土木工程专业英语全部

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专着monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction115 规范Specification, Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical?engineering岩土工程?2.foundation?engineering基础工程3.soil,?earth土4.soil?mechanics土力学cyclic?loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelasticfoundation粘弹性地基?viscous?damping粘滞阻尼shearmodulus剪切模量?5.soil?dynamics土动力学6.stress?path应力路径?7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 8.boulder 漂石 9.cobble卵石 10.gravel砂石 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉土 16.clayey soil粘性土 17.clay粘土 18.silty clay粉质粘土 19.silt粉土 20.sandy silt砂质粉土 21.clayey silt粘质粉土 22.saturated soil饱和土 23.unsaturated soil非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土 25.overconsolidated soil超固结土 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土 27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土 28.zonal soil区域性土 29.soft clay软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄土 33.frozen soil冻土 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geote chnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度 12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力 12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性 18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管 29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土 35.normal stresses正应力 36.shear stresses剪应力 37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index回弹指数 48.geostatic stress自重应力 49.additional stress附加应力 50.total stress总应力 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering （基坑）降水 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point 真空井点 12 braced cuts支撑围护 13 braced excavation支撑开挖 14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩身 7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 17.silent piling静力压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise 打桩噪音 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角 11.cohesion粘聚力 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化 10.work hardening加工硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩 3.steel piles 钢桩 4.wooden sheet pile木板桩 5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持力层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程 2.soil dynamics土动力学 3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱 5.earthquake intensity地震烈度 6.earthquake magnitude震级 7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验 teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验 7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验 8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验 9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验 10.pressuremeter test旁压试验 11.light sounding轻便触探试验 12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测 13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验 14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验 15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测 16.in-situ soil test原位试验。

1 Civil engineering 土木工程。

2 Slopes and fills 边坡和路堤3 waterfront 河流湖泊4 settlement 沉降5 stability 稳定性坚固，耐久性 5 hydraulic 水利的，液压的7 runoff 流量，流放8 behavior 性能性质9sanitize 使清洁，除掉有害物10 dump 垃圾堆11 waste 废弃物12 hazardous 危险的14 major 专业科目15 cultivable 可耕的，可培养的16 remedy 补救，修理17 roadway 路面道路18 hurricane 飓风19asphalt 沥青20 concrete 混凝土21 combustible 易燃的22 slurry 泥浆1 execution 施工，实施，执行2 specific 特殊的，专门的具体的3 dynamic 动力的，冲击的4characteristic 特有的，特性性能5 intensity 强度，密度6 sump 排水坑7 carbon 碳纤维8 novel 新的，异常的9 excavation 挖掘，开挖10landscape 风景，美化11 fill 填土12 ancillary 辅助的，附属的13 foundation 基础14 excavator 挖掘机15 proceed 继续进行，开始16 interlock 使连接，使结合17 construction 建造，施工18 Surveyor 测量员19 dewater 排水20 placement and curing 浇筑与养护21superstructure 上部结构22duration 持续时间23 destroy 破坏，毁坏24 initially 最初，开始1 jurisdiction 权限，管辖权2 bar 法庭律师的职业3 curriculum 课程学习计划4 statistic 统计学5 persuasive 有说服力的6 recruit 补充，招收7 science Orient 注重科学的8 specialize 专门研究。

Lesson 26PavementNew words1. pavement [ ☐♏♓❍☜⏹♦] n. 路面2. apron [ ♏♓☐❒☜⏹] n.围裙, 停机坪It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded.3. subgrade [ ♦✈♌♈❒♏♓♎] n. 路基4. profile [ ☐❒☜◆♐♋♓●] n.剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓5. rehabilitation [ ❒♓☎♒✆☜♌♓●♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n.复原，维修6. swelling [ ♦♦♏●♓☠] n. 膨胀，河水猛涨,涨水7. heaving [ ♒♓♓☠] n. 鼓起，隆起8. extant [♏♦♦✌⏹♦] adj.现存的, 未毁的9. overlay [ ☜◆☜●♏♓] n. 覆盖,10. unpaved ☯✈⏹☐♏♓♎] adj.没有铺石砖的, 没有铺柏油的11. liquefy [ ●♓♦♓♐♋♓] v.(使)溶解, (使)液化12. bituminous [♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦] adj.含沥青的13. hydrocarbon [ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆♌☜⏹] n.烃, 碳氢化合物14. macadam [❍☜✌♎☜❍] n.碎石, 碎石路15. silicate [ ♦♓●♓♓♦] n. [化]硅酸盐16. kiln [ ♓●⏹ ♓●] n. (砖, 石灰等的)窑, 炉, 干燥炉vt.烧窑, 在干燥炉干燥17. clinker [ ●♓☠☜] n. (一种表面光洁如玻璃的)炼砖, 渣块18. nonbituminous [ ⏹⏹♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦]19. solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v.(使)凝固, (使)团结20. dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 木钉, 销子vt.用暗销接合Phrases and Expressions1. traveled way 车行道2. composite pavement 复合路面3. flexible pavement 柔性路面4. rigid pavement 刚性路面5. open-graded 开级配6. coarse-graded 粗级配7. fine-graded 细级配8. Asphalt Institute (A.I.) 沥青协会9. Present Serviceability Index (PSI) 现有性能指标10. macadam aggregate 碎石骨料11. cold-laid mixture 冷铺12. hot-laid mixture 热铺13. rock asphalt 岩沥青14. Appian Way 亚壁古道Text PavementBackgroundPavements serve structural, functional and safety purposes. 路面具有结构、功能和安全的目的。

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物ndslides滑坡6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土28.zonal soil区域性土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess黄土33.frozen soil冻土24.degree of saturation饱和度25.dry unit weight 干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability 渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile端承桩6.shaft竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析8.pile caps承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling静力压桩18.uplift pile抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test拔桩试验38.pile shoe桩靴39.pile noise打桩噪音40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化10.work hardening加工硬化11.Cambridge model剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化 3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles 木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础pensated foundation 补偿性基础6.bearing stratum持力层7.rigid foundation刚性基础8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量9.dynamic ma 二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪16.direct shear test直剪试验17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test原位试验。

土木工程专业常用英语词汇第一节普通术语3. 房屋建造工程building engineering4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建造外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建造物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所举行的勘察、计划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 马路工程highway engineering10. 建造物（构筑物）construction works房屋建造或土木工程中的单项工程实体。

11. 结构structure12. 基础foundation13. 地基foundation soil; subgrade; subbase; ground14. 木结构timber structure16. 钢结构steel structure17. 混凝土（砼）结构concrete structure18. 特种工程结构special engineering structure22. 马路highway24. 高速马路freeway27. 铁路（铁道）railway; railroad28. 标准轨距铁路standard gauge railway29. 宽轨距铁路broad gauge railway第四节桥、涵洞和隧道术语1. 桥bridge2. 简支梁桥simple supported girder bridge3. 延续梁桥continuous girder bridge5. 斜拉（斜张）桥cable stayed bridge6. 悬索（吊）桥suspension bridge7. 桁架桥trussed bridge9．刚构（刚架）桥rigid frame bridge10．拱桥arch bridge13．正交桥right bridge14．斜交桥skew bridge16．高架桥viaduct17．正（主）桥main span18．引桥approach span19．弯桥curved bridge21．马路铁路两用桥combined bridge; highway and railway transit bridge 25．桥跨结构（上部结构）bridge superstructure26．桥面系bridge floor system27．桥支座bridge bearing; bridge support28．桥下部结构bridge substructure29．索塔（桥塔）bridge tower30．桥台abutment31．桥墩pier32．涵洞culvert第六节结构构件和部件术语1．构件member2．部件component; assembly parts3．截面section4．梁beam; girder5．拱arch6．板slab; plate8．柱column10．桁架truss11．框架frame12．排架bent frame13．刚架（刚构）rigid frame14．简支梁simply supported beam15．悬臂梁cantilever beam16．两端固定梁beam fixed at both ends17．延续梁continuous beam19．桩pile20．板桩sheet pile34. 钢轨rail第七节地基和基础术语1. 扩展(扩大)基础spread foundation2. 刚性基础rigid foundation3. 自立基础single footing4. 联合基础combined footing5. 条形基础strip foundation6. 壳体基础shell foundation7. 箱形基础box foundation8. 筏形基础raft foundation9. 桩基础pile foundation10. 沉井基础open caisson foundation11. 管柱基础cylinder pile foundation ; cylinder caisson foundation12. 沉箱基础caisson foundation1. 可靠性reliability2. 安全性safety3. 适用性serviceability4. 耐久性durability5. 基本变量basic variable6. 设计基准期design reference period7. 可靠概率probability of survival8. 失效概率probability of failure9. 可靠指标reliability index12. 概率设计法probabilistic method13. 容许应力设计法permissible (allowable) stresses method14. 破坏强度设计法ultimate strength method15. 极限状态设计法limit states method16. 极限状态limit states17. 极限状态方程limit state equation18. 承载能力极限状态ultimate limit states19. 正常使用极限状态serviceability limit states20. 分项系数partial safety factor21. 设计情况design situation22. 持久情况persistent situation23. 短暂情况transient situation24. 偶尔情况accidental situation1. 作用action2. 荷载load3. 线分布力force per unit length4. 面分布力force per unit area5. 体分布力force per unit volume6. 力矩moment of force7. 永远作用permanent action8. 可变作用variable action9. 偶尔作用accidental action10．固定作用fixed adtion11．自由(可动)作用. Free action12. 静态作用static action13. 动态作用dynamic action14. 多次重复作用repeated action; cyclic action16. 自重self weight17. 施工荷载site load18. 土压力earth pressure19. 温度作用temperature action20. 地震作用earthquake action22．风荷载wind load23．风振wind vibration24. 雪荷载snow load27．桥（桥梁）荷载load on bridge28．桥（桥梁）恒荷载dead load on bridge29．桥（桥梁）活荷载live load on bridge30．马路车辆荷载标准Standard highway vehicle load31．中国铁路标准活载Standard Railway Live Load Specified by the People’sRepublic of China44．作用代表值representative value of an action45．作用标准值characteristic value of an action46．作用准永远值quasi-permanent value of an action47．作用组合值combination value of actions48．作用分项系数partial safety factor for action49．作用设计值design value of an action50．作用组合值系数coeffcient for combination value of actions 51．作用效应effects of actions52．作用效应系数coefficient of effects of actions53．轴向力normal force\axial force54．剪力shear force55．弯矩bending moment57．扭矩torque58．应力stress59．正应力normal stress60．剪应力shear stress; tangential stress61．主应力principal stress62．预应力prestress63．位移displacement64．挠度deflection65．变形deformation66．弹性变形elastic deformation67．塑性变形plastic deformation70．应变strain71．线应变linear strain72．剪应变shear strain; tangential strain73．主应变principal strain74．作用效应组合combination for action effects75．作用效应基本组合fundamental combination for action effects 77．短期效应组合combination for short-term action effects 78．持久效应组合combination for long-term action effects 79．设计限值limiting design value1．抗力resistance2．强度strength3．抗压强度compressive strength4．抗拉强度tensile strength5．抗剪强度shear strength6．抗弯强度flexural strength7．屈服强度yield strength8．疲劳强度fatigue strength9．极限应变ultimate strain10．弹性模量modulus of elasticity11.剪变模量shear modulus12．变形模量modulus of deformation13．泊松比Poisson ratio14．承载能力bearing capacity15．受压承载能力compressive capacity16．受拉承载能力tensile capacity17．受剪承载能力shear capacity18．受弯承载能力flexural capacity19．受扭承载能力torsional capacity20．疲劳承载能力fatigue capacity21．刚度stiffness; rigidity22．抗裂度crack resistance23．极限变形ultimate deformation24．稳定性stability26．脆性破坏brittle failure27．延性破坏ductile failure30．材料性能分项系数partial safety factor for property of material。

Lesson 1Compression MembersNew Words1. achieve achievement2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心,偏心距3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge5. bracing brace 支柱,支撑；bracing, 支撑,撑杆6. slender 细长,苗条；stout; slenderness7. buckle 压曲,屈曲；buckling load8. stocky stout9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly10. stub 树桩, 短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle, 贬低,诽谤；13. convince14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据理由15. crookedness crook 钩状物,v弯曲,crooked 弯曲的16. provision 规定,条款Phrases and Expressions1. compression member2. bending moment shear force, axial force3. call upon on 要求,请求,需要4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的,临界的5. cross-sectional area6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration7. slenderness ratio 长细比8. tangent modulus 切线模量9. stub column 短柱10. trial-and-error approach 试算法11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的12. residual stress 残余应力residual13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限16. effective length 计算长度Definition 定义Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, andthe stress can be taken as f a =P/A, where f a is considered to be uniform over the entire cross section. 受压构件是仅受轴向压力作用的构件,即：荷载是沿纵轴加在其截面形心上的,其应力可表示为…,式中,假定f a 在整个截面上均匀分布; This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而,现实中从来都不可能达到这种理想状态,因为荷载的一些偏心是不可避免的;This will result in bending, but it can usually be regarded as secondary and can be neglected if the theoretical loading condition is closely approximated. 这将导致弯曲,但通常认为它是次要的,如果理论工况是足够近似的,就可将其忽略;This cannot always be done if there is a computed bending moment, and situation of this type will be considered in Beam-Columns. 但这并非总是可行的,如有计算出的弯矩存在时,这种情形将在梁柱理论中加以考虑;The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the column , a vertical member whose primary function is to support vertical loads. 在建筑物和桥梁中最常见的受压构件就是柱,其主要功能就是支承竖向荷载;In many instances these members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column . Compression members can also be found in trusses and as components of bracing systems. 在许多情况下,它们也需要抵抗弯曲,在此情况下,将它们称为梁柱;受压构件也存在于桁架和支撑系统中;Column Theory 柱理论assume the shape indicated by the dashed line. 如果慢慢增加轴向荷载P,它最终将达到一个足够大的值使该柱变得不稳定失稳,如图中虚线所示; The member is said to have buckled, and the corresponding load is called th e critical buckling load . 这时认为构件已经屈曲,相应的荷载称为临界屈曲荷载;If the member is more stocky members and for more slender columns before they buckle, the compressive stress P/A is uniform over the cross section at any point along the length. 对这些短柱以及更细长的柱,在其屈曲前,在其长度方向上任意点处横截面上的压应力P/A 都是均匀的;As we shall see, the load at which buckling occurs is a function of slenderness , and for very slender members this load could be quite small. 我们将会看到,屈曲发生时的荷载是长细程度的函数,非常细长的构件的屈曲荷载将会很低;If the member is so slender a precise definition of slenderness will be given shortly that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit —that is, the member is still elastic —the critical buckling load is given by 如果构件如此细长随后将会给出细长程度的精确定义以致即将屈曲时的应力低于比例极限—即,构件仍是弹性的,临界屈曲荷载如下式给出：22L EIP cr π=where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area with respect to the minor principal axis, and L is the length of the member between points of support. 式中E 为材料弹性模量,I 为关于截面副主轴的惯性矩,L 为支座间的距离;For to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must be free to rotate but not translate laterally. This end condition is satisfied by hinges or pins. 要使方程成立,构件必须是弹性的,且其两端必须能自由转动,但不能侧向移动;This remarkable relationship was first formulated by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and published in 1975. 此着名公式是瑞士数学家欧拉于1975年提出的;The critical load is sometimes referred to as the Euler load or the Euler buckling load. The validity of has been demonstrated convincingly by numerous tests. 因此有时将临界荷载称为欧拉荷载或欧拉临界荷载;欧拉公式的有效性正确性已由许多试验充分证实;It will be convenient to rewrite as follows: 方程可方便地写为2222222)/(r L EA L EAr L EIP cr πππ===where A is the cross-sectional area and r is the radius of gyration with respect to the axis of buckling. The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member ’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. 式中A 为截面面积,r 为关于屈曲轴的回转半径,L/r 为长细比,它是对受压构件细长程度的一种度量,该值越大,构件越细长;If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the critical buckling stress is obtained: 如果将屈曲荷载除以截面面积,便可得到以下屈曲应力： 22)/(r L E A P F cr cr π==This is the compressive stress at which buckling occur about the axis corresponding to r. 这便是绕相应于r 的轴发生屈曲时的压应力;Since buckling will take place as soon as the load reaches the value by the column will become unstable about the principle axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio. This usually means the axis with the smaller moment of inertia. 由于一旦荷载达到式之值,柱将在与最大长细比对应的主轴方向变得不稳定失稳,通常该轴是惯性矩较小的轴;Thus, the minimum moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the cross section should be used in and . 因此,应在方程和中采用截面的最小惯性矩和最小回转半径;Early researchers soon found that Euler ’s equation did not give reliable results for stocky, or less slender, compression members. 早期的研究者很快发现对短柱或不太细长的受压构件,欧拉公式并不能给出可靠的结果,This is because of the small slendernessthe stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used. 如果屈曲发生时的应力大于材料的比例极限,应力应变关系就不再是线性的,也不能再用弹性模量E;This difficulty was initially resolved by Friedrich Engesser, who proposed in 1889 the use of a variable tangent modulus E tpl . The tangent modulus E t is defined as the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve for values of f between F pl and F y . 对于如图所示的应力应变曲线的材料,当应力超过比例极限时,E 并非常数,当应力处于F pl 和F y 之间时,将切线模量定义为应力应变曲线的切线的斜率,If the compressive stress at buckling, P cr /A, is in this region, it can be shown that 如果屈曲时的压应力在此范围时,可以证明22L IE P t cr π=This is identical to the Euler equation, except that E t is substituted for E. 除公式中将E 代之以E t 外,上式与欧拉公式完全相同;Effective Length 计算长度Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following assumptions: 欧拉和切线模量方程都是基于如下假定：1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crooked ness. 柱完全竖直,无初始弯曲;2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity. 荷载是轴向加载,无偏心;3. The column is pinned at both ends. 柱在两端铰结;The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before buckling. 前两假定条件意味着在屈曲前无弯矩存在;As mentioned previously, some accidental moment will be present, but in most cases it can be neglected. 如前所述,可能偶然会存在一些弯矩,但在大多数情况下都可被忽略;The requirement for pinned ends, however, is a serious limitation, and provisions must be made for other support conditions. 然而,铰结要求是一个严重的局限,必须对其它支撑条件作出规定;The pinned-end condition is one that requires that the member be restrained from lateral translation, but not rotation, at the ends. 铰结条件要求约束构件两端不发生侧移,但并不约束转动;Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. 由于实际上不可能构造无摩擦铰连接,即使这种支撑条件最多也只能是非常近似;Obviously, all columns must be free to deform axially. 显然,所有柱必须在轴向自由变形; In order to account for other end conditions, the equations for critical buckling load will be written as 为了考虑其它边界条件,将临界荷载写为如下形式22)/(r KL EAP cr π= or 22)/(r KL AE P t cr π=where KL is the effective length, and K is called the effective length factor. Values of K for different cases can be determined with the aid of the Commentary to the AISC Specification. 式中KL 为计算长度,K 称为计算长度系数,各种情况下的K 值可借助于AISC 美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction 规范的条文说明加以确定;Lesson 2Introduction to structural designNew words1. framework frame+work=frame 构架,框架; frame structure, 框架结构2. constraint vt. constrain 约束,强迫；n. constraint 约束3. collaborate vt. 合作,通敌；collaboration, collaborative4. evaluation vt. evaluate, value; assess, assessment5. fixture vt. fix, fixture 固定设备,固定物,夹具6. partition vt. n 分割,划分, make apart; partition wall7. overlook8. crane n. 超重机,鹤9. fatigue 疲劳fatigue strength, fatigue failure10. drift 漂流,漂移,雪堆11. enumerate v. list 列举12. plumbing n. 卫生,自来水管道,plumber 管道工13. ventilation n. 通风, ventilate, ventilate a room, a well-ventilated room, vent 通风口14. accessibility n. 可达性, access, n. vt. 通道,接近；accessible 易接近的,可达到的15. code n. vt 代码,编码,规范16. administer v. 管理,执行；administrate, 管理17. metropolitan a. 大城市,of metropolis18. consolidate v. 巩固,strengthen,reinforce; consolidation19. prescription n. 规定,命令,药方；prescribe20. municipality n. 市政当局,直辖市, municipal government21. specification n. 详述,规格, 规范；specify22. mandate n. 书面命令,委托,Phrases and expressions1. functional design 功能设计2. bending moment 弯矩3. dead load4. live load5. nonstructural components 非结构构件6. force due to gravity7. gravity load8. building code9. design specifications 设计规程10. nonprofit organization 非赢利组织,弄non-government organization11. the National Building Code12. the Uniform Building Code13. the Standard Building Code14. Building Officials and Code Administrators International BOCA 国际建筑公务员与法规管理人员联合会15. AISC 美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction16. AASHTO 美国公路和运输工作者协会American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials17. AREA 美国铁道工程协会the American Railway Engineering Association18. AISI 美国钢铁学会American Iron and Steel InstituteIntroduction to Structural DesignStructural designThe structural design of building, whether of structural steel or reinforced concrete, requires the determination of the overall proportions and dimensions of the supporting framework and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑结构设计,不论是钢结构还是钢筋混凝土结构,都需要确定其支承结构的整体比例和尺寸以及各构件的截面尺寸;In most cases the functional design, including the establishment of the number of stories and the floor plan, will have been done by an architect, and the structural engineer must work within the constraints imposed by this design. 在大多数情况下,功能设计,包括楼层层数和楼层平面的确定,将要由建筑师来完成,因而结构工程师必须在此约束条件下工作;Ideally, the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the design process so that the project is completed in an efficient manner. 在理想状态下,工程师和建筑师将在整个设计过程中协同工作从而高效地完成设计工作;In effect, however, the design can be summed up as follows: 然而,事实上,设计过程可概括如下：The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down. 建筑师确定建筑物的外观,工程师必须确保其不会倒塌;Although this is an oversimplification, it affirms the first priority of the structural engineer: safety. Other important considerations include serviceability how well the structure performs in terms of appearance and deflection and economy. 尽管这样说过分简单,但它明确了工程师的第一个主要任务,即,确保安全;其它要考虑的因素包括适用性就外观和挠曲而言其工作性能如何;An economical structure requires an efficient use of materials and construction labor. Although this can usually be accomplished by a design that requires a minimum amount of material, savings can often be realized by using slightly more material if it results in a simpler, more easily constructed projects. 经济的结构要求对材料和人工的有效使用,尽管这通常都能通过要求最少材料来取得,但通过采用稍多的材料,但能使建筑物更简单和更容易建造常常会实现节约的目的;LoadsThe forces the act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two broad categories, dead load and live load. 作用在结构物上的各种力称为荷载,它们属于一两种广义类型,恒载和活载;Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight. 恒载是那些永久荷载,包括结构自身的重量,有时也称为自重;Other dead loads in a buildinginclude the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, suspended ceilings with light fixtures, and partitions. 其它建筑物恒载包括非结构构件的重量,如楼面面层、带有灯具的吊顶以及隔墙;All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. 至此所提的各种荷载都是由重力所引起,因而称为重力荷载;Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. 活载也可以是重力荷载,它们是那些不如恒载那样永久的荷载;This type may or may not be acting on the structure as any given time, and the location may not be fixed. 这类荷载可能也可能不总是作用在结构物上,且作用位置也可能不是固定的;Examples of live load include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. 活荷载包括家具、设置和建筑物的居住者;In general, the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load, and it usually must be estimated. In many cases, a given structural member must be investigated for various positions of the live load so that a potential failure situation is not overlooked. 通常,活荷载的大小不如恒载那样确定,常常必须估计;在许多情况下,必须研究活荷载作用在一给定的结构构件的各个位置以便不会漏掉每个可能的破坏情形;Building codesBuilding must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a building codes, which is a legal document containing requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled. 建筑物必须根据各种建筑规范的条款设计和建造,规范是一种法律文件,包含各种要求,如建筑安全、防火安全、上下水、通风和体残人的可达性等;A building code has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a city, a county, or, for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. 建筑规范具有法律效力,由政府部位发布,如城市、县、对于大的城区,如联合政府;Building codes do not give design provisions, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. 建筑规范并不给出设计规定,但却规定设计必须满足的各种要求和约束条款;Of particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for buildings. 对结构工程师特别重要的是建筑物的最小活荷载规定;Although the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support these specified minimum loads. 尽管鼓励工程师研究实际荷载工况以确定真实的荷载值,结构必须能支承这些规定的最小荷载;Design specificationsIn contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections. 与建筑规范不同,设计规程给出结构构件及其连接的更具体的指南;They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer to achieve the objectives mandated by a building code. 它们给出各种方针和标准,使结构工程师能建筑规范所规定的目标;Design specifications represent what is considered to be good engineering practice based on their latest research. 根据其最新研究,设计规程结出认为是好的工程作法;They are periodically revised and updated by supplements or by completely new editions. 它们通过补充或通过发布新版本得到定期修订和更新;As with model building codes, design specifications are written in a legal format by nonprofit organizations. 如同一般建筑规范,设计规程由非赢利组织编写;They have no legal standing on their own, but by presenting design criteria and limits in the form of legal mandates and prohibitions, they can easily be adopted, by reference, as part of a building code. 尽管它们本身并无法律地位,但却以法令和禁令的形式给出设计准则和限制,以参考文献的形式,它们可容易地被录入,并作为建筑规范的一部分;Lesson 3New words1. col`loidal 胶状的,胶体的,`colloid 胶体2. sieve n,v. 筛,过筛,过滤3. sample . 样品,取样specimen4. mesh 网孔,网格,分网格5. `cumulative a. 积累的；cumulate, cumulation6. grading n. 级配,等级；grade7. sedimentation n. 沉淀; sediment8. suspension n. 悬浮；suspend ~bridge cable-stayed bridge9. agitate v. 搅动,混合；disturb10. hydro meter n. 液体比重计11. viscosity n. 黏性；viscoidal12. flaky n. 薄片状的,of flake13. pipette n. 吸液管14. ir recoverable a.不可恢复的ir retrievable15. con cave a. 凹的；con vex凸的16. permeability n. 渗透性; permeate, permeable seep seepagePhrases and expressions1. frost susceptibility 霜冻敏感性2. sieving method 筛分法3. semi-logarithmic curve 半对数曲线4. grading curve 级配曲线5. wet sieving 湿法筛分6. dispersing agent 分散剂7. Stoke’s law 斯托克定律8. unit weight 重度9. coefficient of grading 级配系数10. sedimentation method 沉降法11. particle-size distribution 粒径分布Text Particle Size Analysis 粒径分析The range of particle sizes encountered in soils is very wide: from around 200mm down to the colloidal size of some clays of less than . 在各种土中所遇到的粒径范围很大,大到200mm小到小于的一些粘土胶粒;Although natural soils are mixtures of various-sized particles, it is common tofind a predominance occurring within a relatively narrow band of sizes. 尽管天然土都是由各种粒径的颗粒组成,但通常可发现其主要组成颗粒出现在一个比较小的粒径范围内;When the width of this size band is very narrow the soil will be termed poorly-graded, if it is wide the soil is said to be well-graded. 当这一粒径范围非常小时,称这种土级配较差,而当其较大时,称这种土级配良好;A number of engineering properties, . permeability, frost susceptibility, compressibility, are related directly or indirectly to particle-size characteristics. 土的许多工程特性,如渗透性、霜冻敏感性、可压缩性等都直接或间接的与土的级配特性有关;shows the British Standard range of percentage of particle sizes. 图为粒径百分数的英国标准范围;The particle-size analysis of a soil is carried out by determining the weight percentage falling within bands of size represented by these divisions and sub-divisions. 通过确定落入由这些粒径分组和子组所代表的粒径范围的重量百分比,对土进行粒径分析;In the case of a coarse soil, from which fine-grained particles have been removed or wereabsent, the usual process is a sieve analysis. 对于粗粒土,它里面的细粒土被除去或本身就无细颗粒,常用的方法就是筛分法;A representative sample of the soil is split systematically down to a convenient sub-sample size and then oven-dried. 此法是将要分析土的一代表样本系统地分为方便的子样本,然后烘干;This sample is then passed through a nest of standard test sieves arranged in descending order of mesh size. 再使烘干的土样通过一组筛孔尺寸由大至小放置的标准试验筛;Where the soil sample contains fine-grained particles, a wet sieving procedure is first carried out to remove these and to determine the combined clay/silt fraction percentage. 在土样中含有细土粒的场合,首先用湿筛分法将其除去,并确定粘粒/粉粒总共所占的分数;A suitable-sized sub-sample is first oven-dried and then sieved to separate the coarsestparticles >20mm. 将一适量的分土样烘干,并过筛分开最粗的颗粒>20mm的颗粒The sub-sample is then immersed in water containing a dispersing agent and allowed to stand before being washed through a 63mmicron mesh sieve. 然后将土样浸入含有分散剂的水中,并在将其用63微米筛过筛前搁置起来并将其搁置一会,再用63micron的筛子过筛;The retained fraction is again oven-dried and passed through a nest of sieves. 将筛中保留的部分烘干,并用一组筛子过筛;After weighing the fractions retained on each sieve and calculating the cumulative percentage passing each sieve, the grading curve is drawn. 称量落在每个筛中土重,并计算出通过每个的累计百分数后,就可描出级配曲线;The combined clay/silt fraction is determined from the weight difference and expressed as a percentage of the total sub-sample weight. The coarsest fraction >20mm can also be sieved and the results used to complete the grading curve. 由重量差确定粘粒/粉粒的总重,并将其表示为子土样总重的百分数;最粗的部分即粒径>20mm的部分也可被过筛,并用其结果完成级配曲线的绘制;A further sub-division of particle-size distribution in the fine-grained fraction is not possible by the sieving method. 不能用筛分法对细粒部分的粒径分布作进一步分组;A processof sedimentation is normally carried out for this purpose. 通常必须用沉降法实现此目的; A small sub-sample of soil is first treated with a dispersing agent and then washed through a63m sieve. 首先将一小子土样用分散剂进行处理,然后洗过63的筛子;The soil/water suspension is then made up to 500 ml,agitated vigorously for a short while and then allowed to settle.再从中取出500ml的土/水悬浮液,充分搅拌一会后让其沉降;The procedure is based on Stoke’s law, which states that the velocity at which a spherical particle will sink due to gravity ina suspension is given by: 此方法是基于斯托克思定律,即在重力作用下球形颗粒在某一悬浮液中下降的速度为Where d=diameter of particle 颗粒直径=unit weight of the grain of particle 颗粒重度s=unit weight of the suspension fluid usually water 悬浮液w的重度通过为水的重度=vescosity of the suspension fluid 悬浮液的黏度Usually h=100mm, 通常h=100mm, giving 由此给出Samples taken at a depth of 100mm, at an elapsed time of t,will not, therefore, include particles of greater size than thediameter d given by 因此在,在深度100mm处,t 时间后所取的悬浮液中将不会有粒径大于式所给出的土粒; but the proportions of particles smaller than d in the suspension willremain unchanged. 但悬浮液中小于d的颗粒所占的比例仍保持不变;The procedure using a hydrometer consists of measuring the suspension density at a depth of 100mm at a series of elapsed-time intervals. 用液体比重计的方法包括以一系列时间间隔在深度100mm处测定悬浮液的比重;The percentage-finer values corresponding to particular diameter . particle sizes are obtained from the density readings, and thus a grading curve for the fine-grained fraction may be drawn. 通过比重读数得到小于某一特定粒径的颗粒的百分数,从而可画出细粒部分的级配曲线;Grading CharacteristicsThe grading curve is a graphical representation of the particle-size distribution and is therefore useful in itself as a means of describing the soil. 级配曲线是粒径分布的一种图形表达,因而可用来作为描述土的手段;For this reason it is always a good idea to include copies of grading curves in laboratory and other similar reports. 因此,人们总是认为在实验室报告或其它报告里附上几份级配曲线是一种好做法; It should also be remembered that the primary object is to provide a descriptive term for the type of soil. 还应牢记的是我们的主要目的是提供对土的类型的描述性术语;This iseasily done using the type of chart by estimating the range of sizes included in the most representative fraction of the soil. 这可容易地通过采用这种级配曲线做到,因为用它能估计出土中最有代表性的成分的粒径范围;For example, the steep curve may be taken to represent a poorly-graded medium sand, indicating a narrow range of sizes. 例如,陡峭的曲线可用来表示级配差的中砂,并表示其粒径范围比较小;A further quantitative analysis of grading curves may be carried out using certain geometric values known as grading characteristics. 通过采用某些称为级配特征的几何值,可进一步对级配曲线进行定量的分析;First of all, three points are located on the grading curve to give the following characteristic sizes: 首先,定出级配曲线上的三个点以给出以下特征粒径：D10=maximum size of the smallest 10 percent of the sample; 只有10%土样通过的最大粒径；D30= maximum size of the smallest 30 percent of the sample; 只有30%土样通过的最大粒径；D60= maximum size of the smallest 60 percent of the sample；只有60%土样通过的最大粒径；From these characteristic sizes, the following grading characteristics are defined: 根据这些特征粒径,定义出如下级配特征：Effective size 有效粒径Uniformity coefficient 均匀系数Coefficient of gradation 级配系数Lesson 4New Words1.u ndergo ndu vt. 经历, 遭受, 忍受; experience2.e vaporation ivprein n.蒸发作用evaporate vapor3.a ttribute tribju:t vt.把…归因于, 把…归咎于,加于, 归结于;ascribe, impute, credit, assign, refer4.s hrinkageshrink rinkid n.收10.distribution distribju:nn.分配, 分发distribute distributor11. upwind pwindadj.逆风的adv.逆风地windward; leeward 12.diminish diminiv.使减少, 使变小diminishment; decrease13.creep kri:p n. 徐变;14.slippage slip缩shrink5.c apillary kpilri adj. 毛细作用的tensioncapillarity6.e vaporate ivpreitv.使蒸发, 消失7.p aste peist n.糊, 粘土团cement paste 8.a mbient mbint adj. 周围的,包围着的surrounding ambient air9.s pecimen spesimin n. 标本, 样品, 样本, 待试验物; sampleslipid n.滑动, 滑移, 滑程slip15.humidityhju:miditin.湿气, 潮湿, 湿度; humidrelative humidity 16.aug`ment: ment v.增加, 增大n.增加; increase, enlarge augmentation17.sustained ssteindadj.持续不变的, 相同的; sustainable development18.fatigue fti:n.疲乏, 疲劳, vt.使疲劳, vi.疲劳strengthPhrases and Expressions1.m oisture content 含8.s ustained load 永久水量,含湿度; water content2.c ement paste 水泥浆mortar3.c apillary tension 毛细管张力,微张力4.g radation of aggregate 骨料级配coarse fine crushed stone, gravel5.T he British Code PC100英国混凝土规范PC100; nowaday BS81106.c oefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系数7. The Code 英国标准规范荷载,长期荷载9.p ermanent plastic strain 永久的塑性应变stress10.crystal lattice晶格, 晶格11.cement gel 水泥凝胶体12.water-cement ratio 水灰比13.expansion joint 伸缩缝14.stability of the structure 结构的稳定性structural stability15. fatigue strength ofconcrete 混凝土的疲劳强度Text Volume Changes of ConcreteConcrete undergoes volume changes during hardening. 混凝土在硬结过程中会经历体积变化;If it loses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. 如果蒸发失去水分,混凝土会收缩；但如果在水中硬结,它便膨胀;The causes of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads. 混凝土体积变化的原因可归结为含水量的变化、水泥与水的水化反应、温度变化和所施加的荷载;ShrinkageThe change in the volume of drying concrete is not equal to the volume of water removed. The evaporation of free water causes little or no shrinkage. 混凝土干燥时的体积变化量不等于它所失去的水的体积;自由水的蒸发基本不产生收缩;As concrete continues to dry, water evaporates and the volume of the restrained cement paste changes, causing concrete to shrink, probably dueto the capillary tension that develops in the water remaining in concrete. 随着混凝土的不断变干,水分蒸发,受约束水泥浆的体积也变化,导致了混凝土的收缩,这多半是由于残留在混凝土中的水的毛细张力所致; Emptying of the capillaries causes a loss of water without shrinkage. But once the absorbed water is removed, shrinkage occurs. 毛细管变空导致无收缩的水分丢失,但一旦失去吸收的水分,收缩便发生;Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete caused by the variations in moisture conditions. 许多因素都会影响因水分环境发生变化而产生的混凝土收缩;and water content. The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. 水灰比：水灰比越大,收缩越大；and fineness of cement. High-early-strength and low-heat cements show more shrinkage than normal portland cement. The finer the cement, the greater is the expansion under moist conditions. 水泥的成分和细度：早强和低热水泥的收缩大于普通水泥,水泥越细,其在潮湿环境中的膨胀越大;, amount, and gradation of aggregate. The smaller the size of aggregate particles, the greater is the shrinkage. The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料的类型、含量及其级配：骨料的粒径越小,收缩越大；骨料含量越大,收缩则越小;conditions, moisture, and temperature. Concrete specimens subjected to moist conditions undergo an expansion of 200to300×10-6,but if they are left to dry in air, they shrink. High temperature speeds the evaporation of water and, consequently, increases shrinkage. 外部条件,水分与温度：潮湿环境下的混凝土试件的膨胀量为200to300×10-6,但如果让其在空气中干燥,它们将收缩;高温加速了水分的蒸发,因此也加快了收缩;. Admixtures that increase the water requirement of concrete increase the shrinkage value. 添加剂：使用水量增加的外加剂也增加了收缩值;and shape of specimen. As shrinkage takes place in a reinforced concrete member, tension。

土木工程专业英语词汇整理HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语 Specialty English3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程 Civil Engineering5 地下工程 Underground Engineering6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering12 港口工程 Port Engineering13 安全性 safety17木结构 timber structure18 砌体结构 masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构 steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土 plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋 rebar25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构 truss structure29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure30 近海工程 offshore engineering31 静力学 statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁 simply supported beam35 固定支座 fixed bearing36弹性力学 elasticity37 塑性力学 plasticity38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics40 土力学 soil mechanics41 水力学 hydraulics42 流体力学 fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力 concentrated force45 压力 pressure46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力 uniform pressure48 体力 body force49 重力 gravity50 线荷载 line load51 弯矩 bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力 stress54 应变 stain55 正应力 normal stress56 剪应力 shearing stress57 主应力 principal stress58 变形 deformation59 内力 internal force60 偏移量挠度 deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳 buckle63 轴力 axial force64 允许应力 allowable stress65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis66 梁 beam67 壳 shell68 板 plate69 桥 bridge70 桩 pile71 主动土压力 active earth pressure72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure73 承载力 load-bearing capacity74 水位 water Height75 位移 displacement76 结构力学 structural mechanics77 材料力学 material mechanics78 经纬仪 altometer79 水准仪level80 学科 discipline81 子学科 sub-discipline82 期刊 journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷 volume87 期 number 88 专着 monograph89 会议论文集 Proceeding90 学位论文 thesis, dissertation91 专利 patent92 档案档案室 archive93 国际学术会议 conference94 导师 advisor95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis96 博士研究生 doctorate student97 研究生 postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目 title102 摘要 abstract103 全文 full-text104 参考文献 reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词 Subject107 关键字 keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署 110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法 analytical method112 数值方法 numerical method113 计算 computation114 说明书 instruction第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇engineering岩土工程engineering基础工程,earth土mechanics土力学cyclicloading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelasticfoundation粘弹性地基viscous?damping粘滞阻尼shearmodulus剪切模量dynamics土动力学path应力路径geotechanics数值岩土力学二.土的分类soil残积土groundwaterlevel地水位地下水groundwatertable地下水位miner 粘土矿物minerals次生矿物滑坡?holecolumnarsection 孔柱状图geologicinvestigation工程地质勘漂石?卵石?砂石?sand砾砂sand粗砂sand中砂sand细砂sand粉土soil粘性土粘土?clay粉粘土粉土?silt砂质粉土silt粘质粉土soil饱土soil非饱和土(soil)填土soil超固结土consolidatedsoil正常固结土soil欠固结土soil区域性土clay软粘土(swelling)soil膨土泥炭?黄土?soil冻土ofsaturation饱和度unitweight干重度unitweight湿重度=InternationalSocietyforSoilMechanicsand technicalEngineering国际土力学与岩土工程会四.渗透性和渗流’slaw达西定律管涌?soil流土boiling砂沸流网渗透（流）渗流?pressure渗透压力渗透性?force渗透力gradient水力梯度ofpermeability渗透系数五.地基应力和变形soil软土2.(negative)skinfrictionofdrivenpile打入（负）摩阻力stress有效应力stress总应力vaneshearstrength十字板抗剪强度activity低活性灵敏度?test三轴试验design基础设计再压缩capaci 承载力mass土体stress(pressure)接触应力（压力）load集中荷载semi-infiniteelasticsolid半限弹性体均质?各向同性?footing条基spreadfooting方独立基础soil(stratum,strata)下卧层（土）load=sustainedload恒载持续荷载load活载–termtransientload短期瞬时荷载transientload长期荷载load折算荷载沉降?变形?套管?=dyke堤（防）fraction粘粒粒组properties物理性质路基?soil级配良好土soil级配不良土stresses正应力stresses剪应力plane主平面(intermediate,minor)principalstress最大（中、最小）主应力failurecondition摩尔-库仑破坏条件=finiteelementmethod有限元法equilibriummethod极限平衡法waterpressure孔隙水压力pressure先期固结压力ofcompressibility压缩模量ofcompressibility压缩系数index压缩指数index回弹指数stress自重应力stress附加应力stress总应力settlement最终沉降line滑动线六.基坑开挖与降水1excavation 开挖（挖方）2dewatering（基坑）降水3failureoffoundation基坑失稳4bracingoffoundationpit基坑围护5bottomheave=basalheave（基坑）底隆起6retainingwall挡土墙7pore-pressuredistribution孔压分布8dewateringmethod降低地下水位法9wellpointsystem井点系统（轻型）10deepwellpoint深井点11vacuumwellpoint真空井点12bracedcuts支撑围护13bracedexcavation 支撑开挖14bracedsheeting支撑挡板七.深基础--deepfoundationfoundation桩基础1)cast–in-place灌注桩divingcastingcast-in-placepile沉管灌注桩boredpile钻孔桩special-shapedcast-in-placepile机控异型灌注桩pilessetintorock嵌岩灌注桩rammedbulbpile 夯扩桩2)belledpierfoundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pierfoundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamedboredpier3)precastconcretepile预制混凝土桩4)steelpile钢桩steelpipepile钢管桩steelsheetpile钢板桩5)prestressedconcretepile预应力混凝土桩prestressedconcretepipepile预应力混凝土管桩foundation沉井（箱）wall地下连续墙截水墙pile摩擦桩pile端承桩竖井；桩身?equationanalysis波动方程分析caps承台（桩帽）capacityofsinglepile单桩承载力pileloadtest单桩横向载荷试验lateralresistanceofsinglepile单桩横向极限载力loadtestofpile单桩竖向静荷载试验allowableloadcapacity单桩竖向容许承载力pilecap低桩承台pilecap高桩承台ultimateupliftresistanceofsinglepile单桩拔极限承载力piling静力压桩pile抗拔桩pi 抗滑桩groups群桩factorofpilegroups群桩效率系数（η）ofpilegroups群桩效应piletesting桩基动测术set最后贯入度loadtestofpile桩动荷载试验integritytest桩的完整性试验head=butt桩头tip=pilepoint=piletoe桩端（头）spacing桩plan桩位布置图ofpiles=pilelayout桩的布置action群桩作用bearing=tipresistance桩端(side)friction=shaftresistance桩侧阻cushion桩垫driving(byvibration)（振动）桩pullingtest拔桩试验shoe桩靴noise打桩噪rig打桩机九.固结consolidation’sconsolidationtheory太沙基固结理论’sconsolidationtheory巴隆固结理论’sconsolidationtheory比奥固结理论consolidationration(OCR)超固结比soil超固结土porewaterpressure超孔压力consolidation多维固结consolidation一维固结consolidation主固结consolidation次固结ofconsolidation固结度test固结试验curve 结曲线factorTv时间因子ofconsolidation固结系数pressure前期固结压力ofeffectivestress有效应力原理underK0conditionK0固结十.抗剪强度shearstrength shearstrength不排水抗剪强度strength残余强度strength长期强度strength 峰值强度strainrate剪切应变速率剪胀?stressapproachofshearstrength剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法stressapproachofshearstrength抗剪强度总应力法theory莫尔－库仑理论ofinternalfriction内摩擦角粘聚力?criterion 破坏准则strength十字板抗剪强度compression无侧限抗压强度stressfailureenvelop有效应力破坏包线stressstrengthparameter有效应力强度参数十一.本构模型--constitutivemodelmodel弹性模型elasticmodel非线性弹性模型model弹塑性模型model粘弹性模型surfacemodel边界面模型model邓肯－张模型plasticmodel刚塑性模型model盖帽模型softening加工软化hardening加工硬化model剑桥模型elastoplasticmodel理想弹塑性模型yieldcriterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则surface屈服面half-spacefoundationmodel弹性半空间地基模型modulus弹性模量foundationmodel文克尔地基模型十二.地基承载力--bearingcapacityoffoundationsoilshearfailure冲剪破坏shearfailure整体剪切破化shearfailure局部剪切破坏oflimitequilibrium极限平衡状态edgepressure临塑荷载offoundationsoil地基稳定性bearingcapacityoffoundationsoil地基极限承载力bearingcapacityoffoundationsoil地基容许承载力十三.土压力--earthpressureearthpressure主动土压力earthpressure被动土压力pressureatrest静止土压力’searthpressuretheo ry库仑土压力理论’searthpressuretheory朗金土压力理论十四.土坡稳定分析--slopestabilityanalysis ofrepose休止角method毕肖普法factorofsl 边坡稳定安全系数methodofslices费纽伦斯条法circlemethod瑞典圆弧滑动法method条分十五.挡土墙--retainingwallofretainingwall挡土墙稳定性wall基础墙retainingwall扶壁式挡土墙retainingwall悬臂式挡土墙sheetpilewall悬臂式板桩墙retainingwall重力式挡土墙plateretainingwall锚定板挡土墙sheetpilewall锚定板板桩墙十六.板桩结构物--sheetpilestructure sheetpile钢板桩concretesheetpile钢筋混凝土板桩piles钢桩sheetpile木板桩piles木桩十七.浅基础--shallowfoundationfoundation 型基础(raft)foundation片筏基础foundatio 形基础footing扩展基础foundation补偿性基stratum持力层foundation刚性基础foundat 柔性基础depthoffoundation基础埋置深度foundationpressure基底附加应力interactionanalysis上部结构－基础－地基共作用分析十八.土的动力性质--dynamicpropertiesofso strengthofsoils动强度velocitymethod波速damping材料阻尼damping几何阻尼ratio阻尼liquefaction初始液化periodofsoilsite地基有周期shearmodulusofsoils动剪切模量ma二十.地基基础抗震engineering地震工程dynamics土动力学ofearthquake地震持续时间responsespectrum地震反应谱intensity地震度magnitude震级predominantperiod地震卓周期accelerationofearthquake地震最大加速二十一.室内土工实验pressureconsolidationtest高压固结试验underK0conditionK0固结试验headpermeabil 变水头试验headpermeability常水头渗透试验triaxialtest不固结不排水试验(UU) undrainedtriaxialtest固结不排水试验(CU) drainedtriaxialtest固结排水试验(CD)test击实试验quickdirectsheartest固结快剪试验directsheartest快剪试验draineddirectsheartest慢剪试验analysis筛分析modeltest土工模型试验modeltest离心模型试验shearapparatus直剪仪sheartest直剪试验simplesheartest直接单剪试验triaxialtest三轴试验simpleshear动单剪（resonance）vibrationcolumntest自(共)振柱试验二十二.原位测试penetrationtest(SPT)标准贯入试验wavetest(SWT)表面波试验penetrationtest(DPT)动力触探试验conepenetration(SPT)静力触探试验loadingtest 静力荷载试验loadtestofpile单桩横向载荷试验loadtestofpile单桩竖向荷载试验test跨孔试验platetest螺旋板载荷试验test旁压试验sounding轻便触探试验settlementmeasurement 深层沉降观测sheartest十字板剪切试验permeabilitytest现场渗透试验porewaterpressuremeasurement原位孔隙水压量测soiltest原位试验。

土木工程专业英语词汇1. 大地工程geotechnical engineering1. 反分析法back analysis method1. 基础工程foundation engineering1. 临界状态土力学critical state soil mechanics 1. 数值岩土力学numerical geomechanics1. 土soil, earth1. 土动力学soil dynamics1. 土力学soil mechanics1. 岩土工程geotechnical engineering1. 应力路径stress path1. 应力路径法stress path method2. 变质岩metamorphic rock2. 标准冻深standard frost penetration2. 冰川沉积glacial deposit2. 冰积层（台）glacial deposit2. 残积土eluvial soil, residual soil2. 层理beding2. 长石feldspar2. 沉积岩sedimentary rock2. 承压水confined water2. 次生矿物secondary mineral2. 地质年代geological age2. 地质图geological map2. 地下水groundwater2. 断层fault2. 断裂构造fracture structure2. 工程地质勘察engineering geological exploration 2. 海积层（台）marine deposit2. 海相沉积marine deposit2. 花岗岩granite2. 滑坡landslide2. 化石fossil2. 化学沉积岩chemical sedimentary rock2. 阶地terrace2. 节理joint2. 解理cleavage2. 喀斯特karst2. 矿物硬度hardness of minerals2. 砾岩conglomerate2. 流滑flow slide2. 陆相沉积continental sedimentation2. 泥石流mud flow, debris flow2. 年粘土矿物clay minerals2. 凝灰岩tuff2. 牛轭湖ox-bow lake2. 浅成岩hypabyssal rock2. 潜水ground water2. 侵入岩intrusive rock2. 取土器geotome2. 砂岩sandstone2. 砂嘴spit, sand spit2. 山岩压力rock pressure2. 深成岩plutionic rock2. 石灰岩limestone2. 石英quartz2. 松散堆积物rickle2. 围限地下水（台）confined ground water 2. 泻湖lagoon2. 岩爆rock burst2. 岩层产状attitude of rock2. 岩浆岩magmatic rock, igneous rock2. 岩脉dike, dgke2. 岩石风化程度degree of rock weathering 2. 岩石构造structure of rock2. 岩石结构texture of rock2. 岩体rock mass2. 页岩shale2. 原生矿物primary mineral2. 云母mica2. 造岩矿物rock-forming mineral2. 褶皱fold, folding2. 钻孔柱状图bore hole columnar section3. 饱和土saturated soil3. 超固结土overconsolidated soil3. 冲填土dredger fill3. 充重塑土3. 冻土frozen soil, tjaele3. 非饱和土unsaturated soil3. 分散性土dispersive soil3. 粉土silt, mo3. 粉质粘土silty clay3. 高岭石kaolinite3. 过压密土（台）overconsolidated soil 3. 红粘土red clay, adamic earth3. 黄土loess, huangtu(China)3. 蒙脱石montmorillonite3. 泥炭peat, bog muck3. 年粘土clay3. 年粘性土cohesive soil, clayey soil3. 膨胀土expansive soil, swelling soil3. 欠固结粘土underconsolidated soil3. 区域性土zonal soil3. 人工填土fill, artificial soil3. 软粘土soft clay, mildclay, mickle3. 砂土sand3. 湿陷性黄土collapsible loess, slumping loess3. 素填土plain fill3. 塑性图plasticity chart3. 碎石土stone, break stone, broken stone, channery, chat, crushed sto ne, deritus3. 未压密土（台）underconsolidated clay3. 无粘性土cohesionless soil, frictional soil, non-cohesive soil3. 岩石rock3. 伊利土illite3. 有机质土organic soil3. 淤泥muck, gyttja, mire, slush3. 淤泥质土mucky soil3. 原状土undisturbed soil3. 杂填土miscellaneous fill3. 正常固结土normally consolidated soil3. 正常压密土（台）normally consolidated soil3. 自重湿陷性黄土self weight collapse loess4. 阿太堡界限Atterberg limits4. 饱和度degree of saturation4. 饱和密度saturated density4. 饱和重度saturated unit weight4. 比重specific gravity4. 稠度consistency4. 不均匀系数coefficient of uniformity, uniformity coefficient 4. 触变thixotropy4. 单粒结构single-grained structure4. 蜂窝结构honeycomb structure4. 干重度dry unit weight4. 干密度dry density4. 塑性指数plasticity index4. 含水量water content, moisture content4. 活性指数4. 级配gradation, grading4. 结合水bound water, combined water, held water4. 界限含水量Atterberg limits4. 颗粒级配particle size distribution of soils, mechanical composition of soil4. 可塑性plasticity4. 孔隙比void ratio4. 孔隙率porosity4. 粒度granularity, grainness, grainage4. 粒组fraction, size fraction4. 毛细管水capillary water4. 密度density4. 密实度compactionness4. 年粘性土的灵敏度sensitivity of cohesive soil4. 平均粒径mean diameter, average grain diameter4. 曲率系数coefficient of curvature4. 三相图block diagram, skeletal diagram, three phase diagram 4. 三相土tri-phase soil4. 湿陷起始应力initial collapse pressure4. 湿陷系数coefficient of collapsibility4. 缩限shrinkage limit4. 土的构造soil texture4. 土的结构soil structure4. 土粒相对密度specific density of solid particles4. 土中气air in soil4. 土中水water in soil4. 团粒aggregate, cumularpharolith4. 限定粒径constrained diameter4. 相对密度relative density, density index4. 相对压密度relative compaction, compacting factor, percent compa ction, coefficient of compaction4. 絮状结构flocculent structure4. 压密系数coefficient of consolidation4. 压缩性compressibility4. 液限liquid limit4. 液性指数liquidity index4. 游离水（台）free water4. 有效粒径effective diameter, effective grain size, effective size4. 有效密度effective density4. 有效重度effective unit weight4. 重力密度unit weight4. 自由水free water, gravitational water, groundwater, phreatic wa ter4. 组构fabric4. 最大干密度maximum dry density4. 最优含水量optimum water content5. 达西定律Darcy s law5. 管涌piping5. 浸润线phreatic line5. 临界水力梯度critical hydraulic gradient 5. 流函数flow function5. 流土flowing soil5. 流网flow net5. 砂沸sand boiling5. 渗流seepage5. 渗流量seepage discharge5. 渗流速度seepage velocity5. 渗透力seepage force5. 渗透破坏seepage failure5. 渗透系数coefficient of permeability 5. 渗透性permeability5. 势函数potential function5. 水力梯度hydraulic gradient。