. HajD. Isaac4. Whose name was derived from the Egyptian by a daughter of Pharaoh?A. Jacob’s.B. Moses’.C. Aaron’s.D. Joseph’s5. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated into about ______ languages.A. 100B. 200C. 300D. 4006. Who of the Roman Empire made Christianity legal?A. AvignonB. Benedict XVIC. Theodosius ID. Constantine I7. According to the Old Testament, Ruth was the great grandmother of ______.A. SaulB. DavidC. SolomonD. Christ8. The name “Israel” first appears in the Hebrew Bible as the name given by God to ______.A. AbrahamB. IsaacC. JacobD. DavidTrue or false1. Megan David/Star of David is in the shape of a Pentagram.2. Jacob’s 12 sons were the ancestors of the 12 tribes of Israel.3. The Old Testament was written in Greek.4. Scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the Pentateuch.5. Moses led his people finally back into Canaan.6. After forty days of rain, Noah released a dove to see whether the water had subsided.7. Hanging Garden of Babylon was built in the Neo-Babylonian dynasty.8. Jesus Christ was born in Nazareth.9. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist at the age of 30.MatchRussian orthodox crossChi RhoGreek crossPapal crossCeltic crossLatin crossMultiple-choices1. What characteristics did the medieval period show?A. Roman controlB. Viking powerC. feudal organizationD. direct democracy2. An instance that the Western Europeans changed one of their old ideas is that _________.A. they changed their starsB. they drank teaC. they favored Arabic numeralsD. they established universities3. Today the boundary between Islam and western Christianity was formerly shaped by _______.A. Sigurd I of NorwayB. Byzantine EmpireC. the CrusadersD. Attila the Hun4. Charlemagne’s cultural revival is sometimes referred to as __________.A. the Carolingian RenaissanceB. the Wandering of the PeoplesC. the Liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim controlD. the return of Latin popularity5. Who assembled the biggest army in the history of the Crusades?A. Andrew II of HungaryB. Louis I of HungaryC. Alexios I Komnenos.D. Pope Urban II6. When was the first Crusade preached by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont?A. In 1071B. In 1095C. In 1099D. In 10667. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Christian Crusaders had captured all the Islamic territories in modern Spain, Portugal, and _________.A. Southern ItalyB. Northern AfricaC. Near EastD. Far East8. What Kingdom made one of the earliest known coats of arms?A. Kingdom of JerusalemB. Kingdom of the FranksC. Kingdom of NaplesD. Kingdom of Lombardy9. Which did not belong to the three classes of Europe under feudalism?A. clergyB. peasantsC. lordsD. knights10. Which of the following does not belong to the seven liberal arts?A. GeometryB. GrammarC. AstronomyD. ArtsTrue or false1. Cambridge is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. F2. The poet who wrote The Divine Comedy was graduated from University of Bologna. T3. At the age of 18, a qualified squire can be knighted. F4. The Carolingian empire was broken into three parts by his three sons. F5. Virgil showed Dante around in the Hell based on The Divine Comedy.T6. The tassel is moved from right to left after a graduate is grante d the bachelor’s degree. T7. All villeins, knights and barons provided money and services to the king when demanded. F8. Knights were pledge to respect women of any birth. FMatch the item on the left column with the one relevant on the right column.1. Copernicus A. France2. Beowulf B. Anglo-Saxon3. The Song of Roland C. Scientific research4. Roger Bacon D. Solar system1. D2. B3. A4. C。

《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against thecity of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocle s4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socra t es D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, V enus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, P arthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. Hera c leitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. Lucre t iusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away in t o the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Auth o rized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserv iors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. Christ ianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medievaltheology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

西方文化试题及答案题一：列举西方文化的特点，并分别举例说明。

西方文化的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传统与现代相结合：西方文化在长期的发展过程中，历经多个时期和重大事件的冲击、变革。

因此，它既保留了许多传统文化的元素，又与现代社会相结合，形成了独特的文化风貌。

例如，西方艺术中的古典主义和现代艺术中的抽象主义、概念艺术等风格并存。

2. 科技与创新：西方文化注重科学技术的发展与应用，强调创新和实用性。

西方国家在工业、医学、信息技术等领域取得了世界领先地位。

比如，西方国家在航天技术、人工智能、医学影像等领域的创新和突破。

3. 个人价值与自由：西方文化强调个人的价值和权利，主张尊重个体的自由和独立思考的能力。

西方国家的法律制度、民主制度、言论自由等都是基于这一价值观建立的。

例如，美国宪法中明确规定的人权和自由权利。

4. 多元开放与国际交流：西方文化接纳多元文化，促进国际交流，以开放的心态对待其他文化。

它倡导多元文化的融合与共存，培养全球化视野。

例如，欧洲国家通过欧盟的建立，实现了政治和经济的整合。

题二：从西方文化的角度，分析现代社会中存在的挑战和机遇。

西方文化在现代社会中既面临挑战，也有机遇。

1. 挑战：全球化带来的文化冲击。

随着全球化的推进，西方文化面临来自不同文化的冲击和竞争。

如何保持自身独特性、传统和核心价值面临挑战。

2. 机遇：文化多元促进创新与发展。

西方国家借助全球文化的融合，可以不断吸取其他文化的创新与发展经验。

多元文化的碰撞与融合，可以再次激发西方文化的活力和创造力。

3. 挑战：社会价值观的多元化和冲突。

随着社会的多元化发展，西方国家内部不同文化群体之间的价值观差异可能带来社会矛盾和冲突。

如何实现价值观的平衡与和谐是一个重要的挑战。

4. 机遇：推动全球性的社会问题解决。

作为先进的文化体系，西方文化具备解决全球性社会问题的能力。

例如，西方国家在气候变化、贫富差距、人权保护等领域的实践和经验可以为其他国家提供借鉴和启示。

考试题型：Part I Multiple Choice (30 points)Part II Match the items (20 points)Part III Explaining ((15 points, 3 items)50 words1)Oedipus the King 俄狄浦斯王Oedipus the King is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles. It was first performed in 429 BCE. It says the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes the king of Thebes. And Oedipus was doomed to murder his father Laius and marry his mother Jocasta when he was born. The play is an example of a classic tragedy.2)Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship. They play a fundamental role in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God and to keep the Sabbath （守安息日）, and bans against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, dishonesty, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for them.3)Magna Carter(the Great Charter)King John’s rule caused much dissatisfaction among the barons男爵. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Carter, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.4)CrusadesIn 1071, Palestine巴勒斯坦国fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems. The Turkish Moslem穆斯林attacked the Christian pilgrims朝圣者, killed them and sold them as slaves. This resulted in a series of holy wars圣战called crusades十字军东征.The crusades went on about 200 years(1096—1291). All the soldiers wore a red cross asa symbol of obedience to god. By 1291, the Moslem won the crusades.5)Bill of rights人权法案In 1789, James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification批准. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution宪法修正案were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.6)The ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted his 95 thesis on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church天主教堂and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Bible from then on are translated the into different mother tongues.Part IV Short-answer Questions (20 points, 2 questions)80 words,1). Outline the main differences in the constitutions of Sparta and Athens Sparta: absolute obedience to the state1. oldest constitution, never changed.2. based on military军事的 principle.3. ruled by council理事会of elderly men, five magistrates,地方法官two hereditary kings世袭的国王;4. totalitarian极权主义者, boys and young men separate from families until thirty.5. vote only given to suitable men.6. class based society-helots or slaves terrorized奴隶恐吓, no coinage货币, no Spartan 斯巴达人 engaged in trade, farm, all arts forbidden.Athens: freedom and voluntary participation自愿参与 in the state1. constitution developed over 300 years through aristocracy贵族统治,oligarchy寡头政治, tyranny暴政, to full democracy民主政治 by mid-5th century2. underlying潜在的 belief in personal freedom3. all males had vote4. assembly of citizens 大会made decisions5. public offices, including juries陪审团, decided by lot.6. generals appointed 将军任命7. ostracism放逐to banish a person for ten years2). In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. Different from Aristotle, Plato relied on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics伦理学, Politics政治学 and Rhetoric修辞.(3)Their goals are vastly different. Plato uses his argument to refute those who would argue that injustice is beneficial and to set up his model city. Aristotle, on the other hand, uses his argument to directly set up a method for achieving the final good.3). Give a summary of Roman law and its influenceRoman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. The emperor Justinian I ordered to establish this law. And the legal developments lasted for more than a thousand years. It was created from the Twelve Tables (c. 439 BC) to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529)The historical importance of Roman law is that it continued using Latin as legal terminology in legal systems. Roman law had a considerable influence on the development of later legal systems, particularly in Europe. Originally, it was the common law, that is, unwritten law, in the Roman Empire.4). Please summarize John Lock’s major ideas about the mind and government.His major ideal about the mind is that we enter the world with no preformed ideals. Information from the sensations (taste, touch, smell, hearing and vision) fills the mind, and from these perceptions humans eventually learn language,a sense of order and from rationality合理性.His major ideal about the government is that government and authority lay in the community not in an individual. Like Hobbes霍布斯, he rejected divine right, but, unlike Hobbes, he believed that all humans beings were equal. Authority is there to protect human equality, freedom, and property.Part V Report (15 points)1). What are the major contributions of Ancient Greeks?Ancient Greece was the source of Western history, lasted about 650 years (800 BC -146 BC).And especially after the Persian War, highly prosperous繁荣的economic life results in the splendid Greek culture. And it has a deep effect on future generations. The ancient Greeks owned deep knowledge of philosophy, history, architecture, literature, theater, sculpture雕塑, and many. The heritage传统of civilization leaved after the ancient Romans died out and becomes the spiritual source of the whole Western civilization. There are many philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Cicero and so on. The biggest contribution should be the impact of the political system. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of democracy民主主义. The beginning of the 5th century BC, the economic and political contradiction between the Greek and Persian波斯人causes Persian War. The Greeks won a great victory. Athens became chief. Thereafter, it’s economy and politics grows prosperous繁荣的. It also ushered开辟in the golden age of ancient Greek literature.2).What is Renaissance? Please introduce the background, the major theme and some influential thinkers, writers or artists at that time.Renaissance is a humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century .And it later spread throughout Europe. The period of this revival is roughly from the 14th to the 16th century, marking the transition from the middle ages to modern times.The background of Renaissance is that Capitalism sprouts and it requests its own ideology and culture. What’s more,the theology of church imprisons people's thoughts.The major theme of Renaissance is Humanism. People argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church. In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life.The influential people are Dante, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Leonardo Da Vinci,Raphael Cenci, Michelangelo Bo that Rorty and so on.。

《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。

其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。

我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。

选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。

在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。

填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。

名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。

在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。

简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。

在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。

论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。

在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。

欧洲文明概论期末考试答案。

一.单一主题(主题数量:50，共50.0分)1罗伯特·斯克里布纳认为，穆勒对宗教改革课题的研究在于()。

1.0表A顶部，选择的样本太少，表B，城市价值评估过高，表C，样本选择范围过窄，表D，城市和乡村之间没有比较，我的答案在表底部:B2·但丁认为，为了进入天堂，人们应该尽一切可能。

关键是要有()。

1.0分来自a，好行为，b，真诚，c，美德，d，信仰，来自b我的答案:C3希腊文化认为最抽象的艺术形式是()。

1.0分形式顶，a，诗歌，b，音乐，c，绘画，d，雕塑，形式底我的答案:A414世纪导致了农业秩序的危机，这导致了贵族领地的经济变化是()。

1.0分表顶，a，蝗灾，b，黑死病，c，天花，d，极端天气，表底我的答案:B5从希腊文化的角度来看，罗马文化的主要问题是()。

1.0分形顶、甲、俗、乙、无用、丙、实用、丁、功利，形底我的答案:A6()之间的贵族可以称为等级贵族。

1.0从10世纪到12世纪的顶级甲.11世纪到13世纪.公元前12世纪到14世纪.公元13至15世纪.表格底部我的答案:C7天堂中的理想原型和地球上的客观世界的原型之间可以称为()。

1.0表格顶部A，理性世界，B，符号世界，C，幻想世界，D，现实世界，表格底部我的答案:B8耶稣在他的教导中指出，作为一个基督徒，有四件事特别重要。

它不包括()。

1.0分形式上，a，咸味盐，b，光在世界上，c，城市在山上，d，船在水中，形式下我的答案:在欧洲文明的四大文化元素中，()强调力量、制度和法律。

1.0表格顶部A，希腊元素，B，罗马元素，C，基督教元素，D，日耳曼元素，表格底部我的答案:B10关于路德妻子的肖像，正确的说法是()。

1.0分表顶一份，以体现新教男女平等的思想.符合当时名人肖像的传统.为了突出路德婚姻的重要性.为了展示路德普通人的形象.从下面我的回答:C11的特点是希腊艺术()。

1.0分形式顶端，a，精神，b，现实，c，理想，d，创造力，形式底部我的答案:A12马丁·路德的主要教义包括()。

外国文学考试题库及答案一、单项选择题1. 荷马史诗包括以下哪两部作品？A. 《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》B. 《神曲》和《地狱篇》C. 《伊利亚特》和《神曲》D. 《奥德赛》和《地狱篇》答案：A2. 但丁的代表作《神曲》分为几个部分？A. 两个B. 三个C. 四个D. 五个答案：B3. “文艺复兴”一词最早出现在哪个国家？A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国答案：C4. 塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》中，主人公的坐骑叫什么名字？A. 罗西纳特B. 桑丘C. 杜尔西内亚D. 罗西纳尔答案：A5. 莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”中不包括以下哪部作品？A. 《哈姆雷特》B. 《奥赛罗》C. 《李尔王》D. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》答案：D二、多项选择题6. 以下哪些作品属于法国作家雨果的作品？A. 《巴黎圣母院》B. 《悲惨世界》C. 《三个火枪手》D. 《九三年》答案：A, B, D7. 以下哪些作家属于19世纪俄国文学的代表人物？A. 普希金B. 托尔斯泰C. 陀思妥耶夫斯基D. 马克·吐温答案：A, B, C8. 以下哪些作品是现实主义文学的代表作？A. 《安娜·卡列尼娜》B. 《包法利夫人》C. 《百年孤独》D. 《荒原》答案：A, B9. 以下哪些作品属于现代主义文学？A. 《尤利西斯》B. 《追忆似水年华》C. 《百年孤独》D. 《了不起的盖茨比》答案：A, B, C10. 以下哪些作家是魔幻现实主义文学的代表？A. 加西亚·马尔克斯B. 米兰·昆德拉C. 萨尔曼·鲁西迪D. 弗朗茨·卡夫卡答案：A, C三、判断题11. 荷马史诗是古希腊文学的源头，对后世欧洲文学产生了深远的影响。

（对/错）答案：对12. 但丁的《神曲》是中世纪文学的巅峰之作，标志着文艺复兴的开始。

（对/错）答案：错13. 塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》被认为是现代小说的开端。

（对/错）答案：对14. 莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。

I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1.Two major elements in European culture are ______ .A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2.deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the cityof Troy).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3.The play Prometheus Bound was written by.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4.The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was, who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD.Aeschylus5.was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6,by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7.Dante called ___ " the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8.Euclid is even now well-known for his.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9.has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10.Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between.A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11.It is who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagorastook supreme power as emperor with the title of in 27 B. C..Rome B. Augustus C. The Roman Empire D. Pax Romana13.The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero14.The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, calledA. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis15.In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian CaPtiVity(巴比伦之囚).A. 169B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 .16.The most important and influential of English Bible is, first published in 1611.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff,s versionD. Authorized version17.is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff,s versionD. Authorized version18.It is generally accepted that and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament19.The Middle Ages is a period in which,and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21.In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into _______ a nd the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22.by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23.The Anglo-Saxon epic ______ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24.Generally speaking. Renaissance refers to the period between.A. the 13th and 15th centuriesB. the 14th and mid-17th centuryC. the 15th and 16th centuriesD. the 14th and 16th centuries25.is the essence of the Renaissance.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureAttempts to get rid of conservatismThe flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectureHumanism26.Fracesco Petrarch, the author of____ , is known as Father of Humanism.A. the DecameronC. DavidD. Sleeping Venus27.After Reformation,came into being.A. ChristianityB. CalvinismC. LutheranismD. Protestantism28.Which was NOT true about DurerA, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcutC, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther29.Father of modern astronomy is.A. Da VinciB. Amerigo VespucciC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. Marchiavelli30.Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of.A. FabricaB. PrinceC. the Divine ComedyD. Lives of the Artists31.1,theories have given rise to important developments of modem science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.A. Galileo GalileiB. Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizC. Sir Isaac NewtonD. Johannes Kepler32.In the first, Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.A.the Advancement of LearningB. the New AtlantisC.Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD.Treatise of Civil Government33.Thomas Hobbes,s is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.A.LeviathanB. the Advancement of LearningC.Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD.Treatise of Civil Government34.The theme of is the fall of men.A. New MethodB. Treatise of Civil GovernmentC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Paradise Lost35.was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.A. CorneilleB. RacineC. MoliereD. Descartes36.Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climaxA. RubensB. BerniniC. BorrominiD. Caravaggio37.Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of theA. John LockeB. RousseauC. VoltaireD. Montesquieu38.In which of Diderofs works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles DarwinA. Philosophical ThoughtsB. Rameau,s NephewC. Elements of PhysiologyD. Encyclopedie39.1,novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.A. Walter ScottB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel JohnsonD. Samuel Richardson40.Which of the Lessing,s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German dramaA. Minna Von BarnhelmB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgicD. Nathan the Wise41.In, Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.A. the Sorrow of Young WertherB. FaustC. Wilhelm Meister,s TravelsD. Poetry and Truth42.Among Schiller,s works,was a play best known to the Chinese audience.A. The RobbersB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. Wilhelm Tell43.Kant,s years of his philosophical studies are Crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.General History of Nature and Theory of the HeavensCritique of Practical ReasonC. Critiquue of JudgementD. Critique of Pure Reason44.It has been said that tς the world had waited centuries for and he was only to remain herea moment”.A. BeethovenB. HaydnC. MozartD. Bach45.Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novelA. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Walter Scott46.In 1798,, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Lyrical BalladsC. Isles of GreeceD. Ode to the West Wind47.Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women ,s freedom in love and marriageA. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding48.StOOd in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia,is generally recognized as his masterpiece.A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our TimeB. Pushkin, Luslan and LiudmilaC. Pushkin, Boris GodunovD. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin49.The publication of Mickiewicz,s is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism inPolish literature.A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RamancesD. Pan Tadeusz50.Beethoven,s is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller,s Ode to Joy.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 951.sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi52.Based on, Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.the German classical philosophy B. the English classical political economythe Utopian Socialism D. the Manifesto of the Communist Party53.Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of, so Marx discovered the law of development of.the survival of the fittest, the communist partythe natural selection, the scientific socialismorganic nature, human historyD. natural species, historical societies54.In 1858 Darwin received a letter from, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.A. John Stevens HenslowB. Charles LyellC. Thomas HuxleyD. Alfred Russel Wallace55.Zola defined the theory of and illustrated it in his great work entitled.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquarts B. naturalism, Madame BovaryC. realism, the Human ComedyD. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma56.was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy57.holds an important position in his own country's cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy58.Among Ibsen,s masterpieces,is a plea for the emancipation of women.A. GhostsB. A DolΓs HouseC. the Wild DuckD. Hedda Gabler59.Among Charles Dickens,s works,has the most intricate, complicated plot.A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. David CopperfieldD. Bleak House60.1,George Eliofs masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.A. MiddlemarchB. The Mill on the FlossC. Adam BedeD. Silas Marner61.The term “impressionism“ was taken directly from the title of Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).A. Renoir,sB. Pissarro,sC. Manet,sD. Monet,s62.was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.A. RenoirB. DegasC. MonetD. Pissarro63. reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.A. Paul CezanneB. Paul GauguinC. Vincent van GoghD. Auguste Rodin64.In Freudian system,is the container of the instrinctual urges.A. IdB. EgoC. SuperegoD. Oedipus Comlex65.. Eliofs long poem is his major Contibution to English poetry.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Four QuartetsC. the Waste LandD. imagism66.by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. DublinersC. Finnegans WakeD. Ulysses67.The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of playLook Back in Anger (1956).A. John Osbome,sB. Kingsley Amis,sC. Allen Ginsberg,sD. Jack Kerouac,s68.poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in American poetry.A. John Osbome,sB. Kingsley Amis,sC. Allen Ginsberg,sD. Jack Kerouac,s69.is known as the first44 cubisf, novel: in his novels, one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera,s eye.A. Samuel BeckettB. Nathalie SarrauteC. Jean-Paul SartreD. Alain Robbe-Grillet70.masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the mostfamous Absurd Drama. A. Nathalie Sarraute*s B. Samuel Beckett ,sC. Jean-Paul Sartre ,sD. Alain Robbe-Grillefs ∏. Match the names ofColumn A with the appropriate items of Column B.Column Ba. the founder of the inductive methodb. Don Giovannic. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theoryd. a universal geniuse. The Execution of the Third of Mayf. Eugene Oneging. the Oedipus complexh. The Aeneidi. Fabricaj. Prometheus Unbound k. Critique of Pure Reasonl.The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs m. Encyclopedie n. the first to use the term Renaissanceo. Institutes of the Christian Religion p. the supreme figure in scholasticismq. The Betrothed r. The Social Contract s. Phaedrat. the founder of analytical geometry (b) Ten Commandments(c ) the Cantos ](d) Elements (e) Moll Flanders (f) Last Supper(g)The Waste Land(h) Paradise Lost(i)The Marriage of Figaro (j) the Starry Messenger(a) author of "The Red and the Black" (b) Polish astronomer(c)Emperor of the Romans(d) Dutch Baroque painter(e)author of the painting of MadonnaColumn A 1. Sophocles 2. Democritus 3. Virgil4. Thomas Aquinas5. Da Vinci6. John Calvin7. Andreas Vesalius8. Giorgio Vasari9. Goya10. Percy Bysshe Shelley 11. Alessandro Manzoni 12. Aleksander Pushkin 13. Immanuel Kant 14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 15. Rene Descartes 16. Francis Bacon 17. Nicolaus Copemicus 18. Jean Racin 19. Diderot20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 21. Euclid [ ] (a) Eugene Onegin 22. da Vinci [] 23. Galileo [] 1.1. Eliot [ 25. Milton [ 26. Defoe [ J 27. Pushkin [] 28. Mozart [] 29. Moses []( 30. Ezra Pound [] 21. Charlemagne [] 22. Raphael I ] 23. Virgil I ] 24. Copernicus [] 25. Cromwell [](f) Latin poetg) author of the poem "London" (h) Ulysses(i) leader of the English revolution(j) composer of Messiah(a) the Society of Jesus(b) Socialism : Utopian and Scientific (c) Dialogues (d) the mazurkas(e)The Counterfeiters(f) Faust(g) the Divine Comedy(h) the Advancement of Learning(i) Ulysses(j)Prometheus Unbound1. Which of the following is not true about AristotleA. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects. 2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman EmpireA. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century. 3. The Bible has been regarded as. A. a religious book B. literature C. record of great minds D. 'all of the above 4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization. 5. The Crusades were wars between.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope* s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above 7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was.A. What do I knowB. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who. A. discovered the Cape of Good Hope26. Rembrandt [] 27. Handel [] 28. William Blake [ J 29. Stendhal [] 30. James Joyce [] 21. Plato [J 22. Dante [] 23. Ignatius [ ∣ 24. Bacon [] 25. Engels [] 26. James Joyce [] 27. Shelley [] 28. Goethe [] 29. Chopin [] 30. Andre Gide []B.discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC.explored the mouth of the AmazonD.was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9.Which of the following laws was discovered by NewtonA. Law of inertia.B. Law of faking bodies.C. Law of relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10.In Locke's political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government wasA. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11.Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial RevolutionA.The substitution of water power for human power.B.The introduction of machine.C.The beginning of the factory system.D.The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12."Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by.A. VoltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13.In the works of can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14.The poem of Byron's that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15.Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC.ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty3.1.is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinD.Schumann17.Which of the following works was not written by Charles DickensA. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18.The author of the short story The Necklace was.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19."The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EHotD. William Butler Yeats20.regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. ShoIokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky第二部分非选择题In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left handcolumn with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)21. Augustine ( ) (a) To the Lighthouse22. Aristotle ( ) (b) Ethics23. Shakespeare ( ) (c) Kubla Khan24. Mark Twain ( ) (d)A Hero of Our Time25. Titian ( ) (e) OtheIIo26, Virginia Woolf ( ) (f) Meditations27. Newton ( ) (g) The Confession28. CoIeridge ( ) (h) the Venus of Urbino29. Lermontov ( ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi30. Descartes ( ) (j ) Mathematical Principles PhilosohyGive a one-sentence answer to each Of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31.What are the three styles in Greek architecture32.What was Marcus Cicero noted for33.What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture34.Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake35.What is the theory put forward by Copemicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs"36.What is Montesquieu's redefinition of law参考答案L 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A 12. B 13.C 14. D 15.C 16. B17. E 18. D 19. B 20. D22. b 23. e 24. i 25. h 26;a 27. j 28. e 29. d 30, fm. 31. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style (or the masculine style), the Ionic style(or the feminine style),and the Corinthian style.32.Marcus Cicero was noted for his oratory and fine writing style.33.The fusion and blending of different ideas and practices in the Middle ages paved the way for the development of what iv the present-day European culture.34.Because Jan Hus attacked the abases of the church in his sermons and writings.35.The theory put forward by Copernicus is that the sun, not the earth is the centre of the universe.36.Montesquieu redefined law as the necessary relationships which derive from the nature of things. Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points)45. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art45. The Renaissance art has the following distinctive features:(1) Art broke away from the domination of the church. Artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate strata like writers and poets doing noble and creative work.(2)Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible ,of God Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. Even when the themes remained celestial, the heroes were given human qualities and given strong muscles and sinews Of man.(3)The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors.(4)Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。

2020年陕西省西安市交大附中高三历史上学期期末试卷含解析一、选择题（每小题2分，共60分）1. 阅读下列根据《中国古代职官》编制的表格，这一表格反映了科举制度时期两宋明清项目50％以上的进士43％的进士任官前出身平民贫寒家庭A．实质是地主阶级的选官制度B．扭转了传统等级和门第的观念C．促使部分社会阶层的变动D．完全实现了官员选拔的公平、公正参考答案：C2. 厘金是19世纪中叶至20世纪30年代中国国内贸易征税制度之一，厘金中商税完全出自华商而不及外商。

厘金制度的推行（）A．解决了清政府财政收入不足问题B．刺激了中国民族资本主义的产生发展C．有利于西方国家占领中国的市场D．成为阻碍中国经济近代化的根本因素参考答案：C根据材料和所学知识可知，厘金征收对象是华商，对中国商品征税重，商品的成本高；而此时期中国民族工业的竞争力要弱于西方国家，故厘金的推行对西方国家对华市场占领更有利，故C项正确。

厘金制度是一种商业税制度，无法解决清政府财政收入不足问题，故A项错误。

洋务运动刺激了中国民族资本主义的产生发展，不是厘金制度的推行，故B项错误。

中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质才是阻碍中国经济近代化的根本因素，故D项错误。

点睛：抓住关键信息“厘金中商税完全出自华商而不及外商”，理解厘金制度的内涵，结合近代中国经济的相关史实，分析材料和选项即可知道答案。

3. 先秦史籍和文物铭文在记载周公旦主政西周期间进行“东征”等大事时，多称周公为“王”，但西汉司马迁的《史记》及其后的史籍中却记述为“周公代成王摄政”。

这反映出A.中央集权的发展B.儒家影响的扩大C.贵族政治的衰落D.宗法制度的瓦解参考答案：B【详解】依据材料信息可知，原来称周公为王，到后来记述为“周公代成王摄政”，这实际上体现了儒家思想的等级观念，因此B选项正确。

A选项错误，材料并未体现中央与地方的关系，不能得出中央集权的发展；贵族政治的衰落及宗法制度的瓦解与该现象无关，C、D选项错误。

《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture Greek Culture I.填空these elements of these elements are two of to be be considered to are considered elements, two culture is many elements, 1.European is made European culture of many up of made up more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. th century. 2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, 3.In the second half of the 4king of Macedon. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece. th century. 5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5become the world’s foremost amateur sports sports have become foremost amateur the world’s Revived in 6.Revived in 18961896, , the Olympic Games the Olympic Games have competition. 7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. southern mainland the southern mainland of Greece, led of the led by of Greece, by with the deals with 8.The Iliad deals the alliance alliance of the states of the states of Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. war to Trojan war the Trojan to his his home, island of home, island of after the deals with 9.The Odyssey deals with the the return of Odysseus return of Odysseus after Ithaca. 10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. 11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. 12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes. 13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. 14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Antigone. Oedipus the King, , Electra, and A ntigone15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as such plays plays as and Trojan in such as Andromache, Medea, , and mainly about 16.Euripides Euripides wrote wrote mainly women in about women W omen. th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has edy also flourished in the 5left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. tween Greeks and 18.Herodotus is often called ―Father of Historyǁ. He wrote about the wars bePersians. 19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily. 20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. 21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics. 22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen. 23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. 24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomic structure of matter. 25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics. Elements, a textbook of geometry. 26.Euclid is well-known for his 27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.ǁ28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style. 29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years. 30.In the 2020th century, In the Irishman James James Joyce’s modernist Joyce’s modernist the Irishman are Homeric century, there there are Homeric parallels parallels in in the masterpiece Ulysses. II.选择th century B. C.? 1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5A.Greek Culture B.Roman Culture C.Egyptian Culture D.Chinese Culture 2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece. A.1200 B. C. B.700 B. C. C.146 B. C. D.The 5th century 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy? A.Oedipus the King B.Iliad C.Odyssey D.Antigone 4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus? A.Antigone B.Agamemnon C.Persians D.Prometheus Bound 5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles? A.Electra B.Antigone C.Trojan Woman D.Oedipus the King 6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? A.Antigone B.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece? A.Aristophanes B.Euripides C.Sophocles D.Aeschylus 8.Who ever said that ―You can not step twice into the same riverǁ?A.Pythagoras B.Heracleitus C.Aristotle 9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? A.Heracleitus B.Aristotle C.Socrates D.Pythagoras the measure of all thingsǁ?10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that ―man isA.Protagoras B.Pythagoras C.Pyrrhon D.Epicurus III.名词解释1.Aeschylus 2.Plato 3.The Cynics IV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture? 2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society? 3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write? lato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?4.Tell some of P l ato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature. Roman Culture I. 填空conquest of C. marked marked Roman of Greece, Greece, which then was then which was Roman conquest burning of The burning 1.The of Corinth Corinth in 146 B. in 146 B. C. reduced to a province of the Roman Empire. 2.The Roman writer Horace said: ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captiveǁ.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. lasting two peace lasting two hundred years, a a remarkable remarkable of peace hundred years, 4.The period of The Romans Romans enjoyed long period enjoyed a a long phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. the 44th century, 5.In In the from Rome Rome to to Byzantium, Byzantium, capital from emperor Constantine the capital the emperor century, the Constantine moved moved the renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ). 6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the West Roman Empire. 7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin. Aeneid. 9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the 10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D.. 11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman. II.选择1.Who wrote, ―I came, I saw, I conqueredǁ?A.Horace B.Julius Caesar C.Virgil D.Marcus Tullius Cicero On the Nature of things is ___________. 2.The author of the philosophical poem A.Virgil B.Julius Caesar C.Horace D.Lucretius 3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture? A.The Colosseum B.The Panthenon C.The Parthenon D.Pont du Gard 4.Who wrote, ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captiveǁ?A.Sappho B.Plato C.Virgil D.Horace III.名词解释1.Julius Caesar 2.The Pax Romana IV.简答与问答the Greeks? And what what was with the Greeks? And common with the chief difference was the chief What did have in common did the 1.What Romans have in the Romans between them? 2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what way is the book linked with the Greek past? 3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero? Division Two: The Bible and Christianity The Old Testament Ⅰ填空题is by worship, Christianity by far Christianity is to worship, most the most far the all the the religions Among all 1.Among seek to religions by people seek which people by which influential in the West. 2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas. 3. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the deserts of the Middle East. 4. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. 5. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament . . 6. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the and the New Testament. 7. The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch. 8. When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top top of of the the mountain mountain to to receive receive from from God God message, message, which which came came to to be be known known as as the the Ten Ten Commandments. 9. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament. 10. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practise their religion. II 选择题1. Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______ A. Buddism B. Islamism C. Christianity D. Judaism 2. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________. A. Exodus B. Commandments C. Amos D. Pentaeuch3. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______ A. Honour your father and your mother B. Do not commit suicide C. Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD. Do not take the name of God in vain 4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______ A. in 169 B.C. B. in the 4th century C. in 76 B.C. D. in the 6th centuryⅢ 名词解释1. the Bible 2. the Pentateuch 3. Ten Commandments Ⅳ 简答与问答1. What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization? 2. Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related? 3. What are the Ten Commandments about? Rise of Christianity Ⅰ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist. 2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation. 3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus. 4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda. 5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. 6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions. of Jesus disciples of the disciples Jesus to to spread in the gospel in spread gospel led the the Jesus died, After Jesus 7.After died, St. St. Peter St. Paul and St. Peter and Paul led Mediterranean regions. Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China. A. sixth B. fifth C. second D. third the official religion of official religion empire and and the empire of the emperors made Which of 2.Which of the the following made Christianity following emperors Christianity the outlawed all other religions? __________ A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar 3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? __________ A. Augustus B. Thedosius C. Nero D. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________. A. St. Peter B. St. Paul C. John Baptist D. John Wycliff Ⅲ名词解释1.The Edict of Milan Ⅳ简答与问答1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change? The New Testament Ⅰ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest. accepted as as part accounts were of the New the New four accounts part of were accepted the end Towards the century four end of 2.Towards fourth century he fourth of he Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity. before they they came Joseph, before she was was together, she came together, to Joseph, as Jesus’ When as 3.When Jesus’ mother mother Mary was espoused Mary was espoused to found with child of the Holy Ghost the Passover, but was Passover, but was betrayed betrayed by Juda and by Juda and disciples to for the Jesus went 4.Jesus with his went with Jerusalem for to Jerusalem his disciples caught at the Last Supper. Translations of the Bible Ⅰ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek. is known Testament is known as the Septuagint, as Old Testament as the Septuagint, as oldest extant 2.The The oldest the Old extant Greek of the translation of Greek translation according the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days. Vulgate edition, which was 3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the nguage. done in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s la4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. is the the ――AuthorizedBible is English Bible King James’ or King Authorizedǁ ǁ or James’ The most 5.The of English most important important and influential of and influential version, first published in 1611. Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages. A. 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 154 2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________. A. the Latin Vulgate B. the Aristeas C. the ―Authorizedǁ D. the SeptuagintBible was was the _______ Bible complete work work first complete the first the _______ 1500’s, the When printing 3.When was invented printing was invented in the 1500’s, in the printed. A. English B. Latin C. Aramaic D. Hebrew 4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______ A. 1885 B. 1611 C. 1901 D. 1979 Division Three: The Middle Ages Manor and Church Ⅰ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. Europe was scene of was the and wars and frequent wars of frequent the scene the fifth Between the 2.Between fifth and and eleventh centuries, West eleventh centuries, West Europe invasions. 3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged. system of holding ––a a system of holding land in of land in holding land land holding in Europe Feudalism in 4.Feudalism Europe was was mainly system of mainly a a system exchange for military service. 5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service. 6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. By the the 1212th century 7.By castle, which which were made of and stone and of stone were made manor houses century manor called castle, houses came came to be called to be designed as fortress. 8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed. for war by fighting war by each other other in batters mock batters in mock fighting each the medieval In the trained for medieval days 9.In days a a knight knight was was trained called tournaments. Church and Roman Catholic Catholic Church the Eastern the Roman Eastern and the the Church After 1054, 10.After 1054, the Church was divided into was divided into the Orthodox Church. 11. The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century. 12. Under Under feudalism, feudalism, people people of of western western Europe Europe were were mainly mainly divided divided into into three three classes: classes: clergy, clergy, lords and peasants. 13. The The Pope Pope not not only only ruled ruled Roman Roman and and parts parts of of Italy Italy as as a a king, king, he he was was also also the the head head of of all all Christian churches in western Europe. 14. In In the the Medieval Medieval times times the the Church Church set set up up a a church church court court –– the the Inquisition Inquisition to to stamp stamp out out so-called heresy. 15. One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man. 16. To To express express their their religious religious feelings, feelings, many many people people in in the the Middle Middle Ages Ages went went on on journeys journeys to to sacred sacred places places where where early early Christian Christian leaders leaders had had lived. lived. The The most most important important of of all all was was Jerusalem. 17. With With a a return return attack against attack against the the Moslems, Moslems, the the Western Christians Western Christians launched launched a a series series of of holy holy wars called the Crusades. Ⅱ 选择题 1. In In the the later later part part of of the the 44th century, century, which which of of the the following following tribes tribes swept swept into into Europe Europe from from central central Asia, Asia, robbing robbing and and killing killing a a large large numbers numbers of of the the half half civilized civilized Germanic Germanic tribes? tribes? ________ A. the Mongolians B. the HunsC. the Turkish D. the Syrians 2. The Middle Ages is also called the _________. A. ―Age of Christianityǁ B. ―Age of LiteratureǁC. ―Age of Holy Spiritǁ D. ―Age of Faithǁ3. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _______ A. To be loyal to his lord B. To fight for the church C. To obey without question the orders of the abbot D. To respect women of noble birth 4. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _________ A. Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler B. Charles I, a Turkish ruler C. Constantine I, a Frankish ruler D. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler 5. When When was was the the Church Church divided divided into into the the Roman Roman Catholic Catholic Church Church and and Eastern Eastern Orthodox Orthodox Church?_________ A. after 1066 B. after 1296 C. after 1054D. after 476 6. Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe is NOT true?____________ A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days. B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven. C. As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church. D. At about fourteen, the page became a knight. 7. When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______ A. At the age of 14. and ran errands good manners and ran errands for the B.When he was learned good manners for the was taught taught to prayers, learned to say say his his prayers, ladies. C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing. D.When he was pledged to fight for the church. what the monks must the monks must do do before entering the before entering the is NOT of the Which of 8.Which the following following is true about NOT true about what monastery according to the Benedictine Rule? A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight. B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery. D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________ A. clergy, knights and serfs B. Pope, bishop and peasants C. clergy, lords and peasants D. knights, nobles and serfs 10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________ A. 1270 B. 1254 C. 1096 D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages 2.Manor 3.Code of Chivalry 4.Benedictine Rule 5.the Crusades Ⅳ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel? 2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man? 3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism? 4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire? Learning and Science, Literature, Art and Architecture Ⅰ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period. Emperor of the Romansǁ by the Pope in 800.2.Charlemagne w as crowed ―E mperor of the Romans3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology. research and and called Scientific research careful for careful of Scientific called for Bacon was 4.Roger advocates of Roger Bacon was one of earliest advocates the earliest one of the observation and experimentation. vernacular languages – that is, the languages of 5.―National epicǁ refers to the epic written in various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. , is one of 7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. 8. Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for their  were his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity. 9. Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of his writings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English. 10. The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance. 11. The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. Ⅱ 选择题1. Which of the follo wing was crowned ―Emperor of the Romansǁ by the Pope in 800? ______ A. St. Thomas Aquinas B. CharlemagneC. Constantine D. King James 2. Who Who was was the the ruler ruler of of the the Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon kingdom kingdom of of Wessex Wessex and and contributed contributed greatly greatly to to the the medieval European culture? _________ A. Charles I B. Constantine I C. Alfred the Great D. Charles the Great 3. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________A. English B. Germanic C. Hebrew D. French4. Who is the author of the Opus Maius ? ________ A. Roger Bacon B. Dante Alighieri C. Chaucer D. St. Thomas Aquinas Ⅲ 名词解释1. Carolingian Renaissance 2. Beowulf 3. Song of Roland 4. The Canterbury tales 5. Romanesque 6. Gothic Ⅳ 简答与问答1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share? Division IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ 填空题1. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. 2. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 3. In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that that expressed expressed the the interests interests of of bourgeoisie, bourgeoisie, to to lift lift the the restrictions restrictions in in all all areas areas placed placed by by the the Roman Church authorities. 4. Renaissance Renaissance started started in in Florence Florence and and V enice V enice with with the the flowering flowering of of paintings, paintings, sculpture sculpture and and architecture. 5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy. 6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348. Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect. 7.Petrach was best known for 8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective. 9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci, michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. Mona do da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: 10.LoenarLisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.from the himself from freed himself the old tradition of of he freed old tradition of art created a a style Michelangelo created style of 11.Michelangelo in which art in which he decoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other. colour on oil colour on canvas canvas as established oil as the typical the typical have established 12.Titian’s painting is Titian’s painting to have acknowledged to is acknowledged medium of the pictorial tradition in western art. 13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport. 14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry. 15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance. Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _______ A. in Greece and Rome B. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and Florence D. in Italy and Germany 2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? ___________ A. in the 11th century B. in the 15th century C. in the 16th century D. in the 17th century 3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______ A. Decameron B. Canzoniers C. DavidD. Moses4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________ A. Giotto B. Brunelleschi C. Donatello D. Giorgione 5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _______ A. Raphael B. Titian C. da Vinci D. Michelangelo known for best known for his Madona (Virgin (Virgin artists was his Madona was best Which of Renaissance artists of the 6.Which High Renaissance following High the following Mary)? A. Titian B. da Vinci C. Michelangelo D. Raphael7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________ A. Tempesta B. Sacred and Profane Love C. Flight into Egypt D. The Return of the Hunters。

中西文化比较_西安交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.There is one universal definition of visual art.答案:错误2.The definition and perceived value of works of art have changed throughouthistory and in different cultures.答案:正确3.The antecedents of most European art lie in the artistic production of ancientGreece and Rome.答案:正确4.In the Hellenistic period, artistic creation was dominated by the idea ofpraising the Christian church.答案:错误5.In ancient China, the art of bronze-casting skill reached its peak in the SuiDynasty.答案:错误6.Zhou Fang’s Ladies with Head-pinned Flowers depicts the disorder of sociallife in the Tang Dynasty.答案:错误7.The trees in a literati painting are usually not an exact copy of the real treesin life.答案:正确8.Li Madou criticized the Italian painters for ignoring the relationship betweenlight and darkness.答案:错误9.The poem “The Road Not Taken” was written by the German writer JohannGeorg Hamann.答案:错误10.Aristotle saw the origin of poetry i n man’s imitative nature and his sense ofharmony and rhythm.答案:正确11.According to Britannica, prose is literature that evokes a concentratedimaginative awareness of experience.答案:错误12.According to Confucius, learning poetry can enable people not only toexpress their ideas and educate themselves, but also to maintain socialconventions.答案:正确13. A sonnet is a lyric poem of 12 lines, usually in iambic pentameter withconsiderable variation in rhyming patterns.答案:错误14.The English sonnet style is named after Shakespeare because he was the firstEnglish poet to write sonnets.答案:错误15.In this chapter, we compared a sonnet "Renouncement" and a Chinese Ci"Dielianhua", while the former starts with surprising remarks of a person, the latter starts with sentimental description of the environment.答案:正确16.Both the sonnet and the Ci were originated from folk songs, and bothsatisfied people's need to express their emotions in a certain culturalbackground.答案:正确17.One of the most important factors that can lead to the emergence of a religionis _________.答案:the social contexts when people lived in poverty, misery and fear18.Christianity has three main branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern OrthodoxChurch and __________.答案:Protestantism19.One of the important life attitudes that has been influenced or shaped byDaosim in China is ______________.答案:the view that man is part of nature20.One of the biggest obstacles for foreigners speaking a Western language tolearn to speak Chinese is the ___________ of Chinese.答案:Tone21.Chinese is a _________ language, which means a sentence is grammaticallycorrect even without a subject if its meaning is understandable in the context.topic-prominent22.In comparison to English, Chinese is a ________ language, which means thespeakers of Chinese tend to be more indirect and rely more of the contextual meaning to communicate.答案:High-context23.The process of industrialization in the early 19th century in the West, i.e.,analyze and modularize the worlds of manufacture and commerce, is anexample of _________.答案:analytical thinking24.Different language encodes the world in which it has emerged in differentways, so language ________ how the speakers of a specific language perceives and thinks about the world.答案:Influences25.________ is usually defined as a population which shares unique genetic andbiological features that distinguish it from other groups.答案:Race26.Gans (1999) divides cultural elements into two groups, i.e. high culture and________.popular culture27.Sch wartz (2006, p.139) defined ________ as “the cultural ideals”. They are thecollective understandings of what is good, correct, desirable and proper in a given culture.答案:values28.Hofstede (1980) proposes four dimensions of cultural value differences.________ refers to a society in which emotional gender roles are distinct.答案:masculinity29.________ is a way of perceiving a person as having innate cultural entitiesbased on essentialist views of cultures.答案:Culturalism30.________ refers to the condition that “… the oriental societies are defined notby what they have but by what they lack”.答案:Eurocentrism31.Which of the following is NOT a feature of culture: ________.答案:Culture determines human behavior32.Religion ca n be defined as human beings’ relation to that which they regardas holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of special reverence.答案:正确33.The Chinese idiom“塞翁失马，焉知非福”emphasizes the harmoniousrelationship between humanity and the cosmos.答案:错误34.Chinese martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, feng shui, and many stylesof qigong have been intertwined with Confucism throughout history.答案:错误35.The linguistic expressions and structural patterns of a language cannot beused to investigate the thinking patterns and perception of the peoplespeaking that language.答案:错误36.Signs in language and the traffic system are both arbitrary in relation to thereal objects or meaning, so they are similar.答案:错误37.Intelligibility is the general criterion that has been used to classify humanlanguages, however, nationhood often plays a role as an important political factor.答案:正确nguage family refers to a group of languages descended from the sameancestor such as English is a member of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic family.答案:正确39.Water plays an important role in the development of civilization.答案:正确40.All civilizations were originated near waters.答案:错误41.There were clear-cut divisions of the different stages of civilizations.答案:错误42.Western civilization interacted heavily with oriental civilizations.答案:正确43.Due to the sea-going nature of Aegean civilization, Western civilizationtended to be open and expansive.答案:正确44.The predictable and gentle rivers nurtured an expansive and adventurousagriculture civilization.答案:错误45.The wide trading interaction with the Mediterranean world enabled ancientGreeks to establish a trading civilization.答案:正确46.The nature-based, agriculture-natured economy helped the establishment ofthe Chinese “family state.”答案:正确47.The Chinese feudal system emphasizes partnership and contract.答案:错误48.The city-state system practiced uniform cultural and political norms.答案:错误49.Followings are the characteristics of cultural values, except ________.答案:values are “intrinsic and universal”50.In primitive times, art was mainly about the means of survival in the harshand vast unknown world.答案:正确51.In England, the Stonehenge has an obvious practical purpose.答案:错误52.The Houmuwu square cauldron was used to carry out rituals.答案:正确53.One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was the development ofhighly realistic linear perspective.答案:正确54.In the age of Renaissance, people showed less interest in the ability of humanbeings to create art.答案:错误55.Modern art was devoted to glorifying religion or to speaking well of the state.答案:错误56.Xie He's Six Principles suggest that paintings should not be the properrepresentation of objects.答案:错误57.Rhyme refers to the regulated flow of words and phrases which isdetermined by the relationship of stressed and unstressed syllables.答案:错误58.In English language, there are only one-syllable characters and characters ofthe same sound are differentiated by four tones.答案:错误59.It is known that the end rhyme is the most important rhyme in both Englishpoetry and Chinese poetry.答案:正确60.In both China and the West, many poems explain moral teachings in somesimple, concrete, and interesting metaphors or synecdoches.答案:正确61.The sonnet is a symbol of the Renaissance in literature.答案:正确62.The structure of the sonnet could be related to the characteristic of the topic-prominent language.答案:错误63.Just like Xi He, who placed vitality as the highest principle of painting, thefamous poem critic Wang Guowei believed that the spiritual state of mind is most important in writing Chinese Ci.答案:正确64.According to Hofstede (1991), a person can be influenced at the same time bya national culture, a regional or ethnic or religious or linguistic culture, agender culture, and a generation culture.答案:正确65.The varied topography along the Yellow River is favorable for thedevelopment of agriculture.答案:正确66.Life in Chinese river civilization was stable and predictable.答案:正确67.As most Greek city-states were near the Mediterranean Sea, ancient Greeksbecame a sea-going people.答案:错误68.Unlike the nomads, the Chinese became a sedentary people with a highlydeveloped agriculture.答案:正确69.The Minoan civilization deeply influenced the west Asian and Egyptiancivilizations.答案:错误70.The Chinese nature-based, farm-based economy strengthened the tie amongfamily members.答案:正确71.The rugged terrain forced the ancient Greeks to turn out to the sea for tradeand food production.答案:正确72.Daoism and Buddhism are the two traditional religions that have influencedChinese culture for thousands of years.答案:正确73.Chinese students are rote learners. They learn for pragmatic purposes andshow little interest in deep understanding.答案:错误74.Culture can be divided into "________", such as literary and artistic works, and"popular culture" :答案:high cultureo Zi developed the philosophy of Daoism, but was not related to thereligion of Daoism.答案:错误76.Dialectism in Daoism philosophy means that the positive and negative co-exist in all things and they are interchangeable.答案:正确77.Moderation, humility and longevity were pursued by the philosophy ofDaoism.答案:错误78.Buddhism originated in ancient India, and came to China in late Han Dynasty.答案:正确79.In intercultural communication, students need to remove the knowledge ofour own culture to acquire the knowledge of other cultures.答案:错误80.Neither learning styles nor learning strategies are unchangeable, or pre-determined by fixed interpretations of a given academic culture.答案:正确81.Students in cultural communication should consciously put asidepreconceptions, avoid over-generalization and continuously seek deepened understandings of cultural phenomena.答案:正确82.Civilizations could come into being in a short time.答案:错误83.Agriculture played an essential role in the development of civilizations.答案:正确84.The Yellow River is called the "cradle of Chinese civilization".答案:正确85.Chinese is a hypotactic language because it has no strict requirement on theforms of sentences.答案:错误86.The majority of Chinese characters are pictographs, bearing closeresemblance to the objects or things they represented.答案:错误87.Values have been defined as the collective understandings of what is good,correct, desirable and proper in a given culture.答案:正确88.________ has been defined as "cultural variants displayed by certain segmentsof the population… they are within the larger world of our national culture"(Komarovsky & Sargent, 1949, p.143).答案:subculture89.In intercultural studies, we need to be aware that ________:答案:culture may change._Eastern and Western cultures are notindependent._Eastern and Western cultures are interdependent and permeable to each other._culture is multi-layered and complicated.90.Ho, Fu and Ng (2004) clarify two dimensions of "face": lian focuses on thecharacters of a morally good person, while mianzi focuses on the reputation and social status achieved through one's efforts.答案:正确91.Hofstede (1980) explains cultural value differences in terms of the fourdimensions, namely individuality/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity/femininity.答案:正确92.Hofstede's power-distance dimension expresses the degree to which "theless powerful members of a society accept or expect that power is distributed unequally".答案:正确93.Northern Buddhism that has been mainly practiced in the central region ofChina was influenced by Confucianism.答案:正确94.All Chinese teachers are authoritative figures who teach classes in a didacticway.答案:错误95.Stereotypes are over-simplified, over-generalized labels imposed on socialgroups and social phenomena which are diverse and complex in nature.答案:正确96.Hofstede's value dimensions are widely cited and free from problems.答案:错误nguage is basically a system of communication just like the system oftraffic symbols.答案:错误nguage is a hierarchical system, consisting of different levels such as sound,word, sentence and text.答案:正确nguage family refers to a group of languages, which are locatedgeographically close.答案:错误100.Chinese students traditionally outperform their peers in Western countries particularly in maths and science, because Chinese students are allhardworking and intelligent.答案:错误101.Hofstede' value dimensions tend to construct positive stereotypes of the Western values in contrast to the negative stereotypes of non-Westernvalues.答案:正确102.One of the similarities between Buddhism and Daoism is that they both havea single all-powerful God.答案:错误103.Christianity, originated in the first century AD, developed into three branches,i.e. the Roman Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox and the Protestant.答案:正确104.Modern Western art and music were basically paintings and hymns to complement God.答案:错误105.That Napoleon himself crowned himself and his Queen in the painting of "La Sacre de Napoleon" indicates his defiance to the Roman Catholic church.答案:错误106.The patterns or modes of thinking are stable habitual mental tendencies formed over a long time for a group of people.答案:正确107.The Western people tend to fall into inductive reasoning, i.e., moving from specific facts, observations, or experiences to a general conclusion.答案:错误108.The linear mode of thinking holds that the world is dynamic and changeable.答案:错误109.Ethnocentrism is a cultural attitude, which holds that one's own culture is better than others'.答案:正确110.Eurocentrism portrays "the East" with negative and exotic features.答案:正确111.The trends of globalization and the world economy have led to similar skills that different educational systems expect students, or future workers in the knowledge economy, to develop.答案:正确112.That many Chinese characters are ideograms can implicitly direct its speakers' attention to images.答案:正确113.Cortazzi and Jin (1996) argued that one feature of the Chinese "culture of learning" is the hierarchical but harmonious relationship between teacher and students. The statement is an absolutely correct reflection of Chinese academic culture.答案:错误114.The main difference between Buddism and Christianity is that in the former Budda considered himself as an awakening man while in the latter Godconsidered himself as the only creator of the universe and people.答案:正确115.Chinese students learn for pragmatic reasons only.答案:错误116.In Chinese, more words are formed by combining two characters while in English more words are constructed by adding prefix or suffix.答案:正确。

欧洲文明概论期末考试满分我知道每个人都知道欧洲文明概论期末考试的答案。

什么是欧洲文明？在()之后，欧洲进入了文明发展的高速时期。

a，1300 b，1400 c，1500 d，1600正确答案:C2欧洲文明可以以大陆命名是因为()。

A.它长期以来形成了整体发展的特点，并具有非常鲜明的欧洲特色。

欧洲国家之间的历史关系相对复杂。

文明之间的差异并不大。

欧洲国家通常面积相对较小。

他们没有形成独立的文明。

他们遵循历史特征。

因为在欧洲古典文学中有固定的和公认的答案:A3对欧洲的评价是不正确的()。

A.人类最高生活水平b、最高环境指数c、最高人类发展指数d 和最丰富的自然资源。

D4古典文明是指希腊和罗马文明，奠定了欧洲文明的基础。

正确答案:√5世纪的欧洲处于黑暗时期，各方面的发展相对落后，甚至落后。

因此，中世纪在欧洲文明的形成中几乎没有起到任何作用。

正确答案:现代关于欧洲文明的讨论1哈贝马斯认为，欧洲文化能够承认差异的原因在于()。

a .不同领域的冲突导致极端的文化撕裂b .该国的许多文化冲突c .许多族裔群体生活在小地区d .海洋国家向国外扩展，并且具有包容性。

正确答案:A2大约在《我们的复兴》()。

一份由哈贝马斯、雅克·德里达和温格尔·艾克共同起草的，涉及历史教训的总结，在XXXX起草，正确的答案是在他讨论欧洲认同和欧亚关系后起草的:B3从文化的角度来看，欧洲必须团结起来形成自己的特色。

正确答案:√欧洲文明的现代特征1欧洲文明的特征不包括()。

一、提高素质b，充分利用文艺c的宝库，重建“欧洲中心论”d，强调文明要素的均衡发展和同步发展的正确答案:C2意大利的历史地位不包括()。

一、罗马帝国的中心b、罗马教会的中心c、文艺复兴起源d、欧盟起源正确答案:D3人和动物共有的情况不包括()。

a、生活情境b、物质情境c、社会情境d、文化情境正确答案:D4现代欧洲普遍认为基督教文化是日耳曼文明的延续。

The PaxRomana（罗马和平）In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as PaxRomanaThe Edict of Milan（米兰赦令）1) Roman emperor Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle for the throne, so he issued the Edict of Milan in 313. 2) It granted religious freedom to all, made Christianity legal.Code of Chivalry (骑士制度)1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.The Counter-Reformation（反宗教改革）1)By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany and the movement against the Roman Catholic Church had swept over the whole of Europe, shaking the very foundation of the Roman Catholic Church. 2) The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They gathered their forces to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its life. 3) In time, the roman Catholic Church did re-establish itself as a dynamic force in European affairs. 4) This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation Great InstaurationThe Middle Ages1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.4) Chris tianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Mi ddle Ages is also called the ―Age of Faith‖.Carolingian Renaissance（加洛林复兴）：1）In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the ―Carolingian Renaissance‖. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most in teresting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.The Crusades1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.Rococo ArtRococoArt or "Late Baroque", is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, affecting many aspects of the arts including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theatre. It developed in the early 18th century in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry, and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially of the Palace of Versailles.Rococo artists and architects used a more jocular, florid, and graceful approach to the Baroque. Their style was ornate and used light colours, asymmetrical designs, curves, and gold. Unlike the political Baroque, the Rococo had playful and witty themes. The interior decoration of Rococo rooms was designed as a total work of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings. Benedictine Rule1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up al l their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.1. What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. In what ways did Gothic art differ from Romanesque art?⑴Although Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, it was given directions by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence.⑵Romanesque architecture is characterized by massiveness, solidity, and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance. Sculpture and painting, primary in churches, developed a wonderful unity with architecture. Both arts often are imbued with symbolism and allegory. They are not based on natural forms but use deliberate distortions for expressive impact.⑶Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arched and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome.3. What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body. This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism, and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy, senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giorgione, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, etc. In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.4. Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way was English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what their contributions?Because of the War of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in world trade, Renaissance came later in England than other European countries. Compared with the Renaissance in other countries, the Renaissance in England has the following features:⑴It came later; but when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in English literature and the world literature;⑵The Renaissance in England found its finest expression in drama, crowned by Shakespeare;⑶The Renaissance in England enjoyed a period of political and religious stability under the reign of ElizabethⅠ.The major figures of this period were William Shakespeare, Edmund Spencer, Sir Thomas more, Francis Bacon, and etc. Shakespeare has contributed to the world a legacy of literature heritage by turning out so many outstanding plays and poems. He was one of the two reservoirs of modern English language. Thomas More has written Utopia and depicted in this work an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common. He contributed to the western tradition of envisioning an ideal state. Spencer has influenced many English poets.5. What is the chief difference between Romanticism and Realism?①In art and literature realism came as a protest against the falseness and sentimentality which realists thought they saw in romantic fiction②If romanticism allows full play to the imagination and stresses love of beauty and interest in the past, the central issues of life for realists tend to be ethical or issues of conduct③And their democratic attitude tended to make them value the individual very highly and to regard characterization as the centre of the novel.④In this sense, realism means more than a literary method; it defines a particular kind of subject matter –the surface details, the common—place actions and the tragedies of the ordinary people constitute the chief matter if realist movement.⑤Its language was simple, clear, and direct, while the tone was often comic, frequently satiric.。

陕西省西安市交大科技园中学2022年高三历史上学期期末试卷含解析一、选择题（每小题2分，共60分）1. 古罗马某法律规定，若要使物品交易成功，就必须具备下面四个条件：(一)以现金或现物进行交易；(二)须有五个证人和一名“司秤”在场，他们皆应是罗马人；(三)物件的转移必须在当事人双方在场时当面进行；(四)在进行转让仪式时，必须经过某种正式的手势和言语的宣述。

四个条件缺一不可。

改变了这一状况的法律是( )A．自然法B．十二铜表法C．公民法D．万民法参考答案：D2. 以下是一份护照的主要内容：兹有本国人名口口请照赴十八省游历，本领事深知系我国良民，为此给照，准其前往。

故请烦大清执政大臣及各省文武官员验照放行，丝毫不得留难，并望以宾礼相待……。

该护照出现的时间不可能早于A.鸦片战争B.第二次鸦片战争C.甲午战争D.八国联军侵华战争参考答案：B3. 1953年4月，政务院发布了《关于劝止农民盲目流入城市的指示》“要求今后县、乡政府对于要求进城找工作的农民，除特殊情况外均不得开给介绍证件；对于现已进城的农民，应动员其迅速返乡”。

该措施A.稳定了日益混乱的社会秩序B.有利于计划经济体制的巩固C.有效推进社会主义经济建设D.推动了城乡二元结构的形成参考答案：D1953年处于三大改造与一五计划时期，政务院发布《关于劝止农民盲目流入城市的指示》稳定了城市人口规模，推动了城乡二元结构的形成，故D正确；当时社会秩序并不混乱，故A错误；劝止农民盲目流入城市与计划经济体制的巩固没有必然联系，故B错误；有效材料主旨并不是反映推进社会主义经济建设的问题，故C错误。

故选D。

4. 春秋战国时期，商人频频交结王侯，各诸侯国君也非常重视商人阶层。

如郑国国君与商人“世有盟誓”；晋国“绛之富商，能金玉其车，交错其服，能行诸侯之贿。

”材料表明各诸侯国君重视与商人阶层关系的主要目的是A.成就霸业政治的需要B.实行宽松商业政策C.改变社会斗富逐利之风D.重建官营商业制度参考答案：A本题主要考查春秋战国时期商业发展。