什么是测试的信度和效度,如何保证测试的信度和效度

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什么是测试的信度和效度,如何保证测试的信度和效度

什么是测试的信度和效度,如何保证测试的信度和效度

棋盘中小张倩倩

在教育研究中,信度与效度是很常见的两个概念。但每次看到或听到这两个名词,我的脑袋老反应不过来,看来基础就是不扎实。我在这里就谈谈我浅显的认识。

一、信度

所谓的信度,是指使用相同指标或测量工具重复测量相同事物时,得到相同结果的可能性。如果说某个指标或测量工具的信度高,那它提供的测量结果就不会因为指标、测量工具或测量设计本身的特性而发生变化;反之亦然。根据测量过程中不同的误差来源,可分为再测信度、复本信度和折半信度。

再测信度,是用同一测量工具在不同的时间对同一群受试者前后测量两次,然后计算两次测量分数的相关系数,相关系数越大说明两次测量的一致性越高。相隔的时间不应该太长。

复本信度,是用两个完全等值的(平行的)复本对同一群受试者进行测试,计算两种复本测量分数的相关系数,相关系数越大说明两个复本构成带来的变异越小。如考试中使用的A、B卷

折半信度,只用一个测量工具对同一群受试者实施一次测量,但将奇数题和偶数题分开计分,再计算奇数试题和偶数试题分数之间的相关系数。

二、效度

所谓的效度,是指测量工具能够测出其所要测量的特征的正确性程

度。效度越高,即表示测量结果越能显示其所要测量的特征。如果说根据某项特征能够区分人、物或事件,那么说某个测量该特征的测量工具是有效的,就是指它的测量结果能把具有不同特征的人、物或事件进行有效的区分。常用的有变面效度、内容效度和效标效度。

表面效度是指测量效果和人们头脑中的印象或学术界形成的共识之间的吻和程度,吻合程度高,表面效度就高。

内容效度是指测量在多大程度上涵盖了被测量概念的全部内涵,测量工具代表概念定义的内容越多,内容效度就越高。

效标效度是指测量结果与一些标准之间的一致性程度,这些标准能够精确表示被测概念。

三、信度与效度的关系

信度是效度的必要条件,但不是充分条件。一个测量工具要有效度必须有信度,没有信度就没有效度;但是有了信度不一定有效度。

信度低,效度不可能高。因为如果测量的数据不准确,也并不能有效地说明所研究的对象。

信度高,效度未必高。例如,如果我们准确地测量出某人的经济收入,也未必能够说明他的消费水平。

效度低,信度很可能高。例如,即是一项研究未能说明社会流动的原因,但它很有可能很精确很可靠地调查各个时期各种类型的人的流动数量。

效度高,信度也必然高。

试题内容与目标的双向细目表

小学六年级第一学期期末读写测试题

一、找出不同类的单词

( )1. A. actor B. father C. teacher D. cleaner ( )2. A. cloud B.

rain C. sun D. seed ( )3. A. classroom B. bookstore C. superman D. shoe store

( ) 4 A. bus B. foot C. plane D. subway ( ) 5 A. east B. west C.

straight D. south

二、用下列所给单词填空

When Where What Who Why How

1) ________ can I get to the zoo? You can go b y bus.

2) ________ do you go to school on foot? Because my home is

near.

3) ________are you going after lunch? I am going t o the

bookstore.

4) ________are you going? I am going at 4 o’clock.

5) ________are you going to do? I am going to play football

三、选择

1.Remember the traffic rules._____ at a yellow light.

A. Stop

B. Wait

C. Go

D. Run

2. I have a sister. She ______ TV every day.

A. watches

B. reads

C. looks

D. sees

3. My father writes stories. He is a ______.

A. singer

B. actor

C. cleaner

D. writer

4. Mary’s uncle is _____ doctor, her aunt is _____art ist.

A. a, a B. an, a

C. a, an

D. an, an

5. Please come to my _____birthday party.

A .twelve B. twelfth C. twelveth D. twelvety

6.--_____does your father work?

--In a post office.

A. Where

B. What

C. How

D. When

7. — When does she go to school?

--_______.

A. She go to school at 8:00

B. She goes to school at 8:00

C. Yes, she does.

D. No. she doesn’t.

8.—Does Liu Yun go to work by subway?

--_______.

A. No, she doesn’t.

B. No, he doesn’t

C. Yes, on foot

D. Yes, he is

9.Turn right ____the bank, then look ____ me near the school

gate.

A. on, for

B. at, on

C. at, for

D. on, at

10. ______ at a red light. A. Stop

B. Wait

C. Go

D. Straight

四、把下列单词按要求进行变化

e (现在分词)

2.do(第三人称单数)

3.policeman(复数)

4.dive(现在分词)

5.family(复数)

6.teach(第三人称单数)

7.sing (名词 )

8.write (名词)

9.teach (名词)

10.watch (第三人称单数)

11.go (第三人称单数)

12.live(第三人称单数)

13.ride(ing 形式 )

14.dive(ing形式)

15.play(ing形式)

16.make (ing形式)

五、问答句配对.

1、()How do you go to school?

A、I go to school by bike. B、He is a teacher.

2. ( ) Where is the bookstore?

A、She works in a company. B、It’s next to the hospital.

3. ( ) What are you going to do?

A、I’m going to buy a book. B、I am going at 3:00.

4. ( ) What is your hobby?

A、She is a farmer. B、I like diving. 5. ( ) What does she do? A、She works in a hospital. B、She is a singer.

六、阅读理解

Alice is my new friend. She lives Australia. Her fa ther works

in a school. He is a teacher. He goes to wo rk by bus. Her mother

is a nurse. She works in a hospi tal. She goes to work by car. Alice

has a sister. They are twins. They are students.

( ) 1.Alice is my____

A. sister

B. teacher

C. friend

D. aunt

( ) 2.When does Alice live?

A. In China

B. In Australia

C. In Americ

a

D. In Canada

( ) 3.Who works in a school?

A. Alice

B. Alice’s sister

C. Alice’s fathe

r D. Alice’s mother

( ) 4.How does Alice’s mother go to work?

A. By bike

B. On foot

C. By train

D. By car ( ) 5.Alice and her sister are_____.

A. teachers

B. students

C. nurses