陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》(第2版)-第4章 句子的英译【圣才出品】

How to explain that I was not a proud owner seeking admiration for his vehicle, but a tourist who had broken down如何解释,我不是一个骄傲的主人寻求佩服他的汽车,但游客坏了吗Special equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours.特种设备确保计算机就不会被打断,力量持续不到两个小时。

It is actually very, very old and was not always as beautiful as it is now. It is not certain how the Earth began. Probably it began as a huge globe of gas and dust. The globe became smaller and denser. Today the outer layer or crust is cool and hard,它实际上是非常非常老的,并不总是像现在这样美丽。

这都是不确定的地球就开始了。

可能起源于一个由气体和尘埃组成的庞大球体。

地球变得更小且致密。

今天的外层或地壳是凉爽且硬,It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, not horror, nor any of the other emotions that she had been prepared for.那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是嫌恶，也不是她原先准备应付的任务一种感情。

Modern geology has for its aim the deciphering of the whole evolution of the earth from the time of the earlier records that can be recognized in the rocks to the present day.当代地质解释为其目标的整体演化的地球早期的时间记录,可以识别岩石到当代。

第4章句子的英译4.1主语的确定Ⅰ.原句主语为译句主语1.古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命。

【译文】Throughout the ages,all people of accomplishment have taken their lives seriously.【解析】上面的例子里，汉语句子的主语是名词短语，由于名词短语在英语句子中可以直接充当主语，所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来，确定这个名词短语为译文的主语。

2.我的头疼得要命。

【译文】My head aches badly.【解析】同时也可以用“我”做主语，译为“I have a splitting headache.”。

3.广告既可能吸引也可能排斥顾客。

【译文】Advertising can either attract or repel customers.4.经常接触某人或某事往往会让人产生喜欢。

【译文】Frequent exposure to something or someone will cause liking.【解析】原句中的主语为“经常接触某人或某事”，英文中，动词原形不可以做主语，因此需要转换为名词词组或动名词结构。

5.这件事你不用操心。

【译文】You don’t need to worry about this.【解析】也可以采用“It is/was adj.for sb.to do sth.”或“there be”句型来翻译，分别为“Itis unnecessary for you to worry about this thing.”“There is no need for you to worry about this.”6.人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。

【译文】It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.【解析】译文采用“It is...that...”的句式，将原句译为强调句，原句主语“人”对应译为译句主语“a man”。

【译文】最好的办法就是要逐渐使自己关心更 多的和不跟自己直接有关的事情。
【改后译文】最好的办法就是要逐渐使自己关 心更多的事情，甚至关心那些跟自己无关的 事情。
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课堂互动1： B. 改译下列翻译不理想、不 正确的句子（参考译文）
8. The broker’s hour is not only crowded, but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the traps and packing both front and rear platforms. (O. Henry)
【译文】我的教育开始之前，就像这样一条船， 只是没有罗盘和测深绳。
【改后译文】在我开始接受教育之前，就像这 样一条船，没有罗盘，没有测深绳。
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课堂互动1： B. 改译下列翻译不理想、不 正确的句子（参考译文）
7. The best way is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal.
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例1：A gentleman is，rather than does. （English For Today）
【译文】绅士是天生的，不是做出来的。
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例2：Every tree and every branch was encrusted with bright and delicate hoarfrost, white and pure as snow, delicate and defined as carved ivory.
How to Double Your Vocabulary）

第4章句子的英译4.1 复习笔记汉语为语义型语言。

汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。

英语为语法型语言。

英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。

英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language)，英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。

因此，汉英翻译时，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、意义相符的关键。

一、主语的确定在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法：(1)以原句主语作译文主语；(2)重新确定主语；(3)增补主语。

1. 以原文主语作译文主语英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。

当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，原主语可以作为英译文的主语。

例：如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。

Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.2. 重新确定主语在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语。

用来替换原主语的，可以是句中其他成分，也可以是句外的词语。

例：以往的国际文献认为，印度是亚洲水稻的原产地。

Previously, in the international literature, India was said to be the country where Asian rice originated. (郭建中译)原文主语“国际文献”被译作介词短语in the international literature，充当句中状语；而作原文宾语的主谓词组中的主语“印度”则成了译文的主语。

译文达意，且句式严整、顺畅。

这是汉译英时常需采用的处理手法。

3. 增补主语汉语中，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见。

译成英语，需将主语增补起来。

Unit 4 Psychology in Our Daily LifeIs There a Doctor in the Body?1 When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo.2 A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen?3 The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The "doctor" will heal the body for us if we let it.4 But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better.5 Other people say this is not so. They say that the placebo makes the wish to get better become reality. The placebo will not work if the patient knows it is a placebo. This shows that the body is not fooled by it. It seems that if patients think they have been given medicine, they will have hope. They feel that they are getting some help. This gives them a stronger will to get better, and that is what helps to heal them.6 Placebos do not always work. The success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all.7 An example of the doctor's role in making the placebo work can be seen in this study. Some patients with bleeding ulcers were put in two groups. The first group were told by a doctor that they had been given a new drug which, it was hoped, would give them some relief. The second group were told by a nurse that they had been given a newdrug but that not much was known about how it would work. As a result, 70 percent of the people in the first group got much better. Only 25 percent of the people in the second group got better. And both groups had in fact been given the same thing a placebo.8 The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases. It helps such things as seasickness, coughs, colds, and even pain after an operation. And there was an experiment done to see if a placebo could help old people stay healthy and live longer.9 The test was done in Romania with 150 people over the age of 60. They were put in three groups with 50 people in each group. The first group were given nothing at all. The second group were given a placebo. The third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age. (In fact, it was not a drug for old age at all.) The three groups were studied for many years. The first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been. The second group (with the placebo) had much better health and a lower death rate. The third group (with the real drug) showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.10 A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it.11 And yet, the use of the placebo has been well known for hundreds of years in other countries. Tribal doctors in some African countries have known for a long time that patients will get better if they think they are going to. Many of the "treatments" they use do not seem able to make a sick person better, and yet such treatments work.12 The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a placebo.人体内有医生吗？1 当你去看病时，你总希望走时能拿到一张药方。

第一章绪论1.1 翻译的性质和分类1. 翻译的定义：Definition of translation翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。

翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。

2. 翻译的分类：Classification of translation按文本而言，分为文学翻译、科级翻译、应用文翻译就方式而言，分为全译、摘译、编译。

全译：全文照译，全译是翻译的最基本方式，它是翻译的基础。

摘译：根据特定目的的摘取、翻译原文中的部分内用，以利译文读者更方便，更快捷的获取原文文献主要信息的方式。

编译：则是“编辑”和“”翻译的结合。

3.翻译活动涉及的因素：Factors involved in translation activities译者：translator, 作者：author, 原文: source text，原文读者: source-text readers译文：target text/translated text/target version, 译文读者: target-text readers1.2 汉英翻译的单位----句子C-E Translation Unit句子：句子是用词或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位。

每个句子都有一定的语调，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。

在连续说话时，句子和句子中间有一个较大的停顿。

在书面上，句子的停顿处，要根据不同的语调分别用句号、问号火感叹号。

（定义来自《汉语大辞典》）从意义上讲，句子能够表示一个完整的意思从功能上讲，句子表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气从形态上讲，句末有句号、问号或感叹号为标志因此，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。

1.3 汉英翻译的标准Standards for C-E TranslationChinese translation standards1．严复的标准信：faithfulness 指准确的传达原文的内容，即信于读者和作者，不允许对原作有任何歪曲或篡改，译作不容许有任何遗漏和省略。

新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇第2版考研练习题库陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（第2版）配套题库（含考研真题）目录第1章绪论第2章汉英翻译基础知识第3章词语的英译3.1 词语指称意义和蕴含意义的确定3.2 词语英译与文化环境3.3 “假朋友”的识别3.4 成语和四字格的英译第4章句子的英译4.1 主语的确定4.2 谓语的确定与主谓一致问题4.3 语序的调整4.4 否定句的英译4.5 句子功能的再现第5章句群与段落的英译5.1 句群内的衔接与连贯5.2 段落翻译第6章篇章的英译6.1 广告文本的英译6.2 新闻文本的英译6.3 科技文本的英译6.4 说明性文本的英译6.5 歌词文本的英译6.6 文学文本的英译•试看部分内容绪论Ⅰ. 填空题1. 按照文本类型来分，翻译可分为_____、_____、_____、_____。

【答案】文学翻译；科技翻译；新闻翻译；应用文翻译查看答案【解析】根据书中所述，文本的类型概括起来有小说、诗歌、戏剧等文学文本，科技报告、科技论文等科技文本，新闻报道、通讯、社论、特写等新闻文本，广告、合同、产品说明书等应用文本。

2. 就翻译方式而言，主要有_____、_____、_____，其中_____是翻译最基本的方式。

【答案】全译；摘译；编译；全译查看答案【解析】全译，指全文翻译，为翻译最基本的方式。

摘译，指根据特定目的，选取、翻译原文的一部分，从而使译入语读者更快地获得所需源语文本中的信息。

编译为“编辑”和“翻译”的结合。

3. 汉语和英语均具有的语言层级为_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。

【答案】词；短语；句子；段落；篇章查看答案【解析】翻译单位是翻译研究和学习翻译不可忽视的问题，因为涉及到两种语言在什么层级上进行转换的问题。

汉英两种语言均有的语言层级为词（wo rd）、短语（ph rase）、句子（sen tence）、段落（p aragraph）和篇章（text）。

3.3“假朋友”的识别对下列“假朋友”进行改译。

1.不冻港nonfreezing port【改译】ice-free port2.你真是个猪头。

You are so pigheaded.【改译】You are a big fool.【解析】题干给出的pigheaded意为“固执的”。

3.黑点black spot【改译】black dot【解析】black spot指“交通事故多发地段”。

4.流动资金circulating funds【改译】working capital5.新闻照片news photo【改译】press photo6.慢车slow train【改译】local train7.自学self-learn【改译】self-taught8.寒衣cold clothes【改译】warm clothes9.复习备考to prepare the test【改译】to study/prepare for the test【解析】to prepare the test意为“出考卷”。

10.大人big man【改译】adult【解析】big man指“大人物、要人”。

11.空军学校The School of the Air【改译】Air Force Academy【解析】The School of the Air指广播学校（即通过电台对各地学生授课的学校）。

12.宰客slaughter customers【改译】swindle money from customers13.（电脑）死机system dead【改译】system halted14.彩票colorful tickets【改译】lottery15.风凉话cold word【改译】irresponsible and sarcastic remarks16.抓紧时间grasp time firmly【改译】make the best use of time17.大龄青年old youth【改译】single youth above the normal matrimonial age18.扣帽子put a hat on【改译】put a label on19.赢得市场gain market【改译】gain a larger share of the market20.定向培训training for certain direction【改译】training for specific posts21.口水mouth water【改译】saliva22.洗牌to wash the playing cards【改译】to shuffle the playing cards23.白酒white wine【改译】spirits/liquor24.大片big movie【改译】blockbuster25.长镜头long lens【改译】zoom lens26.提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English 【改译】improve one’s English27.密码secret code【改译】password28.不冻港non-freezing port【改译】ice-free port29.红酒red liquor【改译】wine30.黄色书籍yellow book【改译】blue book/pornography【解析】题干给出的“yellow book”意为“黄皮书”（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封），是一个非正式用词。

【例2】科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰巨的 劳动。（郭沫若：《科学的春天》） Science means honest, solid knowledge, allowing not an iota of falsehood, and it involves herculean effort and grueling toil. 【分析】译文中增译了“herculean effort”，用来和“grueling toil” 一起来表示艰巨的任务的意思，增加了这个词语，使得译文更充分 的传达除了艰苦的劳动之意。 【例3】还有些人不能进领导班子或者不能重用，例如，……革命意志 严重衰退，饱食终日，无所用心的，等等。（邓小平：《邓小平文 选》第二卷） There are also others whom we should not recruit into leading bodies or place in important posts. They include:...and persons whose revolutionary will has waned and who are content to eat three square meals a day and do nothing. 【分析】“饱食终日”这个词语在译文中采用了增译法，划线部分为 与之对应的译文。
【例3】所以，人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。 Hence people are all heavily dependent on nature for survival. 【分析】“全都”已经包含了“一致”的意思了，所以，译文 中“一致”并没有再次译出。
【例4】他暗暗下定决心：一定重新做人。 He made up his mind to turn a new leaf in his life. 【分析】“暗暗下决心”不必译成“he made up his mind secretly”,在英文中“make up one’s mind”就可以表达暗暗下 定决心了，如果加上“secretly”反而会让人觉得奇怪。因为下 决心本来就是一种心理活动，所以就不存在“openly”和 “secretly”之分了。

4.5句子功能的再现将下列句子译成英语。

1.我家门前有些摆摊儿的，都是生意人。

大凡生意人都懂得“一步差三市”的道理。

就是说，别看你的店只和人家差了三步，但景气的程度要差了很多，许多人家的铺子红火热闹，你的铺子却开不了张。

【译文】In front of my house there are a few stalls run by street vendors.Street vendors all know the popular saying:“Locations make a difference in business.”That is to say,even if your stall stands side by side with someone else’s in the neighbourhood,your neighbour may attract a constant stream of shoppers,but yours,unfortunately,is visited by few.【解析】翻译陈述句时，一方面要使译文与原文信息功能相似、意义相符，一方面确保译文语言遵循译入语的语法和表达习惯。

2.这一次，我去了许多新地方，看见了许多新朋友。

(巴金《朋友》）【译文】I visited many new places and met many new friends on my recent trip.3.过铁路时，他先将橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。

(朱自清《背影》）【译文】In crossing the railway track,he first put the tangerines on the ground, climbed down slowly and then picked them up again.4.我不打麻将，我不经常听戏看电影，几年中难得一次，我不长时间看电视，通常只看半个小时，我也不串门子闲聊天。

第1章绪论1.1 复习笔记一、翻译的性质与类型1. 翻译的意义翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。

翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。

翻译活动涉及诸多因素：译者(translator)、作者(author)、原文(source text)、原文读者(source-text readers)、译文(target text/translated text/target version)、译文读者(target-text readers)等。

2. 翻译的类型①就文本而言，翻译可分为文学翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译。

②就方式而言，主要有全译、摘译和编译。

二、汉英翻译的单位翻译单位可以决定在什么层级上实现翻译的标准。

汉语和英语的语言层级均有词(word)、短语(phrase)、句子(sentence)、段落(paragraph)和篇章(text)。

对初学者来说，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。

但是汉语句子只是语义相对完整的一个单位，它与相邻句子之间必然存在语义上的关联，所以不可孤立地翻译句子而忽视句子之间的关系。

三、汉英翻译的标准1. 中国的翻译标准在中国，严复的“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)是影响最深、流传最广的翻译标准。

该三字标准最早出现于佛经翻译家支谦的《法句经序》中。

文学翻译家黄龙先生对严复提出的翻译标准倍加欣赏，并赋予“信、达、雅”新的内涵和生命，其标准适用于文学翻译。

另一位翻译家刘重德先生在严复的基础上，提出了“信达切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness)的翻译标准。

“信”指信于原文内容(to be faithful to the content of the original)；“达”指具备原文一样的表现力(to be as expressive as the original)；“切”指尽可能切近原文风格(to be as close to the original style as possible)。

6.1广告文本的英译Practice1中国技术进口公司招标通告编号：TCB827008中国技术进口总公司（以下简称“中技”）根据原中国外资管理委员会与日本海外经济协力基金会签订的兖石铁路、京秦铁路和秦皇岛港三项建设工程以及石臼所港扩建工程贷款协议，授权采用国际竞争方式对上述项目所需的设备和材料进行采购（详见附表）。

欢迎在合格货源国组成和注册并受该国控制的有丰富经验和良好信誉的制造厂或贸易公司参加供货。

请于今年6月30日以前函告拟供货项目并向我公司提交资格预审材料。

全部资料请以英文书写，一式三份。

我公司将于资格审查完毕后向合格制造厂家或贸易公司发出询价。

中国技术进口总公司第七业务部地址：中国北京×××电传：22244CNTIC CN电报挂号：TECHIMPORT BEIJING电话：890931-242【参考译文】China National Technical Import CorporationInvitation to Bid No.TCB827008 In accordance with Loan Agreement concluded between the Foreign Investment Commission of China and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund ofJapan for three construction projects of Yan-Shi Railway,Jing-Qin Railway and Qinhuangdao Port and Shijiusuo Port Expansion,China National Technical Import Corporation(hereinafter referred to“CNTIC”)is authorized to purchase equipment and materials(details as per attached lists)needed by the above-mentioned projects by way of international competition.We hereby invite manufacturers and/or trading companies organized and registered in and controlled by the eligible source countries to participate in the supply of the above-mentioned equipment and materials.Interested manufacturers and/or trading companies are requested to inform us by letter of the items they are to supply and submit us relevant documents for prequalification not later than June30,1982.The contents of documents shall be made in English language in triplicate.After completion of evaluation of the Prequalification Documents,CNTIC will dispatch inquiries to the qualified manufacturers and/or trading companies.The7th DepartmentChina National Technical Import CorporationAddress:____,Beijing,ChinaTelex:22244CNTIC CNCable Address:TECHIMPORT BEIJINGTelephone:890931-242Practice2史密斯国际有限公司招标通告史密斯国际有限公司招标委员会主席决定采用国际公开招标方式采购两艘深舱货轮，并邀请各合格货源国的造船者或在合格货源国组成和注册并受该国控制的有良好声誉和丰富经验的造船厂或贸易公司参加投标。

《新编英汉翻译教程》配套辅导书笔记及习题（翻译中的⽂化意识）【圣才出品】第9章翻译中的⽂化意识9.1 复习笔记⼀、语⾔是⽂化的产物，也是⽂化的载体语⾔和⽂化是⼀个互为依存、密不可分的整体。

语⾔是⽂化的⼀部分，⼜是⽂化的映像。

翻译时，译者必须具有⽂化意识。

⽂化意识，就是译者要认识到翻译既是跨语⾔、⼜是跨⽂化的信息交流，⽂化的差异跟语⾔的差异⼀样，可能成为交流的障碍。

⼆、翻译不仅是语际转换，也是跨⽂化转换翻译不仅是语际转换，更是⼀种跨⽂化转换。

在某种意义上，语⾔的转换只是翻译的表层，⽽⽂化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。

译者应把尽量保存原⽂的异国情调、进⽽忠实地传达原⽂的内容，视为翻译的“⾸先的⽬的”。

翻译作为⽂化交流的⼯具，是⽆法做到“语⾔传真”的，但却可以要求“⽂化传真”。

“⽂化传真”，指译者不要轻易改变原⽂中所蕴涵的异国情调，特别是要切忌把异域的⽂化特⾊改换成译语的⽂化特⾊。

三、跨⽂化转换的策略⽆论在英语中，还是在汉语中，都有不少⽂化特⾊浓郁的词语，特别是在许多成语、谚语、俚语、⽅⾔中，⽂化内涵尤其丰富。

这样的词语，或是称作“富有⽂化特⾊的词语”（culture-specific term），或是称作“⽂化内涵丰富的词语”（culture-loaded word）。

对于富有⽂化特⾊的词语，可以采取以下三种策略：（1）移植法：对于英语中⽂化内涵丰富的词语，但凡有可能，应尽量采取保留形象的移植译法，使之成为汉语中的“新鲜⾎液”。

这种移植译法也就是直译法。

⽐如，英语谚语In the country of the blind, the one eyed man is King，意思有点近似汉语的“蜀中⽆⼤将，廖化充先锋”，译成“⼭中⽆⽼虎，猴⼦称霸王”倒还可以接受，可远不如“盲⼈国⾥，独眼⼈称王”来得形象。

不过，由于英汉在语⾔⽂化上的差异，有时仅仅采取直译法还不能完全达意，⽽必须进⾏⼀定的增补。

（2）借⽤法：所谓借⽤法，就是借⽤汉语现成的俗语来传译英语的俗语。

新编综合英语教程翻译（第二版）第四册课后翻译答案1. Many developing countries, after independence, were afflicted with economic problems to begin with.2. In order to protect domestic industries, the government decided to impose anti-dumping tariff on imported products.3. Knowledge without practical experience counts for little.4. Thousands of people were forced to abandon their homes to the invading enemy troops.5. I’ve lived in Shanghai so long that I’ve looked upon the city as my second hometown.6. The roof will have to be propped up while repairs are being carried out.7. In the face of great hardship, he managed to keep his sense of humor.UNIT51.We took pity on the couple waiting for a bus in the rain and gave them a lift.2.He finds it difficult to put up with the noise of the construction site.3.Mary and John fell out of love finally. They are not even on speaking terms now.4.Listeners' letters on this topic have been coming in thick and fast.5.I came upon this bundle of letters when I was sorting out the documents.6.My boss is so conservative that another of my great ideas has bitten the dust.7.Smoking does more harm than good to the health.8.The manager was late for the meeting because he wasdetained in the office by some unexpected visitors./doc/1311323552.html,puterisation has enabled us to do away with a lot of paperwork.UNIT61. Parents must accompany their children to school because the traffic is too busy on the road.2.Loaded with packs, I was unable to walk fast.3.He made several attempts before finally passing the university entrance examinations.4. Young people tend to feel disdain for anything old-fashioned.5. This novel testifies to his rich knowledge of the culture of the tribe.6. Due to a backlog of paper work, the company had to put off interviewing the job applicants.7. The teacher pointed out that there were several places in his performance that were out of tuneUNIT71.An opportunity as good as this arises / occurs only once ina blue moon.2. The boy felt guilty for taking money from his mother's handbag without permission.3. She did not give credence to a single word of his story.4. Generally speaking, teachers are tolerant of their students' mistakes.5. I took it for granted you'd want to come with us, so I bought you a ticket.6. Thanks to the manager's repeated counseling, the staff soon broke the bad habit of coming late to work.7. He's furious with her now, but he'll forgive her soon. It'sjust/only a matter of a few hours, that's all.UNIT81.He failed to make it as a pop singer, but he turned out to be a successful businessman.2.The thrilling plot of the movie captured the hearts of the audience.3.One of the company’s main concerns is to ensure the safety of its employees.4.The retired president was unwilling to let go of his privileges.5.Nancy could feel hot tears welling up in her eyes.6.The best way to strengthen our bond is not to give gifts but to exchange our opinions frankly.7.You’ll end up in hospital if you drive your car like this.8.In truth we feared for her safety although we didn’t let it be known.UNIT91. The landlady told me that the rent must be paid in advance.2. Although this company boasts that its products are superior to those of other companies, they are actually inferior in3. What lies at the root of the problem is their lack of interest.4. The police interviewed several witnesses, but none of them could tell how the accident came about.5. The new building of the department store does not conform to the safety regulations.6. She derived great satisfaction from her stamp collection.7. Colorful balloons and flags added to the festive atmosphere of the small town.8. Money is very important, but happiness is not always associated with wealth.UNIT101. The tourists cheered with excitement when they saw water cascading down the mountainside.2. Owing to the policy of reform, the small town is thriving day by day.3. Could you read through this for me and highlight the important points?4. At times I wonder if rote learning is worthwhile.5. The superstitions that used to prevail in Old China are disappearing gradually.6. Thanks to the improvement in export sales, the company has successfully fulfilled its marketing plan. UNIT111.If you can’t afford to pay in cash, you can buy the car on credit.2. I said I’d help him and that’s what I’m going to do. I sh all keep my word.3. I've a stake in this company and don't wish to see it go bankrupt.4. With the development of industrial production, the old feudal system began to fall apart.5. He is very competent and keeps everything straight on the farm.6. The new educational system aims to give the students the initiative to learn more subjects.7. Before starting on our trip we should tune the car up.UNIT121. They were deprived of normal childhood happiness by the war.2. Blossoming valleys and the beautiful colors of autumn lure numerous visitors into the mountains.3. What he said meant in essence that he didn't support our plan.4. Having sold the house, she had a considerable amount of money at her disposal.5. There are some things that I don't like about this job. But by and large it's quite enjoyable.6. They bribed the congressman with a large sum of money to get his support for their proposal at the meeting.7. The policy has not only produced obvious short-termeffects but will also exert a long-term influence on the future development of society.8. Influenced by the international economic crisis, many of the local companies are in the grip of a recession UNIT131. They usually leave off work at 5 o’clock, but today they have to work o vertime.2. All the museums and art galleries in the city are open to the public for free/free of charge.3. It’s very discouraging to be sneered at by them all the time.4. She has been a little run down lately and the doctor has advised her to take a short holiday.5. The whole city is bathed in a sea of joy today.6. It’s very dark outside, and the sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain.7. I booked two film tickets by phone yesterday in the name of Thomas.UNIT141. There is a Greek art collection on display at the museum at the moment.2. Lost in the forest and out of food, he was reduced to eatingwild herbs and fruit to keep himself alive.3. This area has been marked off as a future playground.4. There was no choice but to wade through the muddy water.5. The congressman appealed to the government to set up more schools.6. They were in a dreadful plight when their money and passports were stolen while they were on holiday in a foreign country.7. At the urging of her friends, I arranged for a doctor to see her.8. He tried to keep up a calm appearance, but his trembling voice gave him away.UNIT151. She seems to take little pleasure in doing such things.2. The professor told us that the tradition of landscape painting could date from the prehistoric age.3. After attending the lecture of the famous writer, he decided to give up medicine and take to literature.4. Let's dispense with the formalities and go directly into the discussion.5. These animals run extraordinarily fast and in consequence their hunting methods are very efficient indeed.6. The police searched every house in the district for the escaped criminal, but to no avail.7. Parents tend to take very great pride in the achievements of their children.淋巴结与脾结构比较表淋巴结脾被膜薄，有多个输入淋巴管穿入厚，表面有间皮，内含平滑肌门部有输出淋巴管、血管等有脾A、V出入小梁较薄粗大，含小梁A、V和平滑肌实质分皮质和髓质分白髓、红髓和边缘区淋巴小结位于浅层皮质，单行排列散在，位于动脉周围淋巴鞘的一侧胸腺依赖区副皮质区动脉周围淋巴鞘淋巴索髓索脾索，内含大量血细胞窦淋巴窦（内为淋巴）血窦（内为血液）最早接触抗原的部位浅层皮质弥散淋巴组织边缘区淋巴细胞进入的通道副皮质区毛细血管后微静脉边缘窦功能滤过淋巴，免疫应答滤血，造血，贮血，免疫应答。

"文化"（culture）物质文化（material culture ）制度文化（institutional culture ）心理文化（也称观念文化）（mental culture）咖啡（coffee）、巧克力（chocolate）、色拉（salad）、三明治（sandwich）、歇斯底里（hysteria）、休克（shock）、基因（gene）、钙（calcium）、维他命（vitamin ）、奥林匹克（Olympic ）、雷达（radar）、先令（shilling ）、夹克（jacket）、电视t television ）、激光（laser）、飞机（aeroplane）、火车（train）、交响乐（symphony）、基督徒（Christian ）、面包（bread）、盲文（brail）、圣诞老人（Santa Claus）、圣经（Bible ）、马海毛（mahair）、贝雷帽（beret）、革命（revolution ）、营养（nourish ）>解放（liberate ）>民主（democracy） >科学（science） >独裁（dictatorship ）、心理学（psychology）、形而上学（metaphysics）、图书馆（library ）、想象（imagination ）、暗示（hint）、投资（investment）磁卡电话（card phone）、立交桥（overpass）、隐形眼镜（contact lenses） >下拉菜单(pulldown)、软驱(floppy drive )、光驱(CD drive )、鼠标m mouse)、电月商C computer)、内存条(RAM chip )、复印机(xerox machine)、安乐死(euthanasia)、艾滋病(AIDS )、香波(shampoo)、连锁店(chain store)、热狗(hot dog)、自助餐(buffet)、牛仔服(cowboy suit)、T 恤衫(T-shirt)意合(parataxis)隐性(covertness)显性(overtness)形合(hypotaxis)伦理(ethics)认知(cognition)顺其自然(Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency)、听其自然(leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is)、听天安命(accept the situation) >听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God's mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one's fate)。

Unit6Text1珍珠一个城市就好象一种群栖的动物。

一个城市有神经系统，也有头，也有肩，也有脚。

一个城市也有一种整体的感情。

消息怎样在一个城市传开是一件不容易解释的神秘事情。

消息传起来，似乎比小男孩们争先恐后跑去告诉人家那样还要快，比女人们隔着篱笆喊着告诉邻居那样还要快。

在奇诺、胡安娜和别的渔民还没有来到奇诺的茅屋以前，这个城的神经系统已经随着这消息在跳动和震颤了——奇诺找到了“稀世宝珠”。

在气喘吁吁的小男孩们还来不及讲完之前，他们的母亲已经知道了。

这消息越过那些茅屋继续向前冲去，在一阵浪花飞溅的波涛中冲进那石头与灰泥的城市。

它传到正在花园里散步的神父那里，使他的眼中出现一种若有所思的神情，使他想起教堂里必须进行的一些修葺。

他不晓得那颗珍珠会值多少钱。

他也不晓得他有没有给奇诺的孩子施过洗，或者有没有给奇诺司过婚。

这消息传到开铺子的人那里，他们便看看那些销路不大好的男人衣服。

这消息传到大夫那里，他正和一个太太坐着，这女人的病就是年老，虽然她本人和大夫都不肯承认这个事实。

等他弄明白奇诺是谁以后，大夫就变得既严肃又懂事了。

“他是我的顾客，”大夫说。

“我正在给他的孩子治蝎子螫的伤。

”大夫的眼睛在它们肥胖的窝里向上翻着，他想起了巴黎。

在他回忆中，他在那里住过的屋子成了一个宏大奢华的地方，跟他同居过的面貌难看的女人成了一个又美丽又体贴的少女，尽管她完全不是那么回事。

大夫的眼光越过他那年老的病人，看到自己坐在巴黎的一家餐馆里，一个侍者正在打开一瓶酒。

这消息一早就传到教堂前面的乞丐们那里，使他们高兴得吃吃地笑了一阵，因为他们知道世界上没有比一个突然走运的穷人更大方的施舍者了。

奇诺找到了“稀世宝珠”。

在城里，在一些小铺子里，坐着那些向渔夫收买珍珠的人。

他们在椅子上坐着等待珍珠送进来，然后他们就唠叨，争吵，叫嚷，威胁，直到他们达到那渔夫肯接受的最低的价钱。

可是他们杀价也不敢超过一个限度，因为曾经有一个渔夫由于绝望，把他的珍珠送给了教会。

第4章句子的英译在汉英翻译实践中，我们明确了关键词语的选择后，就要考虑句子的构建了。

如前文所述，句子是较为理想的汉英翻译单位。

从“汉英句法对比”中我们得知，由于思维方式的差异，汉语和英语的句子概念不同，句子类型的划分不同，句子组合的机制也不同。

汉语为语义型语言，着力考究“字”与语义及其相关关系，注重内容的意会性。

因此，汉语的句法特征是：主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。

所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。

英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。

Partridge(1954:9)认为“英语句子十句有九句是按主谓宾配列的”。

刘宓庆先生也认为，任何英语语句都可以完形为主谓统携全句的基本态势。

因此，英语句法的特征是：主语突出、易于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连。

所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。

在汉英翻译中，要牢记以上汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language)，英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。

因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、语义相符的关键。

主语的确定在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法：（1）以原句主语作译文主语；（2）重新确定主语；（3）增补主语。

以原句主语作译文主语英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。

当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以原句主语作为英译文的主语：如：（1）我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。

Our house was built over a hundred years ago.（2）我是北京人。