北京师范大学——高级生态学、景观生态学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题

北京师范大学资源学院2004年博士入学考试试题自然地理学一．名词解释1．地带性与隐域性2．坡麓阶梯与准平原3．径流与入渗4．梅雨与季风5．植被与植物区系二．请论述戴维斯的侵蚀循环学说三．论述1．我国农牧交错区生态退化的原因是什么？你认为在该区域进行生态恢复的措施有哪些？举例说明。

原因：2．我国资源科学与技术的发展趋势及其所面临的挑战。

北京师范大学资源学院2005年博士入学考试试题自然地理学一.名词解释1.喀斯特与风化壳2.地槽与地台3.物种遗传多样性与生物多样性4.气团和锋5.地带性二.陆地生态系统包括哪些？其分布特点？三.试述中国东部季风区和西北干旱区的地理环境特征四.我国土地资源的特点与存在问题，应如何保护与利用北师大2006年地遥学院自然地理试题一、名词解释1、土壤圈2、地震3、鞍形气压场4、生态幅5、土壤自净能力二、简述气候在土壤形成过程中的影响和作用三、什么是地表水循环？请简述地表水的资源与环境效应。

四、请简述土壤在地球表面环境系统中的作用五、根据你的学习和观察，请说明温度对植物分布的直接或者间接的影响及原因。

六、什么是土地资源？请根据我国的国情说明我国要提倡节约土地资源利用必要性。

北师大资源学院2006年自然地理学(记忆版)北师大资源学院2006年自然地理学(记忆版)一、名解（8个）热成风,环境梯度,沉积型循环,生物风化作用,岩层产状,露点温度,空间连续性原则,还有一个忘了...二、简答（5个）1、什么是潜在蒸发,实际蒸发.简述影响水分蒸发的因子2、人地关系研究内容3、什么是土壤资源,土壤资源特点4、什么是西太平洋副热带高压,对我国天气和气候的影响5、草原土壤的主要成土过程和剖面构造特点三、论述（3个）1、为什么我国东部地区干旱,洪涝灾害频繁发生2、气候变化,侵蚀基准面升降,构造运动对河流阶地的影响3、论述北美大陆和欧亚大陆植被水平地带性分布的特点和异同点。

中国科学院水土保持与生态环境研究中心教育部2004年秋季招收攻读博士学位研究生生态学试题答题说明：在以下各题中任选5题，每题20分，共100分1. 试论现代生态学的发展方向。

2. 简述土壤的生态作用。

3. 试论生态系统的结构与功能。

4. 举例说明种群数量波动的类型、原因及生态策略。

5. 举例说明生态系统食物链的类型及其特点。

6. 简述生物群落次生演替中森林采伐演替系列。

7. 简述氮循环的特征及减轻氮对环境污染的途径。

中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心2005年招收春季攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

1. 简要说明陆生植物的水分生态类型和植物适应干旱的主要途径。

(20分)2. 简要说明植物生活型和生态型的联系与区别，以及二者在生物进化中的意义。

(20分)3. 什么是原生演替与次生演替？举例说明其中一种类型的演替过程和动因。

(20分)4. 解释植被分布的水平地带性和垂直的地带性，简要说明我国大陆植被分布的水平地带性和你熟悉的某一地理位置上的垂直地带性。

(20分)5. 解释生态系统的概念和组成，就你熟悉的领域举例说明生态系统原理在生产实践中的应用。

(20分)2006年招收春季攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

答题说明：任选5题1.简述生态学研究的主要内容和现代生态学的发展方向2.简要说明植物的水分生态类型和陆生植物适应干旱的主要途径3.生态系统由哪些组分组成？简述各组分的作用和地位4.什么是生态演替和次生演替？如何应用演替原理指导植被的恢复与重建？5.何为种群的自疏和他疏？简述自疏过程中植物种群密度和个体大小的变化。

6.试举两例人类目前所面临的严重生态问题并简述成因和应对措施。

北师大历年专业博士入学考试试题教育学原理2008（A）1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义（25 分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25 分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。

（20 分）剩下的一题为各个方向规定选择的试题。

（30 分）今年实行的是3+1 模式。

2008 （B）（其中第2,3两题与教育学A卷一样，希望后来者有借鉴）1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.（35 分）0 a O9 H\&d9L#F C'q"e（d4R2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的指导意义（35分）2……3. 论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。

（30 分）2007（A）1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。

（35 分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。

（30 分）3、要求根据材料写篇小文章。

材料太长，我的准考证实在抄不下来哦，但是出自《发展教育学年鉴2 00 3 》，首都师大出版社2003 版。

具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。

（35 分）2007（B）1. 现代教育的价值取向以及与人美好生活的关系2. 评析基础教育课程改革的价值取向3. 有关网络道德教育插入：2007 年教育政治学与教育法真题1、怎样理解法律上的权利与义务的概念及分类。

2、试述教育与法律的关系。

（ ?（h8u-u4o7U'n8|4B3、高校与学生的法律关系辨析。

2007 经管学院的博士考试1. 教育财政公平与效率关系；2. 大学生就业难成因与对策分析；3. 各级教育中“市场化”问题分析；4. 择校问题成因分析；5. 分析人力资本理论与筛选理论关于教育作用的观点。

2006（B）1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。

2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育（道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。

Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. Today the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。

《生态学》期末考试试卷B卷一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、生活型2、边缘效应3、碎屑食物链4、演替顶级二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1.在全部太阳辐射光谱中，主要引起热的变化的光是( )。

A.红光B.紫外光C.绿光D.红外光2.有些植物叶片垂直排列使叶缘向光或在高温条件下叶片折叠,原因是( )。

A植物向光性B.叶片失水C.减少光的吸收D.植物是阴性植物3.生态系统把植物、动物、微生物联系在一起的纽带是( )。

A.功能上的统一性B.生物学上的一致性C.都是生物D.都生活在一起4.逻辑斯蒂方程式中K是( )。

A.种群数量B.环境容纳量C.内禀增长率D.周限增长率5.种群的年龄结构含有大量的幼年个体和较少的老年个体，则该种群属于( )。

A.增长型种群B.稳定型种群C.衰退型种群D. 混合型种群6.地形因子对生物的作用属于( )。

A.直接作用B.间接作用C.替代作用D.补偿作用7.顶级群落的特征是( )。

A.净生产量低B.生物与环境物质交换快C.熵高D.总生产量/生物量高8.生物群落演替的效应是( )。

A.物种多样性越来越高B.每个阶段形成的内环境都不利于自己，而有利于下一个群落C.每个阶段的群落都形成一个有利于本身生存的内环境D.群落结构越来越复杂9.下列不属于K-对策的生物是( )。

A.大熊猫B.金丝猴C.白暨豚D.细菌10.使多样性维持高水平的措施是( )。

A.保持平静B.低度干扰C.中度干扰D.强度干扰11.营养级之内同化量与摄食量之比是( )。

A.组织生长效率B.生态生长效率C.同化效率D.维持价12.短波光随着纬度的降低和海拔高度的升高而( )。

A.减少B.增加C.不变D.不确定13.下列关于我国春季物候期变化的说法不正确的是( )。

A.山上比山下晚B.高纬度比低纬度晚C.沿海比内陆晚D.平原比高原晚14.由沿海向内陆延伸，生态系统生物量逐渐降低的原因是( )。

A.光照逐渐减弱B.温度逐渐降低C.降水逐渐减少D.土壤逐渐贫瘠15.下列说法正确的是( )。

北京师范大学环境学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置北京师范大学环境学院每年招收博士生40人，下设人口、资源与环境经济学；环境科学；环境工程，共3个专业。

其中人口、资源与环境经济学专业下设李巍、徐琳瑜的生态价值评估；毛显强的环境经济政策。

环境科学专业下设环境评价、规划与管理，导师有程红光、郝芳华、杨志峰、曾维华；流域水环境过程，导师有郝芳华、李迎霞、刘海飞、刘瑞民、欧阳威、沈珍瑶、王烜、杨晓华；城市生态模拟与管理，导师有陈彬、毛建素、苏美蓉、田光进、杨志峰、张力小、张妍；林春野、赵烨的土壤污染诊断与修复；流域生态过程与湿地健康，导师有蔡宴朋、李春晖、刘强、邵冬冬、舒安平、孙涛、杨薇、杨志峰、易雨君、赵彦伟；环境污染化学，导师有陈静、郭学军、何孟常、刘新会、牛军峰、史江红、孙可、夏星辉；生态系统恢复与规划管理，导师有董世魁、刘世梁、石建斌、战金艳；湿地生态环境，导师有白军红、崔保山、李晓文；刘静玲的水生态系统管理。

环境工程专业下设水质控制工程与环境生物技术，导师有John Charles Crittenden、冯成洪、侯立安、黄海鸥、李安捷、裴元生、全向春、王颖、杨禹、郑少奎、竺建荣；田贺忠的大气污染控制；陈家军、刘希涛的环境模拟与土壤污染修复；李艳霞、马俊伟的固体废物处置与资源化。

由于招生数少于导师人数，实际录取名单由环境学院学位分会讨论后决定。

蔡宴朋老师招生名额为2人，黄海鸥老师招生名额为2人。

二、考试的科目人口、资源与环境经济学的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③环境评价、规划与管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3769环境规划与管理流域水环境过程的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3016水环境学城市生态模拟与管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3769环境规划与管理土壤污染诊断与修复的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3017土壤环境学流域生态过程与湿地健康的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3768湿地学环境污染化学的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3773环境化学生态系统恢复与规划管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3105恢复生态学湿地生态环境的考试科目为：①1101英语②2285环境生态学③3768湿地学水生态系统管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2285环境生态学③3768湿地学水质控制工程与环境生物技术的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理③3774环境生物技术大气污染控制的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理③3019大气污染防治原理与技术环境模拟与土壤污染修复的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理固体废物处置与资源化的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理③3017土壤环境学三、导师介绍李巍：博士，教授，北京师范大学环境学院，环境科学、政策与管理系主任，环境影响评价中心副主任徐琳瑜：博导，研究领域：城市生态，环境经济，环境规划、评价与管理毛显强：教授，博士，博导程红光，北京师范大学环境学院副教授，主要从事非点源污染、流域污染控制等方面的科研和教学工作。

2004年博士研究生入学考试景观生态学1、简述景观格局化的原因和景观格局度量标准。

2、试述生态交错带景观过程和功能的关系。

3、试述景观多样性保护的基本原理。

4、试用一种景观生态规划系统模型，论述某种景观生态工程建设规划的原理和方法。

2005年博士研究生入学考试景观生态学1、简述景观多样性及其成因和度量指标。

2、试分析景观动态变化的驱动力。

3、论述景观生态格局与过程的关系。

4、试举例说明3S技术在景观生态中的应用。

2006年博士研究生入学考试景观生态学答案一、试述景观异质性与景观格局的关系。

（20分）1景观异质性及其起源;2景观格局的内涵;3景观异质性与景观稳定性;4景观异质性与景观多样性;5景观异质性与景观格局的度量。

二、试述干扰对景观破碎化的影响，并举例说明。

（20分）1干扰的生态学内涵;2干扰的形成与传播;3景观破碎化的过程;4干扰与景观破碎化的关系;5举例。

三、如何分析和度量景观稳定性？（20分）1景观稳定性的内涵;2景观稳定性的尺度分析;3景观稳定性与景观动态变化的关系;4景观稳定性的度量。

四、简述景观生态设计的原则和方法。

（20分）1景观生态设计的原则;2景观生态设计类型;3景观生态设计的方法。

五、如何利用3S技术采集景观信息和实施景观动态监测？（20分）1遥感数据采集;2属性数据采集;3数字地形数据采集;4景观信息地理数据库建立;5景观动态监测的3S基础;6景观动态监测的方法论。

2007年景观生态学一、试从尺度角度说明景观结构和景观格局的区别；景观生态规划和景观生态设计的区别。

（20分）答：景观结构与格局是景观生态学研究的重要内容之一。

景观结构是指不同生态系统或景观组成单元的空间与时间的组合关系，即景观组成单元（景观要素）的大小、形状、数量、类型，多样性及其空间配置，生态过渡带，异质性等。

景观结构是景观形状最直观的表现方式，也是景观生态学研究的核心内容之一。

景观格局(Landscape Pattern)是指景观要素在空间上分散或聚集的展布，它是景观组分的空间分布和组合特征的表现，是在景观内部的自然条件约束和人为活动影响双重作用下，为了适应特定的景观功能要求而形成的一种景观整体结构景观格局与景观结构与尺度密切相关，一般来说，景观格局是站在景观尺度上考虑问题，景观结构是站在景观尺度的下一级，即生态系统尺度上考虑问题。

2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试自然地理学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、水体沼泽化2、环境效应3、土壤氧化还原作用4、地带性规律5、生态交错带二．简答题（每题8分）1、举例说明流域系统的整体性与层次性。

2、简述自然保护的基本概念及对社会与自然协调的意义。

3、简述气候变化与异常的原因。

三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述生物圈等级理论的主要内容。

2、试述地理环境中水文现象与地貌现象之间的密切联系。

3、试述中国黄土地貌形成的环境背景。

4、试述区划研究与类型研究的差别与联系。

2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试气候学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、副热带高压2、蒸发潜力3、降水变率4、气候分异5、末次盛冰期二．简答题（每题8分）1、简述大气层圈结构。

2、对于全球气候系统而言，主要外强迫和内强迫因子有哪些？其作用有何不同？3、简述地球轨道参数的意义及其在气候变化中的作用。

三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、论述青藏高原隆起对我国气候形成的作用。

2、何谓El Nino与La Nina，阐述它们对我国气候的主要影响。

3、什么是气候突变？对于一个已知气候记录序列，如何分析气候突变？试举例说明主要方法、基本原理和计算步骤。

4、全球有哪些主要季风区？试阐述亚洲季风系统的环流系统、形成机理和主要气候特征。

2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试生态学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、限制因子与限制因子定律2、生态金字塔与生态效率3、负反馈调节4、同化效率5、补偿深度二．简答题（每题8分）1、自养生态系统和异养生态系统的区别有哪些？2、一种生物进入新的栖息地，自然种群的数量变动将会经过哪些过程，直至保持相对稳定或灭亡？3、请介绍生态系统中物质循环的模式及其类型。

三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、为什么生物体的生长都呈“S”型曲线形式？2、在湖泊生态系统的各阶段中，初级生产主要能量参数，即生物量、总初级生产量、呼吸量和净初级生产量是如何变化的？3、请说明生物他感作用的概念及其在生物群落组成和演替中的意义。

北京师范大学环境学院环境科学考博指导与分析一、北京师范大学环境学院考博资讯北京师范大学环境学院由于招生数少于导师人数，实际录取名单由环境学院学位分会讨论后决定，其中蔡宴朋老师招生名额为2人，黄海鸥老师招生名额为2人。

（一）考试科目及各方向导师：1.083001环境科学研究方向01：环境评价、规划与管理。

导师分别是程红光、杨志峰、曾维华。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。

（3）3769环境规划与管理（100%）。

研究方向02：流域水环境过程。

导师分别是郝芳华、李迎霞、刘海飞、刘鸿亮、欧阳威、沈珍瑶、王烜、杨晓华。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。

（3）3016水环境学（100%）。

研究方向03：城市生态模拟与管理。

导师分别是陈彬、毛建素、田光进、杨志峰、张力小、张妍。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。

（3）3769环境规划与管理（100%）。

研究方向04：土壤污染诊断与修复。

导师分别是林春野、赵烨。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。

（3）3017土壤环境学（100%）。

研究方向05：流域生态过程与湿地健康。

导师分别是蔡宴朋、李春晖、邵冬冬、舒安平、孙涛、杨薇、杨志峰、赵彦伟。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。

（3）3768湿地学（100%）。

研究方向06：环境污染化学。

导师分别是陈静、郭学军、何孟常、刘新会、牛军峰、史江红、夏星辉。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。

（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。

（3）3773环境化学（100%）。

研究方向07：生态系统恢复与规划管理。

导师分别是董世魁、刘世梁、石建斌、战金艳。

考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。