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第16讲阅读理解之推断题【知识梳理1】1.推断题的出题方式你对下面的这些问题应该不会感到陌生吧？✧What can you infer from the passage？✧The writer implies that…✧What can you conclude from the passage?✧What will the next paragraph talk about？2. 推断题型及解题思路(1) 数据事实推断：解答此类题，关键是要捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。
【例题精讲】例1.No one is laughing now. Since V olkswagen took control in 1991, Skoda has been transformed by German techniques (and $2 billion cash) into Europe’s fastest-growing manufacturer. Turnover(销售额) has jumped nine-fold in the past decade, and 81 percent of last year’s 450,000 new Skodas went to foreign buyers. This week the new Superb sedan（超级轿车）--- aimed at big-spending business types---goes on display at the Frankfurt Motor Show.Question: How many Skodas were sold to foreign buyers last year?A .450,000 B. 364,500 C. 171, 000 D. 85,500Key: B.例2：SydneyPass Fares*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under 4 years travel free.**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.Question: If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague and her children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be?A. $225.B. $300.C. $360.D. $420.Key: C(2) 细节推断题细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出结论的一种推断方法。
高中英语考点精析精练：细节事实(阅读理解)高中英语考点精析精练命题点1 细节事实本类考题解答锦囊细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。
它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。
直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。
这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
而语义理解题须将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换才能得出结论。
这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。
这种题属于中档层次题。
在历年高考题中占大多数。
细节事实类题型多种多样，但有一些常见的方式：1．Which of the following is true／false／mentioned?2．What does the writer iter pay least attenti on to?3．Choose the right order of the events given in the passage．4．A1l the following statements are not true(true)except________5．Which of the following gmaps／diagrams gives the right position of．．．?一篇文章有了它所涉及的中心思想，即话题，确定了要表达的中心思想，还必须通过许多细节的信息来进一步解释或表达主题体现中心思想，因此细节是一篇文章的大部分篇幅，也是考生阅读过程中需要理解的主要内容，在阅读测试中，这类试题占大部分。
解题步骤：1．通读全文，即以最快速度读完全文。
目的让考生对文章内容结构有一个总体了解。
2．读题干，弄懂其含义。
3．带着题干问题重读文章。
用查读法(scannin8)，快速扫描文章，查找与设问内容相关的词语或句子，借助于同义词或同义结构；当题目涉及到时间、距离，以及其他用数字表示的细节时，有时需要计算才能得出答案。
第Ⅱ题阅读理解专题一事实细节类题目[命题特点]针对原文具体叙述本身设问，可以直接或间接的从文中找到答案，常以who，which，what，where等设问。
[考查重点](1)直接理解题(信息可在原文中直接找到答案)。
(2)语意转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换)。
[方法技巧]1．查读法(1)速读全文，明确段落中心句，掌握大意。
(2)按文章体裁、作者组材方式寻找关键信息词。
(3)找到细节，认真推敲甚至计算等。
2．按组材模式阅读(常见模式)(1)列举型：抓住作者所举事例。
(2)时间、空间型：掌握具体的时间、地点。
(3)分类、例证型：掌握例证的事实细节，以便得到答案。
(4)程序型：理清说明事物的顺序，从而得出答案。
(5)因果分析型：理清因果关系，从而推出答案。
(6)比较、对比型：通过比较，对比事实细节，找到答案。
(7)留意不含阿拉伯数字，但代表时间或数量的单词。
如：at dawn(黎明时)，score(20)，fortnight(14 days)，century(100 years)，quarter(14/15 minutes)，decade(10years)，a season(3 months)，week(7days)，couple (2个)，double/doubled(翻倍)，multiplied(乘)，be divided(除以)，average(平均)，sum(求和)，in all(总共)。
Passage 1Last night's meteor(流星)shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers.According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley's mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky.What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.“My family was so frustrated，” admitted town resident Duane Cosby.“We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades.They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs，snakes，etc.For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的)birds.According to the International Dark－Sky Association，“100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animal casualties(伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting.Clearly，people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans，too.They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer.Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution.For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文，主要介绍了城市的光污染对日常生活、天文学家的工作以及动物的生活都产生了消极的影响。
高中英语高考总复习----事实细节题型阅读解题技巧知识讲解及巩固练习题（含答案解析）题型介绍阅读理解题是高考备考的“重头戏”，因为它占到了40分，是全卷分值最大的一道题。
高考阅读理解选题体裁多样，涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文；选材新颖，贴近生活，强调跨文化意识和能力，强调语篇选材的真实性；话题广泛，涉及政治、经济、历史、地理、文化、教育、新闻报道、人物故事、科技信息、海外风情等；题型合理，在题型设计上，包括词义猜测题、细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、和意图态度题等几大题型。
考纲要求“理解文中具体信息”，细节理解题正是对文中具体信息的掌握情况进行考查，是高考英语阅读理解中占比重最大的一类题型，在2015年全国新课标卷的阅读理解20道小题中占到一半（10题）。
这类题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。
主要针对who,what,which,why,how,when,where等来提问。
细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查，也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。
解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。
解题技巧设问特点【链接高清】常以when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等词提问。
以是非true/false,not true/false或EXCEPT等词提问。
正确选项的特点正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。
常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。
干扰项特征1）无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰考生。
2）常识干扰：干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活等方面一些问题的一般看法和认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提及的。
考点16 阅读理解细节题（核心考点精讲精练）近3年真题考点分布【思维导图】【知识梳理】命题规律：细节理解题一般根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，命题人往往通过对文章细节加以改写来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。
细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占有相当大的比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。
这类题考点可以源自段内的单句信息理解，也可以来自段落内综合信息的理解。
考查内容涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、方式以及在议论文中可以涉及例证的细节和定义类的细节。
预计年阅读理解在应用文、说明文和记叙文中, 更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。
命题方式：1.特殊疑问句形式。
以when，where，，who，how much/many等疑问词开头引出问题。
2.填空题形式。
通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。
题型和考查角度：1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
2.中频考点：数字计算题；3.低频考点：细节排序题；正误判断题。
选项特征：➢考点一：直接信息题题干定位直接破解直接信息题。
细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作解释或判断，只要求他们从阅读材料中直接获取信息。
题干定位法⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ 认真阅读题干，根据关键词明确答题方向。
运用略读及查读技巧迅速找到文中与问题相关的信息。
仔细比较所给选项，与原文信息对应，锁定 正确选项。
【典例】(2023上海宝山二模)Advances in digital health, however, also bring privacy concerns. Information regarding your health could be used for advertising or marketing, for example. If health records are accessible online, protecting your information from theft and unauthorized use might be difficult. But if managed properly, the benefits of digital health could certainly outweigh the risks.39．According to this article, what is one concern about digital health?A ．Worries about the side effects caused by modern drugs.B ．Rising manufacturing costs in the health care industry.C ．Government regulations limiting the use of digital devices.D ．The danger that personal health data could be stolen.【典例】(2023上海嘉定二模)Qatar, a desert nation, had three main challenges: water, air and light. It got almost every condition going against it. The water used to irrigate (灌溉) the grass is low quality, mainly treated seawater. Because of the desert sun, Qatar’s stadiums were built for maximum shade—great for preventing heatstroke, but less ideal for photosynthesis (光合作用). Inside the nearly-closed stadiums, there’s very little air movement.Qatar identified pitch (球场) quality as a particular issue and set up the Aspire Sport Turf Research and Development Centre to find the best types of grass for use in the harsh climate, testing 24 different varieties. Eventually, Atlas Turf’s grass was chosen as much for its appearance as its tolerance for the tough conditions Qatar faces.27．Atlas Turf’s grass is chosen probably because _____________.A ．it has very little air movementB ．it becomes rough in windy weatherC ．it is shade-tolerantD ．it appears to have a golden color➢ 考点二：间接信息题同义互释破解间接信息题。
间接辨认不仅要求读者能从阅读材料中直接获取信息，还要将获得的信息用同义或近义的语言形式复述出来。
审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。
同义互释法⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ 阅读题干，有针对性地扫读原文，锁定相关词 句等信息。
仔细比较选项和原文信息，选择正确或最佳 的答案。
准确理解每个选项的意思，寻找与原文信息 相关的同义词、近义词或反义词。
【典例】(2023上海浦东) This is episode number three in the nearly twenty-year-old series, delivering a very attractive and interesting story and loads of comedy. There is some strong writing and voice acting, but the new episode chooses to go for a linear (线性的) narrative, with some puzzle included along the way, which is less involving than the theme of exploration and conversation which previous episode have depended on. Besides, the puzzle are not particularly engaging, and many of them have been seen before in other adventure games. The visuals are extremely impressive, of course, as we have come to expect, this time featuring venues in Catalonia. But overall, a slight disappointment.13．The puzzle in episode number three______.A ．are integrated in the narrativeB ．arc appealing to the audienceC ．deal with the theme of explorationD ．are absent in other adventure games【典例】(2023上海松江二模)Slovakia is a wonderfully diverse country with rich cultural history and awe-inspiring natural sites. Slovak Paradise is a natural park that offers 19 nature reserves and over 350 caves. Due to its hot summers and cold winters, spring is a perfect time to explore all that Slovakia has to offer.22．What can be learned about the countries mentioned in the passage?A ．They are packed with more crowds in spring than in other seasons.B ．Tourists can travel in ships when visiting Romania and Netherlands.C ．Travellers can catch sight of and feed wild animals in these countries.D ．Slovakia is an amazing place where tourists can enjoy natural beauty.➢ 考点三：数字计算题查读分析破解数字计算题。
宙读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落一进行推算，得出答案。
这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。
此类试题在文章中直接表现出事实细节，但要经过具体的计算才能得出正确答案。
具体可以是对年代、月份、费用等计算。
此类题目宜采用“查读分析法”，即先阅读题干，然后对文中相关的数字、时间、年代等作出标记，按照一定的规律分门别类地列出相关数字，然后进行简单的计算。
【典例】(2022上海徐汇二模)So far, the world has relied on wood, oil, coal, and natural gas to produce energy for heating, lighting, transportation, and manufacturing. Since the 1950s, world consumption has been increasing persistently. In the year 2000, 80 percent of commercial energy was generated from the combustion of fossil fuels, and every day, 50 million barrels of oil are reined (支配) and converted to gasoline and other fuels. In addition to the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels, the consequences of high consumption rates are pollution and global warming.64. How long has the world been in high speed of burning fossil fuel for energy?A. For half a century.B. For nearly sixty years.C. For over 70 years.D. For more than a century.【典例】(2023全国乙卷C篇)According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.➢考点四：排列顺序题首尾排除破解细节排序题。
