会计学原理 accounting principle

会计学原理英文版Accounting Principles。

Accounting is the language of business. It is a systematic process of identifying, recording, measuring, classifying, verifying, summarizing, interpreting and communicating financial information. Accounting principles are the rules and guidelines that companies must follow when reporting financial data. These principles are essential for the preparation of financial statements that are accurate and reliable.The basic principles of accounting are generally accepted and are the foundation on which the entire accounting structure is based. They provide a framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The following are some of the key accounting principles:1. Accrual Principle: This principle states that revenue and expenses should be recognized when they areincurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid. This means that revenue is recorded when it is earned and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of when the cash is actually received or paid out.2. Matching Principle: This principle requires that expenses be matched with revenues. It means that expenses should be recognized in the same period as the revenues to which they relate. This ensures that the financial statements accurately reflect the results of operations for a specific period.3. Cost Principle: According to this principle, assets should be recorded at their original cost. This means that when an asset is acquired, it is recorded at the amount of cash paid or the fair market value of the consideration given to acquire it.4. Going Concern Principle: This principle assumes thata business will continue to operate indefinitely. It means that the financial statements are prepared with the assumption that the business will continue to operate inthe foreseeable future.5. Conservatism Principle: This principle dictates that when in doubt, accountants should choose the method thatwill result in the least favorable outcome for the company. This means that assets and revenues are not overstated, and liabilities and expenses are not understated.6. Consistency Principle: This principle requires that once a company chooses an accounting method or principle,it should continue to use it consistently in the future. This ensures that financial statements are comparable over time.7. Materiality Principle: This principle states that financial information should be disclosed if it could influence the economic decisions of users. If theinformation is immaterial, it does not need to be disclosed.These principles form the basis for the preparation of financial statements that are reliable and comparable. They ensure that financial information is presented in aconsistent and understandable manner, allowing users to make informed decisions. Adhering to these principles is essential for the credibility and integrity of financial reporting.In conclusion, accounting principles are the guidelines that companies must follow when preparing financial statements. They ensure that financial information is accurate, reliable, and comparable. By adhering to these principles, companies can provide users with meaningful and useful financial information, which is essential for making informed economic decisions.。

Accountingprinciples会计原理（英文）Accounting Principles Used to Prepare theFinancial StatementsTable of Content1.Introduction (1)2. Analysis of eight accounting principles (1)2.1 Time Period Assumption (1)2.2 Principle of Historical Cost (2)2.3 Full Disclosure Principle (2)2.4 Matching principle (3)2.5 Going Concern Principle (4)2.6 Revenue Recognition Principle (4)2.7 Materiality (5)2.8 Conservatism (5)3.Conclusion (6)References (7)1.IntroductionThe goal of financial statements is to provide users with accounting information relevant to the enterprise financial position, operation outcome, cash flow etc., reflect managers’ performance of fiduciary responsibilities,so as to help financial statement users make proper economic decisions. In this paper, the author will explain eight different accounting principles used to prepare the financial statements with suitable examples or illustration.2. Analysis of eight accounting principles2.1 Time Period AssumptionThe concept of Time Period refers to that accounting information should be collected and handled following timeperiods (Zeff, 2012). Time Period Assumption is a necessary supplement of Going Concern Assumption. This principle lays a foundation for other accounting principles such as Cost Principle and Matching Principle. Assuming an accounting entity should endlessly operate a business, logically the provision of accounting information needs to have regulated time period, which is the premise for accounting to perform effect (Schipper, 2003).The principle of Time Period Assumption manually divides the constant production and operation activities of an enterprise into various time periods, calculate economic activities and report operation outcome by stages (Zeff, 2012). It is because stakeholders need to timely know the financial condition and operation outcome of the enterprise, thus the enterprise should regularly provide accounting information as the basis of decision-making.Clarifying the basic premise of accounting time period has great importance to accounting, Due to the time period, the differences between this period and other period exist, thus generates the differences between accrual basis and cash basis, different types of accounting entities have the benchmark of keeping accounts, and further the accounting methods such as accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrual, deferral, prepaid and so on.In China’s accounting practice, an accounting year refers t o January 1st to December 31st (Zeff, 2012). For example, Financial Statements of 2012 reflects the financialinformation from January 1st 2012 to December 31st 2012. Financial statements which less than one year are called mid-term statements. Mid-term statements are mainly embodied assemi-annual statements and quarterly statements.2.2 Principle of Historical CostPrinciple of Historical Cost means that the recording of accounting elements should use the acquisition cost when economic businesses took place as the standard to measure (Weygandt et al, 2010). The main content of this principle is that all kinds of assets gained by an enterprise should use the primitive cost (actual cost) occurred when purchasing or building to record, and make it as the basis of share and transfer cost (White, 2006). When price of commodities changes, enterprises cannot adjust its accounting value except for state policy changes. Valuation according to actual cost can avoid randomness, make accounting information reliable and easy to know and compare.Principle of Historical Cost is mainly used to determine the cost of assets on the account book. For example, an enterprise spent $5 million buying an office building on January 1st 2010, thus when recording，the actual cost of the building is $5 million. Suppose that till January 1st 2013, the market price of this office building increased to $8 million, at that moment, there is no need to adjust the original recorded value, the original actual cost or the historical cost should be still on the account book. It should be noticed that, it does not mean that recorded value cannot be adjusted. For instance, this enterprise will sell the building, so assets appraisal will be conducted. This is a special case (White, 2006).2.3 Full Disclosure PrincipleFull Disclosure Principle refers to that in order to achieve the just reflection of an enterprise’s economic events and the influence, all necessary information should be fully provided and should be easy for users to understand (Weygandt et al, 2010).The goal of full disclosure is to meet users’ demand fo r decision-making. Full Disclosure Principle has several aspects of meaning.Firstly, comprehensiveness of disclosure. Comprehensiveness means any information which has influence on use rs’ decision-making or reflects economic events should bedisclosed. Horizontally, any information which reflects production and operation condition should be disclosed. Vertically, not only the surface but also the in-depth information should be recorded. Accounting information is mainly provided by financial statements, this kind of regular and unified format has some limitations. The Notions as the supplementary information become more important with the guidance of Full Disclosure Principle (Schipper, 2003). Secondly, the properness of disclosure. Over-disclosure will make users confused. Therefore major programmes should be disclosed in-detail, while less-important programmes can be disclosed less, so as to let users effectively use the information. Thirdly, the effectiveness of disclosure. Understandable is the connection between decision-makers and the effectiveness of decisions.Besides, information should meet the common demands of different users. Lastly, the promptness of disclosure requires obligators to disclose information in specific ways according to laws and regulations.2.4 Matching principleMatching Principle means the income of a certain time period or a certain accounting object should match the corresponding cost, so as to correctly calculate the net profit or loss of the accounting entity during the time period (Weygandt et al, 2010). Matching Principle as a requirement of accountingelements confirmation, is used to determine profits. Economic activities accounting entity will bring some certain income and also spend corresponding costs. Income and cost are the unity of the opposites, profits is the result. Matching Principle is based on Benefit Principle. Direct costs with causal relations and indirect costs without causal relations must be distinguished according to the Matching Principle. Direct costs should be directly matched with income to decide the loss or profit, while indirect costs firstly make apportionment among all products and income with proper standard, and than determine the loss or profit through matching revenues and expenses (Weygandt et al, 2010).Therefore, the Matching Principle has three aspects of meaning. Firstly, income of a product must match the cost of the product. Secondly, income of a time period must match the cost of the time period. Thirdly, income of a department must match thecost of the department.2.5 Going Concern PrincipleGenerally, going concern refers to one enterprise can maintain constant business operation in the foreseeable future (usually 12 months in a year), without intention or risk of bankruptcy (Efendi et al, 2007). In this case, the asset value of the enterprise can be remained, it also has the ability to pay its debt, income potential of going concern can improve the overall value of the enterprise. If an enterprise suffers long-term losses or investment error, insolvency may occur. In severe cases, enterprises cannot go concern, thus assets cannot be recorded according to fair value, but should be investment depreciation according to market price(Zeff, 2012).For instance, an enterprise uses $150000 to buy anequipment and predicts that the equipment can be used for five years and brings the enterprise $40000 every year. Based on Going Concern Principle, the enterprise will not go bankrupt in 5 years. Therefore, the $150000 investment can be regained in 5 years with $30000 cost annually, thus the equipment can gain $10000 per year. However without such assumption, accounting cannot be conducted normally. If the enterprise goes broke after 4 years, the equipment cost must be regained in four years, thus every year should bear $37500, there will be only $2500 profit.Without the assumption, accounting will have no certain time range, thus cannot complete. Similarly, production and operation activities cannot be organized neither (Ryan et al, 2002). 2.6 Revenue Recognition PrincipleRevenue recognition means the time when revenue is recorded. Revenue recognition should solve two problems, one is timing, the other is measuring (Ryan et al, 2002). Revenue recognition mainly includes the recognition of product sales revenue and service revenue. Besides, it also includes the revenue that gain from offering other to use the assets of the enterprise, such as interest, use fee and dividend. This principle must meet four basic premises: definability, accountability, relativity and reliability (Weygandt et al, 2010). Meanwhile, it must conform to some common standards.In No.5 financial accounting concept of morality released by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), according to Revenue Principle, revenue is usuallyrecognized when revenue is realized or realizable, or is earned (Schipper, 2003). Therefore, revenue of selling products is generally recognized on the sales date. Service revenue is confirmed when completing the duty of offering services.Revenue gained from allowing others to use the corporate is gradually recognized with the time passes or the procedure of asset use. While the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) emphasizes on defining revenue timing from the basic standard that whether the important risks and rewards have been transferred to the buyers (Schipper, 2003).2.7 MaterialityThe Materiality principle has several features. Firstly, the core is one cannot omit or misrepresent important information, the standard of judging importance is to see whether it will influence the decisions of users. Secondly, the concept is proposed from the perspective of information users, main users include investors, shareholders etc. Thirdly, judgment of materiality cannot be separated from the enterprise environment, different enterprises or the same enterprise in different period, the standards may differ (Weygandt et al, 2010). Lastly, judgment of importance cannot neglect its own nature. Some information does not reach the importance, but the nature is serious, thus it has conformed to the requirement of materiality, so it should be disclosed.In terms of the application of this principle, firstly, it can be used in the recognition of post balance sheet events. Matters need to be adjusted or explained means information which reaches to the materiality standard and can influence decision-making should be handled specifically. Secondly, it can be used in making mid-term financial statements. The aim is to improve the promptness of information, therefore it does not require the enterprises to provide complete information like annual financial statements (Weygandt et al, 2010). In addition, the principle can also used in recognition of segmental reporting, trade disclosureof related parties and disclosure of notes to financial statements.2.8 ConservatismThe principle of Conservatism refers to that when dealing with the uncertaineconomic businesses of the enterprises, people should hold the cautious attitude. That is to say, all predictable loss and cost should be recorded and confirmed, while income without 100% certainty cannot be recognized and recorded. In market economy conditions, enterprise inevitably will face risks,implementing the Conservatism principle can help enterprises resolute or prevent risks before the risks come. It is beneficial for enterprises to make correct operation decisions, protect interest of owners and stakeholders, improve enterprises’ competence in market.This principle has both advantages and disadvantages. It has the information features demanded by stakeholders, which can protect their interest so as to avoid unnecessary loss. It is also an effective management method in principle making institutions and a standard when accounting staff deal with the uncertain items. However, it may reduce the quality of accounting information because it has much judgment and estimation. It also brings some convenience for information counterfeiters and managers’ short-term behaviors.3.ConclusionUnder modern corporate system, ownership and managing right of enterprises are separate. Only through accounting information can users precisely judge whether the investment is used scientifically and appropriately. In order to prepare good financial statements, various accounting principles should be adopted, therefore, it is important for accounting professionalsto have a comprehensive understanding of various accounting principles and their applications.References:Efendi, J., Srivastava, A., & Swanson, E. P. (2007). Why do corporate managers misstate financial statements? The role of option compensation and other factors. Journal of Financial Economics, 85(3), 667-708.Ryan, B., Scapens, R. W., & Theobald, M. (2002). Research method and methodology in finance and accounting.Schipper, K. (2003). Principles-based accounting standards. Accounting Horizons, 17(1), 61-72.Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., KIESO, D., & Elias, R. Z. (2010). Accounting principles. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(1), 179-180.White, G. (2006). THE ANALYSIS AND USE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, (With CD). Wiley. Com. 33-55.Zeff, S. (2012). Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. 21-46.。

accounting principle 中文版
会计原则是指在会计实践中所遵循的一系列规则和准则，它们为会计工作提供了基本的指导和约束。

会计原则的制定旨在保证会计信息的准确性、可靠性和一致性，从而为企业的决策提供有力的支持。

会计原则的核心是会计基本假设，即企业实体假设、会计期间假设、货币计量假设和会计核算方法假设。

企业实体假设指企业应该被视为一个独立的经济实体，与其所有者和其他企业区分开来。

会计期间假设指企业的财务报表应该按照一定的时间间隔进行编制，通常是每年一次。

货币计量假设指企业的财务报表应该以货币为计量单位，以反映企业的财务状况和经营成果。

会计核算方法假设指企业应该采用一定的会计核算方法，如成本法、市场价值法等，来计量和报告其财务信息。

除了基本假设外，会计原则还包括会计核算原则、会计确认原则、会计计量原则和会计披露原则。

会计核算原则指企业应该按照一定的程序和方法进行会计核算，以保证财务信息的准确性和可靠性。

会计确认原则指企业应该在实际发生时确认其收入和费用，而不是在收到或支付现金时确认。

会计计量原则指企业应该按照一定的计量方法来计量其资产、负债、收入和费用。

会计披露原则指企业应该按照一定的规定和要求，对其财务信息进行披露，以便外部利益相关者了解企业
的财务状况和经营成果。

总之，会计原则是会计工作的基础和核心，它们为企业提供了一套完整的会计体系和标准，以保证财务信息的准确性、可靠性和一致性。

在实践中，企业应该严格遵守会计原则，加强内部控制，提高财务报告的透明度和可信度，以满足外部利益相关者的需求和期望。

会计学原理英文版第Principles of AccountingIntroductionAccounting, often referred to as the language of business, is a systematic process of recording, analyzing, and reporting financial transactions. It provides crucial information to businesses, investors, and other stakeholders about thefinancial health and performance of an organization. Accounting principles serve as the foundation for recording and reporting financial information accurately and consistently. This paper will explore the key principles of accounting and their importance in financial reporting.Accrual PrincipleThe accrual principle states that financial transactions should be recorded in the accounting period in which they occur, rather than when cash is received or paid. This principle ensures that revenues and expenses are recognized in the period in which they are earned or incurred. It enables businesses to present a more accurate and reliable picture of their financial performance.Principle of Historical CostThe historical cost principle states that assets should be recorded and reported at their original cost, which includesboth the purchase price and any other costs necessary to get the asset ready for use. This principle provides businesses with a reliable basis to measure and report their financial position. It also allows for consistent and objective valuation of assets, as opposed to subjective estimation.Matching PrincipleThe matching principle states that businesses should recognize expenses incurred in generating revenue in the same period as the revenue they help to generate. This principle ensures that financial statements accurately reflect the relationship between revenues and the expenses necessary to earn those revenues. By matching revenues and expenses, businesses can present a more accurate measure of their profitability.Conservatism PrincipleThe conservatism principle suggests that when there is uncertainty in accounting estimates, businesses should adopt a more conservative approach. This means that businesses shoulderr on the side of caution and recognize potential losses or expenses rather than potential gains. This principle helps to prevent overstatement of assets and revenues, and increases the reliability of financial statements.Consistency PrincipleMateriality PrincipleThe materiality principle states that businesses should only include information in financial statements if it is significant enough to influence the decision-making of users. This principle allows businesses to focus on the most relevant and important information, while avoiding excessive details that may distort the overall picture. Materiality is determined based on both quantitative and qualitative factors.Importance of Accounting PrinciplesConclusionAccounting principles serve as the foundation for recording, analyzing, and reporting financial transactions. They ensure accuracy, consistency, and reliability in financial reporting. The accrual principle, historical cost principle, matching principle, conservatism principle, consistency principle, and materiality principle are key principles that guide financial accounting practices. By adhering to these principles, businesses can present a more accurate and meaningful picture of their financial health and performance.。

会计学原理概念整理C hapter 1 Accounting in Business第一章商业会计1. 会计信息使用者User of accounting information1. 外部信息使用者：External users of accounting information are not directly involved in running theExternal information user organization．银行 Banks储蓄贷款机构savings and loans 使用债权人消费合作社 co-opsLenders（creditors）抵押 mortgage金融机构 finance companies通用财务报表股东、董事会general-purpose financial statement shareholders（investors）、board of directors外部审计人员 external (independent) auditors员工employees工会 labor union美国国税局 the internal revenue service（IRS）政府管理机构 Regulators公用事业委员会Utility boards证券管理机构 securities regulators选举人 voters立法者 legislators政府官员 government officials捐赠人 contributors供应商 suppliers2. 内部信息使用者: Internal users of accounting information are those directly involved in managing andInternal information users operating an organizations研发经理 research and development managers使用采购经理 purchasing managers人力资源经理 human resource managers生产经理 production managers管理会计销售经理 distribution managersManagerial accounting 营销经理 marketing managers服务经理 service managers内部控制：Internal controls are procedures designed to protect company property and equipment, ensure Internal controls reliable accounting reports,promote efficiency , and encourage adherence to company policies．2. 会计领域的工作机会Opportunities in accounting1）四大领域财务 financial管理 managerial税收 taxation相关领域 accounting-related（见表 accounting opportunities Page4 ）2）会计工作所占比例私用会计private accountingAccounting jobs by area公共会计public accounting政府、非营利机构及教育机构government，not-for-profit and education（见表accounting jobs by area Page4）3）会计证书CPA certified public accounting注册公共会计师Accounting certificate CMA certificate in management accounting注册管理会计证书CIA certified Internet auditor注册内部审计证书CB certified bookkeeper 注册簿记员CPP certified payroll professional注册薪金专家PFS personal financial specialist个人理财专家4）一些会计岗位的薪酬Salaries for several accounting position （Page 5）3. 会计基本原则Fundamentals of accounting1.概念accounting is guided by principles ，standards，concepts and assumptions。

会计学原理知识点归纳（第一、二章）班级：13国会2班助教：席梦娇第一章知识点梳理1.accounting：熟记定义ers of accounting information：external users：例如…（主要使用financial accounting）internal users：例如…（主要使用managerial accounting）3.fundamentals of accounting（1）GAAP：two organizations to establish GAAP private group：FASBgovernment group：SEC（2）IFRS：issued by IASB< international accounting standard aboard> （3）accounting principles：熟记四条principles的定义（4）accounting assumptions：熟记四条assumptions的定义，了解business entities的分类4.accounting equation：重点掌握5.financial statements：熟记四表一注的构成及编制顺序第二章知识点梳理：1.source documents：熟记定义2.account、general ledger、T-account ：熟记书写格式3.double-entry accounting：注意理解（每一笔分录有Dr.必有Cr.，Dr. Cr.必相等）4.recording process：analyzing journals post to ledger trial balance5.preparing trial balance：重点掌握编制步骤Chapter 31.accounting period：常用的几种会计分期2.accrual basis VS cash basis：熟记定义，常考点，可能出名词解释。