中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)(略）客观题部分请用铅笔将此部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.A. previouslyB. virtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyT he sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.”Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiable2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B (5 points )Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.Example:The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer［A］［B］［C］［D］11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocateC. criticizeD. analyze12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A. confirmB. achieveC. matchD. exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonous14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped orwanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperatingC. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-timeC. brutalD. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight.A. mercurialB. gallantC. ardentD. frugalⅢCloze (10 points )Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Ora le”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned23. A. in B. on C. about D. for24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. containsⅣReading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask thestudents to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped intoforeign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wond er customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to re duce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be ______.A. Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______.A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target languageB. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countriesPassage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industr y. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last paragraph) is a kind of ______.A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT true according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his word s, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of sepp uku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays,many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies that ______.A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who is hard to defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.A. to capture the commanding generalB. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional governmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.A. was well received by the soldiersB. was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD. left a deep impression to the soldiers59. What is true according to articleA. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt.C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.A. written “Patriotism,” one of hi s most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published “A Forest in Flower”D. published “Confession of a Mask”主观题部分请用钢笔或圆珠将此部分的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！ⅤTranslation (20 points)Part A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply actioncould not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
