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Ppt1Here I’d show the water pollutants and their sources.Ppt2The wide range of pollutants discharged to surface waters can be grouped into broad classes, as shown in Table .Domestic sewage and industrial wastes are called point sources.Urban and agricultural runoff are called non-point sources.[də'mestɪk] ['su：ɪdʒ]生活污水城市和农业径流Ppt3Here I list some contaminants[kən'tæminənt]The Oxygen-demanding material 需氧物质Nutrients ['nju:triənt]营养物质Pathogens Organisms['pæθədʒəns]病原微生物Suspended solids or sediments['sɛdəmənt]沉积物SaltsToxic metals['tɒksɪk] 有毒金属And we will discuss them later.Ppt4 Point sourcesFirst the point sources.Domestic sewage and industrial wastes are called point sources because they are generally collected by a network of pipes or channels and conveyed to a single point of discharge into the receiving water.As is shown in the picture.Channels ['tʃænlz]通道，水槽Domestic sewage consists of wastes from homes, schools, office buildings, and stores.The term municipal sewage is used to mean domestic sewage into which industrial wastes are also discharged.municipal sewage[mjʊ'nɪsɪp(ə)l]城市污水In general, point source pollution can be reduced or eliminated through waste minimization and proper wastewater treatment prior to discharge to a natural water body.eliminated[ɪ'lɪmɪnetɪd]消除minimization[,mɪnɪmɪ'zeʃən]最小Prior['praɪə]在前Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 some animal feeding operations (AFOs) may be designated as a point source.AFOs are designated point sources if the feeding operation may be classified as a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO).AFOs is an organophosphorus pesticidesFedaral 联邦AFOs 灭蚜磷Designated ['dɛzɪg,netɪd]指定的organophosphorus[,ɔːg(ə)nəʊ'fɒsf(ə)rəs]有机磷pesticides['pestɪsaɪdz]杀虫剂Ppt5 Non-point sourcesUrban and agricultural runoff are characterized by multiple discharge points. These are called non-point sources.['mʌltɪpl]多个城市和农业径流具有多个放电点。
地下水污染地下水污染英文名称：groundwater pollution由于人类的活动产生的污染物渗入地下，使地下水水质恶化的现象。
工业“三废”排放以及其他途径使污染物进入地下水中并由此导致其水质下降的过程。
地下水受物理、化学、微生物作用，或有毒有害物质污染，使水质恶化，导致使用价值降低的现象。
地下水污染（ground water pollution）主要指人类活动引起地下水化学成分、物理性质和生物学特性发生改变而使质量下降的现象。
地表以下地层复杂，地下水流动极其缓慢，因此,地下水污染具有过程缓慢、不易发现和难以治理的特点。
地下水一旦受到污染，即使彻底消除其污染源，也得十几年，甚至几十年才能使水质复原。
至于要进行人工的地下含水层的更新，问题就更复杂了。
由于矿体、矿化地层及其他自然因素引起地下水某些组分富集或贫化的形象，称为“矿化”或“异常”，不应视为污染。
地表以下地层复杂,地下水流动极其缓慢，因此,地下水污染具有过程缓慢、不易发现和难以治理的特点。
地下水一旦受到污染，即使彻底消除其污染源，也得十几年，甚至几十年才能使水质复原。
至于要进行人工的地下含水层的更新，问题就更复杂了。
地下水污染地下水污染是由于人为因素造成地下水质恶化的现象。
地下水污染的原因主要有：工业废水向地下直接排放，受污染的地表水侵入到地下含水层中，人畜粪便或因过量使用农药而受污染的水渗入地下等。
污染的结果是使地下水中的有害成分如酚、铬、汞、砷、放射性物质、细菌、有机物等的含量增高。
污染的地下水对人体健康和工农业生产都有危害。
地下水污染与地表水污染有一些明显的不同：由于污染物进入含水层，以及在含水层中运动都比较缓慢，污染往往是逐渐发生的，若不进行专门监测，很难及时发觉；发现地下水污染后，确定污染源也不像地表水那么容易。
更重要的是地下水污染不易消除。
排除污染源之后，地表水可以在较短时期内达到净化；而地下水，即便排除了污染源，已经进入含水层的污染物仍将长期产生不良影响。
地质专业词汇中英文对照一、地层stratigraphy宇eonothem界erathem系system统series阶stage群group组formation段member显生宇Phaneozoic Eonothem 元古宇Proterozoic Eonothem 太古宇Archaean Eonothem新生界Cenozoic Erathem第四系Quaternary System全新统Holocene Series更新统Pleistocene Series 第三系Tertiary System晚第三系Neogene System上新统Pliocene Series中新统Miocene Series早第三系Paleogene System渐新统Oligocene Series始新统Eocene Series古新统Paleocene Series中生界Mesozoic Erathem白垩系Cretaceous System侏罗系Jurassic System三叠系triassic System古生界Paleozoic Erathem二叠系Permian System石炭系Carboniferous System泥盆系Devonian System志留系Silurian System奥陶系Ordovician System寒武系Cambrian System新元古界Neoproterozoic Erathem震旦系Sinian System中元古界Mesoproterozoic Erathem 古元古界Palaeoproterozoic Erathem 地层对比stratigraphic correlation 层位horizon标志层key bed哑层barren bed缺失lacuna尖灭feather edge透镜状结构lensoid连续continuity不连续discontinuity整合conformity不整合unconformity角度不整合angular unconformity平行不整合para-unconformity产状occurrence走向strike倾角dip真倾角true dip视倾角apparent dip倾伏角plunge侧倾角pitch层理bedding层面bedding planes交错层理cross bedding二、岩性lithology粘土clay粉质粘土silty clay砂sand砾石gravel沉积岩sedimentary rock火成岩igneous rock变质岩metamorphic rock粘土岩claystone, clay rock页岩shale泥岩mudstone粉砂岩siltstone泥质粉砂岩argillaceous siltstone, pelitic siltstone, muddy siltstone砂岩sandstone泥质砂岩argillaceous sandstone, pelitic sandstone, muddy sandstone砾岩conglomerate煤coal灰岩limestone泥灰岩marl, marlstone白云岩dolomite蒸发岩evaporite岩浆岩magmatic rock, magmatite 花岗岩granite玄武岩basalt凝灰岩tuff大理岩marble片麻岩gneiss夕卡岩skarn三、矿物mineral 石英quartz长石feldspar云母mica白云母muscovite 方解石calcspar角闪石hornblende 石膏gypsum硬石膏anhydrite 石盐rock salt钾石盐sylvine光卤石carnallite溢晶石tachydrite 水氯镁石bischofite 四、颜色colour灰色gray白色white黄色yellow蓝色blue绿色green黑色black红色red棕色brown黄褐色tan深色dark浅色light暗色dull五、构造tectonics 断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reverse fault冲断层thrust走滑断层strike-slip fault 倾滑断层dip-slip fault 断层面fault surface断层线fault line地垒horst地堑graben节理joint上盘hanging wall下盘foot wall落差throw平错heave断层泥fault gouge断层角砾fault brecci海侵transgression海退regression褶曲fold背斜anticline向斜syncline褶轴fold axis轴隆区culmination轴陷区depression翼limb穹窿dome盆地basin六、水文地质hydrologic geology河流river水库reservoir泉spring地表水surface water地下水groundwater大气降水atmospheric precipitation潜水phreatic water承压水confined water层间水interstrated water地下水位groundwater level含水层aquifer, water bearing layer隔水层aquiclude, water-resisting layer 弱含水层aquitard透水层permeable bed孔隙含水层porous aquifer裂隙含水层fissured aquifer岩溶含水层karst aquifer无压含水层unconfined aquifer承压含水层confined aquifer含水岩组water-bearing formation 含水岩系water-bearing rock series 持水度water-holding capacity给水度specific yield透水性permeability富水性water yield property溶洞karst cave孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karst water补给区recharge area径流区runoff area排泄区discharge area地下径流underground runoff地下水排泄groundwater discharge降水补给precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge越流补给leakage recharge水文地质单元hydrogeological unit地下水赋存条件 groundwater occurrence水文地质条件hydrogeological condition 水文地质类型hydrogeological type地下水储存量groundwater storage地下水监测groundwater monitoring抽水试验pumping test注水试验injection test入渗试验Infiltration test水文调查hydrologic investigation渗透系数osmotic coefficient矿床充水flooding of ore deposit矿床充水条件flooding condition of ore deposit矿床充水水源Water source of ore deposit flooding 矿床充水通道flooding passage in ore deposit充水岩层flooding layer老窿水goaf water矿坑涌水量water yield of mine正常涌水量normal water yield最大涌水量maximum water yield大井法Large diameter well method开采疏干simultaneous draining in mining地下疏干underground draining地表疏干surface draining疏干钻孔drain well疏干巷道draining tunnel矿井突水water bursting in mines突水点water bursting point防水矿柱ore pillar preventing water burst矿井堵水water blocking in mines探水钻孔water exploration borehole注浆孔grouting well最高洪水位maximum flood level七、工程地质egineering geology顶板roof顶板稳定性roof stability顶板冒落带caving zone of top wall顶板裂隙带fissure zone of top wall顶板管理roof control顶板支护roof support顶板崩落collapse of roof底板floor, footwall底鼓footwall heaving岩石物理性质physical properties of rock岩石力学性质mechanical properties of rock 抗压强度compressive strength抗拉强度tensile strength岩爆rock burst软弱结构面weak structural plane工程地质条件engineering geologic condition 八、环境地质environmental geology岩崩rock fall滑坡landslide泥石流mud-rock flow地震earthquake地面沉降subsidence地面开裂land crack地面塌陷ground surface collapse塌陷坑collapse pit地下水污染groundwater pollution地表水污染surface water pollution污染源pollution source地下水资源枯竭 groundwater resource depletion地下水质恶化deterioration of groundwater quality 九、资源/储量resource/reserve矿产资源mineral resources储量reserves基础储量reserve base资源量resources可采储量proved reserves预可采储量probable reserves探明的measured控制的indicated推断的inferred预测的prognostic远景储量prospective reserves经济的economic边际经济的marginally economic次经济的subeconomic内蕴经济的intrinsically economic矿石ore矿层ore bed矿床ore deposit矿块ore block矿柱ore pillar, ore column矿石品位ore grade富矿体ore shoot, ore course 贫矿poor ore。
水处理常用名词中英文对照ﻫ1、给水工程water suｐply eｎgineeriｎg原水得取集与处理以及成品水输配得工程。
2、排水工程seweｒage ,ｗastｅwater engｉｎeerinｇ收集、输送、处理与处置废水得工程。
ﻫ3、给水系统ｗａter sｕpｐlｙsystem给水得取水、输水、水质处理与配水等设施以一定方式组合成得总体.4、排水系统sewerage sｙｓｔｅｍ排水得收集、输送、水质处理与排放等设施以一定方式组合成得总体。
5、给水水源wateｒsｏｕrｃe给水工程所取用得原水水体。
6、原水raw water由水源地取来得原料水。
7、地表水sｕrface water存在于地壳表面,暴露于大气得水.8、地下水grouｎｄwater存在于地壳岩石裂缝或工壤空隙中得水.ﻫ9、苦咸水(碱性水) brackｉsh water ，alkaｌinｅwater碱度大于硬度得水,并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水ｆrｅsh wａter含盐量小于5００mg/L得水。
ﻫ１1、冷却水cooliｎg ｗater12、废水wastｅｗａter居民活动过程中排出得水及径用以降低被冷却对象温度得水.ﻫ13、污流雨水得总称。
它包括生活污水、工业废水与初雨径流以及流入排水管渠得其它水.ﻫ水ｓeｗａｇe ,wastewater受一定污染得来自生活与生产得排出水。
ﻫ1４、用水量water consuｍpｔion 用水对象实际使用得水量.- ﻫ15、污水量wastewａteｒｆlow ，ｓｅｗage fｌow排水对象排入污水系统得水量。
16、用水定额water flow norｍ对不同得排水对象,在一定时期内制订相对合理得单位排水量得数值。
ﻫ１7、排水定额waｓｔewatｅr flow ｎoｒm对不同得排水对象,在一18、水质water ｑuａlitｙ在给水排水定时期内制订相对合理得单位排水量得数值．ﻫ工程中,水得物理、化学、生物学等方面得性质。
Water pollution is a pressing issue that affects the health of ecosystems and human populations alike.There are several factors contributing to this problem,which can be discussed in an English essay on the causes of water pollution.1.Industrial Discharge:Industries,particularly those involved in manufacturing,mining, and chemical production,often release untreated or inadequately treated waste into water bodies.Heavy metals,toxic chemicals,and other pollutants from these industries can severely contaminate water sources.2.Agricultural Runoff:The use of fertilizers,pesticides,and herbicides in agriculture can lead to nutrientrich runoff that flows into rivers,lakes,and oceans.This eutrophication can cause algal blooms,which deplete oxygen in the water and create dead zones where aquatic life cannot survive.3.Urban Runoff:In urban areas,rainwater picks up pollutants such as oil,grease,and trash from streets,parking lots,and other impervious surfaces.This runoff often flows directly into water bodies without treatment,introducing a variety of contaminants.4.Sewage Disposal:Inadequate sewage treatment and disposal systems can lead to the release of untreated or partially treated sewage into water bodies.This can introduce pathogens,nutrients,and other pollutants that harm water quality and aquatic life.5.NonPoint Source Pollution:Unlike point sources,which are specific and identifiable, nonpoint source pollution comes from many diffuse sources.This includes agricultural runoff,urban runoff,and atmospheric deposition,which can be difficult to control and manage.6.Deforestation and Land Degradation:When forests are cut down and land is degraded, soil erosion increases,leading to sedimentation in water bodies.This can smother aquatic habitats and disrupt the natural flow of water.7.Climate Change:Changes in climate patterns can lead to more frequent and severe weather events,such as storms and floods,which can exacerbate water pollution by increasing the volume of runoff and the amount of pollutants carried into water bodies.8.Marine Litter:The improper disposal of waste,particularly plastics,can lead to marine litter.This not only affects the aesthetic quality of water bodies but also poses a threat to marine life,which can ingest or become entangled in the litter.9.Overpopulation:High population density can put a strain on water resources and leadto increased pollution due to the greater demand for water and the production of more waste.ck of Public Awareness and Education:A lack of understanding about the importance of water conservation and the consequences of pollution can lead to careless practices that contribute to water contamination.Addressing these causes requires a multifaceted approach,including stricter regulations, improved waste management systems,public education campaigns,and the development of sustainable practices in agriculture,industry,and urban planning.By understanding the causes of water pollution,we can work towards more effective solutions to protect our precious water resources.。
地下水污染的英文作文Groundwater pollution is a serious issue that affects many areas around the world. It occurs when harmful substances, such as chemicals and waste products, seep into the ground and contaminate the water that lies beneath the surface. This pollution can have devastating effects on the environment and on human health.One of the main causes of groundwater pollution is industrial activity. Many factories and manufacturing plants produce hazardous waste that can easily seep into the ground and contaminate the water supply. In addition, agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides and fertilizers can also contribute to groundwater pollution.The effects of groundwater pollution can be long-lasting and difficult to reverse. Contaminated water can harm plants and animals that rely on it for survival, and can also lead to serious health problems for humans who consume it. In some cases, the pollution can even renderthe water supply unusable, forcing communities to find alternative sources of water.Preventing groundwater pollution requires a concerted effort from individuals, businesses, and governments. This can involve implementing better waste management practices, reducing the use of harmful chemicals, and promoting sustainable agriculture. It is also important to monitor and regulate industrial activity to ensure that it does not contribute to groundwater pollution.Overall, groundwater pollution is a serious issue that requires immediate attention and action. By taking steps to prevent pollution and protect our water supply, we can ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for ourselves and for the planet.。
关于污染的英语作文40词英文回答：Pollution is one of the major problems faced by our planet today. It is the contamination of the environment with harmful substances that can have adverse effects on the health of humans and other living organisms. There are many different types of pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, and noise pollution.Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful gases and particles into the atmosphere. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including factories, cars, and power plants. Air pollution can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer.Water pollution is caused by the contamination of water sources with harmful substances. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including sewage, industrialwaste, and agricultural runoff. Water pollution can cause a range of health problems, including gastrointestinal problems, skin infections, and cancer.Land pollution is caused by the contamination of land with harmful substances. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial waste, mining operations, and landfills. Land pollution can cause a range of health problems, including soil contamination, groundwater contamination, and food contamination.Noise pollution is caused by the exposure to excessive levels of noise. These noise levels can come from a variety of sources, including traffic, construction, and industrial operations. Noise pollution can cause a range of health problems, including hearing loss, sleep disturbance, and stress.Pollution is a serious problem that has a negative impact on the health of humans and other living organisms. It is important to take steps to reduce pollution and protect our planet.中文回答：污染是我们星球今天面临的主要问题之一。
水污染的原因英文作文## Causes of Water Pollution.Pollution of Water Resources.Water is the lifeblood of our planet, sustaining all living organisms and ecosystems. However, human activities and industrial processes are increasingly polluting water resources, leading to severe consequences for human health, aquatic life, and the overall environment.Major Causes of Water Pollution.1. Industrial Discharge: Industrial activities release various pollutants, such as heavy metals, toxic chemicals, and organic solvents, into water bodies. These substances can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, posing significant health risks to humans who consume them.2. Agricultural Runoff: Agricultural practices,including the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, contribute to water pollution. These chemicals can contaminate surface waters and groundwater, harming aquatic ecosystems and human water supplies.3. Municipal Wastewater: Untreated or poorly treated municipal wastewater, containing sewage and other contaminants, can pollute water bodies. This contamination can result in the spread of waterborne diseases, eutrophication, and harmful algal blooms.4. Oil and Gas Exploration: Offshore oil and gas drilling, transportation, and spills can lead to the release of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other pollutants into marine ecosystems. These substances can damage marine life, contaminate seafood, and disrupt ecosystem balance.5. Plastic Pollution: The improper disposal of plastic waste is a major contributor to water pollution. Plastic debris accumulates in waterways, oceans, and beaches, entangling marine life, blocking waterways, and releasing toxic chemicals.6. Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Deforestation and other land use changes alter watersheds, reducing the natural capacity of vegetation to filter pollutants and regulate water flow. This can result in increased sediment and nutrient runoff into water sources, which can harm aquatic ecosystems.7. Climate Change: Climate change is intensifyingwater-related extremes, such as floods, droughts, and storms. These events can erode shorelines, damage infrastructure, and exacerbate water pollution from various sources.## Water Pollution Causes in Chinese.水污染的原因。
