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四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。
当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。
（张培基）应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章）直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。
（陈宏薇）简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
语态转换法Changeofvoices第七讲语态变换法语态转换的常见方法一、英语被动句译成汉语主动句(最常见的方法)（一）原文主语在译文中仍作主语(直接改译)1.The street was congested.街上很挤。
2.That man cannot be relied upon.那人不可信。
3.The oil of the world will have been used up,and man will be using the more convenientpower obtained from the splitting of the atom.全世界的石油将会用尽，人们将使用从原子分裂获得的这种更为方便的动力。
4.The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.这一发现在科学界得到了很高的评价。
（二）原文主语在译文中作宾语1.If bad weather is expected,the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within therange of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.如果预计天气恶劣，天气预报人员必须能够在该飞机航程内提出另一个天气适合着陆的机场。
2.A national link-up of computers could mean that a large amount of information will besupplied to anyone who uses the system.把全国的电脑连接起来意味着可以向任何使用该系统的人提供大量信息。
3.The rocket was invented by Chinese in the12th century.中国人于12世纪发明了火箭。
语态转换译法
语态转换译法是一种文本翻译方法，它将原文中句子的语态由述
说变换为表达，以此来准确把握原文信息并明确翻译系统。
语态转换译法的基本原理是采用不同的文本翻译技术，以更准确
地把握原文信息。
例如，对于一个述说句子“John left the room”，可以将其转换为表达句子“The room was left by John”，从而更确
切地传达原文信息。
这样，一个原文句子就可以生成两个翻译句子，
可以更好地把握原文的内涵。
语态转换译法的优势在于可以转换语态，从而更好地翻译；另外，由于语态可以转换成另一种，所以语法也可以得到转换，从而在日语
等异语中更好地翻译出意义。
另外，语态转换译法还可以用于翻译复杂文本结构，如把复杂结
构转换为简单结构，以及跨语言间的句法转换，都需要用到语态转换
译法。
总之，语态转换译法是一种有效的文本翻译方法，它可以通过将
述说句子的语态转换为表达句子来更准确地把握原文信息，同时也可
以用于翻译复杂文本结构和跨语言间的句法转换，有助于改善文本翻
译质量。
语态转换将主动结构变为被动结构时,先把主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语(如为代词,宾格须变为主格),接着把主动结构的动词由主动语态变为被动语态,最后在动词被动语态之后加介词by,再将主动结构中的主语放在by 之后,变为by的宾语(如为代词,主格须变为宾格).英语中大多数有及物动词的主动句都可以转换为被动句,具体转换及注意事项如下: (一).含一个宾语的主动句带一个宾语的主动句变为被动句时,把宾语变为主语,动词由主动结构变为被动结构,主语变为由介词引起的短语,by引起的短语有时可以省略.如:主动句:People play football all over the world.世界各地的人都踢足球.被动句:Football is played all over the world.(世界各地都踢足球)主动句:The workers are building a road.工人们正在修建一条路.被动句:A road is being built.(二).含双宾语的主动句带一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,只把其中一个宾语变为主语.如: 主动句:Mother gave me the present. 母亲给我这件礼物.被动句:I was given the present by mother.或 The present was given (to )me by mother.(这件礼物是母亲给我的)主动句:My friend lent me those books. 我的朋友借给我这些书.被动句:I was lent the books by my friend.或:Those books were lent to me by my friend.(这些书是朋友借给我的) (三).含有两个直接宾语的主动句带有两个直接宾语的主动句变为被动句时,通常只把表示人的宾语改为主语,表示事物的宾语一般不变.如:主动句:They asked him some questions.他们问了他几个问题.被动句:He was asked some questions (by them ). 他被问了几个问题.主动句:I forgave him his rudeness. 我原谅他的鲁莽.被动句:He was forgiven his rudeness.(四).含that 宾语从句的主动句当含有that的宾语从句的主动句变为被动句时,通常以间接宾语作为主语,that从句保持不变.如:主动句: She told me that the teacher would come soon.她告诉我老师很快就会来.被动句:I was told that the teacher would come soon.(我听说老师马上就来)主动句:They warned him that the man was dangerous.他们提醒他,这个人很危险.被动句:He was warned that the man was dangerous.他被告诫说这个人很危险.(五)含复合宾语的主动句带有宾语和宾语补足语的主动句变为被动句时,把宾语变为主语,原来的宾语补足语保留不变,但在作用上为主语补足语.作主语补足语的可以是名词(短语),形容词(短语)和非限定动词(短语),其中不定式都必须带to.如:主动句:Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.詹尼发现地上有只钱夹.被动句: A wallet was found lying on the ground.主动句:They called him Lao Zhang .他们叫他老张.被动句:He was called Lao Zhang.(六)含短语动词的主动句含短语动词的主动句变成被动句时,要把他们作为整体看待,不可丢掉动词后的介词和副词.1.含有动词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后面的介词.如:主动句:People often talk about this film .人们经常谈起这部电影.被动句:This film is often talked about. 这部电影经常被谈起.类似的短语还有look at( 看),depend on (依靠),tink of (想起),call on (号召,访问)等.2.含有动词+名词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,有两种转换方法:一是把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语;二是把固定动词短语中的名词变为被动句的主语.如:主动句:You should pay attention to your pronunciation.你应该注意你的发音.被动句:Your pronunciation should be paid attention to.Attention should be paid to your pronunciation.类似的短语动词还有make use of (利用),take notice of (注意,看见),take hold of (抓住,抓紧)等.3.含有动词+副词的主动句变成被动句时,要注意保留动词后的副词.如:主动句:You must hand in all your compositions after class.你们必须在下课后把所有的作文交上来.被动句:All your compositions must be handed in after class.下课后必须把所有的作文交来.类似的短语动词还有carry out (执行,贯彻),put on(穿上),work out (算出),take off (脱下,起飞)等.4.含有动词+副词+介词的主动句变为被动句时,要注意保留动词后面的副词和介词.如: 主动句:Li Ping will catch up with him if he doesn’t run faster.如果他不跑快点,李平将赶上他.被动句:He will be caught up with by Li Ping if she doesn’t run faster.如果不跑快点,他将会被李平赶上.类似的短语动词有put up with(容忍)等.被动语态与系表结构(即连系动词+作表语用的过去分词)动词be+过去分词可能是被动语态,也可能是系表结构,其区别的关键在于:被动语态表示动作,句子主语是动作的对象;系表结构说明主语所处的状态,其中的过去分词用作形容词.因此被动语态前有表格里所列的各种时态,而系表结构只有一般时态和完成时态.如:1.从过去分词的功能上来区分被动语态中的过去分词是动词,表示动作;系表结构中的分词相当于形容词,表示状态.如果是形容词后面不能用by短语.如She was not badly injured but she couldn’t speak.她伤势不重,但不能说话.(系表结构)She was injured by a wild horse.一匹野马使她受伤了.(被动结构)2.从修饰过去分词的词来区分如果过去分词被so, very, too 所修饰,为系表结构;如果过去分词被much,so much 修饰,为被动结构.如I’m very surprised at your words.我对你的话感到非常吃惊.(系表结构)He was so much shocked that he couldn’t say a word.他是如此的震惊,以至于都说不出话来了.(被动结构)3.从谓语动词的特性上来区分如果过去分词是表示心理,感情,从事活动等词时,通常为系表结构.如She is determined to become a ballet dancer.她决心成为一名芭蕾舞演员.(系表结构)People throughout the country are busily engaged in socialist construction.全国人民正忙于从事社会主义建设.(系表结构)4.从短语动词是否有介词搭配上来区分过去分词与介词搭配,并且后面跟有介词宾语时,常为系表结构.如: I was shocked at news of her death.她去世的消息使我极为震惊.(系表结构)The salesman was put out by my question.我的问题把那位售货员惹火了.(被动结构)练习部分:一. 把下列主动句变为被动句.1.The farmer made the horse work the whole day.被动句:2.We consider the matter settled.被动句:3.Aunt Li looked after the baby.被动句:4.Someone had set fire to the house.被动句1:被动句2:5.We shouldn’t give up this work .被动句:6.People in many countries looked upon women in th past.被动句:7.Workers will complete the railway in a month.被动句:8.They read English every day.被动句:9.A lot of people have visited this village.被动句:10.Her boyfriend bought her a dold watch.被动句1:被动句2:11.We found him working in the fields .被动句:12.The workers painted all the classrooms white.被动句:13.We chose Peter to be our monitor.被动句 :二. 单项选择1.Mother ,where ___ you put my cell-phone after you used it?I _____ it anywhere.A.have ,haven’t foundB.did ,didn’t findC.did, haven’t foundD.have ,didn’t find2.Those books which _____ often _____well.A.are well received;are soldB.are well received ; sellC.well received ;sellD.were received; sell3.In the last few years ,a few more theme parks ____ in our cities.A.have openedB.had been openedC.have been openedD.were opened4.It ______ long before Chinese ___ on the moon.A.will not be ;will landB.is ;will landC.will not be ;landD.is ;land5.—What a pity !I ______ such a good play .--I didn’t see it either.I ____ if it will be put on again.A.have missed;wonderB.missed;wonderC.have missed;was wonderingD.missed;was wondering。
