托福阅读真题与答案：生物多样性

初三生物多样性英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including all the different plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form. It is a fundamental aspect of our planet that is crucial for the survival and well - being of all living things.The importance of biodiversity cannot be overstated. Firstly, it provides a wide range of ecological services. For example, plants are the primary producers in most ecosystems, converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. This energy then flows through the food chain, supporting all other organisms. Secondly, biodiversity contributes to the stability of ecosystems. A diverse ecosystem is more resilient to environmental changes such as climate change, natural disasters, and human - induced disturbances. For instance, a forest with a variety of tree species is more likely to survive a disease outbreak than a monoculture forest.However, biodiversity is currently facing numerous threats. One of the major threats is habitat destruction. As human populations expand, more land is needed for housing, agriculture, and industry. This often leads to the destruction of natural habitats such as forests, wetlands, andgrasslands. Another threat is overexploitation. Many species are hunted or harvested at unsustainable rates for food, medicine, or the pet trade. For example, some species of sharks are hunted for their fins, and many wild animals are illegally traded for their skins or body parts. Pollution also poses a significant threat to biodiversity. Chemical pollutants can contaminate soil, water, and air, harming plants, animals, and microorganisms. In addition, invasive species can disrupt native ecosystems. These non - native species can outcompete native species for resources, leading to a decline in native biodiversity.1. <问题1>What is biodiversity mainly about?A. Only different animals on Earth.B. The variety of life on Earth including organisms and ecosystems.C. Only plants in different areas.D. All the man - made things on Earth.答案：B。

2017托福试题及答案
1. 阅读部分
- 题目1：
- 阅读材料：《城市化对环境的影响》
- 问题：城市化如何影响空气质量？
- 答案：城市化导致工业和交通排放增加，从而降低了空气质量。

- 题目2：
- 阅读材料：《海洋生物多样性》
- 问题：为什么珊瑚礁对海洋生物多样性至关重要？
- 答案：珊瑚礁提供了丰富的栖息地和食物来源，是许多海洋生
物的家园。

2. 听力部分
- 题目1：
- 听力材料：《校园生活》
- 问题：学生在图书馆遇到了什么问题？
- 答案：学生找不到需要的参考书。

- 题目2：
- 听力材料：《气候变化》
- 问题：教授提到了哪些气候变化的影响？
- 答案：教授提到了极端天气事件的增加和海平面上升。

3. 口语部分
- 题目1：
- 问题：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。

- 答案：我最喜欢的季节是秋天，因为秋天天气凉爽，而且秋天
的景色非常美丽。

- 题目2：
- 问题：你更喜欢在线课程还是传统课堂学习？
- 答案：我更喜欢传统课堂学习，因为这样可以与老师和同学面对面交流。

4. 写作部分
- 题目1：
- 问题：是否应该限制儿童使用电子设备的时间？
- 答案：是的，应该限制，因为过度使用电子设备可能会影响儿童的社交技能和身体健康。

- 题目2：
- 问题：描述一个你认为可以改善公共交通系统的方法。

- 答案：增加公共交通的班次和覆盖范围，同时提高服务质量，可以改善公共交通系统。

以上即为2017年托福考试的部分试题及答案，供参考。

2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题：Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。

比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。

一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。

或者一个障碍的形成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。

相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook wasthe first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of naturalselection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the lastglacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen betweendifferent genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as： (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures; (b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galáp agos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other。

2023年《生物多样性》阅读答案9篇《生物多样性》阅读答案1保护生物多样性目前物种消亡的速度是前所未有的。

一万七千种动植物濒临灭绝。

哺乳动物中的21%，鸟类中的12%，淡水鱼中的37%以及植物中的70%，如今都在受到威胁。

为了使这一严峻问题获得关注，联合国将命名为国际生物多样性年。

生物多样性是指物种基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性。

在刚刚过去的50年间，为了满足食物、淡水、木料、纤维等日益增长的需要，人类已经以更快更广泛的方式使生态系统不断恶化，生物多样性的减少速度在历史上没有任何一个时期可与其同日而语。

一方面，土地与海洋资源遭到过度开发，生态系统资源遭到严重破坏，有些破坏被认为是不可修复的。

在陆地上，由于开垦耕地和获取木料的需要，森林被大量砍伐；在海洋里，由于渔业是人类摄取动物蛋白的主要________，有一半的渔场已经被完全开采，四分之一的渔场被过度开采。

另一方面，我们在燃烧化石燃料的同时，也排放了大量的温室气体，而温室气体会吸收大气中的热量。

现在积累的温室气体量达到了80万年来的最高值，这将使气温升高，导致上千种动植物物种灭绝。

一旦生物多样性遭到严重破坏，那么对人类生存来说至关重要的生态系统资源将不复存在。

各国政府将于10月在日本名古屋召开首脑会议，试图就人类保护生物多样性问题确立新的目标。

18. 为什么人类必须保护生物多样性？（2分）19. 分别说说下面两种做法与保护生物多样性有何关系？（4分）（1）如果每个汽车司机都注意给轮胎及时充气，车辆能效就能提高6%，每辆车每年就可以减少90千克二氧化碳排放量。

（2）中国积极参与了联合国粮农组织支持的亚洲干旱森林可持续经营的区域性行动，实施森林的可持续开发计划。

参考答案18. 答案：因为一旦生物多样性遭到严重破坏，那么对人类生存来说至关重要的生态系统资源将不复存在。

（2分）19. 答案示例：（1）节约能源、减少温室气体排放可以避免因气温升高而导致物种灭绝。

新托福阅读真题解析题目：热带雨林生物多样性对于托福阅读考试，想要回忆出完整回忆是一个很大的工作量，这里小编为大家整理了一些新托福阅读考试的真题解题，希望可以为大家托福阅读的备考带来些帮助。

本次分享的新托福阅读真题是：热带雨林生物多样性，大家一起来看看吧。

新托福阅读真题解析题目：热带雨林生物多样性热带雨林生物多样性2017年4月23日托福阅读内容回顾：讲热带雨林生物多样性的，就说这里为什么会有这么多样的植物，因为经历过物种隔离所以这些植物就各长各的，而且这里不存在某一个物种的dominant或是 suppress其他物种，因为有一些吃幼苗的虫子会把离它们最近的同一类植物的幼苗吃掉，所以没有出现某类植物数量明显多于其他类的现象，再有就是因为植物多啊之类的原因所以生物也多。

热带雨林生物多样性原因，经历过物种隔离，不存在某一个物种占主导或者压制另一个物种的生长;又一些吃幼苗的虫子会把理它们最近的同一类植物的幼苗吃掉，没有出现植物数量明显多于其他种类的情况。

雨林中植物种类本身也多。

参考练习：官方真题Official 03：The Long-T erm Stability of Ecosystems 官方真题Official 17：Animal Signals In The Rain Forest官方真题Official 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems官方真题Official 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions新托福阅读题目:太平洋物种多样性托福阅读题目考试日期：2017年10月21日新托福阅读题目Plant and Animal Life of the Pacific Islands太平洋物种多样性。

有关太平洋群岛上的物种, 给了一幅图影响群岛上的物种的因素有land size、经度(越东越isolated species越少)、纬度(纬度高的不易有tropical plants)、wind，wind独立一段讨论。

托福tpo46r-3 Ecosystem Diversity and Stability原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Ecosystem Diversity and Stability①Conservation biologists have long been concerned that species extinction could have significant consequences for the stability of entire ecosystems—groups of interacting organisms and the physical environment that they inhabit. An ecosystem could survive the loss of some species, but if enough species were lost, the ecosystem would be severely degraded. In fact, it is possible that the loss of a single important species could start a cascade of extinctions that might dramatically change an entire ecosystem. A good illustration of this occurred after sea otters were eliminated from some Pacific kelp (seaweed) bed ecosystems: the kelp beds were practically obliterated too because in the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchin populations exploded and consumed most of the kelp and other macroalgae.②It is usually claimed that species-rich ecosystems tend to be more stable than species-poor ecosystems. Three mechanisms by which higher diversity increases ecosystem stability have been proposed. First, if there are more species in an ecosystem, then its food web will be more complex, with greater redundancy among species in terms of their nutritional roles. In other words, in a rich system if a species is lost, there is a good chance that other species will take over its function as prey, predator, producer, decomposer, or whatever role it played. Second, diverse ecosystems may be less likely to be invaded by new species, notably exotics (foreign species living outside their native range), that would disrupt the ecosystem’s structure and function. Third, in a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals.③Scientific evidence to illuminate these ideas has been slow in coming, and many shadows remain. One of the first studies to provide data supporting a relationship between diversity and stability examined how grassland plants responded to a drought. Researchers D. Tilman and J A. Downing used the ratio of above-ground biomass in 1988 (after two years of drought) to that in 1986(predrought) in 207 plots in a grassland field in the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in Minnesota as an index of ecosystem response to disruption by drought. In an experiment that began in 1982, they compared these values with the number of plant species in each plot and discovered that the plots with a greater number of plant species experienced a less dramatic reduction in biomass. Plots with more than ten species had about half as much biomass in 1988 as in 1986, whereas those with fewer than five species only produced roughly one-eighth as much biomass after the two-year drought. Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species that grew better in drought years, compensating for the poor growth of less-tolerant species.④To put this result in more general terms, a species-rich ecosystem may be more stable because it is more likely to have species with a wide array of responses to variable conditions such as droughts. Furthermore, a species-rich ecosystem is more likely to have species with similar ecological functions, so that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, another species, probably a competitor, is likely to flourish and occupy its functional role. Both of these, variability in responses and functional redundancy, could be thought of as insurance against disturbances.⑤The Minnesota grassland research has been widely accepted as strong evidence for the diversity- stability theory; however, its findings have been questioned, and similar studies on other ecosystems have not always found a positive relationship between diversity and stability. Clearly, this is a complex issue that requires further field research with a broad spectrum of ecosystems and species: grassland plants and computer models will only take us so far. In the end, despite insightful attempts to detect some general patterns, we may find it very difficult to reduce this topic to a simple, universal truth.译文生态系统多样性与稳定性①保护生物学家长期以来一直担心，物种灭绝可能对整个生态系统的稳定产生重大影响，包括相互作用的生物群体及其栖息的物理环境。

tpo67三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (34)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (39)原文 (40)译文 (43)题目 (46)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Crop Engineering①Our current ability to precisely engineer crop genomes was preceded by a long history of genetic manipulation in agriculture. Human impact and its accompanying effects began early in our history at many tropical and subtropical sites around the globe.Our ancestors were omnivores,consuming whatever plant or animal material they fortuitously encountered.Even then,humans had considerable effects on the environment,reducing and even driving to extinction populations of the animal species they hunted and expanding the distribution of plants by accidentally distributing seeds as they migrated.②Humans probably first realized that seeds could yield a stable food supply through agriculture when they observed plants arising from refuse or wasteland,perhaps fruit trees growing along forest and jungle paths from discarded or defecated seeds or else vegetables sprouting in garbage dumps at temporary settlements.A more organized approach to agriculture began about eight to ten thousandyears ago coincidentally at a number of locations around the globe. The most diverse farming developed in the Near East,with legumes, cereals,flax,sesame,and fruit trees.At about the same time,New World residents were growing beans,maize,squashes,and potatoes，and Asian farmers were beginning to cultivate rice.③These early domesticated crops foreshadowed the overwhelming changes contemporary agriculture has wrought in plants.Humans soon learned to separate varieties that could be grown as crops from wild types in order to prevent characteristics undesirable for cultivation from mingling with those selected for farming.Continued selection of crops with desirable characteristics increased the separation between feral(wild)and managed plants and accelerated the diminishing diversity and more limited variation found in today's crops.④The simplest way to select crops is to save seeds preferentially from plants with beneficial traits,and the first farmers selected for large seeds and fruit,increased seed production,lack of dormancy,faster germination,higher annual yield,and reduced seed scattering.The success of this early selection resulted in an accelerating impact ofagriculture on crop diversity and feral plants.Crops quickly became commodities,moved and traded over a rapidly widening area,so that many plants were distributed well beyond their previous ranges,and some throughout the globe.⑤Three phenomena have characterized the more recent impact of agriculture on Earth.The first was the increase in human population, which has doubled at shorter and shorter intervals over the last thousand years.The result was increased acreage under cultivation and a fundamental remodeling of the globe toward managed rather than wild ecosystems.By1998there were3,410,523,800acres of land under cultivation worldwide,an area larger than the United States. Entire ecosystems have disappeared,others remain but are threatened, and the sheer volume of people and area of farmland have been major forces of biological change.⑥The second event through which agriculture modified our planet was European colonization.Previously,migration and trade had moved crops between countries and continents,but the Europeans inaugurated an unprecedented dispersal of biological materialworldwide.Maize,tomatoes,and potatoes were transported from the New World to the Old;wheat,rye,and barley were carried from the Old World to the New;and rice,soybeans,and alfalfa were moved from their Asian sources to every arable continent.Each of these and innumerable other introductions conveyed not only unique material but also assemblages of introduced plant pests and diseases that today cause the majority of pest-management problems around the world.⑦The third factor shaping the nature of agriculture and the environment alike is the increasing precision with which we have selected and bred crops.This acuity stemmed from many advances, but at its heart lies the work of two men—one,the English naturalist Charles Darwin,and the other,an Austrian monk,Gregor Mendel.The concepts of evolution and genetics were not their work alone,but both of them were decades ahead of their colleagues in synthesizing the companion concepts of natural selection and inheritance that are at the core of all contemporary biological science and that form the substrate upon which biotechnology grew.译文作物工程①我们目前能准确设计农作物基因组的能力是由在农业中长期的基因操控得来的。

保护瀑布环境：生态之美与挑战的双重应对The Waterfall Environment托福阅读1. 概述瀑布环境是一个独特的生态系统，拥有其特有的生物多样性和自然景观。

它涵盖了从瀑布底部到上游河流的一系列生境。

这个特殊的生态环境为各种生物提供了生存的空间，同时也是自然景观的重要元素。

2. 生物多样性瀑布环境中的生物多样性非常丰富，包括各种鱼类、昆虫、两栖动物和鸟类。

这些生物适应了瀑布的特殊环境，进化出独特的生存策略。

例如，一些鱼类可以在瀑布下的急流中游动，而一些昆虫则利用瀑布的特殊环境作为食物来源和避难所。

3. 生态功能瀑布不仅是美丽的自然景观，还具有多种生态功能。

首先，它们是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分，可以调节水位和流量。

其次，瀑布为下游的生物提供食物和栖息地，维持了整个生态系统的稳定。

此外，瀑布环境也是重要的水源和景观资源，为人类提供休闲和娱乐的场所。

4. 人类活动的影响随着人类活动的不断扩大，瀑布环境也面临着一系列的威胁。

水电站的建设、旅游业的开发以及采矿等活动都对瀑布环境产生了影响。

这些活动可能导致瀑布的消亡或严重破坏，进而影响整个生态系统的稳定。

5. 保护与恢复为了保护和恢复瀑布环境，需要采取一系列措施。

首先，对水电站等建设项目进行评估，尽量减少对瀑布环境的影响。

其次，加强旅游业的管理，防止过度开发和游客破坏。

此外，通过生态恢复项目，努力恢复受损的瀑布环境。

6. 结论瀑布环境是一个独特且脆弱的生态系统，需要我们重点关注和保护。

通过了解其生物多样性、生态功能以及面临的威胁，我们可以采取有效的措施来保护和恢复这一珍贵的自然资源。

只有这样，我们才能确保瀑布环境的可持续性，为后代留下一个美丽的自然遗产。

托福加场试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 文章摘要在阅读部分，考生需要阅读一篇关于海洋生物多样性的科学文章，并回答相关问题。

B. 问题及答案1. 文章主要讨论了什么？A. 海洋生物多样性的减少B. 海洋生物多样性的增加C. 海洋生物多样性的稳定性D. 海洋生物多样性的分布答案：A2. 作者提到了哪种海洋生物？A. 海豚B. 鲸鱼C. 海龟D. 珊瑚答案：D2. 听力部分A. 听力材料概述听力材料包括一段关于城市交通问题的讨论。

B. 问题及答案1. 讨论中提到了哪些交通问题？A. 交通拥堵B. 空气污染C. 噪音污染D. 所有以上答案：D2. 讨论中提出了哪些解决方案？A. 增加公共交通B. 限制私家车C. 建设自行车道D. 所有以上答案：D3. 口语部分A. 口语题目描述一次你解决困难的经历。

B. 参考答案在一次团队项目中，我遇到了困难。

我们团队成员之间意见不一致，导致项目进度缓慢。

我首先组织了一次会议，让每个成员表达自己的观点。

然后，我提出了一个折中的方案，将大家的想法整合在一起。

最后，我们达成了共识，项目得以顺利进行。

4. 写作部分A. 写作题目你是否同意以下观点：政府应该投资更多的钱在教育上？B. 参考答案我同意政府应该投资更多的钱在教育上。

首先，教育是提高国民素质的关键。

投资教育可以培养更多的专业人才，推动社会进步。

其次，良好的教育可以减少贫困，提高人们的生活水平。

最后，教育投资有助于创新和科技发展，为国家带来长远的利益。

请注意，以上试题及答案仅供参考，实际考试内容可能会有所不同。

新托福TPO3阅读原文(三):The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems TPO-3-3：The Long-Term Stability of EcosystemsPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession”to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability”means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity,by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes n ot from diversity but from the “patchiness”of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.译文：TPO-3-3 生态系统的长期稳定植物群体可以自由地聚集，它们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。