剑桥英语雅思考官大作文小作文

剑桥雅思1-7考官_大作文第一篇：剑桥雅思1-7考官_大作文Topic: Environmental problems should be solved by the government instead of individuals and private companies.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Environmental protection is no doubt a major issue confronting the modern society with the development of new technologies and the explosion of world population.While the issue is certainly relevant to each individual citizen and all the companies, some people contend that only the government should be concerned about protecting the environment.I concede that the government should lead the efforts in addressing the environmental problems.Nevertheless, cooperation and participation from the corporations and individual citizens are essential as well.There is no doubt that the government is the agency that should play the leading roles in solving the environmental problems.To begin with, with the power to collect taxes from individual citizens and private companies, the government have the financial resources that are necessary to deal with environmental issues.In addition, the government may formulate policies to provide incentives for the companies and individuals to reduce the amount of pollution caused by their activities.Finally, the government is the only institution that may enact laws related to environmental problems.On the other hand, without the cooperation and participation of individual citizens and private companies, the government's efforts to protect the environment would not be effective.For example, the government may launch a campaign to educate the public about the desirability of driving compactcars for reducing the air pollution.The campaign would make little difference if the individuals pay little attention to the information or do not care about the environment at all.Nor would the government's goal be achieved if the car manufacturers do not produce more compact cars for the market.In other words, the government alone cannot solve the problem of environment.It takes the collaborative efforts from individual and corporate citizens to improve the situation.In conclusion, I agree that the government should take the responsibility to lead the society in addressing the problems of environmental pollution as it has the power and resources necessary to do so.Nonetheless, individual citizens and private companies have to be engaged if the government is to accomplish anything.Topic: Should the media report crimes in details?Nowadays the media often cover news of crimes such as murder, rape and armed robbery in great details.While such information may warn the public of the potential danger and help reduce crimes, providing too much information about crimes might lead to certain negative side effects.In my opinion, the information about crimes should be made accessible to the public but the media should refrain from reporting crimes in an irresponsible manner.To begin with, there is no doubt that people should have the right to information about crimes committed in a community.If someone in the neighbourhood were murdered, the chance of other people being killed would also increase.The people should be notified of the event as well as any actions the authorities had taken immediately.Any attempts to block the news about the crimes would violate people's right to know the truth.Yet, the necessity of informing the public does not mean fulldetails have to be disclosed.Admittedly, the best way to alert the public about a recent crime being committed is through the reporting by the media.Most of us read newspaper and watch TV news everyday.But there are a number of reasons why the media should only report the crimes briefly and let any interested parties follow up with the events by themselves.To begin with, the details of the crimes may cause discomfort and even panic among the members of the public.This is particularly true for the young children in the society.In addition, the time on TV and the space on the newspaper are scarce resources that can be utilized in many different ways.Therefore, the detailed reporting of the crimes would incur high opportunity costs as the public attention would have been directed to other important issues such as education and environment.Finally, the full information about crimes may be made available through the police or other government agencies so that anyone interested in the events may consult the records.Such arrangement would be less costly compared to reporting the details via the media.In conclusion, since crimes are relevant to each and every member of the society, the media should report the events as soon as possible to alert the public and to help prevent more crimes.Nevertheless, the reports of crimes should be relatively brief in order to avoid public panic and to save the precious TV time and newspaper space.Furthermore, anyone who wants to know more about certain events should be allowed to consult the government agencies for such Topic: When people move to a new country, they should accept the local culture as their own.Do you agree or disagree ?It is common nowadays for people to move to a new country as immigrants to seek new opportunities for work or to getmarried.For new immigrants, one of the major issues is to what extent they should accept the local culture as their own.While it is important for the newcomers to follow the local rules and convention in order to adapt to the new environment and start their new lives, I believe that it is beneficial to both the immigrants and their host countries if the new members bring in their own culture and lifestyle for the sake of cultural diversity.To begin with, new immigrants would make more smooth transition to their new life if they understand how the society of their host countries works and behave accordingly.To consider a simple example, when an American moves to England, she will have to drive on the left side of the road following the English customs.Otherwise, she will immediately find herself either in a severe accident or in jail for breaking the traffic laws.By the same token, a Mexican woman who immigrates to America will have to try to develop her English proficiency in order to better communicate with the local people whose native language is English.Nonetheless, as I will argue later on, following the local convention in one's daily life is one thing, but accepting the local culture as one's own is quite another.For the American who is now living in England, even though she has to obey all the English laws, she can still choose to retain her American identity and lifestyle.For example, she may cook American food at home and dine with her friends in American-style restaurants.In addition, she can still speak to her children with her American accent and teach her children American values.This is also true for the Mexican woman who moved to America.In fact, it is now generally acknowledged that cultural diversity should be considered a strength for a nation as people from different backgrounds will have a chance to learn from one another.Forexample, the American immigrant who cook American food at home might also share with her English neighbors the American recipes and help bring the American cuisine to an English dinner table.The Mexican woman who takes English courses in the local community college may also tutor her American classmates who are learning Spanish or studying Mexican culture.In conclusion, people who choose to immigrate to a different country may face great challenges and opportunities as they adapt to the new environment.It is true that they need to make the efforts to learn the new rules and culture of the host country.But they should also be encouraged to retain their own cultures and lifestyles as new members of a more diverse society.The life expectancy is longer in many countries.However, there is not enough respect for the elderly people.What are the causes and what are your solutions?Modern medical technologies and health care systems have significantly increased the life expectancy of people around the world.Unfortunately, however, the elderly people, while enjoying longer lives, do not always get the respect they deserve from the society.There are many factors causing this phenomenon.In this essay, I would focus on the lack of communication between the elderly people and other members of the society and propose a few possible solutions to address the issues.The main reason why the elderly are not well respected is that they often fail to communicate with other members in the society effectively.As they retire and leave their job positions, they lose the opportunities to get the most up-to-date information on different aspects of life.They often find it difficult to talk with younger people who are more familiar with the latest development of the society.In addition, the younger people often communicate with one another using the lastest technologiessuch as mobile phones SMS(short messages services), e-mail and instant messengers.Once the younger people get used to these new gadgets, they lose the patience to talk to the elderly face-to-face.T o address the issue of the lack of respect, the elderly people should be provided more opportunities to acquire the latest information about the world and the society.They need to learn how to surf the Internet and use the newest technologies to communicate with other people.The local community colleges may offer courses like “New Tools for Interpersonal Communication” specifically designed for the senior citizens.Moreover, the software designers and the mobile phone manufacturers should take the elderly people's needs into consideration when they work on the design of the interface of the devices to make their products more “elderly-friendly”.Of course, introducing new technologies to the elderly alone cannot solve the problem.It is important to remember the elderly need more than medical services.They also need younger people to accompany them, to hear their stories and to be there for them.Therefore, the younger people should be engaged to pay more attention to the elderly if we want to improve the communication between the elderly and the younger munity centers for the elderly should be built to bring the old people and the younger people together in two ways.Firstly, more younger people may be hired to simply spend time with the eldely.Secondly, the community centers may also introduce certain programs to attract volunteers from local high schools and universities.Such programs may help encourage more people to care about the elderly.In conclusion, there are many factors causing the problem of the elderly lacking respect from the younger people.The communication failure betweenthe elderly and the younger people is one of the major issues.To address this problem, efforts should be made to introduce new technologies and to bring more younger people, employees and volunteers, to the elderly.Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoding change.Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these view and give your own opinion.Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations.This has been driven by technological and scientific breackthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on almost daily basis.This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace to it.Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial.Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing.Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the 'safe' patterns of of behavior are no longer appropriate.However, reaching the conclusion that change is evitable is not the same as assuming that change is always for the better.Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are prompted because they habe good impacts for the majority of people.A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few.This is because it is the rich and powerful peple in our society who are able to impose changes(such as in working conditions or property developments)that are in their interests.In conclusion, I would say that change can be stinulating and ebergizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have goodoutcomes.In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work.Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.What are your opinions on this?The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one.It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is 'wrong' or 'valuable'.Opinions will also differ as to 'learning' benefits;no doubt teachers and factory owner, for example, would have varying concerns.An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken.Young children doing arfuous and repetitive tasks ona factory production line, for example, ar eless likely to be 'learning' than older children helping in an old people's home.There are health can safety issues to be considered as well.It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small.This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.Neverthless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work.If learning responisbilities and work experience are cnosidered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time paid work or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, the undoubtedly of value in children's development.Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on your personality anddevelopment than any experiences we may have in our life.Which do you consdier to be the major influence?Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences.We now understand the importance of inhereited characteristics more than ever before.Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors(nature)or by the envrionment(nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life.But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development.it seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life.Instead, the traits, we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences we have in life are constantly interacting.It is the interacting of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops.If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects.How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person's life.Happiness is considered very important in life.Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from yourown knowledge or experience.Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people.While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships.Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness.Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many diferent ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone.however, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge.A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too.But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives(the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, maing other people happy, etc.)and what is not(a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).Life self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these ar ethe two factors that may be most important for achieving happiness.As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing.what factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Nowadays many adults havefull-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high.So feelings about one's job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person.Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.Firstly, a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superior is very important in his respect.A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole.Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progress and purpose that rewards a worker.The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives.Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for the loyal to a team.Of course not everyone enjoys their work.Hard economic realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get.In some cases an employees is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality.Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labor relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.If the factors identified above implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction.Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions.Some people think this is fully justified while others think it isunfair.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.As a result of contant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries.Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politcians who have the responsibility of governing the country.However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds.Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate.So the notion of “fairness” is not the issue.Those who feel that sports stars are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be petition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career.The pressure from the the media is intense and there is little privacy out the the spotlight.So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professional and achievements.In some countries young people ar encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating fromhigh school.The trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reaons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world.By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on.They tend to be more indpendent, which is very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the chanllenges of student life.However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at the important age.Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment.They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course.But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons.That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why.Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.It's generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, are others are not.However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.The relative importance of natural talent and training isa frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music.So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continuted teaching and guided practice.Howver, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an intrusment, from those who become good players.In other words, there is more to the skill than to a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequent a child practices.I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes.Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-wokring students never manage to reach a comparable level.But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive.Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports star have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent.With the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn hotw to exploit and develop their talent.In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required.The subjects and lesson contents are decided by the authorities such as the government.Some people argue that teachers should make the choice.T o what extent do you agree or disagree?It has long been argued amid the community: Which onecounts more, authority or academy? Notwithstanding the fact that our current pedagogy is so much clinging to the central committee, the educational system is in a blockbuster amount of outcry for reform.Does the temporary system still embrace rationality? Or is it the ripe juncture to refurnish it out and out? I personally took a deep look in it.In the showdown between authority and academy, the former arguably outweighs the latter.Politics is a compulsory course in all kinds of enrollment examinations as well as all levels of educational institutions.The government, or a commander-in-chief to be vivid, needs to be held accountable for the stability of cation is by all means an almighty tool to incubate a behaving generation.With social development gaining momentum, a farsighted power base generally with a broader scope than the individuals, needs to build up particular majors specializing in fledgling domains involving cleaning energy, high-tech innovation, interpretation, to name but a few.Trained personnel in such fields are usually more fit into the society.Arguments being articulated above though, academy-oriented teaching methodology is so far stillreputed for its own merits.With teachers gaining more says in selecting knowledge, the students will presumably be inculcated with a more objective perception of the curriculum.Without authority barging in, the possibility of the impartiality being jeopardized is excluded for the mission of serving the regime is no longer valid.Only under such circumstance can the intrinsic value of the subject be authentically and manifested to the thirsty learners in an untangled manner.An untarnished and pristine academic ambience is colossally demanding by numerous pundits for the sake of equity and truth.To sum up, there's no such inception that is appropriate to be dubbed “sheerly right”or “starkly wrong”.The righteous one solely lies in the rationality of adapting it.Authority, in China's case, can never be an outlier standing by the side of academic circle owing to its unique national condition第二篇：剑桥雅思书信考官3-8剑桥3 Topic: You are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to because you have some problems.Write a letter to your new employer.In your letter: Explain your situation Describe your problems Tell him/her when you think you can startDear Ms Barnes，I am writing concerning the position of Assistant Office Manager that I am due to begin next Monday.However, a problem has arisen.As you know, I currently w ork for my uncle’s food-packing business, and you will remember from my interview that I have gained valuable experience there.Unfortunately, he has to go into hospital for an operation, leaving my aunt in change of both the home and the business.She has asked me, as this is a particularly busy time of year, to stay on and help her with the running of the office.I realise this will be inconvenient to you, but very much hope that, given the circumastances, you would be prepared to allow me to take up my position with you two weeks later than planned.I would like to emphasise that I remain very keen to work with you, and that I will be gainning further useful experience during this time.I look forward to hearing form you.Yours sincerely, John Forbes剑桥4 Topic: You want to sell some of your furniture.You think a friend of yours might like to buy it from you.Write a letter to your friend.In your letter: Explain why you are selling Describe the furniture Suggest a date when your friend can come and see。

剑9 1—2Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school。

Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?Traditionally children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school，but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools，with both positive and negative outcomes。

The obvious argument in its favour is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates leaning another language， and unlike adolescents, they are not inhibited by self-consciousness.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent,shorter sessions and for a play—centred approach, thus maintaining learners’enthusiasm and progress。

雅思剑桥真题test 小作文
《雅思剑桥真题 test 小作文》
哎呀呀，今天我来和大家讲讲我考雅思剑桥真题 test 的事儿哈。

记得那次，我坐在考场里，紧张得手心都出汗啦。

当我拿到试卷，看到那小作文的题目时，脑子一下子就懵了。

题目是让描述一个图表，哎呀，那图表里的线条弯弯曲曲的，就好像是在跟我开玩笑似的。

我就盯着它看呀看呀，心里想着：“你这线条能不能别这么复杂呀！”
然后我就开始动笔写啦，一边写一边还在嘀咕：“这可咋描述呀，这线条一会儿高一会儿低的。

”我就努力地回忆老师讲过的那些方法，一点点地把那些数据往纸上搬。

写着写着，我突然发现自己好像把一个数字写错啦，哎呀妈呀，这可咋办呀，我赶紧找橡皮擦呀擦呀，结果把纸都擦破了一块，我那个心疼哟。

好不容易把小作文写完了，我长舒了一口气，就好像完成了一项超级艰巨的任务似的。

等出了考场，我还在想那图表呢，心里琢磨着自己到底写得对不对呀。

这就是我考雅思剑桥真题 test 小作文的经历啦，真是让人难忘呀！现在想起来还觉得挺有意思的呢，哈哈。

咋样，我这经历够细致不？嘿嘿。

剑6 1-1The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000.Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km3 to around 3,000 km3 in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km3, while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 km3, both far below the levels ofconsumption by agriculture.The table illustrates the differences in agricultural consumption in some areas of the world by contrasting the amount of irrigated land in Brazil (26,500 km2) with that in the D.R.C.(100 km2). This means that a huge amount of water is used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person: 359 m3 compared with only 8 m3 in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries.剑6 2-2Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others thinks it is unfair.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate . So the notion of fairness is not the issue.Those who feel that sports stars’salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements.剑6 3-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventuallyThe cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth . Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage . Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.剑6 4-2Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Over the last half century the pace of change in the life human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the ‘safe’ patterns of behaviour are no longer appropriate.However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better’. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments ) that are in their own interests.In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.。

剑桥雅思考官范文Well, let me tell you about this amazing trip I had. It was to Thailand, you know, that place full of all kinds of wonders.I landed in Bangkok first. Oh my god, the moment I stepped out of the airport, it was like being hit by a wave of heat and chaos, but in a really exciting way. The traffic was just crazy. There were tuk tuks zoomingaround everywhere. They look like these little three wheeled buggies, and the drivers are always trying to get you to take a ride with them. I hopped on one and it was like being on a rollercoaster, zipping in and out of the traffic.The food in Thailand is out of this world. I mean, I'm a big foodie and this place was like a paradise for me. There were street stalls everywhere selling things like pad thai. It's this delicious noodle dish with peanuts and lime and all sorts of goodness. And the mango sticky rice, that waslike a little slice of heaven. The mango was so ripe and sweet, and the sticky rice was just the perfect complement.Then I went to the beaches in Phuket. The water was so clear, like a giant blue mirror. I could see all the colorful fish swimming around justby looking down from my boat. I tried snorkeling for the first time. At first, I was a bit scared, you know, thinking about all those fish and what if something bites me. But once I put my face in the water, it was like entering a whole new world. There were these beautiful coral reefs, all shapes and colors, and the fish were just swimming around me like theydidn't care I was there. It was an incredible feeling.The people in Thailand are also super friendly. They always have asmile on their face. Even when there was a bit of a language barrier, wecould still communicate with gestures and a few broken English words. I remember asking a local where the nearest temple was, and he not only told me but actually walked me part of the way there.All in all, it was a trip that I'll never forget. It had a bit of everything adventure, great food, beautiful scenery and lovely people. Ican't wait to go back there again someday.I'm going to talk about my grandpa. He's one of the most interesting people I've ever known.My grandpa looks like a character out of an old fashioned movie. He's got this big, bushy white mustache that he twirls around when he's thinking. His eyes are always twinkling with mischief or kindness, depending on the situation. He's not a very tall man, but he has this big presence, you know.He's a real jack of all trades. He can fix just about anything around the house. I remember when our old clock stopped working. Everyone was thinking we should just buy a new one, but not grandpa. He got his toolbox out, which is this big, rusty box full of all kinds of strange looking tools. He spent the whole afternoon tinkering with the clock, and by theend of the day, it was ticking away as good as new.Grandpa also has a great sense of humor. He loves to tell jokes, especially those old fashioned ones that make you groan and laugh at the same time. For example, he'll say, “Why don't scientists trust atoms? Because they make up everything.” And then he'll laugh this big bellylaugh that's really contagious.He's also really into gardening. His garden is like a little piece of paradise. There are all kinds of flowers and vegetables growing there. In the spring, it's full of colorful tulips and daffodils. And in the summer,he has these huge tomatoes and cucumbers. He spends hours out there, watering the plants, talking to them as if they can understand him. He says that if you talk nicely to your plants, they'll grow better.My grandpa is also a bit of a storyteller. He'll sit us down on the porch and start telling us stories about his youth. How he used to travel around on his old bicycle, exploring the countryside. He'll tell us about the adventures he had, like the time he got caught in a thunderstorm while out in the fields and had to take shelter in an old barn. His stories are always full of details and they make you feel like you were there with him.All in all, my grandpa is an amazing person. He's full of life, knowledge and love, and I'm really lucky to have him in my life.。

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Trade and travel would be a lot easier with a single， global currency that we all use.Do you agree or disagree with this statement？ Would a single currency cause any problems？It is clear to me that the idea of a single global currency is an excellent ideal to work towards. There can be no doubt that trade and travel would be vastly easier. On the other hand I believe that it would cause problems today.The benefits of a single currency can be seen with the use in Europe of the Euro. Whenever you are travelling between countries using the Euro， the problems of currency changing and exchange rates are history. Similarly business between countries using the Euros is so much easier； no more worrying about exchange rate risk and pricing. Everyon e‛s money is the same. The same thing is true with the US dollar. Most countries do not use the US dollar but it is accepted in many places. There are many countries that you can travel to and just take US dollars to use.At present though a global currency would be impossible. Firstly most countries would not accept the idea. Secondly all countries are in different economic states. Some are economically very strong and some are in a state of collapse with inflation ruining the economy. Such countries could not be brought into a world currency as it would cause massive financial instability worldwide. So it is clear that a global currency would indeed cause some serious problems.So， in conclusion I see a global currency as a future ideal but it will not happen in my lifetime. It would make trade and travel much easier but the problems it would cause nowadays would be insurmountable.我很清楚，一个单一的全球货币的想法是一个理想的工作。

剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age.Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong.This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this.Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child.To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished.Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad.This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior.After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for largerpeople to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others.Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out.Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion.Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt.In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees.In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden.The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros.Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros.Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries.Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively.Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros.By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere.I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts.If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character.What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people.The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to.This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously.To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river.After five to six months the eggs hatch into “fry”.For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river.During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea.After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres.They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle startsanew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity.Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location.It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。

剑8 1-1The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural and land becomes less productive. Th table shows how these causes affected thress regions of the world during the 1990s.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation ofcrops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively.These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 2% of land affected respectively. Europe with the highest overall percentage of land degraded(23%),also suffered from over-cultivation(7.7%) and over-grazing(5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing(11.3%). North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation(3.3%) and , to lesser extent,over-grazing(1.5%).Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.剑8 1-2Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Other, however, believe that school is the place to learn this.Discuss both these views and given your own opinion.A child’s education has never been about learning information and basic skills only. It has always included teaching the next generation how to be good members of society. Therefore , this cannot be the responsibility of the parents alone.In order to be a good member of any society the individual must respect and obey the rules of their community and share their values. Educating children tounderstand the need to be obey rules and respects others always begins in the home and is widely though to be the responsibility of parents. They will certainly be the first to help children learn what is important in life, how, they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world.However learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school,they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school,children will experience working and living with people from a whole variety of background from the wider society. This experience should teach them how to co-operate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community.But to be a valuable member of any community is not like learning a simple skill. It is something that an individual goes on learning throughout life and it is the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able members of that society.剑8 2-1The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991 and 2001.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years 1981,1991 and 2001.In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers salaries saw a fail from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001,teachers pay remained the biggest cost reaching 50% of total spendingin 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly,the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books on other wokers’salaries.剑8 3-2Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems.To what extent do you agree or disagree?What other measures do you think might be effective?There is no doubt that traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems, both in cities and on motorways everywhere. Solving these problems is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution.higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. But there are various other measures that could be implemented thatwould have a huge effect on these problems.I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. The technology is already available to produce electric cars that would be both quieter and cleaner to use. Persuading manufacturers and travellers to adopt this new technology would be a more effective strategy for improving are quality,especially in cities.However, traffic congestion will not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle people can use. To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services available to travellers. For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be dramatically reduced. Long-distance train and coach services should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.In conclusion, i think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems.。

剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion. Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros. By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character. What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowlmade from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people. The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to. This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously. To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatch into “fry”. For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river. During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。

剑桥大学雅思写作范文一、题目：Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledgefor its own sake, regardless of whether the course is useful to an employer. What, in your opinion, should be the main function of a university?范文：Well, when it comes to the main function of a university, it's really a tricky question. There are those who firmly believe that universities should be like a factory churning out graduates armed with workplace ready knowledge and skills. And there's some sense in that. After all, when students graduate, they've got to face the real world, and if they don't have the practical know how, they might be in for a rough ride.For example, in fields like engineering or computer science, if students don't learn the latest software or engineering techniques that are actually used in companies, they could find themselves at a loss when they start their jobs. It's like learning to drive a car only in theory and then being expected to compete in a Formula 1 race it just doesn't work!On the other hand, there are those who argue that universities should be all about pure knowledge, just for the sake of it. This view also hasits charm. Think about it. Universities have been places of great intellectual exploration for centuries. There are so many areas of study that might not seem "useful" at first glance, like ancient languages or some esoteric branches of philosophy. But these areas of study are what make human civilization rich and diverse.For instance, the study of ancient Greek philosophy might not directly land you a high paying job at a big corporation, but it enriches our understanding of how we think, where our ideas come from, and how society has evolved over time. It's like adding beautiful colors to the canvas of human knowledge.In my humble opinion, a university should be a bit of both. It should offer practical courses that get students ready for the job market. But it should also be a haven for the pursuit of pure knowledge. Universities should encourage students to study what they love, whether it's something "useful" or not. Because you never know, that "useless" knowledge today might turn out to be the key to a major breakthrough tomorrow. And at the same time, by equipping students with workplace skills, universities are also ensuring that their graduates can contribute to society in a more immediate way. So, it's a delicate balance that universities need to strike, like a tightrope walker trying not to fall on either side.二、题目：In some countries, young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.范文：Hey, you know, this idea of taking a gap year between high school and university, it's kind of a big deal these days. There are some really cool advantages to it.First off, if a young person decides to work during that year, they can earn some money. And let me tell you, money is not a bad thing to have when you're about to start university. You can use it to buy all those textbooks that cost an arm and a leg. For example, I had a friend who worked in acoffee shop during his gap year. He not only made enough to cover his first year textbook expenses but also had some left over for a nice holiday.Traveling during the gap year is also super exciting. It broadens your horizons like nothing else. You get to see different cultures, taste different foods, and meet all kinds of interesting people. Imagine going to Thailand and learning about their unique religious festivals, or going to Italy and feasting on the most delicious pizza and pasta while chatting with the locals. It's like opening a whole new world of experiences that you just can't get from textbooks.However, there are some downsides too. One big problem is that some young people might lose their study momentum. If they take a year off to just travel and have fun, it can be really hard to get back into the study groove. It's like taking a long break from running and then trying to run a marathon all of a sudden.Also, there's the issue of uncertainty. What if something goes wrong during the gap year? Maybe you don't find a good job, or your travel plans fall through due to unforeseen circumstances. This can be really stressful and might even make you question your decision to take a gap year in the first place.All in all, I think taking a gap year can be a great adventure for young people, but they've got to be careful. They need to plan well and make sure they don't forget about their long term goal of getting a good education at university. It's like walking on a thin line between having a great time and not messing up your future educational prospects.。

剑7 1-2It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practices.I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level. But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture,they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training,the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent.In conclusion. I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to bereally good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required.剑7 2-1The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken in creased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.剑7 3-2As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being.What factors contribute to job satisfaction?How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such job is very high. So feelings about one’s job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this,job satisfaction is indeed very important for the well-being of that person.Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. Firstly, a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very important in this respect. A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. Secondly , when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker. The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty to a team.Of course not everyone enjoys their work. Hard economic realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get. In some cases an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality. Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labour relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their worrk, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job. If the factors identified above are implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction.剑7 4-1The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuelsource in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.They charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%.In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source,producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant.Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power.。

剑四小作文Test1The table gives a breakdown of the different types of family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.On average, 11% of all households,comprising almost two million people, were in this position. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children(7%) than those with children(12%). It is noticeable that for both types ofhousehold with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time.Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured elderly couples(only 4%) rather than single elderly people(6%).Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.TEST 3小作文The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.We can see immediately that there were substantial difference in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women. By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas(70%) and marginally more women reached degree level(55%).At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterpa rt (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Master’s graduates.Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelor’s degree, however.剑桥5小作文2The first graph shows that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49 yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds are studying for career reasons in late adulthood.Conversely, the first graph also shows that study stemming from interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26 yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.The second graph shows that employer support is maximum(approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-focused study, but the highest level is for those students who mainly study for career purposes.3The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon.The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon(25km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone,cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site(S1) would probably offer more advantages.47分The table shows the details regarding the underground railway systems in six cities. London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 140 years old. Paris is the second oldest, in which it was opened in the year 1900. This is was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway system. And was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size of the railway systems, London, for certain, has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Tokyo, in contrast, has the smallest system. It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London.Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometers of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 millions passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 millions passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Tokyo, serves the smallest number of passengers per year as predicted.In conclusion, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the size of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system.剑六TEST1小作文The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000. Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500km to around 3000 km in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1000km, while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300km, both far below the levels of consumption by agriculture.The table illustrates the differences in agricultural consumption in some areas of the world by contrasting the amount of irrigated land in Brazil(26500km) with that in the D.R.C (100km). This means that a huge amount of water is used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person: 359m compared with only 8m in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries.TEST3The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected. they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.TEST41We are given two charts which show us a few sets of data about the marital status of the Amercians between 1970 and 2000.The first chart compares the number of marriages and divorces in the United States of America between 1970 and 2000. We can see that data is given for each decade; the number of people who are getting married decreased slightly since 1980, as well as the divorces one. Nevertheless, divorces increased between 1970 and 1980.The second chart is more precise about the different martial status of the Americans between the 1970 and 2000. The number of divorced people has risen more than the double during this two years, and the data for the never married people has also increased significantly. However , less and less people are married,as the first chart showed us; the widowed American number is also decreasing.As a conclusion, we can say that the marital status background of the Americans has maybe known the greatest change it had ever seen.剑桥雅思 7Test 2Writing task 1Topic requestThe graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Model answerThe graph illustrates changed in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, butmuch less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.剑桥雅思 7Test 4Writing task 1Topic requestThe pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Model answerThe chart compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%.In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power.剑三C3- Test 2 P28-P162When a country develops its technology; the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that ‘traditional skills and ways of life’ are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community.In many ways, the history of civilisation is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the Internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditional as living in caves!Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means ‘ pointless’, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life.剑桥C3, Test3, P74-P164You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.· In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this ad completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking reposibility.· What are your opinions on this? You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.You should write at least 250 words.The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children work ing is "wrong” or "valuable”. Opinions will also differ as to "learning "benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would you have varying concerns.An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be ‘learning’ than older children helping in an old people’ home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in thisway.Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children's development.Test A P113-P168Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational; otherwise they are a complete waste of time.Do you agree or disagree？Today, education has become a priority for many parents seeking to secure a good future for their children in this rapidly changing world. They believe that if their children apply themselves and work hard at school, then they will increase their opportunities for going to higher education and eventually getting a good job. Of course they are right, and as access to the best education and best jobs is becoming more competitive, then it is true that children have to make the best of their study time when they young.However, the parents who do not allow their children sufficient free time for leisure activities outside school hours, are misguided. Such activities are far from being a waste of time for the children simply because they are not academic. It is important to remember that children need to develop skills other than intellectual ones, and the best way to do this is through activities such as sports, games and playing with other kids. If they cannot play make-believe games, how can they develop their imagination? How can they learn physical co-ordination or learn important social lessons about winning and losing if they do not practise any sports? Many children form strong, personal relationship with friends they play with, and without the opportunity to do this, they could grow up emotionally immature or unformed.Finally, I think it is also important to remember that children need to relax as well as work. If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance, then they will soon get tired of studying altogether, which is the last thing parents would want. (255)剑四C4 –Test 2 P55-P165Happiness is considered to be very important in life.Why is it difficult to define?What factors are important in achieving happiness?Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness fordifferent individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factor such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.C4, P101-169In many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.What do you think are the cause of this?What solutions can you suggest?Poor student behaviour seems to be increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole.C4 G Test BP129-P173Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are sixor seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible.What do you think are the advantages of attending school from a young age?In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.While some people think this may be damaging to a child’s development, or to a child’s relationship with their parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.Firstly, a child will learn to interact with a lot of different people and some children learn to communicate very early because of this. They are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents and who are not used to strangers or new situations. Such children find their first day at school at the age of six very frightening and this may have a negative effect on how they learn.Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially. They make friends and learn how to get on with other children of a similar age. This is often not possible at home because they are the only children, or because their brothers or sisters are older or younger.So overall, I believe that, attending school from a young age is good for most children. They still spend plenty of time at home with their parents, so they can benefit from both environments.剑五Test 2 P53- P165剑五范文In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. This trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. (Furthermore,) They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.However, there are certainly dangers/risks in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the/tend to be the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.TEST4 P99 P169Nature VS. nurtureToday(剑五范文)Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetics factors (nature) or by the environment (nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person's life.General training P127 P173剑五范文Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food. But even if we buy fresh food without packaging, we still producerubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home.The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buy packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, and then at home.However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of.I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish we produce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned by waste.剑六Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Nowadays, there are lots of advertisements on television or on the streets. Some people think that the advertising boosts the sales of goods and it encourages people to buy things unnecessarily. This arguments may be true. In my country, many advertising companies produce advertisements with famous and popular actors or singers. People, especially youngsters, buy goods that their favourite singer advertise, although they do not really need the products.Also, on the television screen, a product may look gorgeous and good quality. As a result of it, people often buy goods without enough consideration. Consumers may not actually need it but they buy goods impulsively soon after they watch the advertising. Furthermore, as many customers buy a particular product due to its advertising campaign, the other people may be affected by the trend, even if the product is not of the real needs of the society.On the other hand, there are various aspects against these arguments. Moreover, it is people’s choice to make a decision to buy goods. Advertising may be not a cause of customers’ buying habits. Individuals have their own spending habits. If they have got enough disposable income, then the right to make a decision is given to them. No one actually can judge whether the goods sold are the real needs of the society or not.In addition, as there should be a limited amount of disposable income consumers are able to spend, people try to allocate their budgets. They cannot be simply swayed by those advertisements.In conclusion, as customers have their own strong opinions and standard of good quality goods, it is better to leave them to make their own decision in buy goods. It is fairly difficult to say everyone is swayed by advertising and buy good impulsively. However, in sensitive area of businesses such as toy industries, it may be necessary to band advertising to those children as children have not got enough ability to control themselves or to know what they need. (332 words)。

剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion. Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumped from 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros. By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of theglobal spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character. What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people. The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to. This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously. To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatch into “fry”. For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river. During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。

剑5 1-1The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph shows the increase in the ageing population in Japen, Sweden and the USA. It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries is expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.In 1940 the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the USA. However, while the figuresfor the Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period, before rising to almost 5% again at the present time.In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentage, the proportion of older people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is though that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries.剑5 2-2In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. The trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges ofstudent life.However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Young adult may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to re-adapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.剑5 3-1The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarker for the town of Garlsdon.The first potential location(S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking.This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, car would be unable to park and access would be difficult.Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garisdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.剑5 4-2Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.Which do you consider to be the major influence?Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual’s personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the environment(nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual’s life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends onwhether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research finding to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person’s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person’s personality and dictates how that personality develops. It this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person’s life.。

剑9 1-2Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school.Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?Traditionally children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school,but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools,with both positive and negative outcomes.The obvious argument in its favour is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates leaning another language, and unlike adolescents, they are not inhibited by self-consciousness.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent,shorter sessions and for a play-centred approach, thus maintaining learners’enthusiasm and progress. Their command of the language in late life will benefit from this early exposure, while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them. They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures.There are,however, some disadvantages. Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves. If specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions, the flexibility referred to above is diminished, if primary language teaching is not standardised, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake,resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains. There is no advantage if enthusiastic primarypupils become demotivated as soon as they change school.However,these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted.Anything which encourage language learning benefits society culturally and economically, and early exposure to language learning contributes to this. Young children’s innate abilities should be harnessed to make these benefits more achievable.剑9 2-1The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different type of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at the end of the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes.This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phone tripled.To sum up, although local fixed line call were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.剑9 3-2Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. Onepossible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests;those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.However, there may be better ways of tackling this problem. Interest in sport is not universal, and additional facilities might simply attract the already fit, not those who most need them. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done. This has the added benefit that parents and children often use them together just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age.As well as physical activity, high tax penalties could be imposed on high-fat food products, tobacco and alcohol, as excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health. Even improving public transport would help: it takes longer to walk to the bus stop than to the car.In my opinion,focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an approach and would not have the desired results. People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.剑9 4-1The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012, and projected consumption to 2030.Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion (35q) units used in 1980, rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation. From 1995 there was a steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over theperiod. From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q. Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro-and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q.Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2. After slight increase, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is expected to maintain this level until 2030. While the others should rise slightly after 2025.Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.。

剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to useto teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child ’growths is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended bythe parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion. Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile,in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK therewas an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales rangedfrom 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge15 million euros. By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people areable to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country ’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character. What would a Japanese tea ceremonybe without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowlmade from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people. The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs,as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorousthan the one they are used to. This eventually puts old-school craftspeople outof work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously. To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fishcalled the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in theslow-moving upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatchinto “fry ”.For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live inthe lower, faster-flowing waters of their river. During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin swimming back totheir birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish ’slife occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。

剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion. Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros. By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character. What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowlmade from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people. The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to. This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously. To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatch into “fry”. For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river. During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。