Term paper

Literature Term PaperWriting a literature term paper requires hard work and plenty of time to get through it successfully. Literature is an ever-developing and advancing subject. Students normally have many other co-curricular and social activities. Out of such a busy schedule, it becomes troublesome for students to write literature term paper. Therefore students must understand each and every part of term paper structure so that they can manage to write their literature term paper right on time. The follo wing guidelines will show you how to write a literature term paper.How to Write Literature Term Paper?The literature term paper (for non-English major students) commonly consists of 4 to 6 pages or 1200 to 1500 words. In order to write a good literature tem paper you need to follow some essential steps. Here you will find all those essential steps which you need to be aware of about writing your literature term papers.Abstract: purpose, methods, findings or major argumentsKey words: important terms, conceptsTitleThere are different procedures of making a literature term paper title page just like bibliography such as MLA or APA. Here the description of MLA title page is given. MLA style needs double-spacing and it applies to the title page as well.Write the title beginning each word with capital letter and center-align it. Then write your name, your student number, your course, your instructor’s name and then submission date.IntroductionIn the introduction of your literature term paper, you are supposed to state the following points:∙ A brief explanation of the topic∙Aim of your term paper∙Relevance of the term paper topic∙ A precise introduction of the author and relevant backgroundThe literature term paper introduction aims to make the reader familiar with the main literature term paper topic and create interest in reading your term paper further.Main BodyThe main body of your literature term paper is the longest part. It has sections and sub-sections. In every section, you need to state a main point, argument or appropriate information. Now you have to develop the argument in an intelligible way.Use in-text citation properly if you have quoted some text from book, journal or any other source.Your literature term paper’s main body should also hav e the following points: ∙Interpretation of the literary work concerned∙Y our viewpointConclusionIn the conclusion of your literature term paper, state the problem you posed and explain the results you found from your research. You need to give a summary of the observations and interpretations. You should also explain the strengths and limitations of your research. Besides this, you can make suggestion for future work as well if you have any.References / BibliographyIn the bibliography of your literature term paper, you have to list all the information sources in a required citation style.e.g.Brown, D. L. 1923. Export Advertising. New Y ork: Ronald Press.Caillat, Z., & Muller, B. 1996. Observations: The Influence of Culture on American and British Advertising: An Exploratory Comparison of Beer Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 79-88.Cheng, H., & Schweitzer, J. C. 1996. Cultural V alues Reflected in Chinese and U.S — Television Commercials. Journal of Advertising Research. 27-44.Dahl, S. 2004. Intercultural Research—the Current State of Knowledge Middlesex University Discussion Series.………………贺雪飞，2007，《全球化语境中的跨文化广告传播研究》，北京：中国社会科学出版社。

paper的用法和短语例句【篇一】paper的用法大全paper的用法1：paper的基本意思是“纸”，通常用作物质名词，不可数。

如表示可数性，则须借助于单位词。

“一小张纸”是a piece of paper; “一大张标准尺寸的纸”是a sheet of paper□ paper作“写过字的纸”解时，是可数名词,有复数形式。

paper的用法2：paper也可作“报纸” “文件” “证件” “试卷”“论文”等解，可用复数形式。

paper的用法3：paper的基本意思是用纸贴或用纸覆盖，引申可表示“隐瞒，掩饰”。

paper的用法4：用作及物动词，后接名词或代词作宾语。

【篇二】paper的常用短语用作名词(n.)on paper用作动词(v.)paper over (v.+prep・)【篇三】paper的用法例句1.He wiped away the blood with a paper napkin.他用纸巾将血迹擦去。

2.Under the newspaper, atop a sheet of paper, lay anenvelope.在报纸下面的一张纸上放着一个信封。

3.Stein rolled up the paper bag with the money inside.斯坦把装了钱的纸袋卷了起来。

4.Randall would just now be getting the Sunday paper.兰德尔这个时候应该正在拿周日的报纸。

5.There" s always tons of scrap paper in Dad" s office ・爸爸的办公室里总有大量的废纸。

6.She tore off two sections of paper towel and folded them lengthwise.她撕下两格纸巾，然后纵向对折。

7.The paper is openly critical of the strong-arm president.该报纸对这位铁腕总统进行公开的批评。

Term paper topicsChapter 1:pare London to another big city in terms of city-planning, cultural heritage or populationchanges. How do such changes evolve?pare the demographic of U.K. with that of China. What problems do both two countriesface? Do they adopt similar or different policies towards solving these problems?Chapter 2:1.Study the lists of reasons for success and failure in marriage (on Page 41). How would suchreasons apply to marriage in China? Are there other reasons for successful or failed marriages in China?2.The diagram and photos on page 48 show some youth “tribes” in the 21st century. Do theyhave followers in China? If not, what other tribes can be found? And what do they say about China’s youth subculture?Chapter 3:1.Observe families around you and determine if the division of household work takes a similarpattern as that demonstrated in the textbook. What factors determine the division? Are family members happy about such division?2.In China, how do people plan to live when they grow old? What facilities are available tothem? How are the decisions made, by themselved, by their family members and acquaintances, or by some institutes or facilities?pare parent-child relationship in U.K. with that in China.Chapter 4:pare and contrast the goals of compulsory education in the U.K. with those in China.What does each emphasize?2.Contrast public schools in the U.K. with private schools in China.3.A-levels are to British pupils what College Entrance Examination is to Chinese high schoolgraduates. Do you agree? Do they to any degree differ from each other?Chapter 5:1.What’s the impact of the financial crisis on UK employment? If so, has it recovered?2.What are the job prospects for the young British? What help is available? What challengesmust they face? Are there possible solutions?Chapter 6:pare and contrast the indoor activities the British and Chinese enjoy.2.Are the British an outdoor people? Why or why not?Chapter 7:1.What is the significance of traveling to the UK and its people? To what extent does tourismpromote or undermine the preservation of historical heritages in Britain?Chapter 8:pare the causes of crimes in UK and China to find out similarities and differences. Whatcauses the differences?pare and contrast the role of police in UK and China.Chapter 9:1.Is the jury or something like the jury part of the Chinese court? If so, does it function the sameway as it does in the UK?2.Is jury selection a reasonable procedure in the UK? Examine the procedure and illustrate yourpoint.Chapter 10:1.To what extent is UK a Christian society? Support your opinion with information like thenumber of Christians, church attendance, etc.Chapter 11:pare and contrast the health and medical welfare in the UK and China.2.In a society dubbed “welfare state”, who are denied access (or partial access) to benefits theyneed?Chapter 12:1.Is British economy as hard-hit as American economy by the financial crisis? Or, does thefinancial crisis affect British economy the same way as it does American economy?Chapter 13:1.What possible changes does the coalition government present for the UK? For example,what’s the difference in the distribution of power among parties? What are the changes in policy?Chapter 14:1. A notable phenomenon in the 2010 UK election is the surge of the third party. Theunstoppable rise of Nick Clegg, however, fails to translate poll numbers into seats. Will it be a future accomplishment of his party?Chapter 15:ment on a British TV program in terms of the presentation of sex or violence to concludewhether it is loaded with sex discrimination or TV violence.Chapter 16:1.Choose a news report (from the UK media) you find biased and analyze its language. How isthe stance taken or the attitude conveyed through its word choices?。

Term Paper for Introduction to Generative Grammar 学号：131907050126 班级：英语13K1姓名：谢苏娅分数：Chapter 3：Constituency, Trees and Rules1、I NTRODUCTIONSyntax is about the study of sentence structure. So let’s start by defining what we mean by “structure.” Consider the sentence in (1):1) The students loved their syntax assignments.One way to describe this sentence is as a simple linear string of words. Certainly this is how it is represented on the page. We could describe the sentence as consisting of the words the, students, loved, their, syntax, assignments in that order. As you can probably figure out, if that were all there was to syntax, you could put down this book here and not bother with the next thirteen chapters. But that isn’t all there is to syntax. The statement that sentence (1) consists of a linear string of words misses several important generalizations about the internal structure of sentences and how these structures are represented in our minds. In point of fact we are going to claim that the words in sentence (1) are grouped into units (called constituents) and that these constituents are grouped into larger constituents, and so on until you get a sentence.Notice that on a purely intuitive level there is some notion that certain words are more closely related to one another. For example, the word the seems to be tied more to the meaning of students than it is to loved or syntax. A related intuition can be seen by looking at the sentences in (2).2) a) The students loved their phonology readings.b) The students hated their morphology professor.Compare these sentences to (1). You’ll see right away that the relationship between the students and their syntax assignments in (1) and the students and their phonology readings in (2a) is the same. Similarly, the relation between the students and their morphology professor in (2b), while of a different kind (hating instead of loving), is of a similar type: There is one group (the students) who are either hating or loving another entity (their syntax assignments, their phonology readings or their morphology professor). In order tocapture these intuitions (the intuition that certain words are more closely connected than others, and the intuitions about relationships between words in the sentence), we need a more complex notion. The notions we use to capture these intuitions are constituency and hierarchical structure. The notion that the and students are closely related to one another is captured by the fact that we treat them as part of a bigger unit that contains them, but not other words. We have two different ways to represent this bigger unit. One of them is to put square brackets around units:3) [the students]The other is to represent the units with a group of lines called a tree structure:4)the studentsThese bigger units are called constituents. An informal definition for a constituent is given in (5): 5) Constituent: A group of words that functions together as a unit.Constituency is the most important and basic notion in syntactic theory.Constituents form the backbone of the rest of this book.They capture the intuitions mentioned above. The “relatedness” is captured by membership in a constituent. As we will see it also allowsus to capture the relationships between constituents exemplified in (1).C onstituents don’t float out in space. Instead they are embedded one inside another to form larger and larger constituents. This is hierarchical structure. Foreshadowing the discussion below a bit, here is the structure we’ll develop for (1):6)This is a typical hierarchical tree structure. The sentence constituent (represented by the symbolTP) consists of two constituents: a subject noun phrase (NP) [the students] and a predicate or verb phrase (VP) [love their syntax assignments]. The subject NP in turn contains a noun (N) students and a determiner (or article) (D) the. Similarly the VP contains a verb (V), and an object NP [their syntax assignments]. The object NP is further broken down into three bits: a determiner their, an adjective syntax, and anoun assignments. As you can see this tree has constituents (each represented by the point where lines come together) which are inside other constituents. This is hierarchical structure. Hierarchical constituent structure can also be represented with brackets. Each pair of brackets ([ ]) represents a constituent. We normally put the label of the constituent on the left member of the pair. The bracketed diagram for (6) is given in (7):1.RULES AND TREESLet’s start with the constituents we call noun phrases (or NPs) and explore the range of materialthat can appear in them. The simplest NPs contain only a noun (usually a proper noun [+proper], pronoun [+pron], mass noun [-count] or a plural noun [+plural]):8) a) John b) water c) catsOur rule must minimally generate NPs then that contain only a N. The format for PSRs is shown in (9a), we use X, Y, and Z here as variables to stand for any category. (9b) shows our first pass at an NP rule:9) a) XP →X Y Zthe label “consists of” the elements that make upfor the constituent the constituentb) NP →NThis rule says that an NP is composed of (written as →) an N. This rule would generate a tree like 10) NPNThere are many NPs (e.g., those that are [+count]) that are more complex than this of course:11) a) the boxb) his binderc) that pink fluffy cushionWe must revise our rule to account for the presence of determiners:12) a) NP →D NThis generates a tree like:b) NPD Nthe boxCompare the NPs in (8) and (11): You’ll see th at determiners are optional. As such we mustindicate their optionality in the rule. We do this with parentheses ( ) around the optional elements:13) NP →(D) NNouns can also be optionally modified by adjectives, so we will need to revise our rule as in (14)(Don’t worry about the “P” in AdjP yet, we’ll explain that below).14) a) the big box b) his yellow binder15) NP →(D) (AdjP) N16) a) the big box of crayonsb) his yellow binder with the red stripe17) NP →(D) (AdjP) N (PP)For concreteness, let’s apply the rule in (17):18)The NP constituent in (18) consists of four subconstituents: D, AdjP, N and PP.For the moment, we need to make one more major revision to our NP rule. It turns out that you can have more than one adjective and more than one PP in an English NP:19) The [AdjP big] [AdjP yellow] box [PP of cookies] [PP with the pink lid].In this NP, the noun box is modified by big, yellow, of cookies, and with the pink lid. The rulemust be changed then to account for this. It must allow more than one adjective and more than one PP modifier. We indicate this with a +, which means “repeat this category as many times as needed”:20) NP →(D) (AdjP+) N (PP+)We will have cause to slightly revise this rule in later sections of this chapter and later chapters, but for now we can use this rule as a working hypothesis.21) a) the big yellow bookb) the very yellow bookOn the surface, these two NPs look very similar. They both consist of a determiner, followed bytwo modifiers and then a noun. But consider what modifies what in these NPs. In (21a) bigmodifies book, as does yellow. In (21b) on the other hand only yellow modifies book; very does not modify book (*very book) – it modifies yellow. On an intuitive level then, the structuresofthese two phrases are actually quite different. (21a) has two adjective constituents that modify the N, whereas (21b) has only one [very yellow]. This constituent is called an adjective phrase (AdjP). The rule for the adjective phrase is given in (22a):22) a) AdjP→(AdvP) Adjb) AdjPAdvPAdjyellowAdvveryThis will give us the following structures for the two NPs in (21):23) a)b)So despite their surface similarity, these two NPs have radically different structures.In (23a) the N is modified by two AdjPs, in (23b) by only one.This leads us to an important observation about tree structures:24) Principle of Modification (informal): Modifiers are always attached within the phrase they modify.The adjective very modifies yellow, so it is part of the yellow AP in (23b). In (23a) by contrast, big doesn’t modify yellow, it modifies book, so it is attached directly to the NP contain ing book. We use a very similar rule to account for adverbs:25) AdvP→(AdvP) Adv26) very quickly27) AdvPAdvPAdvquicklyAdvveryHere is a common mistake to avoid: Notice that the AdvP rule specifies that its modifier is another AdvP: AdvP→(AdvP) Adv. The rule does NOT say *AdvP→(Adv) Adv, so you will never get trees of the form shown in (28):28)You might find the tree in (27) a little confusing. There are two Advs and two AdvPs. In orderto understand that tree a litt le better, let’s introduce a new concept: heads. We’ll spend much more time on heads in chapters 6 and 7, but here’s a first pass: The head of a phrase is the word thatgive the phrase its category. For example, the head of the NP is the N, the head of a PP is the P, thehead of the AdjP is Adj and the head of an AdvP is Adv. Let’s look first at an adjective phrase (29a) and compare it to a complex AdvP:。

term paper格式包括以下几个部分：
•Title Page。

包括论文的标题、作者姓名、学校、导师姓名等信息。

•Abstract。

简短地概括整篇论文的内容。

•Table of Contents。

列出论文中所有的章节和各个章节的标题，以及附录、参考文献等。

•Text。

包括Introduction、Body和Conclusion三个部分，其中Introduction部分需要清楚地阐述论文的主题、目的和研究问题；
Body部分需要详细地展开论述和证明自己的观点；Conclusion
部分需要总结全文，强调研究的主要发现和意义。

•Appendices。

包括一些重要的数据、图表、程序代码等内容。

*References。

列出论文中引用的各篇文献的详细信息。

paper的意思用法总结1. Paper作名词时，指纸张或纸质材料。

常用的搭配有：
- Piece of paper：张纸
- Sheet of paper：张纸
- Notebook paper：笔记本纸
- Toilet paper：卫生纸
- Wrapping paper：包装纸
- Tissue paper：面巾纸
2. Paper也可指论文、报告或科学研究的文稿。

常见搭配有：
- Research paper：研究论文
- Term paper：学期论文
- Position paper：立场论文
- White paper：白皮书
- Academic paper：学术论文
3. Paper还有以下衍生用法：
- Wallpapers：壁纸
- Newspaper：报纸
- Lined paper：线稿纸
- Carbon paper：复写纸
- Papercraft：纸艺、剪纸艺术
此外，Paper还可以作动词，表示“用纸包裹”或“装裱”。

例如：
- She carefully papered the gift.
- The artwork was carefully papered and framed.
最后，paper还有一些习语和俚语用法，比如“paper over something”，意为“掩盖问题”或“粉饰过去”。

英语语用歧义与解歧摘要：歧义是英语中常见的一种语言现。

随着跨文化交际的深入，语用歧义更是得到广泛的关注。

本文首先对歧义与模糊这两个概念进行对比和区别，然后将语用歧义进行分类，最后从语用的角度介绍了几种排除歧义的方法。

关键词：歧义；模糊；语用歧义分类；排除歧义语言是一种约定俗成的社会现象。

语言的形式和语言的内容之间没有必然的联系。

不同的语言形式可以表达同一语言内容,而同一语言形式也可以表达多种语义内容,后者就是语言中的歧义现象。

歧义现象是复杂的语言现象之一,它存在于一切语言中。

传统的歧义研究主要是从词汇、结构、语音的角度进行。

随着跨文化交际的不断深入和发展,歧义现象正越来越引起人们的关注。

20 世纪70 年代,英语语言学家们(Parlmer ,1976 ; Ruth.M. Kempson ,1977 ; etc. ) 就对英语中的歧义结构进行了广泛的研究。

他们从描写语言学的角度对这一现象进行了充分的论证和揭示, 从而总结出一些带普遍性的规律和辨别真假歧义的一些方法;美国描写语言学家引为自豪的成就之一,就是由L.Bloomfield 开创的直接成分分析法,解释了传统语言学所不能解释的因结构层次不同而产生的歧义现象;而在20世纪80 年代初, 胡裕树和张斌两位先生率先倡导用句法、语义、语用三个平面的理论来研究汉语语法。

他们指出: 句法分析着眼于语言符号与语言符号之间的关系, 语义分析着眼于语言符号与客观事物之间的关系, 语用分析着眼于语言符号与语言使用者之间的关系。

多年来, 他们的主张得到大多数学者的肯定。

可以说, 对语法结构进行句法、语义、语用多角度的观察, 突破传统的歧义的研究“小语法”范围,使其上升到一个新的理论高度,已逐渐成为我国语法学者的共识。

本文着重探究语用歧义的种类及解歧。

一、歧义与模糊一提到歧义，人们就会想到模糊（vagueness）。

Zadeh (1971) 认为模糊是“界限不太分明的类别”。

GUIDELINES FOR TERM PAPERSIN THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: TYPESETTING USING LATEXByEdward B.AllenA Term Paper GuidelinesSubmitted to the Faculty ofMississippi State Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Master of Sciencein Computer Sciencein the Department of Computer Science and Engineering Mississippi State,MississippiMay20072GUIDELINES FOR TERM PAPERSIN THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE:TYPESETTING USING LATEXEdward B.AllenAbstractThis term paper guidelines explains how to produce a term paper using L A T E X.Abstracts for technical publications should have the following characteristics.Limit the length of the abstract:(1)100–150words for IEEE journal articles or a master’s thesis,(2)less than250words for conference papers,(2)less than350words for a doctoral dissertation.Write a“report in miniature”,which means it has a self-contained message that does not expect the reader to look at the paper.Answer the questions,“What?”,“How?”,and “Why?”Use no citations,footnotes,or equations unless your assignment specifies otherwise. Use no superlatives;you are not selling anything.Do not use of acronyms and mathemat-ical symbols unless absolutely necessary.1.IntroductionThe goal of this term paper guidelines is to facilitate producing abstracts,term papers, and lab reports in an acceptable form using the L A T E X typesetting system.3 The Office of Graduate Studies publishes the Standards for Preparing Theses and Dis-sertations[2],which we refer to as the Standards.The University requires that all disser-tations and theses comply with the Standards,latest edition.The Standards leave certainissues to be decided by the“degree-granting unit,”which in our case is the Department ofComputer Science.Departmental style requirements for dissertations,theses,and projectreports are specified on the Department’s web site.In addition to theses and dissertations,the Department of Computer Science requires that all Master’s project reports also comply.The document,Guidelines for Dissertations,Theses,and Project Reports in the Depart-ment of Computer Science:Typesetting using L A T E X by Edward Allen explains tools forproducing a thesis that conforms to the department’s format requirements.It also gives avariety of tips on using L A T E X.A dictionary[3]will help you in your writing.The ChicagoManual of Style[1]can answer many obscure detailed questions about formatting style.Many instructors in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering require thatabstracts,term papers,and lab report conform to the same format requirements as theses.This document explains extensions to the thesis-oriented tools for producing term papers,etc.Tips on using L A T E X in Allen’s Guidelines are applicable to term papers,etc.,but arenot repeated here.2.What is L A T E X?L A T E X is a typesetting system that is used primarily in academia.L A T E Xfiles are com-patible with many academic publishers’typesetting systems.For example,L A T E Xfiles areone of the preferred form forfinal submission of articles to the various IEEE Transactions.4 L A T E X has very strong capabilities for typesetting mathematics beautifully and for man-aging bibliographies.Even though,its user interface is not“friendly”compared to com-mercial word processors,suitable stylefiles obviate concern for detailed formatting issues.Consequently,some students willfind it attractive for typesetting term papers,etc.This guideline describes how to typeset a document that is compatible with depart-mental requirements using L A T E X and associated specialized stylefiles.This document isitself an example of a term paper,so its sourcefiles can be used as the starting point foryour document.3.Getting StartedThis document explains features of various term-paper templatefiles(*.tex)and thedocument classfile(msutermpaper.cls)that make preparing your document mucheasier.The overall process has the following steps.1.Create a separate directory for your document.2.Download the term paper templatefiles to your directory from the Computer Scienceand Engineering Department Web site.3.Test whether you can correctly typeset this document to verify that your L A T E X in-stallation is ready.4.Prepare your bibliographyfiles(*.bib).5.Edit your main term paperfile(*.tex)6.Write the body of your document in one or more separatefiles(*.tex).Similarly,write any appendices in separatefiles.7.Write the abstract in a separatefile(*.tex).8.Edit the acknowledgments in a separatefile(*.tex).9.Typeset your document,resulting in a postscriptfile(*.ps).5 Note that L A T E X and the stylefiles msutermpaper.cls,msuthesis.cls,andmsucs.bst are installed on the Computer Science and Engineering Department’s Unix system,so you do not need a personal copy to run L A T E X there.If you are running L A T E X on your own computer,copy msutermpaper.cls,msuthesis.cls,and msucs.bst to your directory e the following commands to typeset this document.latex exampletermpaperbibtex exampletermpaperlatex exampletermpaperlatex exampletermpaperdvips exampletermpaperThe repeated latex commands are necessary to resolve cross-references.You mustcheck for error messages at each step by examining exampletermpaper.log.Somewarnings about unresolved references are expected on the earlier runs of latex.Eachlatex command outputs a logfile(exampletermpaper.log)which may have error messages.bibtex also outputs a logfile(exampletermpaper.blg)which may have error messages.Error messages from dvips will be on your screen.You should carefully examine a printed copy of thefinal outputfile,exampletermpaper.ps.A bibliographyfile(*.bib)is a structured ASCIIfile that is a data base shared byall your papers and your thesis.L A T E X automatically creates a References list for yourdocument,selecting only those entries in the*.bibfile that are cited.This is a majoradvantage of L A T E X.On the Computer Science and Engineering Department’s Unix system,your BibTeXfiles(*.bib)should be in the same directory as your document.On your own machine,they can be in an appropriate L A T E X directory.6 Copy exampletermpaper.tex to your ownfile name,for example,termpaper.tex.Edit your information into thisfile.•Edit the name of your*.bibfiles in the definition of\biblist.•Edit the front matter information.•Edit the name of your abstractfile.•Edit the name of your acknowledgmentsfile.•Edit thefile name for the body of the paper(e.g.extpsections.tex.•Edit the definition of the\appendixname.•If you have no appendix,remove the related commands.Otherwise,edit thefile name(s)of each appendix.Your main term paperfile(e.g.termpaper.tex)uses all the other components of your e L A T E X,BibTeX,and dvips to produce a postscript version of your paper. Use the following commands.latex termpaperbibtex termpaperlatex termpaperlatex termpaperdvips termpaperSee your L A T E X book for details.The result is a postscriptfile,termpaper.ps.ghostview is available under Unix and Windows to view postscriptfiles on screen. Under Windows,ghostview enables one to print postscriptfiles.Under Unix,you can send a postscriptfile to a postscript printer using the lpr command.Under Windows,Adobe Acrobat’s Distiller program can convert a postscriptfile (*.ps)into a*.pdffile.7 4.Differences between Term Papers and ThesesYou should become familiar with the document,Guidelines for Dissertations,Theses, and Project Reports in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering:Typesetting using L A T E X by Edward Allen as background for typesetting term papers,etc.with L A T E X.Because a thesis is a book,the following commands are needed for a thesis,but are not relevant for term papers,etc.,and they should not be used.•\booktitle•\booktitletwo•\booktitlethree•\degreemonth•\degreeyear•\copyrightpage•\approvals•\signature•\dedication•\tableofcontents•\listoffigures•\listoftables•\listofsymbols•\chapter Note that the higest level division of a term paper’s body is a section, rather than a chapter.Similarly,each appendix is equivalent to a section.•\frontmatter•\mainmatter•\backmatter8 The following commands are specific to term papers,and should be redefined in themain sourcefile(e.g.,termpaper.tex)so that the title page will have correct informa-tion.•\papertitle•\papertitletwo•\papertitlethree•\papermonth•\paperyear5.ConclusionsYour concluding section synthesizes the message of your paper.It may restate keypoints from the Introduction and other sections.At the end of the Conclusions section,research papers typically discuss possible futurework related to the topic.AcknowledgmentsAt a minimum,you should acknowledgefinancial support,permission to use copy-righted materials,trademarks and service marks,and personal assistance.The followingis a hypothetical example;edit it with your information,and add your personal feelings.This work was supported in part by grant CCR-999999from the National ScienceFoundation.Thefindings and opinions in this term paper guidelines belong solely to theauthor,and are not necessarily those of the sponsor.Permission to reproduce the MSU logo was given by Mississippi State University.9 Unix R is a registered trademark of The Open Group.I thank Angie Allen for helpful discussions.References[1]The Chicago Manual of Style,13th edition,University of Chicago Press,Chicago,1982.[2]Office of Graduate Studies,Standards for Preparing Theses and Dissertations,5thedition,Mississippi State University,Mississippi State,Mississippi,2007.[3]Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary,10th edition,Merriam-Webster,Springfield,Massachusetts,1994.AppendixAn ExampleRedefine\appendixname to be either“Appendix”if you have only one appendixsection,or“Appendices”if you have more than one.(In a thesis,it is not necessary toredefine\appendixname.)Multiple appendices are written like the body of the paper using\Section.L A T E Xnumbers them with capital letters.If there is only one appendix,then use\oneappendix instead of\Section so itis not designated by A.For example,the title of this appendix does not have a number A.。

纸业专业英语词汇翻译(P1)passe partout 镶框边用纸paste board paper 胶合纸板用纸pasted paper 裱糊纸；蜡笔画纸，粉画纸pasted blotting 粘贴吸墨纸pasted cover paper 粘贴封面纸pasted downs 环衬纸pasting paper 裱糊纸patent-leather paper 强光泽仿草纸patron paper 轻量包装纸pattern fiber 型样纲纸pattern paper 服装图样纸；模型纸pattern tissue 薄型样纸pearl wraps 包装纸，水果包装纸pen carbon paper 钢笔复写纸pencil carbon paper 铅笔书写复写纸pencil master paper 珂锣版印刷原纸pencil tablet paper 扎记用纸；便笺用纸perfect paper 一等品纸张perforating paper 打孔纸perfumed paper 香水纸pergamyn 半透明纸perment paper 耐久纸permeable paper 可渗透纸petition paper 呈文纸，申请书用纸pharmaceutical paper 医药用纸phosphorescent paper 发光纸photo album paper 相册纸photo base paper 感光原纸，照相原纸photo black paper 黑相册纸photo copying paper 照相拷贝纸photo mount paper 照相装帧纸photocopying paper 照相复制纸photoelectric process bass slock 光电复印纸原料process copy paper 光电复印纸photogelatin paper 珂锣版印刷纸photographic paper 照相纸，印相纸photographic base paper 照相原纸photographic blotting paper 照相吸水纸photographic raw paper 照相原纸photogravure paper 照相凹版印刷纸photolitho paper 照相平版印刷纸photopacking paper 照相纸用包装纸photo-offset 照相胶版印刷纸photorecording paper 光感记录纸；照相记录纸photostat paper 感光纸phototype paper 感光纸pie fed paper 经检查和整理的纸pie tape 点心用条纸pigment paper 着色〔印刷〕纸pigment transfer paper 涂布复写纸pilgrim paper 进香烧纸，迷信纸pin 包针纸pine tar paper 防火纸；松香油加工纸pitch(ed) paper 防潮纸,沥青pitched kraft paper 防潮牛皮纸placemat 盘垫纸plain coated cover paper 涂布书皮纸planchatte paper 防伪造纸plant cap paper 苗木保护罩纸plant cup paper 植物保护纸plant drier 植物干燥用纸plant protector paper 植物保护罩纸plaster sack paper 石膏袋纸plastic base paper 塑料涂布原纸plastic coated paper 塑料涂布纸plastic coated wall paper 涂塑壁纸plate paper 凹版印刷纸plate finished paper 板压光泽纸plate glazed paper 板压光泽纸plate wiping paper 凹版版面拭擦纸plaster-sack paper 水泥袋纸plating paper 印纹纸platinum paper 感光照相纸player-piano paper 钢琴乐谱卷筒纸playing card paper 扑克牌纸playing card base paper 扑克牌原纸pleating paper 布褶用纸；皱纸pleating tissue 褶衬用薄纸plotting paper 座标纸poisonous fly paper 有毒灭蝇纸polarity paper 极谱纸pole-finding paper 极谱纸policy paper 保险单纸polishing paper 磨光纸polychrome paper 彩色印刷纸polyethylene paper 聚乙烯纸polyethylene foil paper 聚乙烯箔防潮纸polyethylene (moisture proof) paper 聚乙烯防潮纸polysulfone paper 聚砜纸porcelain paper 瓷器用纸porcelain printing paper 瓷器釉转印纸positive paper 阳极纸post paper 信纸postage stamp paper 邮票纸postal money-order paper 邮局汇票纸postcard(paper) 明信片纸poster paper 招贴纸poster blanking paper 未涂布招贴纸poster parchment 羊皮招贴纸posting ledger paper 记帐机用孩纸potassium iodide starch paper 碘化钾试纸pottery paper 陶器包装纸pottery tissue paper 陶器包装薄页纸pouch paper 小袋纸poultry bag paper 包家禽袋纸poultry box liner 家禽箱衬纸poultry wrapper 家禽包装纸pouching paper 草图纸poucing paper 砂纸powder paper 火药包装纸，化装用纸prayer-book paper 祈祷书用纸precision recording paper 精密记录纸prepared roofing 屋顶油毡纸preservative paper 防腐纸press copy paper 压榨拷贝纸pressed paper 压榨纸pressings 织机光泽封面纸pressure sensitivi paper 压感复写纸pressure sensitive adhesive paper (tape) 压感胶粘纸（带）primer paper 雷管用纸print 新闻纸（简称）printer's dry proofing paper 印刷校样纸printing paper 印刷纸printing-out paper 快速显像纸process coated paper 机上涂布纸profile paper 剪影纸，坐标纸program(me) paper 节目单用纸progressive proof sheets 分色打样纸proprietary mill brand 工厂商标专卖纸proof(ing) paper 校样纸protective paper 保护纸pulp tints 壁纸原纸pumicestone paper 浮石纸punchcard paper 打孔卡片纸pure paper 优质纸，全化学木浆纸pyroxylin coated paper 火棉涂布纸p paper 一等品纸张packaging 包装纸packing paper 包装纸pad paper 衬垫纸palladium paper 一氧化碳检测纸pamphlet over 本册封面纸pamphlet paper 本册用纸pan liner 盘衬纸paper-bag liner 纸袋衬里纸paper can paper 纸罐用纸papeterie paper 信纸papyroline paper 亚麻布贴面纸parachute paper 降落伞纸paraffin(ed) paper 石蜡纸paraffin(ed) base paper 石蜡原纸paraffin(ed) tissue paper 石蜡薄页纸parchment paper 羊皮纸parchment bond 仿羊皮证券纸parchment deed 仿羊皮证件纸parchment repousse 压纹羊皮纸parchment tracting paper 羊皮描图纸parchment vellum 犊皮整饰羊皮纸parchment writing 书写羊皮纸parchmentizing paper 羊皮纸原纸packaging board 包装用纸板packing board 垫圈纸板panel board 汽车用纸板；嵌垫纸板paper board 纸板paper stock board 废纸纸板paraffined board 石蜡纸板parchment lined board 羊皮纸挂面纸板particle board 刨花板partition board 间隔纸板partition chip board 间隔粗纸板paste board 裱糊纸板pasted board 裱糊纸板pasted board 细料裱糊纸patent board 特制涂布纸板pattern board 图案纸板；裁花样纸板perforated bard board 穿孔纤维板perforated oil filtration board 多孔性滤油纸板photomount board 像片衬托纸板picture backing board 裱糊图画用纸板pie plate board 食品碟用纸板plain board 单一浆料制砀纸板plain chip board 单一浆料制砀粗纸板plain shell board 单一浆料制成的箱纸板plaser board 糊壁纸板plate board 盘用纸板plater board 印刷用光泽纸板playing card board 扑克牌纸板polythene coated board 聚乙烯涂布纸板portmanteaux board 旅行箱纸板poster board 广告纸板press board （绝缘）压榨纸板press wood board 木质层压板pressed fiber board 热压纤维板pulp board 浆板pulp lined straw board 化学浆挂面草纸板punch board 打孔纸板photographic cmulsion coater 照相纸涂布机pond type trailing blade coater 浸池拖刀涂布机press coater 压式涂布机print roll coater 辊印式涂布机printing coater 转印式涂布机puddle type blade coater 槽式刮刀涂布机prehydrolysis cooking 预水解法蒸煮pachmeter 测厚计pack 单元；部件，组合件；包装；装紧（木片）package 部件，组合件；组合件设计；包装设计packaged boiler 快装锅炉packaging 打包，包装packaging industry 包装工业packaging machine 打包机packaging material 包装材料packaging standard 包装标准packaging table 包装台packed bed 填充床packed tower 填充塔packer 装料器，装锅器；打包机packer screen 平板筛浆机，平筛packer's oiled manila 防油马尼拉包装纸packing 包装，打包；填料packing case wood 箱板材packing density 包装密度；装料密度packing felt （铸铅）字型贴面纸packing machine 打包机packing material 包装材料packing press 打包机packing ring 垫圈；填充环packing room 打包室packing timber 包装用材padding （纸张）表面染色；衬垫paddle 桨叶；搅拌叶paddle agitator 桨式搅拌器paddle mixer 桨式混合机paddle roll 桨辊paddle type agitator 桨式搅拌器paddle wheel 桨轮pageda tree (sophora japonica l.) 槐树paint 油漆；涂漆painting 油漆palisade cell 棚状细胞palladium crucible 铂坩锅pallet 衬垫；垫板，填木；桨叶pallet truck 提升车palletization 成垛堆放，堆垛，堆积palletizer 堆垛机；垛纸机palm wax 棕榈蜡palustric acid 棕榈酸palustric acid 长叶松酸pan 盘pandia chemipulper （潘迪亚）管式连续蒸煮器panel 操作板；控制盘；建筑纸板panel board 仪表盘panel (type)instrument 盘式仪表paper 纸（张）p paper 一等品纸张packaging paper 包装纸packing paper 包装纸pad paper 衬垫纸palladium paper 一氧化碳检测纸paper can paper 纸罐用纸papererie paper 信纸papyroline paper 亚麻布贴面纸parachute paper 降落伞纸paraffin (ed) paper 石蜡纸paraffin base paper 石蜡原纸parchment paper 羊皮纸parchmentizing paper 羊皮纸原纸paste board paper 胶合纸板用纸pasted paper 裱糊纸；蜡笔画纸，粉画纸pasting paper 裱糊纸patent-leather paper 强光泽仿革纸patron paper 轻量包装纸pattern paper 服装图样纸；模型纸pencil carbon paper 铅笔书写复写纸pencil tablet paper 扎记用纸；便笺用纸perfect paper 一等品纸张perforating paper 打孔纸perfumed paper 香水纸permanent paper 耐久纸permeable paper 可渗透纸petition paper 呈文纸，申请书用纸pharmaceutical paper 医药用纸phosphorescentp paper 发光纸photo basep paper 感光原纸，照相原纸photo copying paper 照相拷贝纸photo mount paper 照相装帧纸photographic paper 照相纸，印相纸photographic base paper 照相原纸photographic blotting paper 照相吸水纸photographic raw paper 照相原纸photogravure paper 照相凹版印刷纸photopacking paper 照相纸用包装纸photorecording paper 光感记录纸；照相记录纸photostat paper 感光纸phototype paper 着色（印刷）纸pigment transfer paper 涂布复写纸pilgrim paper 进香烧纸，迷信纸pin paper 包针纸pine tar paper 防火纸；松香油加工纸pitch (ed) paper 防潮纸，沥青纸pitched kraft paper 防潮牛皮纸plain coated cover paper 涂布书皮纸planchatte paper 防伪造纸plant cap paper 苗木保护罩纸plant cup paper 植物保护纸plaster sack paper 石膏袋纸plastic base paper 塑料涂布原纸plastic coated paper 塑料涂布纸plastic coated wall paper 涂塑壁纸plate paper 凹版印刷纸plate finished paper 板压光泽纸plate glazaed paper 板压光泽纸plate wiping paper 凹版版面拭擦纸plating paper 印纹纸player-piano paper 钢琴乐谱卷筒纸playing card paper 扑克牌纸playing card base paper 扑克牌原纸pleating paper 布褶用纸；皱纸plotting paper 座标纸poisonous fly paper 有毒灭蝇纸。

Term Paper for An Introduction to English Language Testing Name: Class: Mark:一、The Written Part （Time Limit: 90 minutes）Part I Listening Comprehension (2'*10=20')In sections A,B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.Section A ConversationQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 25 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation.1.Where is the man now?A. a hallB. a companyC. an information desk2.What is the man interested in?A. campingB. hikingC. travel3.What does the woman mean about the price of the over-night trip?A. expensiveB. cheapC. resonable4.What does the woman mean?A. She can book that for the man.B. The man should book that 24 hours ahead.C. The man should call the company directly.5.What's the relationship between the two speakers?A. couplesB. colleaguesC. customer and agency Section B PassageQuestions 6 to10 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 25 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage.6.How long do Americans elect a president?A. 2 yearsB. 3 yearsC. 4 years7.Which two political parties are the strongest in the US?A. the Democratic Party and the Republican PartyB. the Democratic Party and the Liberal PartyC. the Republican Party and the Constitution Party8.When does the primary elections hold usually?A. in SummerB. in Winter and SpringC. in Autumn9.What is the author's opinion about the election.A. deservedB.unmeaningC. long and expensive10.What's the main idea of this passage?A. It tells us something about the president election in the US.B. The US is a democratic county.C. The election process is not short and easy, but long and costly.Part II Vocabulary & Grammar (1'*20=20')There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet. 11.She________ her trip to New York because she was ill.A. called offB. closed downC. put upD. went off12. _______ its hot sun and beautiful beaches, Hawaii is a fine placeto live in or visit.A. ForB. WithC. SinceD. As13.He promised to return the book as soon as he _______ it.A. would readB. readC. has readD.had read14.The tourist industry ___________ greatly to the economy of thatcountry.A. supportsB. benefitsC. assistsD. contributes15.Children who are over-protected by their parents may become_____.A. spoiledB. damagedC. harmedD. hurt16.Tom sold the vegetables at half price rather than _______ them to gobad.A. allowB. allowedC. allowingD. he allowed17.They wonder ______ the figures are accurate.A. thatB. whichC. whetherD. as if18.I didn't mean_______ anything, but those apples looked so good Icouldn't resist _______ one.A. to eat / tryingB. to eat / to tryC. eating / tryingD. eating / to try19.Whatever you say, I don't believe he would be _______ refuse to helpme.A. selfish enough soB. as selfish as toC. enough selfish toD. so selfish as to20.Not only _______ tolerant of other people's opinions, but he is alsopatient.A. he isB. is heC. he will beD. will he be21.________ the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A.But forB. In case ofC. In spite ofD. Because of22.We should concentrate on sharply reducing interest rates to pull theeconomy out of________ .A. rejectionB. restrictionC. retreatD. recession23.The ________of finding gold in California attracted a lot of people tosettle down there.A. prospectsB. speculationsC. stakesD. provisions24.You will not be ________about your food in time of great hunger.A. specialB. particularC. peculiarD. specific25.You shouldn't have written in the ________ since the book belongs tothe library.A. intervalB. borderC. marginD. edge26.I waited for him half an hour, but he never ________.A. turned inB. turned downC. turned offD. turned up27.A house with a dangerous gas ________can be broken intoimmediately.A. leakB.splitC. messD. crack28.It was in the United States that I made the________ of ProfessorJones.A. acknowledgementB. acquaintanceC. recognitionD. association29.He gave a________ to handle the affairs in a friendly manner.A. pledgeB. missionC.plungeD. motion30.Whenever a big company ________a small one, the product almostalways gets worse.A. gets on withB. cuts downC. takes overD. puts up withPart III Reading Comprehension (2'*10=20')In this section there is one passage followed by 10 questions, each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.George Andrews went to England in 1962. It was the first time that he had been abroad. Initially he was very restless. He spent a little time in London then travelled from town to town, staying just a few days in each.Eventually, in June that year, he settled in Liverpool. Throughout the three years that he spent there he lived in a small room in a terraced house in Toxtheth. Every morning he would stroll into the centre of the city and make drawings of people in the streets or down at the docks. At lunch time he would go to a pub and have a sandwich, as well as several pints of beer. He would then stagger home and spend the rest of the afternoonsleeping. It was in the evening that he painted the pictures for which he is now famous. In the early hours, around one or two o’clock, he would go to a nearby drinking club, where he would pick up a woman and take her back to his room.Andrew finally lost interest in painting Liverpool scenes. He set off on a world tour, visiting Europe, India, China and Australia, before returning home to Canada.31.Which title do you think is more suitable to this passage?A. George AndrewsB. George Andrews's tripC. George Andrews's careerD.George Andrews's painting32.When was the first time that George Andrews had been abroad?A. in 1960B. in 1962C. in 1964D. in 186233.Where did George Andrews settle in in 1962?A. in TexthethB. in LondonC. in OxfordD. in Manchester34.What does there (line 2, paragraph 2) refer to?A. EnglandB. LiverpoolC. EuropeD. Canada35.According to the passage, what makes George Andrews famous now?A. his life experienceB. his careerC. his paintings painted in LiverpoolD. his talents36.What does stroll into (line 3, paragraph 2) mean?A. go toB.be busy inC. be addicted toD. wander through37.What's the relationship between the man and the woman he picked up?A. They are couple.B. They are colleagues.C. They are lovers.D. They are brother and sister.38.Why George Andrews finally left Liverpool?A. Because he wanted to go home.B. Because he wanted to set off on a world tour .C. Because he wanted to seek another girlfriend.D. Because he lost interest in painting Liverpool scenes.39.According to this passage, which county hadn't George Andrewsbeen?A. CanadaB. EnglandC. JapanD. China40.What's the author;s attitude toward George Andrews?A. indifferentB. PositiveC. uncertainD. negativePart IV Writing (20')The frequent reports about the extinction of animals have aroused serious reflection among us. Write a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:Animals , Our FriendsYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.二、The Oral Part （Time Limit: 5 minutes）Part V Oral Test (20')We all have families., and surely families are very important to us. Thus in this part, we will ask you to talk about your families in five minutes. There is no other requirements. Just pay attention to your pronunciation and the grammar.My FamiliesFor example:Hello every one, today I will talk about my family.My father is a (职业).He is kind.He is tall and strong.He is (年龄)He likes (爱好).My mother is a ( 职业).She is (年龄)She likes (爱好).I am a student .I am (年龄)I enjoy (爱好)....。