第九章世纪美国文学

第九章20世纪文学（一）第一节概述俄罗斯——苏联、法、英德美等国的主要代表作家及其代表作（1）俄罗斯——苏联文学。

“白银时代”始于1890年，这个时期，现实主义文学第九章2日世纪文学依然繁荣，高尔基、蒲宁、库普林、安德列耶夫等优秀作家为现实主义文学让人了新的活力。

蒲宁的主要成就在中篇小说上。

前期重要的作品有:《乡村》、《苏霍多尔》、《伊格纳特》和《旧金山来的绅士》。

，后期创作较重要的有;中篇小说《米佳的爱情》、自传体长篇小说《阿尔谢尼耶夫的一生》，以及短篇集《幽暗的林荫道》等。

他是俄国文学史上第一位获得诺贝尔奖金的作家。

阿赫玛托娃以抒情诗见长。

诗作构思精巧，善于抒发女性的内心情感，语言富有音乐性，属于阿克梅派。

主要有诗集《车前草》、《耶稣纪元》和组诗《安魂曲》，后期有《没有主人公的叙事诗》等。

马雅可夫斯基是未来主义诗人，早期诗歌除讽刺诗以外，还有《穿裤子的云》等多首长诗。

十月革命后他创作的短诗《我们的进行曲》，《革命颂》和《向左进行曲》等。

20年代，发表了讽刺官僚主义的诗篇的《开会迷》、长诗《列宁》、讽刺喜剧《臭虫》和《澡堂》，以及长诗《好!》等，艺术上多有创新。

阿.托尔斯泰的代表作《苦难的历程》三部曲，揭示了“失去了祖国而义重新得到了她”的主题。

主要作品还有长箭历史小说《彼得大帝》等。

法捷耶夫的长篇小说《毁灭》曾敏称为“国内战争时期的英雄史诗”，卫国战争刚结束，他推出长篇小说《青年近卫军》，成功地塑造了一系列爱国青年的形象。

1953年苏联政局发生巨大变化。

很快形成了股后来被称之为“解冻”的文学思潮。

“解冻”思潮是以爱伦保的中篇小说《解东》命名的.在“解冻”思潮的推动下，出现了一大批优秀作品。

其中有两部小说引起了轰动效应，这两部小说是帕斯捷尔纳克的《日瓦戈医生》和索尔仁尼琴的《伊凡.杰尼索维奇的天》。

此外，还有格罗斯曼的史诗性巨著长篇小说《生活与命运》，特瓦尔多夫斯基的《瓦西里.焦尔金》、《山外青山天外天》、《焦尔金游地府》等。

第九章美国文学第一节概述1775—1781年独立战争的胜利，结束了英国在美国的殖民统治。

1783年，正式建立北方资本家和南方奴隶主的联合政权——美利坚合众国。

北方资本主义经济的迅速发展和南方保留的蓄奴制形成尖锐的矛盾，又导致了南北战争（1861—1865）的爆发。

由于北方工业资产阶级赢得了南北战争的胜利，促使工商业经济得到全面发展，并很快就出现了垄断集团。

到19世纪末，美国已经完成了向帝国主义的过渡。

美国文学在独立后的一个时期内仍然没有摆脱对英国文学的依附和模仿。

19世纪初，处于上升时期的资产阶级满怀理想和激情，建立民族文学的愿望日渐强烈，于是，在英、法等国浪漫主义文学运动的影响下，美国也开始了自己的浪漫主义文学。

一、浪漫主义文学大约持续了半个多世纪的美国浪漫主义文学运动，一般以1892年为界分为前后两期。

前期浪漫主义的重要作家有欧文和库柏等。

他们多以美国的历史传说、风土人情、自然风光为题材，以浪漫的笔调，勾画了童年美国的形象，为建立美国民族文学迈出了重要的一步。

华盛顿·欧文（1783—1859）有“美国文学之父”之称。

他的代表作是一部包括散文、随想、故事等在内的《见闻札记》（1820），其中最有名的是《瑞普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》等短篇小说。

詹姆斯·费尼莫·库柏（1789—1851）因创作了一批“纯粹美国式”的长篇小说而在文学史上占据重要地位。

他开创了美国文学史上三种不同的小说形式，即以《间谍》（1821）为代表的革命历史小说、以《开拓者》（1832）为代表的边疆小说、以《水手》（1824）为代表的航海小说，其中以反映美国不断向西部扩张为题材的所谓边疆小说尤为引人注目。

30年代以后，已超验主义为思想基础的后期浪漫主义文学的出现，标志着美国文学逐步进入了成熟阶段。

后期浪漫主义文学的基本内容是：宣扬人的本性、人的智慧和创造力、人的个人意志和绝对自由。

第九章　20世纪⽂学（⼀） ⽂学特征：继承了19世纪现实主义⽂学反映现实、张扬⼈道主义的传统。

该时期⽂学更注重⼈的精神和个性探索。

艺术上，坚持⽂学反映时代的现实主义原则，注重情节结构、形象和语⾔的完整连贯。

⽂学发展状况 ⼀、苏联⽂学：苏联⽂学的特征：社会主义现实主义被规定为⽂学的基本创作⽅法，要求从现实的⾰命中真实地、具体地描写现实，并以社会主义精神教育⼈民。

苏联⽂学的发展，随着重⼤的社会变迁和⽂艺思潮的演变，可以分为三个时期。

1917年⾄30年代初：⾥程碑式的作品：绥拉菲莫维奇《铁流》、富尔曼诺夫《恰巴耶夫》、法捷耶夫《毁灭》马雅可夫斯基：苏联社会主义现实主义诗歌的奠基⼈，是以诗歌为武器的宣传⿎动家和诗坛上的⾰新者。

主要诗作：长诗《穿裤⼦的云》：未来主义代表诗。

讽刺诗《开会迷》：受到列宁的⾼度评价。

长诗《列宁》：塑造了⾰命导师列宁的光辉形象。

长诗《好》：描写了苏维埃共和国从诞⽣、巩固到繁荣昌盛的全过程，被誉为苏联⾰命的英雄史诗。

《放开喉咙歌唱》：是他从事⽂学创作的纲领和20年创作的总结，同时⼜揭开了30年代诗坛的序幕。

30年代⾄50年代：1934年第⼀次全苏作家代表⼤会召开，苏联作家协会建⽴，确⽴了社会主义现实主义的创作原则。

苏联⽂学出现了⼀个被称为“红⾊的30年代”的空前繁荣的局⾯。

阿•；托尔斯泰《苦难的历程》：写出了知识分⼦同⼈民的结合过程。

奥斯特洛夫斯基《钢铁是怎样炼成的》：揭⽰了新⼈的成长。

卫国战争中：法捷耶夫的长篇《青年近卫军》巴巴耶夫斯基《⾦星英雄》：⽆冲突论的作品50年⾄90年代初：奥维奇⾦的农村特写《区⾥的⽇常⽣活》：苏联当代⽂学的“第⼀只春燕”，打出了“暴露⽂学”的旗帜。

解冻⽂学的作家作品：爱伦堡的中篇⼩说：《解冻》（第⼀部1954，第⼆部1956） 帕斯捷尔纳克的长篇⼩说：《⽇⽡⼽医⽣》索尔仁尼琴的⼩说《伊凡•；杰尼索维奇的⼀天》：描写了苏联集中营的⽣活，开启了“集中营⽂学”的先河。

The History of American LiteraturePart One: Early American Literature (1620-1770)Chapter 1: The Seventeenth CenturyLiterature (also called thecolonial literature)1. American Puritanism:American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of America and its literature. (Just likethe influence of Confucian doctrine upon the ideology of Chinese people) Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King JamesⅠ. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority. TheAmerican Puritans back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete “purity”. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement(or the salvation of selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, they became more and more preoccupied with business and profits, as indeed they had to be. Puritans’lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them. And history has criticized their actions. They were also determined to find a place wherethey could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. They meant to reestablish a commonwealth, based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Influence of Puritanism: sense of mission, symbolism, and simple style.2. Literature of this period:1) C haracteristics:Not independent, but based on British literary traditions. The first American literature was not written by an American, but by John Smith,a British captain. Most writers wereborn in Britain.2) W riters:John Smith: A True Relation ofSuch Occurrences andAccidents of Note asHath Happened inVirginia.A Map of VirginiaEdward Taylor (1642-1729): the best puritan poet.Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672): called the “tenth muse” that recently sprung up in the new continent.Chapter 2: The Eighteenth Century Literature1. Enlightenment in American literature An intellectual (philosophical) movement characterized by belief in the power of human reason. It originated in the European continent. The enlighteners regarded “enlightenment”or “education”as the principal means for the development of a society, moreover, they showed larger concerns for civil rights. They began to reconsider the relations among man, Nature and God,suggesting an extension of the principles of equality and social justice. The enlighteners advocated publicly to study “man”instead of “God”, and pointed out the “evils” in human civilization stemmed from the social injustice, not from “original sin.”They emphasized on reason, education and scientific research, believed that man could perfect himself and decide his own destiny. The spokesman is Benjamin Franklin.(1706-1790)2. Deism ( 自然神论)The belief in natural religion. The Deists believed that all things in the nature were the embodiments of gods, and that why man lived in the world was not to suffer so as to exchange for the rebirth of the next generation, but to eliminate the inequality of race, sex and faith and to build up his own“paradise”in the human world. (promoted the American revolution) 1）O nly one god was worth worshipping2）M an could keep making progress by making use of his own moralsense and of his own intelligenceand wisdom3）M an should love truth and do good4）E ducation and science was an important means to create man’shappiness5）T he freedom of citizen’s speech, action, and faith embodied man’sbasic benefits6）T o serve God best was to do good for the mankind7）V oltaire(1694-1778), Daniel Defoe (1659-1731) Rousseau (1712-1778)belonged to this belief.3. CalvinismCalvinism is the doctrine of Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva. It is a doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. The Calvinists believed that man was, since the Fall, basically evil and enslaved by his sense of sin, and that God was all, and would in His mercy and love work for man’s salvation, but as for man, all he could do (if ever there was anything he could do) was to worship the Almighty and hope. Jonathan Edwards (1572-1832) was a representative.4. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)1) Life:He was born poor and obscure. He received little education, but he was avoracious reader. He was a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador---“Jack of all trades”. For quite some time he was regarded as the father of his country3). Autobiography a book on the art of self-improvement, an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to wealth and fame and the fulfillment of the American dream.Its Importance:(1) It is the first of its kind(2) The reflection of the age.(3) The fulfillment of the AmericanDream(4) Exhibition of a simple style(5) A demonstration of Enlightenment(6) A Puritan document3.106. Philip Freneau ( 1752—1832)1) L ifeHe was the most significant poet of eighteenth-century America. “Father of American Poetry”. He was in turn a school teacher, a newspaper writer, a sailor, a trader, a farmer, and a government official. He supported the Revolution with great enthusiasm, hence being called “Poet of the American Revolution”. He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature. Almost alone of his generation, he managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, to see life arounddirectly, to appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.2) L iterary Achievement:1. Poems encouraging revolutionand glory:The British Prison Ship,On the memorable Victory of John Paul Jones.2. Poems about the order andbeauty of the nature:The Wild honey SuckleThe Indian Burying GroundTo a Caty-Did3. Political motivated poems:To Sir TobyOn the memorable Victory of John Paul Jones第9讲：Part Two: The Age of Romanticism (1770—1875)Chapter 3 : Early Romantics1. Common Characteristics ofRomanticism:1) R omanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. It placed high importance on the creative function of imagination,and saw art as a formulation of intuitive and imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact.2) F or romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They believed that one could find truth through feelings. They believed that the irrational was important in human experience and that not everything could be explained by reason.3) R omantics did not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God. They thought the world was aliving, breathing being. They stressed the close relationship between man and nature. They viewed nature as an exemplar and source of vivid physical beauty and as a manifestation of spirit in the universe. With deep love for nature, they saw nature as a revelation of truth, the living garment of God. Therefore, nature was a suitable subject for t rue art. They believed that God was immanent in creation. In other words, when they would look art the finite objects in this world, they would find the presence of an infinite god.4) T hey emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority. They saw the individual at the very center of life and art. They emphasized personal freedom and freedom fromformalism, tradition, and conformity.They delighted in self-analysis,intricate examination and fullexposure of the soul. Theycherished no hero-worship, yetbelieved in the perfectibility ofhumanity.2. American RomanticismDistinct features: Although there was no denying of the strong European influences on American romantic writers, American romanticism had distinct features of its own. Different from their European counterparts, American romantics tended to moralize, to edify rather than to entertain. American romanticism presented an entirely new experience alien to European culture. The exotic landscape, the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of new Garden of Eden in America, and thePuritan heritage were just a few examples of the native material for an ingenious literature. Evidently, American romanticism produced a feeling of “newness”which inspired the romantic imagination. Early American romanticism was best represented by New England poets William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1851) and James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851) and Washington Irving (1783-1859) in fiction.3. Washington Irving(1783-1859)1) I mportance:(1) He is the father of AmericanLiterature. He is the first romanticwriter to gain international famewhich proves to be the sign ofindependence of AmericanLiterature.(2) He started writing short storyas a genre. The short story genrein American literature began withIrving’s The Sketch Book2) S tyle:(1) Graceful, refined, fluent anddignified, humorous and vivid,imitative.(2) Irving also had important theme,the theme of change, of mutability（易变性，性情不定）. He believedthat changes upset the naturalorder of things.3) W orks:Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of sleep hollowThe Sketch Book4) R ip Van Winkle:(1) It is about man having difficultyfacing his advancing age. Itshows the conservative attitudetowards development.(2) Escape from responsibility(3) Loss of identity ( hen-pecked)4. William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) 1) Life: a representative of earlyAmerican Romanticism in poetry.Sometimes he is called “the American Goldsmith”2) Works: Thanatopsis（对于死亡的观察；对死的观感）To a WaterfowlThe Yellow Violet3) T hemes: (1) The beauty andharmony of nature as a source of solace, joy, and escape.(2)The dignity of humanity(1) The sacredness of humanfreedom(2) The power and beneficenceof God。