主动语态与被动语态
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主动语态与被动语态
语态表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。
一、被动语态的用法：
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
（1）Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
我们的教室每天都打扫。
（2）I am asked to study hard.
要求我努力学习。
（3）Knives are used for cutting things.
刀是用来切割东西的。
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
（1）A new shop was built[bɪlt]建造，build的过去式和过去分词
last year.
去年新建了一家商店。
（2）Dinosaur [ˈdaɪnəsɔ:(r)]恐龙 eggs were laid [leɪd]铺;放置，产卵(lay的过去式和过去分词 ) long long ago很久很久以前.
恐龙蛋早就产了。
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
(1)This book has been translated[trænsˈleɪt]翻译 into many
languages ['læŋɡwɪdʒɪz]语言.
这本书已译成多种语言。 (2)Many man-made人造的 satellites [ˈsætəlaɪt]卫星 have
been
sent[sent]送( send的过去式和过去分词 ); up into space[speɪs]
空间，太空 by many countries.
许多国家已将许多人造卫星送入太空。
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
(1)A new hospital will be built in our city.
我们市将新建一所医院。
(2)Many more trees will be planted next year.
明年将种更多的树。
5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
(1)Young trees must be watered often.
必须经常给幼树浇水。
（2）Your mistakes[mɪˈsteɪk]错误，过失 should be corrected
[kə'rektɪd]改正( correct的过去式和过去分词 ); right now.
你的错误应该马上改正。
（3）The door may be locked [lɔkt]锁定的inside里面.
门可以锁在里面。
（4）Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
你的家庭作业明天可以交。
6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
（1）Uncle Wang is mending ['mendɪŋ]修补 my bike now.→
王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。
My bike is being repaired [rɪˈpeə(r)]修理 by Tom now.
汤姆正在修理我的自行车。
(2)They are planting trees over there. →
他们在那边种树。
Trees are being planted over there by them.
他们正在那边种树。
7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
（1）There are two books to be read. →
有两本书要读。
（2）There are twenty more trees to be planted.
还有20多棵树要种。
二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1.先找出主动语态中的主语、谓语动词、宾语；
2.将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；
3.谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；
4.主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by的短语可以省略）；
（1）Bruce writes a letter every week.
→A letter is written by Bruce every week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
（2） Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.
→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
今天早上李雷修理坏了的自行车。
(3)He has written two novels ['nɒvlz]小说 so far到目前为止. →Two novels have been written by him so far.
到目前为止他写了两本小说。
(4)They will plant ten trees tomorrow.
→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
他们明天要种十棵树。
(5)Lucy is writing a letter now.
→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
露西正在写一封信。
(6)You must lock the door when you leave.
→the door must be locked when you leave.
你离开时必须锁门。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1.不及物动词无被动语态。
(1)What will happen[ˈhæpən]发生 in 100 years.
100年后会发生什么。
(2)The dinosaurs disappeared [dɪsə'pɪəd]消失about 65
million [ˈmɪljən]百万 years ago.
恐龙大约在6500万年前消失了。
2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
(1)This pen writes well.这支笔写得很好。
(2)This new book sells well.这本新书很畅销。
3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
(1)make somebody do something
→somebody+ be +made to do something
让某人做某事
(2)see somebody do something
→somebody +be +seen to do something
看到有人做了什么
(3)A girl saw my wallet[ˈwɒlɪt]钱包drop [drɒp]滴 when she
passed by路过.
→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she
passed by.
一个女孩路过时看见我的钱包掉了。
(4)The boss made the little boy do heavy work.
→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the
boss. 老板让那个小男孩干重活。
4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
(1)He gave me a book.
→A book was given to me by him.
他给了我一本书
(2)He showed me a ticket.
→A ticket was shown to me by him.
他给我看了一张票。
(3)My father bought me a new bike.
→A new bike was bought for me by my father.
我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。
5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
(1)We can’t laugh him.
→He can’t be laugh by us.
我们不能笑他。
(2)He listens to the radio every day.
→The radio is listened to by him every day.
他每天都听收音机。
(3)The nurse is taking care of the sick man病人.
→The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
护士正在照顾病人。
常见考法
对于语态考查，多以单选、词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用被动语态的能力。一般情况下，会综合考查时态和语态，这时，要根据语境和动作发生的时间来确定时态，然后再确定语态。
典型例题：-Could you tell me whom the radio__________by? -Sorry. I have no idea.
A invents B invented C is invented D was invented
解析：题干的意思是“你能告诉我收音机是谁发明的吗？”，发明收音机是过去的事，所以用过去时，排除 A和C；而radio和invent
构成被动关系，应用被动语态，排除B
答案：D
