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Multiple Choice1. Parthenon in Greece is the place where people worship ________.a. many gods b。
one godc。
many goddesses d. many gods and goddesses 2．In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _______.a. the rich b。
the poorc. the ruling classd. all people3. Which of the following statements about Knighthood is NOT true?a。
a nobleman was born a knightb. knighthood had to be earnedc。
one had to be trained in order to become a knightd. after being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry。
4。
The Inquisition was _____。
a. a church court set up to try heretics b。
an organization for church investigationc. a court in many kingdomsd. the decision-making body of the church5。
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from ________ to the American people for the 100—year anniversary of the independence of the U.S.A。
Question:1.What are the two major cultural influences over the European mind?Multiple-choices1. What integrated the Celtic, Germanic and Slavic cultures with the Roman culture into Western culture?A. The acceptance of Christianity.B. Greece under Alexander.C. Latin language.D. The fall of Greece2. Which of the following classical styles is built with a spiral scroll-like capital?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column3. Which of the following capitals is not of Greek style?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column4. A _____ knot can be referred to as an endless or mystical knot, reminding us of the endless nature, an uninterrupted life cycle.A. CelticB. GreekC. GermanicD. Slavic5. Which of the following countries is often known as “the Cradle of Western Civilization”?A. IsraelB. GreekC. ItalyD. Egypt6. _____ was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos.A. AlcmeneB. DanaëC. EuropaD. IoTrue or false1. Victoria is known as the ancient Greek goddess of victory. T2. Japan, as a developed country, is includ ed in “the West”. T3. The first Greek civilization arose from the old city of Mycenae. FQuestion:1.What are the two major cultural influences over the European mind?Multiple-choices1. What integrated the Celtic, Germanic and Slavic cultures with the Roman culture into Western culture?A. The acceptance of Christianity.B. Greece under Alexander.C. Latin language.D. The fall of Greece2. Which of the following classical styles is built with a spiral scroll-like capital?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column3. Which of the following capitals is not of Greek style?A. the Doric columnB. the Ionic columnC. the Corinthian columnD. the Tuscan column4. A _____ knot can be referred to as an endless or mystical knot, reminding us of the endless nature, an uninterrupted life cycle.A. CelticB. GreekC. GermanicD. Slavic5. Which of the following countries is often known as “the Cradle of Western Civilization”?A. IsraelB. GreekC. ItalyD. Egypt6. _____ was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos.A. AlcmeneB. DanaëC. EuropaD. IoTrue or false1. Victoria is known as the ancient Greek goddess of victory. T2. Japan, as a developed country, is included in “the West”. T3. The first Greek civilization arose from the old city of Mycenae. FMultiple-choices1. Which of the following was written by Virgil, a Roman poet?A. UlyssesB. The AeneidC. AntigoneD. Andromache2. What country looks like a boot at the map?A. BritainB. ItalyC. NorwayD. Egypt3. What river was believed to be the river into which Romulus and Remus were thrown as infants?A. Tiber.B. Danube.C. Nile.D. Euphrates4. Which of the following is a Roman goddess?A. MithraB. IsisC. AthenaD. Minerva5. Most of the English letters in the alphabet came from ______.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. LatinD. Semitic6. Which of the following does not belong to the Indo-European language family?A. GermanicB. HebrewC. BalticD. Slavic7. Which of the following Latin mottos means the principle of reciprocity?A. Domine, dirige nosB. Lux et VeritasC. do ut desD. Hinc lucem et pocula sacra.8. The Romans admired the ______ art and had a tradition of imitating it.A. GreekB. GaulC. EgyptianD. Babylonian9. Who wrote “I came, I saw, I conquered.”A. Alexander the GreatB. AugustusC. DariusD. Julius Caesar10. Roman conquered Greece in the year of ______.A. 323BCB. 146BCC. 42BCD. 30BC11. Who of the following doesn’t belong to the first triumvirate?A. AntonyB. CrassusC. Julius CaesarD. Pompeii12. In 392 A.D., ______, the Roman Emperor, made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all the other religions.A. Constantine IB. Theodosius IC. NeroD. TrajanTrue or false1. Tianjin University was founded in the year of MDCCCXCIV.2. The Roman writer Horace once said, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”3. Remus was known as the first king of the town which he named Rome, after himself.4. Pax Romana, which means “Roman peace”, was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force established by Julius Caesar.5. In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and the Eastern.6. In 1453, the Western Roman Empire ended with Romulus.MatchNeptune CronusPlato AresUranus HermesSaturn PoseidonJupiter HadesMars ZeusMercury OuranosMultiple-choices1. Vulgate is the ______ version of the Bible.A. LatinB. HebrewC. GreekD. Germanic2. History goes on ______ generations from David to Christ.A.14B. 28C. 42D. 563. The Arabic for ______ is IbrahimA. AbrahamB. IsraeliteC. HajD. Isaac4. Whose name was derived from the Egyptian by a daughter of Pharaoh?A. Jacob’s.B. Moses’.C. Aaron’s.D. Joseph’s5. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated into about ______ languages.A. 100B. 200C. 300D. 4006. Who of the Roman Empire made Christianity legal?A. AvignonB. Benedict XVIC. Theodosius ID. Constantine I7. According to the Old Testament, Ruth was the great grandmother of ______.A. SaulB. DavidC. SolomonD. Christ8. The name “Israel” first appears in the Hebrew Bible as the name given by God to ______.A. AbrahamB. IsaacC. JacobD. DavidTrue or false1. Megan David/Star of David is in the shape of a Pentagram.2. Jacob’s 12 sons were the ancestors of the 12 tribes of Israel.3. The Old Testament was written in Greek.4. Scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the Pentateuch.5. Moses led his people finally back into Canaan.6. After forty days of rain, Noah released a dove to see whether the water had subsided.7. Hanging Garden of Babylon was built in the Neo-Babylonian dynasty.8. Jesus Christ was born in Nazareth.9. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist at the age of 30.MatchRussian orthodox crossChi RhoGreek crossPapal crossCeltic crossLatin crossMultiple-choices1. What characteristics did the medieval period show?A. Roman controlB. Viking powerC. feudal organizationD. direct democracy2. An instance that the Western Europeans changed one of their old ideas is that _________.A. they changed their starsB. they drank teaC. they favored Arabic numeralsD. they established universities3. Today the boundary between Islam and western Christianity was formerly shaped by _______.A. Sigurd I of NorwayB. Byzantine EmpireC. the CrusadersD. Attila the Hun4. Charlemagne’s cultural revival is sometimes referred to as __________.A. the Carolingian RenaissanceB. the Wandering of the PeoplesC. the Liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim controlD. the return of Latin popularity5. Who assembled the biggest army in the history of the Crusades?A. Andrew II of HungaryB. Louis I of HungaryC. Alexios I Komnenos.D. Pope Urban II6. When was the first Crusade preached by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont?A. In 1071B. In 1095C. In 1099D. In 10667. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Christian Crusaders had captured all the Islamic territories in modern Spain, Portugal, and _________.A. Southern ItalyB. Northern AfricaC. Near EastD. Far East8. What Kingdom made one of the earliest known coats of arms?A. Kingdom of JerusalemB. Kingdom of the FranksC. Kingdom of NaplesD. Kingdom of Lombardy9. Which did not belong to the three classes of Europe under feudalism?A. clergyB. peasantsC. lordsD. knights10. Which of the following does not belong to the seven liberal arts?A. GeometryB. GrammarC. AstronomyD. ArtsTrue or false1. Cambridge is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. F2. The poet who wrote The Divine Comedy was graduated from University of Bologna. T3. At the age of 18, a qualified squire can be knighted. F4. The Carolingian empire was broken into three parts by his three sons. F5. Virgil showed Dante around in the Hell based on The Divine Comedy.T6. The tassel is moved from right to left after a graduate is grante d the bachelor’s degree. T7. All villeins, knights and barons provided money and services to the king when demanded. F8. Knights were pledge to respect women of any birth. FMatch the item on the left column with the one relevant on the right column.1. Copernicus A. France2. Beowulf B. Anglo-Saxon3. The Song of Roland C. Scientific research4. Roger Bacon D. Solar system1. D2. B3. A4. C。
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against thecity of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocle s4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socra t es D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, V enus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, P arthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. Hera c leitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. Lucre t iusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away in t o the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Auth o rized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserv iors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. Christ ianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medievaltheology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
西方文化试题及答案题一：列举西方文化的特点，并分别举例说明。
西方文化的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传统与现代相结合：西方文化在长期的发展过程中，历经多个时期和重大事件的冲击、变革。
因此，它既保留了许多传统文化的元素，又与现代社会相结合，形成了独特的文化风貌。
例如，西方艺术中的古典主义和现代艺术中的抽象主义、概念艺术等风格并存。
2. 科技与创新：西方文化注重科学技术的发展与应用，强调创新和实用性。
西方国家在工业、医学、信息技术等领域取得了世界领先地位。
比如，西方国家在航天技术、人工智能、医学影像等领域的创新和突破。
3. 个人价值与自由：西方文化强调个人的价值和权利，主张尊重个体的自由和独立思考的能力。
西方国家的法律制度、民主制度、言论自由等都是基于这一价值观建立的。
例如，美国宪法中明确规定的人权和自由权利。
4. 多元开放与国际交流：西方文化接纳多元文化，促进国际交流，以开放的心态对待其他文化。
它倡导多元文化的融合与共存，培养全球化视野。
例如，欧洲国家通过欧盟的建立，实现了政治和经济的整合。
题二：从西方文化的角度，分析现代社会中存在的挑战和机遇。
西方文化在现代社会中既面临挑战，也有机遇。
1. 挑战：全球化带来的文化冲击。
随着全球化的推进，西方文化面临来自不同文化的冲击和竞争。
如何保持自身独特性、传统和核心价值面临挑战。
2. 机遇：文化多元促进创新与发展。
西方国家借助全球文化的融合，可以不断吸取其他文化的创新与发展经验。
多元文化的碰撞与融合，可以再次激发西方文化的活力和创造力。
3. 挑战：社会价值观的多元化和冲突。
随着社会的多元化发展，西方国家内部不同文化群体之间的价值观差异可能带来社会矛盾和冲突。
如何实现价值观的平衡与和谐是一个重要的挑战。
4. 机遇：推动全球性的社会问题解决。
作为先进的文化体系，西方文化具备解决全球性社会问题的能力。
例如，西方国家在气候变化、贫富差距、人权保护等领域的实践和经验可以为其他国家提供借鉴和启示。
考试题型：Part I Multiple Choice (30 points)Part II Match the items (20 points)Part III Explaining ((15 points, 3 items)50 words1)Oedipus the King 俄狄浦斯王Oedipus the King is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles. It was first performed in 429 BCE. It says the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes the king of Thebes. And Oedipus was doomed to murder his father Laius and marry his mother Jocasta when he was born. The play is an example of a classic tragedy.2)Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship. They play a fundamental role in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God and to keep the Sabbath （守安息日）, and bans against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, dishonesty, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for them.3)Magna Carter(the Great Charter)King John’s rule caused much dissatisfaction among the barons男爵. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Carter, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.4)CrusadesIn 1071, Palestine巴勒斯坦国fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems. The Turkish Moslem穆斯林attacked the Christian pilgrims朝圣者, killed them and sold them as slaves. This resulted in a series of holy wars圣战called crusades十字军东征.The crusades went on about 200 years(1096—1291). All the soldiers wore a red cross asa symbol of obedience to god. By 1291, the Moslem won the crusades.5)Bill of rights人权法案In 1789, James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification批准. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution宪法修正案were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.6)The ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted his 95 thesis on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church天主教堂and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Bible from then on are translated the into different mother tongues.Part IV Short-answer Questions (20 points, 2 questions)80 words,1). Outline the main differences in the constitutions of Sparta and Athens Sparta: absolute obedience to the state1. oldest constitution, never changed.2. based on military军事的 principle.3. ruled by council理事会of elderly men, five magistrates,地方法官two hereditary kings世袭的国王;4. totalitarian极权主义者, boys and young men separate from families until thirty.5. vote only given to suitable men.6. class based society-helots or slaves terrorized奴隶恐吓, no coinage货币, no Spartan 斯巴达人 engaged in trade, farm, all arts forbidden.Athens: freedom and voluntary participation自愿参与 in the state1. constitution developed over 300 years through aristocracy贵族统治,oligarchy寡头政治, tyranny暴政, to full democracy民主政治 by mid-5th century2. underlying潜在的 belief in personal freedom3. all males had vote4. assembly of citizens 大会made decisions5. public offices, including juries陪审团, decided by lot.6. generals appointed 将军任命7. ostracism放逐to banish a person for ten years2). In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. Different from Aristotle, Plato relied on subjective thinking.(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics伦理学, Politics政治学 and Rhetoric修辞.(3)Their goals are vastly different. Plato uses his argument to refute those who would argue that injustice is beneficial and to set up his model city. Aristotle, on the other hand, uses his argument to directly set up a method for achieving the final good.3). Give a summary of Roman law and its influenceRoman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. The emperor Justinian I ordered to establish this law. And the legal developments lasted for more than a thousand years. It was created from the Twelve Tables (c. 439 BC) to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529)The historical importance of Roman law is that it continued using Latin as legal terminology in legal systems. Roman law had a considerable influence on the development of later legal systems, particularly in Europe. Originally, it was the common law, that is, unwritten law, in the Roman Empire.4). Please summarize John Lock’s major ideas about the mind and government.His major ideal about the mind is that we enter the world with no preformed ideals. Information from the sensations (taste, touch, smell, hearing and vision) fills the mind, and from these perceptions humans eventually learn language,a sense of order and from rationality合理性.His major ideal about the government is that government and authority lay in the community not in an individual. Like Hobbes霍布斯, he rejected divine right, but, unlike Hobbes, he believed that all humans beings were equal. Authority is there to protect human equality, freedom, and property.Part V Report (15 points)1). What are the major contributions of Ancient Greeks?Ancient Greece was the source of Western history, lasted about 650 years (800 BC -146 BC).And especially after the Persian War, highly prosperous繁荣的economic life results in the splendid Greek culture. And it has a deep effect on future generations. The ancient Greeks owned deep knowledge of philosophy, history, architecture, literature, theater, sculpture雕塑, and many. The heritage传统of civilization leaved after the ancient Romans died out and becomes the spiritual source of the whole Western civilization. There are many philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Cicero and so on. The biggest contribution should be the impact of the political system. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of democracy民主主义. The beginning of the 5th century BC, the economic and political contradiction between the Greek and Persian波斯人causes Persian War. The Greeks won a great victory. Athens became chief. Thereafter, it’s economy and politics grows prosperous繁荣的. It also ushered开辟in the golden age of ancient Greek literature.2).What is Renaissance? Please introduce the background, the major theme and some influential thinkers, writers or artists at that time.Renaissance is a humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century .And it later spread throughout Europe. The period of this revival is roughly from the 14th to the 16th century, marking the transition from the middle ages to modern times.The background of Renaissance is that Capitalism sprouts and it requests its own ideology and culture. What’s more,the theology of church imprisons people's thoughts.The major theme of Renaissance is Humanism. People argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church. In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life.The influential people are Dante, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Leonardo Da Vinci,Raphael Cenci, Michelangelo Bo that Rorty and so on.。
《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。
其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。
我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。
《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。
选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。
在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。
填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。
名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。
在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。
简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。
在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。
论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。
在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。
欧洲文明概论期末考试答案。
一.单一主题(主题数量:50，共50.0分)1罗伯特·斯克里布纳认为，穆勒对宗教改革课题的研究在于()。
1.0表A顶部，选择的样本太少，表B，城市价值评估过高，表C，样本选择范围过窄，表D，城市和乡村之间没有比较，我的答案在表底部:B2·但丁认为，为了进入天堂，人们应该尽一切可能。
关键是要有()。
1.0分来自a，好行为，b，真诚，c，美德，d，信仰，来自b我的答案:C3希腊文化认为最抽象的艺术形式是()。
1.0分形式顶，a，诗歌，b，音乐，c，绘画，d，雕塑，形式底我的答案:A414世纪导致了农业秩序的危机，这导致了贵族领地的经济变化是()。
1.0分表顶，a，蝗灾，b，黑死病，c，天花，d，极端天气，表底我的答案:B5从希腊文化的角度来看，罗马文化的主要问题是()。
1.0分形顶、甲、俗、乙、无用、丙、实用、丁、功利，形底我的答案:A6()之间的贵族可以称为等级贵族。
1.0从10世纪到12世纪的顶级甲.11世纪到13世纪.公元前12世纪到14世纪.公元13至15世纪.表格底部我的答案:C7天堂中的理想原型和地球上的客观世界的原型之间可以称为()。
1.0表格顶部A，理性世界，B，符号世界，C，幻想世界，D，现实世界，表格底部我的答案:B8耶稣在他的教导中指出，作为一个基督徒，有四件事特别重要。
它不包括()。
1.0分形式上，a，咸味盐，b，光在世界上，c，城市在山上，d，船在水中，形式下我的答案:在欧洲文明的四大文化元素中，()强调力量、制度和法律。
1.0表格顶部A，希腊元素，B，罗马元素，C，基督教元素，D，日耳曼元素，表格底部我的答案:B10关于路德妻子的肖像，正确的说法是()。
1.0分表顶一份，以体现新教男女平等的思想.符合当时名人肖像的传统.为了突出路德婚姻的重要性.为了展示路德普通人的形象.从下面我的回答:C11的特点是希腊艺术()。
1.0分形式顶端，a，精神，b，现实，c，理想，d，创造力，形式底部我的答案:A12马丁·路德的主要教义包括()。
外国文学考试题库及答案一、单项选择题1. 荷马史诗包括以下哪两部作品？A. 《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》B. 《神曲》和《地狱篇》C. 《伊利亚特》和《神曲》D. 《奥德赛》和《地狱篇》答案：A2. 但丁的代表作《神曲》分为几个部分？A. 两个B. 三个C. 四个D. 五个答案：B3. “文艺复兴”一词最早出现在哪个国家？A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国答案：C4. 塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》中，主人公的坐骑叫什么名字？A. 罗西纳特B. 桑丘C. 杜尔西内亚D. 罗西纳尔答案：A5. 莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”中不包括以下哪部作品？A. 《哈姆雷特》B. 《奥赛罗》C. 《李尔王》D. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》答案：D二、多项选择题6. 以下哪些作品属于法国作家雨果的作品？A. 《巴黎圣母院》B. 《悲惨世界》C. 《三个火枪手》D. 《九三年》答案：A, B, D7. 以下哪些作家属于19世纪俄国文学的代表人物？A. 普希金B. 托尔斯泰C. 陀思妥耶夫斯基D. 马克·吐温答案：A, B, C8. 以下哪些作品是现实主义文学的代表作？A. 《安娜·卡列尼娜》B. 《包法利夫人》C. 《百年孤独》D. 《荒原》答案：A, B9. 以下哪些作品属于现代主义文学？A. 《尤利西斯》B. 《追忆似水年华》C. 《百年孤独》D. 《了不起的盖茨比》答案：A, B, C10. 以下哪些作家是魔幻现实主义文学的代表？A. 加西亚·马尔克斯B. 米兰·昆德拉C. 萨尔曼·鲁西迪D. 弗朗茨·卡夫卡答案：A, C三、判断题11. 荷马史诗是古希腊文学的源头，对后世欧洲文学产生了深远的影响。
（对/错）答案：对12. 但丁的《神曲》是中世纪文学的巅峰之作，标志着文艺复兴的开始。
（对/错）答案：错13. 塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》被认为是现代小说的开端。
（对/错）答案：对14. 莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。
I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1.Two major elements in European culture are ______ .A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2.deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the cityof Troy).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3.The play Prometheus Bound was written by.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4.The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was, who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD.Aeschylus5.was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6,by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7.Dante called ___ " the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8.Euclid is even now well-known for his.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9.has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10.Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between.A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11.It is who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagorastook supreme power as emperor with the title of in 27 B. C..Rome B. Augustus C. The Roman Empire D. Pax Romana13.The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero14.The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, calledA. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis15.In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian CaPtiVity(巴比伦之囚).A. 169B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 .16.The most important and influential of English Bible is, first published in 1611.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff,s versionD. Authorized version17.is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff,s versionD. Authorized version18.It is generally accepted that and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament19.The Middle Ages is a period in which,and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21.In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into _______ a nd the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22.by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23.The Anglo-Saxon epic ______ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24.Generally speaking. Renaissance refers to the period between.A. the 13th and 15th centuriesB. the 14th and mid-17th centuryC. the 15th and 16th centuriesD. the 14th and 16th centuries25.is the essence of the Renaissance.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureAttempts to get rid of conservatismThe flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectureHumanism26.Fracesco Petrarch, the author of____ , is known as Father of Humanism.A. the DecameronC. DavidD. Sleeping Venus27.After Reformation,came into being.A. ChristianityB. CalvinismC. LutheranismD. Protestantism28.Which was NOT true about DurerA, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcutC, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther29.Father of modern astronomy is.A. Da VinciB. Amerigo VespucciC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. Marchiavelli30.Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of.A. FabricaB. PrinceC. the Divine ComedyD. Lives of the Artists31.1,theories have given rise to important developments of modem science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.A. Galileo GalileiB. Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizC. Sir Isaac NewtonD. Johannes Kepler32.In the first, Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.A.the Advancement of LearningB. the New AtlantisC.Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD.Treatise of Civil Government33.Thomas Hobbes,s is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.A.LeviathanB. the Advancement of LearningC.Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD.Treatise of Civil Government34.The theme of is the fall of men.A. New MethodB. Treatise of Civil GovernmentC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Paradise Lost35.was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.A. CorneilleB. RacineC. MoliereD. Descartes36.Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climaxA. RubensB. BerniniC. BorrominiD. Caravaggio37.Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of theA. John LockeB. RousseauC. VoltaireD. Montesquieu38.In which of Diderofs works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles DarwinA. Philosophical ThoughtsB. Rameau,s NephewC. Elements of PhysiologyD. Encyclopedie39.1,novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.A. Walter ScottB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel JohnsonD. Samuel Richardson40.Which of the Lessing,s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German dramaA. Minna Von BarnhelmB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgicD. Nathan the Wise41.In, Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.A. the Sorrow of Young WertherB. FaustC. Wilhelm Meister,s TravelsD. Poetry and Truth42.Among Schiller,s works,was a play best known to the Chinese audience.A. The RobbersB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. Wilhelm Tell43.Kant,s years of his philosophical studies are Crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.General History of Nature and Theory of the HeavensCritique of Practical ReasonC. Critiquue of JudgementD. Critique of Pure Reason44.It has been said that tς the world had waited centuries for and he was only to remain herea moment”.A. BeethovenB. HaydnC. MozartD. Bach45.Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novelA. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Walter Scott46.In 1798,, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Lyrical BalladsC. Isles of GreeceD. Ode to the West Wind47.Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women ,s freedom in love and marriageA. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding48.StOOd in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia,is generally recognized as his masterpiece.A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our TimeB. Pushkin, Luslan and LiudmilaC. Pushkin, Boris GodunovD. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin49.The publication of Mickiewicz,s is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism inPolish literature.A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RamancesD. Pan Tadeusz50.Beethoven,s is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller,s Ode to Joy.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 951.sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi52.Based on, Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.the German classical philosophy B. the English classical political economythe Utopian Socialism D. the Manifesto of the Communist Party53.Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of, so Marx discovered the law of development of.the survival of the fittest, the communist partythe natural selection, the scientific socialismorganic nature, human historyD. natural species, historical societies54.In 1858 Darwin received a letter from, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.A. John Stevens HenslowB. Charles LyellC. Thomas HuxleyD. Alfred Russel Wallace55.Zola defined the theory of and illustrated it in his great work entitled.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquarts B. naturalism, Madame BovaryC. realism, the Human ComedyD. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma56.was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy57.holds an important position in his own country's cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy58.Among Ibsen,s masterpieces,is a plea for the emancipation of women.A. GhostsB. A DolΓs HouseC. the Wild DuckD. Hedda Gabler59.Among Charles Dickens,s works,has the most intricate, complicated plot.A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. David CopperfieldD. Bleak House60.1,George Eliofs masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.A. MiddlemarchB. The Mill on the FlossC. Adam BedeD. Silas Marner61.The term “impressionism“ was taken directly from the title of Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).A. Renoir,sB. Pissarro,sC. Manet,sD. Monet,s62.was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.A. RenoirB. DegasC. MonetD. Pissarro63. reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.A. Paul CezanneB. Paul GauguinC. Vincent van GoghD. Auguste Rodin64.In Freudian system,is the container of the instrinctual urges.A. IdB. EgoC. SuperegoD. Oedipus Comlex65.. Eliofs long poem is his major Contibution to English poetry.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock B. Four QuartetsC. the Waste LandD. imagism66.by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. DublinersC. Finnegans WakeD. Ulysses67.The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of playLook Back in Anger (1956).A. John Osbome,sB. Kingsley Amis,sC. Allen Ginsberg,sD. Jack Kerouac,s68.poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in American poetry.A. John Osbome,sB. Kingsley Amis,sC. Allen Ginsberg,sD. Jack Kerouac,s69.is known as the first44 cubisf, novel: in his novels, one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera,s eye.A. Samuel BeckettB. Nathalie SarrauteC. Jean-Paul SartreD. Alain Robbe-Grillet70.masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the mostfamous Absurd Drama. A. Nathalie Sarraute*s B. Samuel Beckett ,sC. Jean-Paul Sartre ,sD. Alain Robbe-Grillefs ∏. Match the names ofColumn A with the appropriate items of Column B.Column Ba. the founder of the inductive methodb. Don Giovannic. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theoryd. a universal geniuse. The Execution of the Third of Mayf. Eugene Oneging. the Oedipus complexh. The Aeneidi. Fabricaj. Prometheus Unbound k. Critique of Pure Reasonl.The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs m. Encyclopedie n. the first to use the term Renaissanceo. Institutes of the Christian Religion p. the supreme figure in scholasticismq. The Betrothed r. The Social Contract s. Phaedrat. the founder of analytical geometry (b) Ten Commandments(c ) the Cantos ](d) Elements (e) Moll Flanders (f) Last Supper(g)The Waste Land(h) Paradise Lost(i)The Marriage of Figaro (j) the Starry Messenger(a) author of "The Red and the Black" (b) Polish astronomer(c)Emperor of the Romans(d) Dutch Baroque painter(e)author of the painting of MadonnaColumn A 1. Sophocles 2. Democritus 3. Virgil4. Thomas Aquinas5. Da Vinci6. John Calvin7. Andreas Vesalius8. Giorgio Vasari9. Goya10. Percy Bysshe Shelley 11. Alessandro Manzoni 12. Aleksander Pushkin 13. Immanuel Kant 14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 15. Rene Descartes 16. Francis Bacon 17. Nicolaus Copemicus 18. Jean Racin 19. Diderot20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 21. Euclid [ ] (a) Eugene Onegin 22. da Vinci [] 23. Galileo [] 1.1. Eliot [ 25. Milton [ 26. Defoe [ J 27. Pushkin [] 28. Mozart [] 29. Moses []( 30. Ezra Pound [] 21. Charlemagne [] 22. Raphael I ] 23. Virgil I ] 24. Copernicus [] 25. Cromwell [](f) Latin poetg) author of the poem "London" (h) Ulysses(i) leader of the English revolution(j) composer of Messiah(a) the Society of Jesus(b) Socialism : Utopian and Scientific (c) Dialogues (d) the mazurkas(e)The Counterfeiters(f) Faust(g) the Divine Comedy(h) the Advancement of Learning(i) Ulysses(j)Prometheus Unbound1. Which of the following is not true about AristotleA. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects. 2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman EmpireA. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century. 3. The Bible has been regarded as. A. a religious book B. literature C. record of great minds D. 'all of the above 4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization. 5. The Crusades were wars between.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope* s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above 7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was.A. What do I knowB. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who. A. discovered the Cape of Good Hope26. Rembrandt [] 27. Handel [] 28. William Blake [ J 29. Stendhal [] 30. James Joyce [] 21. Plato [J 22. Dante [] 23. Ignatius [ ∣ 24. Bacon [] 25. Engels [] 26. James Joyce [] 27. Shelley [] 28. Goethe [] 29. Chopin [] 30. Andre Gide []B.discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC.explored the mouth of the AmazonD.was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9.Which of the following laws was discovered by NewtonA. Law of inertia.B. Law of faking bodies.C. Law of relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10.In Locke's political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government wasA. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11.Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial RevolutionA.The substitution of water power for human power.B.The introduction of machine.C.The beginning of the factory system.D.The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12."Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by.A. VoltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13.In the works of can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14.The poem of Byron's that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15.Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC.ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty3.1.is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinD.Schumann17.Which of the following works was not written by Charles DickensA. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18.The author of the short story The Necklace was.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19."The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EHotD. William Butler Yeats20.regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. ShoIokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky第二部分非选择题In the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left handcolumn with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a or b or c etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)21. Augustine ( ) (a) To the Lighthouse22. Aristotle ( ) (b) Ethics23. Shakespeare ( ) (c) Kubla Khan24. Mark Twain ( ) (d)A Hero of Our Time25. Titian ( ) (e) OtheIIo26, Virginia Woolf ( ) (f) Meditations27. Newton ( ) (g) The Confession28. CoIeridge ( ) (h) the Venus of Urbino29. Lermontov ( ) (i) Life on, the Mississippi30. Descartes ( ) (j ) Mathematical Principles PhilosohyGive a one-sentence answer to each Of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31.What are the three styles in Greek architecture32.What was Marcus Cicero noted for33.What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture34.Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake35.What is the theory put forward by Copemicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs"36.What is Montesquieu's redefinition of law参考答案L 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A 12. B 13.C 14. D 15.C 16. B17. E 18. D 19. B 20. D22. b 23. e 24. i 25. h 26;a 27. j 28. e 29. d 30, fm. 31. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style (or the masculine style), the Ionic style(or the feminine style),and the Corinthian style.32.Marcus Cicero was noted for his oratory and fine writing style.33.The fusion and blending of different ideas and practices in the Middle ages paved the way for the development of what iv the present-day European culture.34.Because Jan Hus attacked the abases of the church in his sermons and writings.35.The theory put forward by Copernicus is that the sun, not the earth is the centre of the universe.36.Montesquieu redefined law as the necessary relationships which derive from the nature of things. Write between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points)45. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art45. The Renaissance art has the following distinctive features:(1) Art broke away from the domination of the church. Artists who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church to paint the design became a separate strata like writers and poets doing noble and creative work.(2)Themes of paintings changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible ,of God Jesus and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. Even when the themes remained celestial, the heroes were given human qualities and given strong muscles and sinews Of man.(3)The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors.(4)Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。
2020年陕西省西安市交大附中高三历史上学期期末试卷含解析一、选择题（每小题2分，共60分）1. 阅读下列根据《中国古代职官》编制的表格，这一表格反映了科举制度时期两宋明清项目50％以上的进士43％的进士任官前出身平民贫寒家庭A．实质是地主阶级的选官制度B．扭转了传统等级和门第的观念C．促使部分社会阶层的变动D．完全实现了官员选拔的公平、公正参考答案：C2. 厘金是19世纪中叶至20世纪30年代中国国内贸易征税制度之一，厘金中商税完全出自华商而不及外商。
厘金制度的推行（）A．解决了清政府财政收入不足问题B．刺激了中国民族资本主义的产生发展C．有利于西方国家占领中国的市场D．成为阻碍中国经济近代化的根本因素参考答案：C根据材料和所学知识可知，厘金征收对象是华商，对中国商品征税重，商品的成本高；而此时期中国民族工业的竞争力要弱于西方国家，故厘金的推行对西方国家对华市场占领更有利，故C项正确。
厘金制度是一种商业税制度，无法解决清政府财政收入不足问题，故A项错误。
洋务运动刺激了中国民族资本主义的产生发展，不是厘金制度的推行，故B项错误。
中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质才是阻碍中国经济近代化的根本因素，故D项错误。
点睛：抓住关键信息“厘金中商税完全出自华商而不及外商”，理解厘金制度的内涵，结合近代中国经济的相关史实，分析材料和选项即可知道答案。
3. 先秦史籍和文物铭文在记载周公旦主政西周期间进行“东征”等大事时，多称周公为“王”，但西汉司马迁的《史记》及其后的史籍中却记述为“周公代成王摄政”。
这反映出A.中央集权的发展B.儒家影响的扩大C.贵族政治的衰落D.宗法制度的瓦解参考答案：B【详解】依据材料信息可知，原来称周公为王，到后来记述为“周公代成王摄政”，这实际上体现了儒家思想的等级观念，因此B选项正确。
A选项错误，材料并未体现中央与地方的关系，不能得出中央集权的发展；贵族政治的衰落及宗法制度的瓦解与该现象无关，C、D选项错误。
