共济会历史资料——拿破仑与共济会

共济会历史资料——拿破仑与共济会Freemasonry under the FrenchFirst Empire/freemason.phpChart of the Bonaparte MasonicLodge, c. 1810Emblem of the Supreme Councilof France /Receipt of a young woman in aLodge of Adoption under the FirstEmpireJean-Jacques Régis deCambaceres, Grand Commander of the AASR in France from 1806 to 1821.Was Napoleon Bonaparte a memberof the Masonic Brotherhood? Multiple hypotheses have been advanced on the subject, and although the probability is high, it has neverbeen definitely established that he was made a Freemason, either in Valence (French Department Drome), Marseille, Nancy ("St. John of Jerusalem" Lodge, December 3, 1797?), Malta, Egypt or elsewhere.What is certain is that membersof the expedition he commanded during the Egyptian campaign brought the Freemasonry to the banks of the Nile. General Kleber foundedthe "Isis" Lodge in Cairo (was Bonaparte a co-founder?), while Brothers Gaspard Monge (member, among others, of the "Perfect Union" Military Lodge, Mezieres) and Dominique Vivant Denon (a member of Sophisians, "The Perfect Meeting" Lodge, Paris) were among the scholars who would make this strategic and military setback a success that the young General Bonaparte would exploit upon his return to France.What is also undeniable isthat, beginning with Bonaparte's coup of 18 Brumaire, theFreemasonry would thrive for 15 extraordinary years, multiplyingthe number of lodges and members. The First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, understanding the advantages he could derive from the obedient Freemasonry, invested in these reliable men, hoping to be rewarded with faultless servility. He was notdisappointed.Freemasonry under theConsulateWhen Napoleon Bonaparte came topower, a text of nine articles was signed on June 22, 1799 (the21st day of the third year of the V:. L:. 5799) that unified theGreat Lodge of France (Grande Loge De France: GLDF) and the Great Orient of France (Grand Orient De France: GODF). The text provided for the assembly of archives of both organizations, removed the privileges of the masters of the lodges of Paris, entrenched thetenure of Worshipful Masters, and established a system of electionof officers. However, some "Scottish" lodges rejected this arrangement.In 1801, while in Paris,Brother Jean Portalis ("Friendship" Lodge, Aix-en-Provence)actively participated in negotiating the Concordat with the HolySee and drafting the Civil Code with Brothers Jean-Jacques Regis de Cambaceres and Claude-Ambroise Regnier, a page of Freemason history was written on May 31 in Charleston, South Carolina. There, Colonel John Mitchell, a merchant born in Ireland, and Frederick Dalcho, a physician born in London of Prussian parents, "opened the Supreme Council 33° for the United States of America", the first Supreme Council of rite in 33 grades that would take the name Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite (AASR) of France. It would announce its creation through a circular distributed "across both hemispheres"on January 1, 1803.The Master Masons of the twogreat rival systems (Ancients and Moderns) were eligible indiscriminately, regardless of religion (hence perhaps the term "Accepted"). The motto Ordo ab Chao was adopted which, in organizational terms, expressed the desire to create a coherentsystem of degrees and to end the chaotic profusion of high grades. The rite, whose ranks were all of French origin, synthesized the influences initially spun by the English lodges, Scottish Lodges of Perfection, dissident structures such as the Council of the Eastern Knights of Brother Pirlet, the Order of Scottish Trinitarians, andthe Order of the Flamboyant Star of Baron Tschoudy, and of the administrative system of the Mother Lodge of the Scottish Social Contract, which was a member of Count Auguste de Grasse-Tilly (started in 1783 in the "Saint John of the Scottish Social Contract" Lodge, Paris).The universality of the AASRwas founded on the basis of 33 successive degrees of initiation and the content of its various grades that encompassed almost all sources of ancestral spirituality in the West and Middle East. It was, therefore, not possible to claim the AASR without rigorously following its initiation rites and trusting the consistency of its gradual evolution.In 1801, the Vatican reiteratedits ban on priests receiving Masonic initiation.The same year, the FreemasonRulebook, on the Modern French Rite of the Great Orient of France, was published, in line with the first Moderns, House of Grades ofthe Great Orient and some aspects of the Rectified Scottish Regime (RSR) that were made in 1795 by the Great Worship Master Alexander-Louis Ro?ttiers de Montaleau.This document was consistentwith decisions made in 1785, but in 1796 was repudiated by the Grand Orient, which had opted for communication of rituals to be exclusively in handwritten, not printed, form. The ritual of the French Rite was subsequently revised several times.Regarding the RectifiedScottish Rite, 1801 saw the beginning of a three-year correspondence between Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, of Lyon ("founder" of the RSR in France and general counsel of Department Rhone by theFirst Consul Napoleon Bonaparte since June 1, 1800) andClaude-Fran?ois Achard, of Marseille (Worshipful Master of TheTriple Union, which resumed its work on June 1, 1801). In September 1802, Brother Taxil was received in Lyon by Willermoz and tasked to copy the "new rituals," which took five years.On November 12, 1802 (the 12thday of the ninth month of the year of the V:. L:. 5802), a circularfrom the Grand Orient of France condemned the "so-called Scottish" Lodges and invited Brothers to "turn from our Temples a seed of discord that, during the most tempestuous times, seemed to havebeen respected." So as to maintain "regular lodges in France," the GODF began to write off all lodges practicing a rite other than the French Rite of seven degrees – an action that specifically targeted Scottish Mother Lodges.The year 1804 saw, in theatmosphere following the global exclusion of the Grand Orient, the Count of Grasse-Tilly returning to France and founding the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree on September 22. It met on October 22 at the Scottish General Grand Lodge of France with the participationof the Scottish Mother Lodge of Marseilles. Both lodges had refused the merger with the Grand Orient in 1799, and were "blacklisted" bythe Big East because of "discrepancies" - that is, for practicingthe Scottish Rite – as representatives of Santo Domingo lodges followed the rite of Ancients, and, according to some sources, the Prince of Rohan, who had signed the Morin patent in 1761. Louis Bonaparte became the Grand Master.Seeing the Supreme Councilextended de facto authority over the lodges' first three degrees,the Grand Orient suddenly had the power to sign a contract that merged the Scottish Grand Lodge with the Grand Orient, but left in existence a Sublime Council of the 33rd degree, which remained the sole authority to confer this level and to "decide on everythingthat was a point of honor."Freemasonry under theEmpireIt was during this period thatFrench Freemasonry would experience its first golden age, as the number of lodges grew from 300 to 1,220 in ten years.Bonaparte (initiated in "ThePerfect Sincerity" Lodge of Marseilles) became Grand Master of the Grand Orient, which was entirely devoted to Napoleon and rarely failed to criticize the fiercely independent Scottishlodges.Napoleon's relationship withthe Grand Orient was all the more excellent that Ro?ttiers de Montaleau undertook to purify anti-Bonapartists, and that therewere then among the dignitaries of the obedience:Prince LouisBonaparteThe Chancellor of the EmpireJean-Jacques Régis of CambaceresMarshals Andre Massena(initiated in Toulon in 1784 by "The Students of Minerva," a member of many lodges, including "The Real Friends Meeting" in Nice and the military lodge "The Perfect Friendship," GODF administrator and member of the Supreme Council), Joachim Murat, Fran?ois Etienne Christophe Kellermann ("Saint Napoleon" Lodge, Paris), Charles Augereau (initiated in the lodge "The Children of Mars" in The Hague during his assignment in Holland, then a member of the Parisian Lodge "The Candor" before becoming Worshipful Master of the "Friends of the Arts and Glory" regimental Lodge), Fran?ois Joseph Lefebvre ("Friends Meeting," Mainz), Catherine Dominique de Perignon, Jean-Mathieu Philibert Serurier (Parisian lodges "St. Alexander of Scotland" and "The Imperial Bee"), Guillaume Brune ("Saint-Napoleon", Orient of Paris and "The Constant Friendship"), Adolphe Edouard Casimir Joseph Mortier (33°), Jean-de-Dieu Soult and Jean LannesSenators Antoine-César deChoiseul-Praslin ("The Candor," Paris), Arnail-Francis de Jancourt, Louis-Joseph-Charles Amable de Luynes and Dominique Clement de RisDeputy Luc Duranteau deBauneGrand Chancellor of the Legionof Honor Bernard Germain Etienne de Lacepede (member of the "Nine Sisters" and "Saint Napoleon" lodges in Paris)Scholar Joseph Jér?meLefran?ois de Lalande (the first Worshipful Master of the "Nine Sisters" Lodge in Paris)Generals Etienne Macdonald andHorace SebastianiContre-Admiral Charles ReneMagon de MedineAmbassador Pierre Riel deBeurnonvilleInterior Minister Jean-Baptistede Nompere de ChampagnyConstable Joseph Fouché(initiated in the "Sophie Madeleine, Queen of Sweden" Lodge in Arras) and the first president of the Court of Appeal Honoré Muraire (in original records of the secularization of the Civil State).Brother Jean-Antoine Chaptal("The Perfect Union," Montpellier) was in charge ofagriculture.Clearly the Freemasonry wasstill in power, and its influence not hidden.Napoleon I, whether he had beeninitiated or not, was wary of Freemasonry, which he monitoredthrough Joseph Fouché, and although the lodges displayed his bust in their temples and considered any challenge to his regime aserious Masonic error, some workshops were devoted mainly to celebrating the glory of the Emperor ("Napoléomagne", "The French Saint-Napoleon"), while others used the distinctive Masonic signageto conceal the work of subversive royalist activities ("St.Napoleon", in Angers).There was a strong developmentof Masonic military lodges under the Empire, and Napoleon saw inthat Masonic presence a powerful means of military cohesion and atool for his European ambitions (using his own passionate feelingsto unite the Brotherhood).As for Lodges of Adoption(women's lodges attached to men's lodges by a ritual called "adoption"), most weakened under the Empire, except for those ofthe Empress Josephine, who was a Grand Mistress ("Free Knights" and "Sainte Caroline" Lodges of Adoption, in Paris). In 1808, Lodges of Adoption were banned by the male Masons as "contrary to its constitution". The Masonic practice of adoption did not surviveinto the nineteenth century, except marginally.Trade guilds, which had beenbanned during the Revolution – a prohibition reinforced by the Consulate – were tolerated, but closely monitored, under the Empire. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the guilds were organized around three rites. The rite of Father Soubise includedroofers, plasterers and carpenters. Those seen as heirs to the HolyDuty to God (Catholic, royalist and Bonapartist), followers ofMaster Jacques, gathered stonemasons, smiths and tanners, as wellas some otherprofessions (rope makers, basket makers, hatters,etc.).Under the rite of Solomon,which welcomed Protestant or agnostic members with a Republican, left-leaning political sensitivity, one found foreign stonemasons (C:.E:.) and the Journeymen of the Duty of Freedom (I:.N:.D:.G:.), which separated from the Duty of Freedom in 1804 under the pressure of freethinking and anticlerical trade union members. It was during that period that a French Freemason journeyman introduced the third grade in the Duty of Freedom (which now included affiliates of members), and an aristocratic body (the "insiders") composed mainly of members established as Masters was formed.In 1804, the system ofBeneficent Knights of the Holy City (the final stage of theRectified Rite or Regime), which had been dormant during the French Revolution, was revived in Besan?on.In 1805, the first of twoseries of the rite of Mizraim (symbolic degrees 1-33° and philosophical degrees 34-66°) developed in France and Italy, borrowing various high levels from the eighteenth century (to compete with the AASR):The rite of the MetropolitanChapter of FranceThe Rite of Perfection of theCouncil of Eastern and Occidental Emperors (also used forAASR)The AdonhiramiteriteThe rite of the Grand Lodge ofthe Regular Masters of LyonThe rite of the Scottish MotherLodge of MarseillesThe Strict Templar Observance(SOT) and the Rectified Scottish Rite (RSR),The Primitive Rite of Namur,the Scottish Philosophical Rite of Avignon, the Golden Rosicrucian,the Inside Brothers of Asia and the Egyptian Rite ofCagliostro.Specific contributions rosefrom the gradations of Chaos (49-50°) and Key Masonics(54-57°).That same year, Charles-Mauricede Talleyrand-Perigord was introduced to the Imperial Lodge of theFree Knights in Paris, where he remained apprenticed throughout hislife.It was also in 1805 that theGrand Orient created a Grand Executive Board of Rites, where someBrothers received the 33rd degree, in violation of agreements withthe Sublime Council. The latter reacted by denouncing the text,restoring the Grand Lodge and Scottish General, and reinstating itsauthority over the entire AASR. But again, the imperial powerintervened on behalf of the Grand Orient and forced the signing ofa power-sharing agreement that gave it authority over the firsteighteen degrees, with the Supreme Council of France overseeing the nineteenth to thirty-third.Contrary to the wishes ofNapoleon, there were now two rival Masonic powers in France, so thenext year, to ensure control of the Supreme Council, he namedChancellor Jean Jacques Régis de Cambaceres the Sovereign Grand Commander instead of Grasse-Tilly or one of several dignitaries ofthe Grand Orient (Dominique Clement de Ris, Pierre Riel deBeurnonville, Catherine Dominique de Pérignon, Honoré Muraire, D'Aigrefeuille, etc.).In the next decade, the SupremeCouncil dedicated itself to developing the "Guide to ScottishFreemasons", which took its roots from the Scottish Mother Lodgesand Freemasonry of English and American Ancients (particularlyThree Distinct Knocks of 1760) but also in the Freemason Regulatorof the Modern French Rite. For the blue lodges (the first threeworkshops degrees), there was the "Journal of Symbolic three gradesof the Ancient and Accepted Rite".On February 18, 1806, twomonths after the battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon I decided to builda triumphal arch, a project that involved several Freemasons.Brother Jean-Baptiste Champagny Nompère convinced the Emperor to choose the site of the monument in these terms: "An Arch of Triumphthat features the most majestic, superb and picturesque view, ofthe imperial palace of the Tuileries ... It will strike admirationin the traveler entering Paris ... It will imprint in any visitorto the French capital an indelible memory of its incomparablebeauty ... Although the visitor has gone away, he will always havein front of him the triumphant arch. Your Majesty will cross it onyour way to Malmaison, St. Germain, St. Cloud and even toVersailles ..."Brother Jean Chalgrin ("TheSimple Hearts of the North Star" Lodge, Paris), an architect, drewup the plans, based upon an initial draft prepared by BrotherCharles Louis Balzac ("The Great Sphinx" Lodge, Paris). Under theJuly Monarchy (constitutional monarchy in France under KingLouis-Philippe, starting with the July Revolution of 1830), twoBrothers were to be in charge of the sculpture in bas-relief of theNorth Face - Francois Rude (The Marseillaise) and Jean-PierreCortot (The Peace of Vienna).It was probably also in 1806that Pierre-Joseph Briot, Governor of Abruzzo (under the authorityof Joseph Bonaparte), introduced the Carbonari in Italy and starteda "Secret Society of Philadelphian Republicans" at Besan?on, "GoodCousin Carbonari" of the woodsman rite of Alexander the Great'sOrder of the Forger, which became affiliated at the rite of Mizraimin 1810.Meanwhile, Filippo Buonarroti,a French revolutionary from Pisa and an old friend of GracchusBabeuf, who knew Briot at Sospel, spent 30 years serving thelodges, especially within his own organization ("The PerfectSublime Masters", under the direction of a "Great Firmament"), tocover up the spread of revolutionary ideas, Babouvist ideals and communism. Although its incidence was relatively limited, thisunfortunate confusion between Freemasons and Carbonari ideas would quickly be interpreted as the politicization of thelodges.The same year, 1806, saw thedemise of the Strict Templar Observance (SOT), which did notsurvive the Revolution, as well as the introduction of the RSR andthe loss of interest of its great master Charles of Hesse-Cassel,who became much more passionate about his research and mysticaltheurgics than about the Freemasonry.Not counting the Anderson texts(The Constitutions of the Free-Masons of Pastor James Anderson,published in 1723), which defined the Freemasons of Britishinfluence, the statutes enacted in 1806 by the Grand Orient ofFrance merely noted that "the Masonic Order in France was composedonly of Freemasons recognized as such, assembled at regularworkshops for camaraderie".Also in 1806, archaeologistAlexandre Du Mège (or Dumège) founded an Egyptian rite, the "Sovereign Pyramid of Friends of the Desert", in Toulouse. Therewere some spin-offs in the region (Auch, Montauban), but theydidn't last. The Friends of the Desert came into contact with theneighboring Napoleomagne Lodge, whose members had revived theJacobite Scottish Rite of "Scottish Faithful," brought to Toulousein 1747 by George Lockhart, aide to Charles Edward Stuart. TheGrand Executive Board of Rites of the Grand Orient of Francerejected this rite, based on Eastern occultism, in1812.In 1808, Brother Michel Ange deMangourit, Grand Officer of the Scots Philosophical rite (who was temporary Foreign Minister in the Government of the Convention inNovember 1794), revived the Masonic "adoption" practice by creating the "Sovereign Metropolitan Chapter of the Ladies Scottish Hospice of France in Mount Tabor, Paris", which consisted。