西方文化概论考试题及答案

1Which one is wrong about the Great Depression?( )1.0 分A、The Great Depression started with the crash of the New York stock market.B、More than 9000 banks closed down.C、It took a short time for the New York Stock to recover.D、Many people became homeless because of the Great Depression.我的答案：C2About ( ) of Christians belong to Catholics.1.0 分45%A、50%B、55%C、60%D、我的答案：C3Which statement of following is wrong?( )1.0 分A、There were many cold conflicts in the cold war, such as weapon competition and spying.B、Germany reunited in 1990.C、The USSR was dissolved in 1990.D、After the USSR dissovled, 15 new countries were created.我的答案：C4The GFC Recession started in ( ).1.0 分the USAA、B、the UKJapanC、FranceD、我的答案：A5The Great Depression started in ( ).1.0 分1929A、1932B、1933C、1939D、我的答案：A6The first constitution, Article of Confederation was made in ( ).0.0 分1778A、1779B、1780C、1781D、我的答案：A71 kilogram is ( ) pounds.1.0 分0.6A、1.7B、2.1C、2.2D、我的答案：D8Which is not the key characteristics of religion in America?( )1.0 分A、Seperation of church and stateB、Variety of beliefC、Concerned with moralityD、Helping everyone in the world我的答案：D9The symbol of The Democratic Party is ( ).1.0 分EagleA、B、ElephantDonkeyC、HorseD、我的答案：C10In 1778, ( ) signed Treaty of Alliance with America.1.0 分SpainA、HollandB、FranceC、BritainD、我的答案：C11Which one is wrong about John D. Rockefeller?( ).1.0 分A、He established his first oil refinery when he was 24.B、At first, he worked as a bookkeeper.C、When he was 20, he started his own company.D、He donated all his money to the Rockefeller Foundation.我的答案：D12Which document was not signed by Benjamin Franklin?( )1.0 分A、The Declaration of IndependenceB、Treaty with FranceC、Peace TreatyD、Article of Confederation我的答案：D13( ) and Hawaii are seperated from American mainland.1.0 分A、ColoradoIndianaB、C、AlabamaAlaskaD、我的答案：D14Which country provided the Statue of Liberty to America?( )1.0 分A、The United KingdomCanadaB、C、AustraliaFranceD、我的答案：D15Which is the largest states by population?( )1.0 分TexasA、B、New YorkC、CaliforniaFloridaD、我的答案：C16Registering to vote costs ( ).1.0 分A、＄5B、＄10C、＄20No costD、我的答案：D17Which is wrong about American people?( )0.0 分A、American people are patriotic.B、American people like to talk about politics and religion.C、American people are outspoken.D、American people respect time.我的答案：C18The terrorists Hijacked ( ) planes.1.0 分4A、5B、6C、7D、我的答案：A19The first fight between local people and British soldiers was at ( ).1.0 分A、Washington D.C.B、New YorkBostonC、D、Lexington and Concord我的答案：D20Texas was the ( ) state of America.1.0 分26thA、27thB、28thC、29thD、我的答案：C21( ), Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma and California have the most farms in the USA.1.0 分ArizonaA、B、MarylandC、TexasNevadaD、我的答案：C22Which one of following is not the feature of Australia?( )1.0 分KoalaA、B、KangarooC、AboriginesMaorisD、我的答案：D23Voting can not be ( ).1.0 分A、In personB、AbsenteeC、Making a phone callBy mailD、我的答案：C24Why is Yellowstone National Park important?( )1.0 分A、Because it is the first national park in the world.B、Because it is in America.C、Because it is the biggest national park in America.D、Because it is the first national park in America.我的答案：A2568% of the 79 inventors with more than 300 utility paten families are from ( ).1.0 分A、AustraliaJapanB、C、GermanyUSAD、我的答案：D26The Panama Canal was finally built by a ( ) consortium.1.0 分FranceA、ItalyB、BritainC、AmericaD、我的答案：D27According to the 2008 ARIS, ( ) of American follow Christianity.1.0 分76%A、70%B、51%C、40%D、我的答案：A28There are ( ) justices in the Supreme Court.1.0 分6A、7B、C、89D、我的答案：D29The two significant mountain ranges of American are ( ) and Appalachian Mountains.1.0 分A、Rocky MountainsB、Andes MountainsC、Alps MountainsD、Atlas Mountains我的答案：A30Which one is wrong about Benjamin Franklin?( )0.0 分A、He was also a Doctor.B、He loved reading.C、He started the first public library in Philadelphia.D、He was 81 when he went to the Constitutional Convention.我的答案：D31Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of ( ) of America.1.0 分StateA、LawB、C、TreasuryWarD、我的答案：C32Why doesn't western scholars think Confucianism is religion?( )1.0 分A、Because Confucianism does not talk about an after life.B、Because Confucianism is not accepted by western people.C、Because western scholars don't know Confucianism.D、Because very few people follow Confucianism.我的答案：A33Which one of following is polite in western culture?( )1.0 分A、Throwing paper on the groundB、Smoking in restaurantC、Spitting in the streetD、Waiting bus in a queue我的答案：D34Berlin Wall was ended in ( ).1.0 分1989A、1988B、1987C、1986D、我的答案：A35The first three ethnic groups in the USA are ( ).1.0 分A、White, Hispanic and BlackB、White, Black and HispanicC、White, Black and AsianD、White, Asian and Black我的答案：A36Which one is wrong about the American agriculture?( )1.0 分A、Large family farms are much more productive.B、In 2000, farm jobs are very few in America.C、Most income of farm households is from non-farm sources.D、In America, all farmers have jobs in cities.我的答案：D37How often is the president elected for?( )1.0 分A、3 years4 yearsB、5 yearsC、6 yearsD、我的答案：B38Which one is wrong about the American political system?( )1.0 分A、The government is small.B、Leaders are educated.C、There are many traditions.D、The society is classless.我的答案：C39Why don't many people in New York City want a car?( )1.0 分A、Because car is expensive in New York City.B、Because traffic is bad in New York City.C、Because there is no place to park cars in New York City.D、Because the number of cars is limited by government.我的答案：C40In China, the life expectancy is ( ) years.1.0 分70A、72B、75C、D、79我的答案：C41( ) was the state with the highest crime rate in America.1.0 分FloridaA、TexasB、C、New YorkGeorgiaD、我的答案：A42Why did the French consortium gave up to build the canal?( )1.0 分A、Because it was too expensive.B、Because many people died.C、Because the topography in Panama was difficult to build a canal.D、Because the American government decided to buld it by themselves.我的答案：C43Which one of following is right?( )1.0 分A、In western countries, old people always live with children.B、After people die, firstly the doctor will come to confirm death.C、People in Australia must be burned after they die.D、The funeral must be held in church.我的答案：B44The war with Mexico was started in ( ).1.0 分A、18461847B、1848C、1849D、我的答案：A45Which one of following is wrong about the GFC Recession? ( )1.0 分A、Banks stopped lending.B、Companies cut jobs.C、Stock market crashed.D、People got more job opportunity.我的答案：D46The USA purchased Florida from ( ).1.0 分SpainA、the UKB、FranceC、ItalyD、我的答案：A47Which one is right about the labour force in America and China?( )1.0 分A、Most of American labour force are in services.B、Both America and China have the least labour force in agriculture.C、Most Chinese labour force are in agriculture.D、American labour force is more than Chinese.我的答案：A48Which country is the second largest economy in the world?( )1.0 分ChinaA、JapanB、C、South KoreaD、Germany我的答案：A49Which one is wrong about Hawaii?( )1.0 分A、It is in the Atlantic Ocean.B、There are 8 main islands.C、It is the 50th states of America.D、America took over Hawaii government from the local king.我的答案：A50There are ( ) Congressional Districts in the House of Representatives.1.0 分200A、231B、435C、521D、我的答案：C二、 判断题（题数：50，共 50.0 分）1In America, government wants to involve in religion, but the religious people reject them.( )1.0 分我的答案： ×2Senators are elected for 5 year.( )1.0 分我的答案： ×3Agnostic is 100% certain that there is no god.( )1.0 分我的答案： ×4In America, president can not veto legislation.( )1.0 分我的答案： ×5In 2012 presidential election, Mitt Romney is from Republican Party.( )0.0 分我的答案： ×6Only the north tower of the World Trade Centre was attacked.( )1.0 分我的答案： ×7There is only one given name in western name.( )1.0分我的答案：×8Over the lasr few years, guns are becoming more and more popular in America.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×9Only the north tower of the World Trade Centre was attacked.( )1.0分我的答案：×10In 2008, most of America agriculture imports were from China.( )1.0分我的答案：×11China was not affected much by the GFC Recession.( )0.0分我的答案：×12British people migrated to America with the ship called Mayflower in 1620.( )我的答案：×13Now services in China grows very fast.( )0.0分我的答案：×14In western countries, eye contact is important.( )0.0分我的答案：×15The membership of the Democratic Party is hard.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×16In history, there were 5 American presidents were killed.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×17Senators are elected for 5 year.( )1.0分我的答案：×The first telephone line was built in 1877.( )0.0分我的答案：×19The violent crime rate delines when the incarceration rate increases.( )0.0分我的答案：×20A senator and a representative can only be elected for two times.( )1.0分我的答案：×21Chinese culture is better than American culture.( )1.0分我的答案：×22In America, government wants to involve in religion, but the religious people reject them.( )1.0分我的答案：×23Chinese culture is better than America culture.( )1.0分我的答案：×24Christopher Columbus did 5 voyages between 1492 and 1503.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×25Modern weapons were used in the Civil War.( )0.0分我的答案：×26The Constituional Convention was held in Philadelphia.( ) 0.0分我的答案：×27In America, it's hard to enter college, but easy to graduate.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×28Thomas Paine was born in France.( )1.0分我的答案：×29In America and Australia, people prefer to big motorbikes.( )0.0分我的答案：×30Both American and Chinese governments have significant direct involvement in the economy.( )1.0分我的答案：×31In 2013, the Seattle Seahawks was the best defensive team during the season.( ) 0.0分我的答案：×32Britain won the Battle of Yorktown.( )1.0分我的答案：×33There is no Christianity in China.( )1.0分我的答案：×It's expensive to have a horse.( )0.0分我的答案：×35The total area of China is bigger than America.( )1.0分我的答案：×36The Declaration of Independence was made in 1775.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×37In America, voting is compulsory.( )1.0分我的答案：×38In western culture, wedding rings are worn on right hand.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×39America's population growth rate is lower than China's.( )我的答案：×4096% of the farmers are black people.( )1.0分我的答案：×41Because the northern America is cold, James Naismith invented basketball which isa good sport for winter.( )0.0分我的答案：×42Gambling is legal in western countries.( )0.0分我的答案：×43The British Parliamentary System, the Legislative Branch, Executive Branch and Judicial Branch are separated.( )1.0分我的答案：×44A senator and a representative can only be elected for two times.( )我的答案：×45The violent crime rate delines when the incarceration rate increases.( ) 0.0分我的答案：×46Kobe Bryant is amateur basketball player.( )1.0分我的答案：×47The Cold War continued for only a few years.( )1.0分我的答案：×48Originally, the Christians were called Catholics.( )0.0分我的答案：×49"Tiger Woods" is the real name of Woods.( )1.0分我的答案：×During the War of Independence, Benedict Arnold sold military secrets to France.( ) 1.0分我的答案：×。

1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses，includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。

1.西方最早的文明形态：神话。

2.西方最早最早的文明：米诺斯文明（克里特文明）。

∵创造线形文字。

3.最早的希腊人：阿卡亚人。

∵建立的迈锡尼文明滋养了整个希腊。

爱琴文明简表：前26c—前15c 优雅精巧的米诺斯文明（克里特人）前16c—前12c 粗犷豪迈的迈锡尼文明（阿卡亚人）前12c—前8c 黑暗时代（多利亚人）前8c—前4c 希腊城邦时代4.英雄：半人半神，神与人所生，神是理想化的人，因此英雄是理想化的人。

在古希腊，人与自身区分而成为英雄，具有节制、正义、勇敢的美德。

5.希腊文明兴起的原因：腓尼基字母传入；公元前776年，第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会；新兴家族的崛起，农业上以血缘为核心，商业上以契约为核心。

6.用公民和城邦相互解释：亚里士多德《政治学》公民——城邦里享有一定政治权利并要尽一定政治责任和义务的组织者。

城邦——享有一定权利同时要尽一定责任的一定数量的公民共同体。

7.希腊城邦文化的中心：雅典。

希腊化的中心：亚历山大里亚。

8.斯巴达采用的国家制度：政治上：建立元老院，是最高权力中心。

经济上：定期分配土地。

生活上：原始共产主义制度。

9.希腊城邦的政治制度：前8c—前6c：君主制：一个人统治，世袭制度，导致独裁、专政。

僭主制：利用民众的力量夺取政权。

民主制：民众协商的方式。

10.贝壳投票法：雅典。

伯利克里时代，公民大会。

11.前776年，第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会的意义：希腊人自己有了记录时间的方法，有了纪元，从而有了编年史；表明了希腊人对美的崇尚；是希腊城邦文明的标志。

12.《神谱》作者：赫西俄德通过吟唱。

13.三代神王：乌兰诺斯、克洛诺斯、宙斯。

14.诸神居住地：奥林匹斯山。

诸神南下在伯罗奔尼撒平原的奥林匹克祭祀。

奥尔弗斯神秘祭。

《神谱》的文化意义：第一，通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观。

例如：从原始的神“混沌”到宙斯，绝大多数神都象征着某种自然现象（海神、死神、天神等），这种自然的分化和演进过程一直延续。

2.关于希腊神话与传说的最著名的两部史诗是荷马的()和()，而对众神的源流谱系进行系统性梳理的则是赫西俄德的()。

3.以克洛诺斯为首的老一辈神族是()神族，以宙斯为首的新一代希腊神族是()神族；与希腊正统宗教相对立的希腊民间神秘祭叫做()。

4.西方的历史之父是()，悲剧之父是()，哲学之父是()，雅典民主制的杰出领袖是()，在希腊城邦时期因其思想的超越性而殉道、并且成为后来整个西方文化的“圣人”的是()。

5.罗马历史上的“前三头同盟”是指（）、()和()为了共同对抗元老院而缔结的政治同盟。

6.《圣经》中的“旧约”是指()在西乃山上代表全体犹太人与上帝订立的和约；“新约”则是指()在十字架上代表全人类与上帝订立的和约。

7.基督教是从犹太教中发展出来的，但是二者有着根本性的差别，犹太教是一种民族性的宗教，基督教则是一种()的宗教；犹太教拘泥于外在的律法，而基督教更侧重内在的()。

8.公元313年，罗马皇帝()颁布了《米兰敕令》，标志着基督教在罗马帝国中取得了合法地位。

325年，在他的主持下召开了基督教历史上第一次世界性会议，即()。

9.西罗马帝国灭亡之后，西欧陷入了混乱状态中，直到公元800年才出现了一个新的帝国，即()，但是这个帝国很快就分崩离析了。

公元962年，德意志国王鄂图一世由教皇加冕称帝，建立了()，该帝国在中世纪成为与罗马天主教会争权夺利的主要对手。

10.中世纪欧洲经济生活的基本单元是“小而全”的()；中世纪基督教文化的主要成就表现为经院哲学、骑士文学和()。

11.公元11世纪的英国神学家安瑟伦提出了上帝存在的(“”)，由此开创了对信仰问题进行理性论证的风气。

到了13世纪，著名的经院哲学家托马斯·阿奎那又进一步提出了上帝存在的“宇宙论证明”和(“”)。

12.从11世纪末到13世纪末的两百年间，基督教世界对穆斯林控制下的中东地区发动了一系列宗教战争，这些战争被称为()。

13.公元13世纪，在教皇的指使下，由多米尼克会和法兰西斯会修道士建立并主持了中世纪臭名昭著的()，该机构的主要职能就是迫害被教会指定为“异端”的教俗人士。

一、单项选择题〔题数：50，共50.0 分〕1Why did the French consortium gave up to build the canal?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Because it was too expensive.B、Because many people died.C、Because the topography in Panama was difficult to build a canal.D、Because the American government decidded to buld it by themselves.正确答案：C 我的答案：C2The most popular pets in America is ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、DogB、FishC、BirdD、Cat正确答案：D 我的答案：D31 kilogram is ( ) pounds.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、0.6B、1.7C、2.1D、2.2正确答案：D 我的答案：DWhich one of following is polite in western culture?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Throwing paper on the groundB、Smoking in restaurantC、Spitting in the streetD、Waiting bus in a queue正确答案：D 我的答案：D5Which car company has the most market in America?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、GMB、FordC、ToyotaD、Honda正确答案：A 我的答案：A6According to the 2010 Pew Survey, ( ) of Chinese believe folk religion.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、18.2%B、5.1%C、13.8%D、21.9%正确答案：D 我的答案：D7Which one of following is wrong about the GFC Recession? ( )〔1.0分〕A、Banks stopped lending.B、Companies cut jobs.C、Stock market crashed.D、People got more job opportunity.正确答案：D 我的答案：D8( ) was the state with the highest crime rate in America.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、FloridaB、TexasC、New YorkD、Georgia正确答案：A 我的答案：A9( ), Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma and California have the most farms in the USA.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、ArizonaB、MarylandC、TexasD、Nevada正确答案：C 我的答案：C10Which one is right about George Washington?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分He was graduated from college.B、He had three children.C、He had no experience in military action.D、He was revered as the "Father of the United States".正确答案：D 我的答案：D11The Great Depression started in ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、1929B、1932C、1933D、1939正确答案：A 我的答案：A12Which one is wrong about 9/11?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、About 3000 people were killed.B、It happened in 2002.C、The World Trade Centre and Pentagon were attacked.D、It was the first attack on mainland USA since 1812.正确答案：B 我的答案：B13Which was wrong about the Civil War?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、America was kept as one country.Slavery was abolished.C、After the Battle of Gettysburg, the North started to win.D、The South was strong in "hard power".正确答案：D 我的答案：D14The Democratic Party is also called ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Enlightened PartyB、Judicial PartyC、Conservative PartyD、Liberal Party正确答案：D 我的答案：D15Bernie Madoff's clients lost about ( ) billion dollars.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、10B、20C、30D、40正确答案：A 我的答案：A16Which one is wrong about the American political system?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、The government is small.B、Leaders are educated.There are many traditions.D、The society is classless.正确答案：C 我的答案：C17Which is right about American college?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Many American college students have part time jobs.B、There is only one chance to do college entrance exam.C、There are many classed even at night.D、Friends and classmates will help you to study.正确答案：A 我的答案：A18Voting can not be ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、In personB、AbsenteeC、Making a phone callD、By mail正确答案：C 我的答案：C19Which is not the major environment issues of America?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Air pollutionB、Water shortageC、Loss of agricultural landdesertification正确答案：C 我的答案：C2068% of the 79 inventors with more than 300 utility paten families are from ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、AustraliaB、JapanC、GermanyD、USA正确答案：D 我的答案：D21The biggest religion by followers is ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、IslamB、HinduismC、ChristianityD、Buddhism正确答案：C 我的答案：C22Which one of following is not an American company?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、GoogleB、CocaColaC、FacebookD、Airbus正确答案：D 我的答案：D23Which one is wrong about Franklin Delano Roosevelt?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、He was also known as FDR.B、He give American people confidence during the Great Depression.C、He was elected as president for 3 times.D、He started many government programs to provide work to people.正确答案：C 我的答案：C24Why don't many people in New York City want a car?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Because car is expensive in New York City.B、Because traffic is bad in New York City.C、Because there is no place to park cars in New York City.D、Because the number of cars is limited by government.正确答案：C 我的答案：C25World Series is held in ( ) every year.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、JulyB、AugustC、SeptemberD、October正确答案：D 我的答案：D26Who is the most powerful person according to the 2013 Forbes List?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Vladimir PutinB、Barack ObamaC、Xi JinpingD、Pope Francis正确答案：A 我的答案：A27Which one is wrong about Benjamin Franklin?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、He was also a Doctor.B、He loved reading.C、He started the first public library in Philadelphia.D、He was 81 when he went to the Constitutional Convention.正确答案：A 我的答案：A28In ( ), Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President of the USA.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、2006B、2007C、2008D、2009正确答案：C 我的答案：C29Which one of following is wrong about Abraham Lincoln?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、He was the 16th president of America.B、He was killed in 1865 when the Civil War was just finished.C、He was a businessman and then became politician.D、He was born in a poor farm family.正确答案：C 我的答案：C30In American countries, ( ) has the highest homicide rate.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、USAB、BrazilC、JamaicaD、Honduras正确答案：D 我的答案：D31The amendments to the Constitution must be supported by ( ) of the States.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、72%B、73%C、74%D、75%正确答案：D 我的答案：D32Christopher Columbus was the first person to cross the ( ) Ocean.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、B、IndianC、ArcticD、Atlantic正确答案：D 我的答案：D33George Washington declared ( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Thanksgiving DayB、ChristmasC、HalloweenD、New Year's Day正确答案：A 我的答案：A34( ) is most used for the electricity production in the USA and China.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、WaterB、NuclearC、WindD、Coal正确答案：D 我的答案：D35The new Constitution was singed in ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、1787B、C、1785D、1784正确答案：A 我的答案：A36Michael Phelps won ( ) Olympic medals.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、18B、20C、22D、25正确答案：C 我的答案：C37Which one is wrong, about the geography of America and China?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、China has more railways than America.B、America has two neighbour countries, Canada and Mexico.C、Both America and China's climates vary greatly.D、America's land is less than China's, but water in America is more than China.正确答案：A 我的答案：A38Which statement of following is wrong?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、There were many cold conflicts in the cold war, such as weapon competition and spying.B、Germany reunited in 1990.C、The USSR was dissolved in 1990.D、After the USSR dissovled, 15 new countries were created.正确答案：C 我的答案：C39Which one is wrong about housing in western countries?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、Apartment is preferred by young and old people.B、Couples get mortgage from bank to buy a house or an apartment.C、Real estate is cheap in Australia.D、More people live in houses than in high buildings.正确答案：C 我的答案：C40The New York magzine called Bernie Madoff ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、VillainB、HeroC、MonsterD、Saviour正确答案：C 我的答案：C41Registering to vote costs ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、＄5B、＄10C、＄20D、No cost正确答案：D 我的答案：D42In ( ), the first humans walked on the moon.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、1967B、1968C、1969D、1970正确答案：C 我的答案：C43The Panama Canal was finally built by a ( ) consortium.〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、FranceB、ItalyC、BritainD、America正确答案：D 我的答案：D44The American Bill of Rights was effective in ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、1787B、1786C、1791D、1792正确答案：C 我的答案：C45Which one is wrong about Thomas Edison?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、He was educated in school.B、His first job is telegraph operator.C、He had many patents.D、He invented electric light bulb.正确答案：A 我的答案：A46Bill is the short version of ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、WilliamB、StevenC、RobertD、Richard正确答案：A 我的答案：A47The capital city of Australia is ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、SydneyB、CanberraC、MelbourneD、Brisbane正确答案：B 我的答案：B48What does "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." mean?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、When travelling in Rome, do what the Roman people do.B、When you are staying in another place, you should respect local culture.C、If you are in another place, you should act like the local people.D、When living in Rome, you should do what the Roman people do.正确答案：C 我的答案：C49The Super Bowl is usually held ( ).〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、AT the end of JanuaryB、In MarchC、In MayD、In November正确答案：A 我的答案：A50Which is the largest states by population?( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分A、TexasB、New YorkC、CaliforniaD、Florida正确答案：C 我的答案：C二、判断题〔题数：50，共50.0 分〕1There is only one given name in western name.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×2Each State has the same Constitution.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×3"Tiger Woods" is the real name of Woods.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×4The British Parliamentary System, the Legislative Branch, Executive Branch and Judicial Branch are separated.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×5There is no Christianity in China.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×6Now services in China grows very fast.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√7Over the lasr few years, guns are becoming more and more popular in America.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×8British people migrated to America with the ship called Mayflower in 1620.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√9In America, president can not veto legislation.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×10Henry Ford was the first man in the world using moving assembly line in factory.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√11Senators are elected for 5 year.( )〔1.0分〕正确答案：×我的答案：×12The first telephone line was built in 1877.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√13Only the north tower of the World Trade Centre was attacked.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×14Warren Buffett was born in a rich family.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×15Boston is on the West Coast of America.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×16In 2008, most of American agriculture imports were from China.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×1710% of people in America use left hand.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√18Thomas Paine was born in France.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×192014 AD means 2014 Before the Birth of Jesus Christ.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×20Before America purchased it,Alaska was belong to Mexico.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×21In 2013, the Seattle Seahawks was the best defensive team during the season.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√22Agnostic is 100% certain that there is no god.( )〔1.0分〕正确答案：×我的答案：×23In America and Australia, people prefer to big motorbikes.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√24The Declaration of Independence was made in 1775.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×25American president can be elected for 3 terms.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×26It's expensive to have a horse.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√27The Constituional Convention was held in Philadelphia.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√28The total area of China is bigger than America.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×29Many western students go on a gap year after finishing high school.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√30In western countries, people don't always say thank you to other people.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×31The Communist Party in the USA is not legal.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×32The Cold War continued for only a few years.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×33Both American and Chinese governments have significant direct involvement in the economy.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×34Because the northern America is cold, James Naismith invented basketball which is a good sport for winter.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√35The Great Depression only happened in America.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×36America's population growth rate is lower than China's.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×37The aim to build the Panama Canal was to connect America and Panama.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×3896% of the farmers are black people.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×39Benjamin Franklin was born in a rich family and well educated.〔〕〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×40The Pew Global Attitudes Project shows that rich countries have stronger belief in religion, but the poor countries have lower belief in religion.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×41Because many West Germans fled to the East, the West Germany government built the Berlin Wall.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×42In western countries, eye contact is important.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√43Per capita means a person.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√44Gambling is legal in western countries.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√45Women never won the Nobel Prize.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×46The membership of the Democratic Party is hard.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×47There are no catholics in China.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×48China was not affected much by the GFC Recession.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√49Originally, the Christians were called Catholics.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：√我的答案：√50A senator and a representative can only be elected for two times.( )〔1.0分〕1.0 分正确答案：×我的答案：×学习文档仅供参考。

《西方文化概论》复习题（本部）练习题1、四年一届的（奥林匹亚竞技会）是全希腊最隆重的盛会。

2、（浪漫主义）主义的基本特点就是，用自由和美感来代替义务和功利，用情感的权威来代替理性的权威，用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。

3、卢梭的小说（新爱洛伊丝）是浪漫主义的典范，在这本书中，卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。

4、当“哲学之父”（泰勒斯）宣称万物是从水中产生时，他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。

5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指（米诺斯文明），它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。

6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的（相对论）揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。

7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊（城邦）社会的重要特征。

8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方（共产主义）理论的思想根源。

9、公元前5世纪，（雅典）成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心，成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。

10、人文主义的精神实质就是（人性的解放），它的目的是把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。

11、“基督教的真正父亲”（保罗）构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。

12、基督教在哲学上对应一种（唯心主义）观点，即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性。

13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生，中间经历了长达三个世纪的、所谓的（黑暗时代）或者“英雄时代”。

14、（哥特式）建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫气质而著称于世，它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。

15、（《尼西亚信经》）确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义，并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威，成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。

16、公元前8世纪，当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的文化废墟中生长出来时，与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是（系统叙事诗）。

一．名词解释1.轴心时代：公元前800至前200年之间，是人类文明精神的重大突破时期，具有同步性，普遍性，历时性特点。

各文明出现伟大精神导师——苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德，以色列犹太教先知；古印度释迦牟尼，中国孔子，老子，其原则奠定各自文化传统并一直延续到今天。

2.双希文明：希腊文明代表理性精神，表现在以奥林匹斯山众神为首的神学和以苏格拉底，柏拉图为首的哲学（包括立法管理，国家建设）。

希伯来文明代表信仰精神，表现在基督教文化，宗教伦理，强调献身性。

它们是西方文明的两大源头。

3.西方中心论：是一种文化自我中心态度，认为西方文化优于，高于非西方文明，或认为人类文化围绕西方文化展开，或认为西方文化形态，理想与价值方式具有普遍性意义从而代表非西方文化未来发展方向，黑格尔是典型代表。

4.爱琴文明：包括基克拉迪文明，最高艺术成就——大理石雕塑；克里特文明——宫廷建筑与绘画，公元前1450年走向衰落；迈锡尼文明——金工，是北方游牧文化与克里特文明相融合的结果。

5.柏拉图：古希腊哲学家和教育家，西方客观唯心主义奠基人，出身雅典贵族。

认为理论，现实，艺术三个世界等而下之，理念世界脱离现实世界而独立存在，现实世界是理念世界的幻象，艺术世界时“摹本的摹本”。

其理论综合了本原论、认识论、灵魂论，伦理观以及社会政治学说，是希腊哲学中第一个完整成熟的理论体系，著有《理想国》。

6.哲学家王：柏拉图提出的天才治国说，认为法律和道德在堕落，要公正地治理国家和重建一种新的道德是极其困难的，而哲学家的统治就是知识或智慧的统治，是理想的治国方式。

7.古典主义：西欧文学（特别是法国）艺术上的一个流派，盛行于17世纪，主要特点是模仿古希腊罗马的艺术形式，尊重传统崇尚理性，表现反宗教权威的精神，但模仿多创造少，不能反映现实。

（政治基础是中央集权君主专制，哲学基础是笛卡尔的唯理主义理论）8.哥特式建筑：是当时繁琐的经院哲学的物质的形象的表征，以整体的宏大与细节的繁复来撼动人心。

1、简述“爱琴文明”的特点艺术鲜明而独创的特点;即现实主义的风格..克里特的壁画艺术、陶器主题、浮雕、独立雕塑以及金属浮雕工艺都提供了实例..建筑爱琴地区的宫殿有两种布置：一种形式是所有的房间围绕着一个中心方形院落设置;互相之间以迷宫般复杂的通路连接;而这个更大的方形是从长边进入;以许多立柱纵向切分..而第二种中;主要的房间为所谓正殿形式..它独立存在;同其余部分用走廊隔开;可以从短边的一个门厅进入..它有一个中央的壁炉;由立柱环绕;并可能可以直接通向天空；不存在中央院落;其余的居室组合成不同的独立区间..墓葬一种圆顶或称“蜂窝”形的墓葬tholos;最着名的例子在迈锡尼..早期的墓葬形式为直立的石头所砌的墓葬腔;有时候也位于岩洞中;下葬之后腔室被土所掩埋..不久之后;在克里特出现了骨头坑;容纳许多遗骸..在埋葬前人们可能先将血肉从骨头上煮去;或将其置于孤立的腔室内让其腐烂;然后再将骨骸收集..腔室则重新利用..至于棺材一般尺寸很小;里面的尸体蜷曲;膝盖顶着下颌..在后期;一种圆顶墓或称“蜂窝墓”变得常见;有时候它们完全是挖掘而成;有时呈穹顶状..爱琴文明贯穿始终一直有武器、食物、水、化妆品等各式物件同尸体一起埋葬..在迈锡尼遗址中发现了一个可能竖立于坟上的祭坛;也许奴隶在这里被殉祭给死去的主人..圣三一发现的一个彩绘石棺可能也显示了对死者的英雄崇拜..政治机构岛上君主制政权;2000年之前地区艺术的分立发展显示了早期不同传统的存在;其中最显着的是米诺斯文明..克诺索斯发现的贡品名录可能表明权力的中心始终位于那里..宗教特色迄今为止;神坛只有在宫殿里面被发现过;这可能证明了国王在自己手中也掌握着宗教的权力..主要特征包括如对主神的崇拜;他们寓居于自然界的主要形象中掌握着丰产的秘密..这种崇拜经历了一段无偶像时期;从那衍生出了神物;比如石头、立柱、树木、武器等等..当偶像阶段于前2000年来到的时候;我们发现正如其他地中海东部地区一样;他们有一个女神代表神灵;加上一个年轻的下属神;可能是女神的儿子和配偶..这一对代表了同人类息息相关的生殖力..女神有时同代表乌拉诺斯的鸽子一起出现；有时同代表崇尼克的蛇一起出现..在仪式上;神物;通常为小雕像;起了很大的作用：所有的植物和动物都是神圣的;人们使用祭品、所有形式的贡奉和拟像、附身等等宗教实践..死者作为伟大母亲的人;是一种英雄崇拜的对象..这种早期的自然崇拜解释了许多古希腊宗教中的非正常现象;特别是对于阿尔忒弥斯和阿芙罗狄忒的崇拜中所表现出的..社会组织可能长期存在一个原始母系氏族社会;但是缺乏相关证据..2、希腊自然哲学和形而上学是如何产生和发展的自然哲学源于希腊神谱所反映的自然演化观;形而上学源于希腊神话中神秘诡异的“命运”意象..自然哲学：“哲学之父”泰勒斯;水本源——米利都学派“水”“气”——赫拉克利特“火”、恩培多克勒“四根水、气、土、火”、阿那克萨哥拉“种子”——留基波和德谟克利特“原子”；神话影子变淡;抽象的理性思维能力提高..形而上学：毕达哥拉斯“数”规律、法则、必然——赫拉克利特“逻各斯”客观规律、绝对法则、巴门尼德“存在”与“非存在”——柏拉图“理念世界”与“感官世界”——亚里士多德严谨的逻辑范畴和抽象的哲学概念3、如何理解希腊化期间东西文化的交流把希腊与东方在文化上联系为一个相互融通的整体..但是“希腊化”时代不仅仅是希腊文化向东方的渗透和扩张;在这个表象的背后;还有更加深刻的内容;那就是东方文化对希腊的反向渗透..源于东方的政治、经济、文化等也随着希腊化的过程侵入西方文化的肌肤;潜移默化地改变西方文化的面貌..4、罗马文化的特点没有自己的独立的文化根基 ..A、罗马文化对希腊文化的模仿－－公元前2世纪以后;罗马人在文学艺术、哲学、宗教、科学、建筑等各方面模仿希腊人;同时也把绚丽多彩的希腊文化功利化和粗鄙化了..B、罗马的英雄主义、功利主义和享乐主义－－对国家的忠诚、对荣誉的重视、对利益的向往、对肉欲的放纵..5、罗马法的范围和内容主要包括什么一、从内容上看罗马法已经广泛涉及民法、商法、刑法等诸多领域..罗马的民法体系已经达到了相当完备的水平;它分为人法、财产法和程序法等三个部分..人法对人的权利能力和行为能力、人在家庭和婚姻中的法律地位以及人的刑事责任等问题进行了细致的规定；财产法涉及所有权、经济义务、交易、契约和负债等问题;特别强调了私有财产所有权的绝对性、排他性和永续性；程序法则对司法诉讼程序、审理制度和刑法内容进行了明确的规范..二、从法律规范的范围来看罗马法又可分为公民法、万民法和自然法..公民法的适用范围仅限于罗马公民;他构成了罗马法的核心..万民法是应罗马帝国治理外邦的现实需要而产生的;他的适用对象是没有罗马公民权的外邦人之间以及外邦人与罗马公民之间的法律纠纷..万民法的法律条文主要来自于各行省总督和法官们处理各类法律纠纷时所颁布的法令和法规;它具有因地制宜和因时制宜的特点;反映了极其复杂的经济关系和社会关系;因此属于罗马法中常变常新的动态部分..至于自然法;则构成了罗马法的一般性的哲学基础或法理学基础;它是斯多葛主义的哲学思想对罗马文化发生影响的产物..6、如何评述希腊化时期的文化精神在政治方面;希腊的政治向着东方的专制主义、官僚主义的腐化堕落的方向发展;亚力山大帝国分裂成的三个帝国——希腊的马其顿王国、埃及的托勒密帝国、西亚的塞琉西帝国——陷入了无休无止和徒劳无功的冲突中；希腊的文化则向着繁缛华丽和虚浮无聊的方向发展;越来越多的融入了东方文化骄奢的成分..在经济生活方面;希腊化世界的中心从希腊半岛移至西亚的安提阿和埃及的亚历山大里亚..在公元前1世纪;那里不仅是经济中心;也是世界上最繁华的文化时期..期间出过最着名的几何学家欧几里得等;还有伟大的物理学家阿基米德也在这里亚历山大里亚工作生活过..在思想方面;希腊化时代产生了大儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义等各种哲学派别;他们的主张各不相同..后哲学堕落为伦理学;在宗教方面转向神秘主义..奥林匹斯宗教衰落;或遭受东方宗教的排挤;更无处栖身..尽管希腊的雕塑、戏剧和体育活动远远传播到埃及、西亚、中亚和印度..但是希腊的文化精神却正在一点点的被东方根深蒂固的文化所侵蚀、渗透和替代..下了城邦文化所独具有的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕;精神和肉体之间的原始同一被打破;从而产生明显的分裂和二元合一..其结果一方面是疯狂的放纵和物欲;另一方面是悲观弃世的神秘;肉体和精神陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中;于是不得不向东方文化的阴影中去寻找解脱..在这个融合过程中;一种神秘主义的和彼岸行的宗教正在悄然兴起..他与希腊文化本身已丧失了意义;需要外来力量来给予一击..这种力量充当两种宗教信仰或文化精神将希腊化世界那种不死不活的精神推入绝望;以否定的方式;为基督教文化最终确立创造条件..7、荷马史诗和赫西俄德的神符的主要内容是什么荷马史诗包括伊利亚特和奥德赛两部分.伊利亚特叙述希腊联军围攻小亚细亚的城市特洛伊的故事;以希腊联军统帅阿伽门农和勇将阿喀琉斯的争吵为中心;集中地描写了战争结束前几十天发生的事件.希腊联军围攻特洛耶十年未克;而勇将阿喀琉斯愤恨统帅阿伽门农夺其女俘;不肯出战;后因其好友战死;乃复出战.特洛耶王子赫克托尔英勇地与阿喀琉斯作战身死;特洛耶国王普利安姆哀求讨回赫克托尔的尸体;举行葬礼;伊利亚特描写的故事至此结束. 奥德赛叙述伊大卡国王奥德修斯在攻陷特洛伊后归国途中十年漂泊的故事.它集中描写的只是这十年中最后一年零几十天的事情.奥德修斯受神明捉弄;归国途中在海上漂流了十年;到处遭难;最后受诸神怜悯始得归家.当奥德修斯流落异域时;伊大卡及邻国的贵族们欺其妻弱子幼.向其妻皮涅罗普求婚;迫她改嫁;皮涅罗普用尽了各种方法拖延.最后奥德修斯扮成乞丐归家;与其子杀尽求婚者;恢复了他在伊大卡的权力.神谱描写的是宇宙和神的诞生;讲述从地神盖亚诞生一直到奥林匹亚诸神统治世界这段时间的历史..内容大部分是神之间的争斗和权利的更替..一、它通过神系的繁衍生殖的原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观..神谱描写了希腊人心目中的自开天辟地后诸神系谱;从而把希腊神话纳入一个统一体..书中谈及的宇宙起源等问题都是后来神学家、哲学家关注的问题;他对古希腊自然神学和自然哲学产生了重要影响.. 二、蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想..——”命运决定论”..8、基督教和希伯来文化、希腊文化、罗马文化之间的联系A、基督教与希伯来文化的关系：犹太教为基督教提供了圣教历史、基本律法、一神教信仰和罪孽意识等东西;但是基督教也超越了犹太教狭隘的民族主义藩篱和律法主义限制;突出了唯灵主义、信仰主义和彼岸主义等特点B、基督教与希腊文化的关系：希腊哲学尤其是柏拉图主义为基督教奠定了重要的神学基础;使基督教摆脱了犹太教的直观性而成为一种具有深刻的形而上学根基的神学体系;但是基督教却用神秘主义冲淡了希腊哲学中的理性主义成份;以神学取代了哲学C、基督教与罗马文化的关系：基督教在罗马帝国中的发展史是一部充满血泪的苦难史;它以唯灵主义和理想主义来对抗罗马的物质主义和功利主义;虽然基督教在313年以后获得了合法性;但是它与罗马文化之间始终处于格格不入的抵牾状态;这种矛盾甚至一直持续到中世纪和近代D、综合而言;基督教汇聚了多种文化的因素;它把希伯来文化、希腊文化以及罗马文化复杂地融为一体;并且表现出一种超越性的特点..因此;基督教文化本身就是各种文化相交融的一个历史结果..9、如何从中世纪的骑士文学和哥特式的文化建筑理解基督教的文化精神1中世纪的骑士是一个居于贵族与平民间的社会团体;通常家室和血统来决定其身份..骑士的前身是蛮族统治者的军事仆从—武士;非常的粗野;后在加洛林王朝;武士在教会的教化下变为日益文雅的骑士.. 在基督教的唯灵主义的影响下;在中世纪骑士文学中所表现的那种忠诚、勇敢、高尚、纯洁的骑士精神正好体现了基督教文化的基本精神.. 基督教的骑士都胸怀崇高的宗教理想;不仅对世俗首领国王的忠诚;更有一种对天国首领上帝的虔诚..在中世纪骑士文学中;新兴的骑士理想专注于罗曼谛克的爱情和高雅优美的言行;构成了中世纪盛期骑士文学的主要内容和基本格调..骑士文学中所表现的骑士的三大美德：武士的忠诚勇敢、基督徒的谦恭虔敬;以及对理想中的女性的纯洁爱情;也是基督教努力培育和宣扬的骑士精神;这些对于近代法国上流社会的行为方式产生了巨大的影响;并且从法国扩展到整个欧洲..2然而;中世纪基督教精神的最典型的表现形式还不是骑士文学;而是哥特式建筑..12世纪以后;哥特式艺术——它的最高成就表现在哥特式教堂建筑中——作为一种熔铸了浓厚的基督教唯灵主义意韵的新颖形式;成为风靡欧洲的高贵典雅的艺术风格..在哥特式建筑的典型作品——天主教堂中;不仅是那高耸入云的尖顶、充满了怪诞和夸张特点的巨大肋拱、五光十色的花窗隔屏;甚至连每一块石头、每一片玻璃和每一个精雕细缕的局部都在宣扬着基督教的彼岸精神和灵性理想.. 精神实质：自然神论将上帝置于自然之外;用自然来排挤上帝;用理性来限制信仰;通过剥夺上帝的具体内容而使其成为一个抽象的符号..10、简述基督教的时间跨度和空间范围1. 起源：基督教发源于公元1世纪巴勒斯坦地区犹太人社会..2. 发展：在起初的一二百年间;基督教是作为异教被政府罗马帝国禁止的;基督教信徒受到迫害;甚至被处死..直到313年;罗马帝国皇帝君士坦丁大帝颁布米兰诏书;从而使基督教成为政府所允许的宗教..325年;尼吉亚信经在第一次尼西亚公会议上通过;并成为基督教的最基础的原则;现在几乎所有的基督教教派都接受这一原则..391年;罗马皇帝狄奥多西一世宣布基督教为国教..从此;基督教开始迅速发展起来..476年;罗马帝国在内部矛盾和外族入侵下分裂为东罗马和西罗马;基督教也开始分裂为东正教自称正教和罗马天主教自称公教;两个教派都自称是基督教的正统..罗马教皇教宗是天主教最高领导者;而君士坦丁堡牧首则是东正教的首领..1054年;称为基督教大分裂..16世纪;德国、瑞士、荷兰、北欧和英国等地发生了宗教改革运动;它产生出脱离天主教会的基督教新教教会..领导人物是马丁·路德、加尔文等人;他们建立了新教和圣公会;脱离了罗马天主教..希腊文化的时间跨度和空间范围1、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念;包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区;甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非..2、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化公元前26－前12世纪黑暗时代公元前12－前8世纪B、希腊城邦时代的文化公元前8－前4世纪C、希腊化时代的文化公元前4－前2世纪11、基督教与犹太教的主要区别1、基督教接受了律法;而不拘泥于外在的律法;而是更侧重于内在的信仰..2、在道德观上;基督教加入了许多新的并往往是与犹太教的道德观相反的因素;特别是在保罗派那里;提出了一种与犹太教的效果论针锋相对的动机论道德观..3、基督教已经具有了一套形而上学的神学理论;它克服了犹太教的此岸性和直观性;成为一种传播彼岸福音的唯灵主义宗教..总的来说;基督教比犹太教更侧重个人的内在信仰和灵魂得救12.如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神磨尽了城邦民主政治和希腊多神教的理想之光;;表面上希腊化时代是希腊地域上的推广和扩展;实质上是希腊文化的衰退和没落..促进了新宗教的产生;;投向玄奥虚幻的神秘主义;;他使散漫放荡的作风就范于一种铁的纪律和不可伸缩的法律;消除希腊文化中刚刚出现的分裂和二元对立状况;以一种片面性单纯来取代希腊的和谐之美;促进了基督教的产生..。

P2851.文艺复兴产生的原因：1.城市的发展和繁荣是文艺复兴产生的条件之一2.新航路的开辟3.教会对人们精神的控制4.根本原因是新兴资本主义的壮大5.直接原因,导火线：黑死病的爆发6.文艺复兴另一个重要原因是1453年奥斯曼土耳其帝国攻陷君士坦丁堡,东罗马帝国灭亡;大批受到东方文化影响,还保留古罗马帝国精神的人才逃往意大利,带回许多新鲜思想和艺术,在罗马开办教授希腊语的学校,促使了文艺复兴运动的形成;文艺复兴产生的特点：感性的解放;即以感性意义上的人性来反对抽象的神性,以生机盎然的现世生活来反对枯燥冷漠的天国理想,以正常情欲和感官享乐来反对中世纪的禁欲主义和变态虚伪;2.“因信申义”思想实质凡相信“耶稣是基督”的就得救,没有任何外在条件或者人的行为可以改变这一点;4.宗教宽容的历史意义宗教的宽容主张从实质上看,是与社会世俗道德精神相一致的, 是普世的道德, 不管有无宗教信仰,都可以接受;因此, 不论对当今世界的和平稳定发展, 还是对扭转社会风气, 促进人际关系的和谐友爱,都有极大的现实意义和应用价值;从世界范围看, 面对经济全球化、政治多极化、文化多元化, 南北贫富的悬殊, 生态环境的恶化, 恐怖活动的猖獗, 地区性的角逐, 乃至世界性的冲突等等, 如果人们能借用宗教的宽容精神, 从人类的共同福祉出发, 不带偏见和狭隘, 互相理解和沟通, 互相欣赏和宽容, 紧握仁慈和善良, 就能避免敌视和仇恨, 消除暴力与战争, 那么世界就会太平, 人类才有幸福;在当前社会主义时期, 宗教的宽容主张在客观上也是与社会主义精神文明相适应的;在现实生活中, 如果我们能平等对待他人, 多替他人着想, 多拿出一些真诚与友善、怜爱与同情给对方, 也就是在生活中处处表现出宽容、忍让、善待, 那么人与人之间的关系就会融洽多了, 社会风气也会好转起来;当然, 我们在充分肯定宗教宽容主张的积极作用的同时, 还应该看到它的消极因素, 特别是对社会主义精神文明不利的一面;问题的关键在于如何去引导,引导的好, 其积极的一面发挥出来, 可以成为推动社会主义精神文明建设的一个有力工具; 如果引导不好,就会产生截然相反的作用, 如不分敌我的博爱, 没有原则性的宽容等, 就会给社会主义建设带来极其严重的后果;5 文艺复兴时期人文主义的主要内容和精神实质是什么文艺复兴时期人文主义的主要内容有：一用人权反对神权;人文主义者热情洋溢地肯定人的价值、尊严和力量,歌颂人的精神和肉体美,认为人有理性,有崇高的品质,有无穷的求知欲,可以创造一切;“人”“神”之争,实质上反映了资产阶级和封建主阶级之间的斗争;二用个性解放反对禁欲主义;人文主义者提出“个性解放”的口号,肯定现世生活,认为现世幸福高于一切,“只要求凡人的幸福”彼特拉克；对于爱情予以热情歌颂,认为“爱情是无比珍贵的精神财富”莎士比亚;人文主义者公开宣称,人可以努力追求物质财富和生活享受;三用理性反对蒙昧主义;人文主义者强调理性,重视人的聪明才智,主张发展科学文化,提出“知识就是力量”、“知识是快乐的源泉”等口号;四拥护中央集权,反对封建割据;这是人文主义者主要的政治思想;封建贵族割据,战乱不休,妨碍资本主义的发展；人民的不断起义也威胁着资产阶级的财产安全;当资产阶级还无力掌握国家政权时,就迫切要求有一个强大的王权出来消灭封建割据,并镇压人民起义,为资本主义的发展提供统一的国内市场;所以人文主义者的政治要求是建立一个中央集权的,以民族为基础的统一的国家;人文主义的精神实质是：人性的解放,它讴歌曾经被基督教加倍贬抑的自然人性和世俗生活,它的目的是要把人的自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人的理直气壮的行为;P3153 在近代民族国家崛起的过程中,宗教信仰发挥了什么作用民族意识和爱国心与宗教结合起来,成为促进西方近代国家主义产生的重要因素;由于不同的宗教信仰与不同的地域和民族之间形成了相对稳固的联系,使得宗教信仰与民族意识、爱国热情互相激励,彼此促进,最终导致了近代民族国家的发展壮大;普通民众关于一个政治统一体和文化统一体的心理认同,这是近代民族国家产生的重要标志,而这种政治上和文化上的认同最初是与宗教改革所造成的信仰认同紧密相关;例如加尔文教使尼德兰人民团结起来,从共同的宗教信仰中培养出共同的民族感情,终于使荷兰共和国摆脱西班牙的统治而独立；而天主教使得爱尔兰人否认自己是英国的臣属,这种抵触情绪至今仍在北爱尔兰地区明显存在;P3441：17世纪理性精神的兴起表现在哪些方面17世纪哲学与科学的兴盛弘扬着一种清新的理性主义精神;在17世纪,理性主义的生长表现为一种普遍的怀疑精神和经验立场,普遍的怀疑精神是那个时代哲学家和科学家的基本原则,而经验的立场则是他们共同的出发点;17世纪的怀疑精神不同于古希腊的怀疑主义,它的目的不是要否定外在世界的真实性,而是要通过怀疑的手段去摧毁中世纪基督教神学和经院哲学构建起来的虚拟世界,从而在确切的经验事实外在经验或内在经验和自主判断的基础上去重建一个真实的世界;17世纪的哲学中,对亚里士多德的演绎三段式的怀疑使得近代经验论哲学创始人弗兰西斯.培根建立了经验归纳法,它成为近代实验科学的重要工具;另外,唯理论哲学奠基者笛卡尔从普遍怀疑的原则出发,根据无可怀疑的内在经验,确立了“我思故我在”的哲学第一原理,并在此基础上构建了他的整个哲学大厦;17世纪的科学中,正是对托勒密“地心说”的怀疑开始走向公开化和理直气壮,从而使得“日心说”最终在伽利略和开普勒那里得以确立；对盖仑的动、静脉血液“涨落说”的怀疑导致了哈维血液循环学说的产生;这一切自然科学的新成就都建立在与抽象的玄思相对立的实验基础之上;2：自然神论的只要特点和精神实质是什么自然神论的最显著的特点是把上帝说成是一个理性的创世者,把一切神学教义尽可能地纳入理性规范内来加以解释,从而限制甚至根本取消启示的作用,因此自然神论又被称为理性主义神学;精神实质：自然神论将上帝置于自然之外,用自然来排挤上帝,用理性来限制信仰,通过剥夺上帝的具体内容而使其成为一个抽象的符号;3：18世纪法国启蒙运动的历史意义和局限性何在历史意义：法国的启蒙家们对基督教的内容和形式进行了全面的批判,在法国知识界掀起了一股无神论的时代大潮,在思想领域上把天上的国王上帝送上了断头台,摧毁了封建专制赖以维系的宗教基础,为法国大革命的到来作了充分的思想准备;局限性：法国启蒙运动缺乏深刻的哲学基础,把宗教归结为欺骗和愚昧的结果,而忽视了其产生的社会经济基础,以及人的道德本性和情感需求;如伏尔泰把上帝说成“第一个傻子遇到的第一个骗子”,简单将宗教归于认识论的问题;P379自然法学派的社会契约论思想包含哪些基本观点人类最初生活早自然状态下,每个人都是自由、平等的;人们之间除了年龄、体质、生理上存在差异、不存在奴役和被奴役,服从和被服从以及其他任何不平等;人们履行诺言,承认人类平等及公正原则、履行父母责任和遵守婚姻忠诚的原则；人们都是平等和独立的,任何人就不得侵害他人的生命、健康、自由或财产;人类的发展和人类的进步,私有制产生,出现的“所有权”使得人类的不平等由此根深蒂固起来,富人为保障自身的安全和对穷人的奴役,用法律将私有制和不平等肯定下来,使不平等合法化;国家机关和官吏产生,人类不平等进一步加深,随着国家权力的腐败,出现了专制暴政和与之相联系的主人和奴隶的对立,在不平等的状态下,只能用法律来帮助实现自由和平等;立法的根本任务就是保障全体公民的幸福、福利、自由和平等;而实现自由和平等则是一切立法体系的最终目的和全体人民的最大幸福;坚持性善论,认为人生而具有对他人温暖的同情心,认为自然状态平和的生活知识源于人的天性;自然状态被描绘成一个完美无缺的“黄金时代”;然而私有制和不平等产生使人们相互仇恨、残害,自然法不能发挥它的功能,无法在原来的状下继续生活,于是人们相互约定“我们每个人都以其自身及其全部的力量共同置于公益的最高指导之下,并且我们在共同体中接纳每一成员作为全体之不可分割的一部分,这个共同体就是国家;主张公民的权利是让给人民全体,由人民自己管理自己,因为转让部分权利的做法是不可行的,一旦人民的权利有所保留,就会滥用权利,最终影响公益的公正性,导致专制;政府是基于主权而存在的,不过是执行公益的机关,无论它掌握多大的权力也不能替代主权者;政府从一开始只有接受全民公益的资格,而自主决定的权力;。