2019高考英语书面表达辅导资料-6.0开放式作文素材

2019年高考英语经典写作及范文赏析20篇1.假设你是李华，想成为英国某培训机构的一名教汉语的志愿者。

请根据以下内容用英语写一封申请信。

1.成为志愿者能介绍中国的文化；2.自己的优势；3.表达自己的盼望之情。

注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Sir or Madam,As we know, a growing number of countries hope to know more about China.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Looking forward to your early reply.Yours, sincerely,Li Hua范文：Dear Sir or Madam,As we know, a growing number of countries hope to know more about China.As a Chinese student, I sincerely wish that I would have an opportunity to be a volunteer to introduce the excellent and traditional culture of China to British people. I’m diligent. That is, I can deal with what I meet in my daily life independently. I have a good knowledge of Chinese culture and have a gift for communicating with others. Apart from that, I am expert at oral English so that I can share my ideas with British people fluently. Finally, I’m always ready to help others in need.In a word, I wish to have a chance to talk more about China and make contributions to Chinese teaching in Britain. Looking forward to your early reply.Yours, sincerely,Li Hua2.假设你是某国际学校的学生会主席李华，你校将举办一次辩论赛。

备战2019年高考英语书面表达万能模板 17 说明文模板01Topic①________ is a most effective _______to _______. ②For most people, it’s almost impossible to ______. ③________is really _________.④With the functions of _______,it enables us to _______.⑤It can even ______. ⑥Just imagine, all this can be done with _______. ⑦A convenient tool can certainly make _______, but it doesn’t always help _______.⑧Too much _________.⑨Too many ________.⑩Relying too much on _______ makes ________.①点明要介绍的事物的必要性②介绍该事物对多数人的重要意义③该事物优势或显著特点④该事物的作用⑤进一步说明该事物的作用⑥说明该事物的重要性⑦承上启下，介绍事物的另一方面⑧该事物的负面影响一⑨该事物的负面影响二⑩总结说明过分使用该物品给我们带来的负面影响。

模板02说明原因型说明文模板Nowadays, there are more and more in some big cities. It is estimated that ____________________.（用具体数据说明某现象）Why have there been so many ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first reasonis that __________________.（原因一）Besides, __________________.（原因二）The third reasonis __________________.（原因三）To sum up, the main cause of is due to__________________ .（指出主要原因）It is high time that something should be done. For one thing, __________________.（解决建议一）For another thing, . All these measures will certainly __________________.（解决建议二）模板03描述事物型说明文模板What I have known about is that _________________.（具体描述某事物）Firstly, __________________.（描述要点一）__________________.（具体阐述要点一）Secondly, __________________.（描述要点二）（具体阐述要点二）__________________. As a college student, __________________.（结合自身描述要点三）All in all, __________________.（做出总结）Therefore, we should __________________.（提出建议）模板04问题解决型说明文模板In recent days, there has been a problem , which is becoming more and more serious.（说明问题及其现状）First, __________________. Second, __________________.（进一步阐释现状）We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,________. For another thing, ________. Finally, ________.（列举解决该问题的方法）Personally, I believe that ________/Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future isawaiting us because ________.（结尾段，指出＂我＂的信心及理由）模板05说明利弊题型说明文模板Nowadays, many people prefer A because it is playing a more and more important role in ourdaily life. Generally/Generally speaking/On the whole, its advantages can be seen as follows./it has the following advantages. First of all, _________________ (A的优点之一). Besides,/Wha t’s more, _________________A的优点之二）.However, every coin has two sides./Everything has both advantages and disadvantages. Thenegative aspects are also apparent./Its disadvantages are also obvious. One of the importantdisadvantages is that _________________ (A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,/To make t he matter worse,/To make things worse/What’s worse, _________________(A的第二个缺点)． Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negativeones./The above analysis shows us that it has more advantages than disadvantages. Therefore, Iwould like to _________________ (我的看法)．(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take itreasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only in this way canwe_________________(对前景的预测)．)1简要说明图表内容的句型：从图表可以看出The table/chart shows that …As can be seen from the chart…From the table/chart/forms we can see…The table tells us that…2表示变化/比较的句型：There was a great / slight increase/rise in …There has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in…It is 20% lower /higher th an…The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.The number is …times as much as that of…It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by … times/ … percent/ 2/3.3说明原因的句型：The reason for …is that…One may think of the change as a result of…The change in…largely results from the fact that…There are several causes for this significant growth in …First…This brings ou t the important fact tha…4 结尾句型：In summary, it is important…．From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that…Obviously, if we want to…，it is necessary …．。

高考必背——高考书面表达（2019浙江卷）
试题回顾
第一节应用文写作（满分15分）
假定你是李华，经常帮助你学习英语的朋友Alex即将返回自己的国家。

请给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示感谢；
2.回顾Alex对你的帮助；
3.临别祝愿。

注意：
1.词数80左右；
2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

【写作指导】
1. 审题：
确定文章体裁：感谢信
人称：一般以第一人称为主
时态：一般现在时和一般将来时为主，讲过去的经历时还用到一般过去式
2. 确定文章结构：
第一段：表达谢意；
第二段：感谢的原因, 经常帮助自己学习英语；
第三段：临别祝愿。

2016年高考试题分项解析之专题10书面表达1.【2016·全国新课标I】书面表达（满分25分）假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历（resume）。

给外教Mr Jenkins 写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式（format）注意：1. 词数100左右;2. 可以适当增加细节，已使行文连贯。

【答案】Dear Ms Jenkins,I am Li Hua, I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor.In order to get some practical experience, I am planning to take a part-time job in a foreign capital company. I havealready finished my application and resume. But this is the first time that I have written an application and the personals resume, so I don’t know if there are something to pay attention to. So, I’m writing you the letter, hoping you can give me some help. I will be very grateful if you can do me the favor.Loo king forward to your reply. And I’d be really thankful.Yours,Li Hua【解析】【名师点睛】本文是一篇较为优秀的范文。

2019 高考英语书面表达指导资料- 英语作文全能句子优选素材1、 Nowadays， itisgenerally/commonlybelievedthat...,butIwonderthat...2、“好像硬的正反面，...也有极的一面和悲观的一面。

”Likeacoinhastwosides,thereisapositiveaspectandanegativeaspectto...3、“近来， ...的已成人注视的焦点。

”Currently,theissueof...has beenbroughttopublicattention.4、“跟着 ... 的迅速增， ... 在平时生活中已得愈来愈重要。

”Alongwiththerapidgrowthof...,...hasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinourdailylife.5、“由汽惹起的空气和噪音染我的健康造成了危害。

”Airpollutionandnoisepollutioncausedbyautomobilesdoharmtoourhealth.第二种考研写作功能句型??文章尾句型1、“所以，不得出...”Accordingly/Consequently/Asaresult,itisnotdifficulttodrawtheconclusionthat...2、“ 上所述，我能得出以下...”Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,we mayreasonablyarriveattheconclusionthat...3、“ 一，是任何人都不行能防止的。

但只需理适当，我就会...”Thedilemm aissomethingnoonecanavoid.Properlyhandled,however,wewill... 4、“ 之，全社会都亲密关注 ..., 只有我才能 ... ”Allinall,thewholesocietyshouldpaycloseattentiontotheproblemof....Onlyinthiswaycanwe....5、“考到全部的要素，我意到...”Takingintoaccountallofthesefactors,wehavereachedtherealizationthat...〔一〕段首句4.在，⋯⋯很广泛，多人喜⋯⋯，因⋯⋯，此外〔并且〕⋯⋯。

2019年高考英语真题和模拟题分项汇编专题10 书面表达一、2019年高考真题1. 【2019·全国卷I】假定你是李华,暑假在伦敦学习,得知当地美术馆要剧版中国画展。

请写一封信申请做志愿者,内容包括：1.写信目的；2.个人优势；3.能做的事情。

注意:：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯；3.结束语已为你写好。

____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Hua. 【写作指导】本篇书面表达属于应用文。

1.审题立意本篇书面表达属于应用文。

要求考生写申请信,人称使用第一人称和第二人称,时态用一般现在式。

2.谋篇布局书信格式,称呼和落款文中已经给出。

首段,写信的目的,中间段写个人优势和能做的事,最后一段总结。

3.关键词根据写作要点及构思好的提纲我们可以初步确定文章可能使用到的词汇有：volunteer,a Chinese Painting Exhibition,local city,advantages,a good command of,beneficial for,familiarity with,appreciate ,take my applicationinto consideration。

2019年新课标卷1假定你是李华，暑假在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展。

请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：1．写信目的：2．个人优势：3．能做的事情。

注意：1．词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．结束语已为你写好。

2019年新课标卷2假定你是校排球队队长李华。

请写封邮件告知你的队友Chris球队近期将参加比赛，内容包括：1. 比赛信息；2. 赛前准备；3. 表达期待。

注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

2019年新课标卷3假定你是李华，你校将举办音乐节。

请写封邮件邀请你的英国朋友Allen参加，内容包括：1.时间；2.活动安排；3.欢迎他表演节目。

注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

2019年北京卷第一节：假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。

你的英国好友Jim打算暑假期间来北京、天津和上海旅游，发来邮件询问相关信息。

请你给他回复邮件，内容包括：1. 交通出行；2. 必备衣物。

注意：1. 词数不少于50；2. 开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Jim________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,Li Hua第二节假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。

2019届高三高考书面表达素材高级词汇1．occur 替换think ofSuddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. →An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.2．devote替换spendHe s pends all his spare time in reading. →He devotes all his spare time to reading.3．seek替换want / look forThey sought ( wanted ) to hide themselves behind the trees.4．average 替换ordinaryI’m an average ( ordinary ) student.5．but替换veryThe film we saw last night was very interesting. →The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting.The film we saw last night was anything but boring.6．seat 替换sitOn his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried.7．suppose 替换shouldHe is supposed to ( should ) have driven more slowly.8．appreciate 替换thankThank you very much for you help. →We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated.9．the case替换trueI don’t think it is the c ase ( true ).10．on替换as soon asAs soon as he arrived, he began his research. →On his arrival, he began his research..11．due to替换because ofHe arrived late due to ( because of ) the storm.12．cover替换walk/readAfter covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired.13．contribute to替换be helpful/usefulPlenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. →Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.14．round the corner 替换coming soon/ nearby① The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans?② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby).15．come to light替换discoverThe family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels. →The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light.16．have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneselfAfter visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball ( had a good time ).17．come up with替换think ofJack is very clever. He often comes up with ( thinks of ) new ideas.18．set aside替换saveSome students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books. (2004天津卷) 19．be of + n. 替换adj.The products are of high quality (very good ) and are sold everywhere in China.20．refer to 替换talk about/of, mentionThe professor you referred to (talked about ) is very famous.21．can not but / can not help but替换have to doI could not but (had to) go home.22．more often than not替换usuallyMore often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed.23．lest替换so that /in order thatI wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it. →I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it.24．be long for sth. / be long to do sth. 替换want to do sth./wish forI want to see you very much. →I am long to see you.25．be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in He is caught up in ( very interested in ) collecting stamps.26．more than替换very①I’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September. →I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September.( NMET 2003 )② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.(2004全国卷)27．perfect (ly) 替换good/ very wellHe speaks perfect ( good ) English./ He speaks English perfectly ( very well ).28．do sb a/the favor 替换helpWould you please do me the favor ( help me ) to turn down the radio?29．the other day替换a few days agoThe other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. ( NMET 1997 )30．in the course of替换duringIn the course of (During) the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention to your safety.31．the majority of替换mostThe majority of (Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema. 32．consist of替换be made up ofOur class consists of ( is made up of ) 50 students.33．be worn out替换be tired / broken① After five hours’ non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired).② My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair.34．become of替换happenWhat do think has become of ( happened to ) him ?35．attend to替换look after36．on condition that替换as long as37．nevertheless替换however38．express one’s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with39．spare no efforts to do替换try one’s best to do40．many a 替换many41．be rushed off one’s feet 替换be busy in doing42．a handful of替换a little / some43．meanwhile替换at the same time44．get to one’s feet替换stand up45．beneath替换under46．occasionally替换sometimes /once in while47．for instance替换for example48．seldom替换not often49．wealthy替换rich50．amazing替换surprising51．as a matter of fact 替换in fact高级句型结构◆ It句型①It will be + some time + before…It won’t be long before humans visit the Mars.② It is + adj./n.+ for sb to do sth.It is very important for us to learn computer well, because it has changed our life so much.He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts.（2008年湖北卷）③ It is + 被强调部分+ that…1) It is what Yang Liwei has done that encourages us a lot.2) Those who like reading extensively say it is through reading that we get our knowledge.◆more …than any other表示最高级Among the optional courses, spoken English and computer study are more popular than any one else.◆名词从句① It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is covered in the talk. ( 2004全国卷Ⅲ )② My hometown is no longer what it used to be.◆（非限制性）定语从句① The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.→The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003)② It was quite an experience for us both, which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life. (2002 北京卷)◆分词结构①I don’t know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homeworkand attending classes as well. (NMET 2001)② We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people. (2004全国卷Ⅱ)③ Hearing this, a few people began to run after him.（2004 辽宁卷）④Born in American, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor.（2008年湖南卷）◆ with结构① A terrible accident happened yesterday, with nine people killed and almost eighty injured.② He was carrying a bedroll and a large bag on his shoulder, with a large suitcase in his left hand.◆倒装句① The library is to the east of the teaching building. →East of the teaching building is the library.② Although we are tired, we are happy.→Tired as we are, we are happy.③ Only in this way can he grow to be a useful man. (2002 上海卷)④May all your dreams come true! May our friendship last till the end of the universe.!（2007年湖南卷）◆被动语态① Opinions are divided on the question. (NMET 2002)② All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience in teaching foreign students. (2004全国卷Ⅳ)③ New factories, houses and roads have been built.(2004 江苏卷)◆巧妙的改写（1）．Only 改成no one butOnly Tom passed the exam las t week. → No one but Tom passed the exam.（2）．as soon as …改成No sooner…than…/Hardly…when…/Immediately…/The moment No sooner had we arrived at the cinema than the film started.（3）．have sb/sth do/doneThe girl was knocked off her bicycle and had her leg broken (her leg was broken.).（4）．变换插入语的位置①However, they suggest fees should be charged low. →They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. (NMET 2002)② I think this is a good chance for you to show your singing talent, and how well you’ve learnedChinese. →This is a good chance for you, I think, to show your singing talent, and how well you’ve learned Chinese. (2004 全国卷Ⅰ)(5). 用同位语代替非限制性定语从句Meimei, who is seven years old, has been learning to ride a bicycle for several days.→Meimei, a girl of thirteen, has been learning to ride a bicycle for several days.(2002上海卷)Shakespeare, a son from a poor family, a man of little education, wrote plays and poems that areread all over the world.（2008年湖南卷）◆其它（1）注重句子的开头①用with复合结构开头With the sun setting in the west, we had to wave goodbye to the workers.With his help, we've learned how to analyze and settle problems.（2006年湖南卷）With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want.（2009年江苏卷）②用非谓语动词形式开头ⅰ）In order to improve our English, our school held an English contest.ⅱ）Walking towards the cinema, he met a foreigner.（2）长短句交错使用（注意：应突出主题句；长句子并非越长越好）◆◆相关过渡语1). 表示时间顺序: first, then, afterwards, meanwhile, later，first of all, finally, at last…2). 表示空间顺序: near, next to, far from, in front of, on the left, on one side…3). 表示比较、对照: like, unlike, such as, but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary,nevertheless, otherwise…4). 表示因果关系: because, for, as a result, therefore, thus…5). 表示递进关系: besides, what’s more, what was worse, moreover, furthermore, in addition, on topof…6). 表示并列关系: and, as well as, also…7). 表示总结性: in general, in a word, in short, on the whole, to sum up, in brief, to conclude…常用的句型：1.It goes without saying that …/ It can be said with certainty that … / There’s no denying that …2.As the proverb says, … / It has to be noticed that … /It’s commonly/ generally recognized/ believed that …3.It’s hardly too much to say that …毫不夸张地说4.What calls for special attention is that …5. A case in point is …/ As is often the case …6.For all that …/ In spite of the fact that…7.I will conclude by saying … /Therefore, we have the reason to believe that … /It may be safely said that …8.All things considered, … / Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable to …9.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclu sion that …10.The data/ statistics/ figures lead us to the conclusion that … /From my point of view, it would be better if …11.Let’s take the above chart as an example to illustrate this. / Here’s one more example.12.This offers a typical instance of …13.Some pe ople think that… To be frank, I can’t agree with their opinion for the reasons below.14.For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.15.My argument for this view goes as follows.16.I can’t entirely agree with the idea that … I believe …17.Th ere is a long running debate as to whether …18.A is completely/ totally/ entirely different from B.19.A and B are different in some ways/ every way. A and B differ in … / A differs from B in …20.The difference between A and B is/ lies in/ exists in …pared with/ In contrast to/ Unlike A, B … A …, on the other hand,/ in contrast,/ while/ whereas B …22.There are several reasons for …, but in general, they come down to three major ones.23.There are many factors that may account for …, but the following are the most typical ones.24.Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.25.Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.万能句型1）先背3个句子1 Nowadays with the rapid development of advanced ……., more and more….. are commonly andwidely used in everyday life.(讲重要性)2 The popularity of digital …will have great influence on our work, study and everyday life. On the onehand …, But on the other hand.（讲影响）3To conclude, …..are just like a double-edged sword. With them we may have less trouble dealing with problems in life and enjoy a better-off life. However, one point should be kept in mind that we should take sensible use of them , always being the master of them.（结尾段）Ps:灵活运用第1句和第2句，根据不同模板自由组合。

高考英语万能写作模板一、英语书信的常见写作模板：开头部分：How nice to hear from you again.Let me tell you something about the activity.I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾部分：With best wishes.I’m looking forward to your reply.I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知常见写作模板：呼语及开场白部分：Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分：All the teachers and students are required to attend it.Please take your notebooks and make notes.Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups. Please come on time and don’t be late.结束语部分：Please come and join in it.Everybody is welcome to attend it.I hope you’ll have a nice time here.That’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点）Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点）オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... （照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构）4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板：The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as(进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tellus that图表细节二 . Inthecolumn, we can see thataccounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that(结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that(给出原因). / It is high time that we(发出倡议).五、图画类写作模板1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.3.结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名言3条：1、上帝说：你要什么便取什么，但是要付出相当的代价。