GRE分类讲解思路
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说明：本思路是多年读书总结的心得与GRE考试结合后的产物。
我想任何人仅凭自己的一时想法，很难对GRE的各类题型有深入理解。
我的这些思想的来源大致可以分为几类：（1）古希腊传统；（2）当代哲学传统；（3）后现代理论对英美主流的对抗；（4）中国传统的渗入（道家学说，近代思想人物如钱穆、胡适和林语堂的论说）；（5）我自己的小小反思与融合。
有很多思想我已经放到了上课的思路与讲解中，这里没有讲太多，尤其哲学流派和中国文化的反思。
政治politics政治的终极意义Socrates seeks to define justice as one of the cardinal human virtues, and he understands the virtues as states of the soul. So his account of what justice is depends upon his account of the human soul.He shows, in sum, that one is virtuous if and only if one is a philosopher, for he adds to Book Four's insistence that virtue requires knowledge the new claim that only philosophers have knowledge.First, the best rulers are wise.Second, the best rulers rule for the benefit of the ruled, and not for their own sake.Third, a city is highly unlikely to have the best rulers, in part because there is a gulf between the values of most people and the values of the wise.Fourth, the greatest harm to a city is disagreement about who should rule, since competing factions create civil strife.So, fifth, the goal of politics is harmony or agreement among the citizens about who should rule.Last, harmony requires that the city cultivate virtue and the rule of law.政治与民众基本点出发点：政治的终极目的是为民众而不是为政府服务。
政治的最高境界是达成政府与民众的harmony.（1）民众对政府监督的作用：a. 统治者如果愚昧，民众的监督可以避免统治者危及社会总体利益。
b. 民众的各种意见可以为政府提供参考，因为政府本来就是为民众服务。
（2）民众的潜在缺点：（1）民众容易短视，群起的民众会干扰政府有利于长远利益的政策。
（2）民众容易在特殊情况下丧失理性，需要民智的统治者把握全局。
题目：97 "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect a ll aspects of people's lives."97．尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
45 "Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than u nquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve." 45．政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该盲目地依从人民的意愿。
79 "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgm ent and perspective than do members of the general public."79．重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓拥有更多的信息，因此具有更好的判断力和远见。
202 "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political le aders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sa ke of compromise."202．和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步，有时为了折衷要放弃原则。
105 "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingne ss of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens." 105．当政府愿意接受来自其公民的质疑时，才表明这个国家真正的强大。
142 "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authori ty."142．当许多公民质疑权威的时候，社会才能更富强。
170 "The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people." 170．伟大国家最可靠的标志不是其统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是全体人民的福利。
89 "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon t hem."统治者的素质基本出发点：好的统治者在政治哲学上来说应该是一个有智慧的并且品德高尚的人（罗素和苏格拉底都有涉及），统治者应该为民众服务。
（1）高尚的品德与智慧才能确保国家在正常的轨道行进。
但：政治哲学对政治家的标准是理想化的，现实中任何人都有缺陷。
因此不能用理想化来要求政治家的品质。
（2）由于政治家在现实中有缺陷，权力的使用应该谨慎，并时刻受到民众的监督。
（3）民众有缺陷，如盲从(follow the herds)，丧失理性，需要政治家来引导。
43 "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."43．一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。
24 "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise c aution and restraint in the use of that power."24．当权者谨慎并有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效力。
160 "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any l eader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion wi ll accomplish little."160．有效力的领导者最本质的品质就是对特定原则和目标的坚持。
任何领导者，如果他很容易受到流行观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
政治与媒体基本可以引申到政治家与民众的关系。
增加如下点：媒体对大众的思维有明显作用，可以为正面也可以为负面。
（涉及到意识形态）108 "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and vi ew government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people u nderstand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of governme nt proceedings-- trials, debates, meetings, etc --that are televised, the more society will benefit."108．在很多国家，从电视上看到政府人员办公的场景已是可能。
观看这些过程有助于人们理解影响他们生活的问题。
政府办公如审判、辩论、会议等的各个场景，转播得越多，对社会越有益。
教育education教育的范围：Socrates/Plato认为一个人的品质包括三个部分reason, spirit, and appetite。
Aristotle 认为教育包括如下方面：nature/ habit/ reason思路（1）理性的局限性，教育不能局限于理性，还应包括如上其它部分，如信仰的培养、道德的训练以及习惯的养成。
（2）教育的内容：实用与无用：实用的局限性，还应包括如上的范围。
确定与不确定：更多是教育如何思考，而大部分知识是不确定的。
