混凝土工程中英文(个人整理)

混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Concrete technology and developmentPortland cement concrete has clearly emerged as the material of choice for the construction of a large number and variety of structures in the world today. This is attributed mainly to low cost of materials and construction for concrete structures as well as low cost of maintenance.Therefore, it is not surprising that many advancements in concrete technology have occurred as a result of two driving forces, namely the speed of construction and the durability of concrete.During the period 1940-1970, the availability of high early strength portland cements enabled the use of high water content in concrete mixtures that were easy to handle. This approach, however, led to serious problems with durability of structures, especially those subjected to severe environmental exposures.With us lightweight concrete is a development mainly of the last twenty years.Concrete technology is the making of plentiful good concrete cheaply. It includes the correct choice of the cement and the water, and the right treatment of the aggregates. Those which are dug near by and therefore cheap, must be sized, washed free of clay or silt, and recombined in the correct proportions so as to make a cheap concrete which is workable at a low water/cement ratio, thus easily comoacted to a high density and therefore strong.It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.Abrams’law, perhaps the oldest law of concrete technology, states that the strength of a concrete varies inversely with its water cement ratio. This means that the sand content (particularly the fine sand which needs much water) must be reduced so far as possible. The fact that the sand “drinks” large quantities of water can easily be established by mixing several batches of x kg of cement with y kg of stone and the same amount of water but increasing amounts of sand. However if there is no sand the concrete will be so stiff that it will be unworkable thereforw porous and weak. The same will be true if the sand is too coarse. Therefore for each set of aggregates, the correct mix must not be changed without good reason. This applied particularly to the water content.Any drinkable and many undrinkable waters can be used for making concrete, including most clear waters from the sea or rivers. It is important that clay should be kept out of the concrete. The cement if fresh can usually be chosen on the basis of the maker’s certificates of tensile or crushing tests, but these are always made with fresh cement. Where strength is important , and the cement at the site is old, it should be tested.This stress , causing breakage,will be a tension since concretes are from 9 to 11times as strong in compression as in tension, This stress, the modulus of rupture, will be roughly double the direct tensile breaking stress obtained in a tensile testing machine,so a very rough guess at the conpressive strength can be made by multiplying the modulus of rupture by 4.5. The method can be used in combination with the strength results of machine-crushed cubes or cylinders or tensile test pieces but cannot otherwise be regarded as reliable. With these comparisons,however, it is suitable for comparing concretes on the same site made from the same aggregates and cement, with beams cast and tested in the same way.Extreme care is necessary for preparation,transport,plating and finish of concrete in construction works.It is important to note that only a bit of care and supervision make a great difference between good and bad concrete.The following factors may be kept in mind in concreting works.MixingThe mixing of ingredients shall be done in a mixer as specified in the contract.Handling and ConveyingThe handling&conveying of concrete from the mixer to the place of final deposit shall be done as rapidly as practicable and without any objectionable separation or loss of ingredients.Whenever the length of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is such that the concrete unduly compacts or segregates,suitable agitators shall be installed in the conveying system.Where concrete is being conveyed on chutes or on belts,the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5ft.(or 150cm.) unless otherwise permitted.The concrete shall be placed in position within 30 minutes of its removal from the mixer.Placing ConcreteNo concrete shall be placed until the place of deposit has been thoroughly inspected and approved,all reinforcement,inserts and embedded metal properly security in position and checked,and forms thoroughly wetted(expect in freezing weather)or oiled.Placing shall be continued without avoidable interruption while the section is completed or satisfactory construction joint made.Within FormsConcrete shall be systematically deposited in shallow layers and at such rate as to maintain,until the completion of the unit,a plastic surface approximately horizontal throughout.Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer.CompactingMethod. Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by means of suitable tools during and immediately after depositing.The concrete shall be worked around all reinforcement,embedded fixtures,and into the comers of the forms.Every precaution shall be taken to keep the reinforcement and embedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.Vibrating. Wherever practicable,concrete shall be internally vibrated within the forms,or in the mass,in order to increase the plasticity as to compact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance,and to facilitate placing of the concrete.Vibration shall be continued the entire batch melts to a uniform appearance and the surface just starts to glisten.A minute film of cement paste shall be discernible between the concrete and the form and around the reinforcement.Over vibration causing segregation,unnecessary bleeding or formation of laitance shall be avoided.The effect spent on careful grading, mixing and compaction of concrete will be largely wasted if the concrete is badly cured. Curing means keeping the concretethoroughly damp for some time, usually a week, until it has reached the desired strength. So long as concrete is kept wet it will continue to gain strength, though more slowly as it grows older.Admixtures or additives to concrete are materials arematerials which are added to it or to the cement so as to improve one or more of the properties of the concrete. The main types are:1. Accelerators of set or hardening,2. Retarders of set or hardening,3. Air-entraining agents, including frothing or foaming agents,4. Gassing agents,5. Pozzolanas, blast-furnace slag cement, pulverized coal ash,6. Inhibitors of the chemical reaction between cement and aggregate, which might cause the aggregate to expand7. Agents for damp-proofing a concrete or reducing its permeability to water,8. Workability agents, often called plasticizers,9. Grouting agents and expanding cements.Wherever possible, admixtures should be avouded, particularly those that are added on site. Small variations in the quantity added may greatly affect the concrete properties in an undesiraale way. An accelerator can often be avoided by using a rapid-hardening cement or a richer mix with ordinary cement, or for very rapid gain of strength, high-alumina cement, though this is very much more expensive, in Britain about three times as costly as ordinary Portland cement. But in twenty-four hours its strength is equal to that reached with ordinary Portland cement in thirty days.A retarder may have to be used in warm weather when a large quantity of concrete has to be cast in one piece of formwork, and it is important that the concrete cast early in the day does not set before the last concrete. This occurs with bridges when they are cast in place, and the formwork necessarily bends underthe heavy load of the wet concrete. Some retarders permanently weaken the concrete and should not be used without good technical advice.A somewhat similar effect,milder than that of retarders, is obtained with low-heat cement. These may be sold by the cement maker or mixed by the civil engineering contractor. They give out less heat on setting and hardening, partly because they harden more slowly, and they are used in large casts such as gravity dams, where the concrete may take years to cool down to the temperature of the surrounding air. In countries like Britain or France, where pulverized coal is burnt in the power stations, the ash, which is very fine, has been mixed with cement to reduce its production of heat and its cost without reducing its long-term strength. Up to about 20 per cent ash by weight of the cement has been successfully used, with considerable savings in cement costs.In countries where air-entraining cement cement can be bought from the cement maker, no air-entraining agent needs to be mixed in .When air-entraining agents draw into the wet cement and concrete some 3-8 percent of air in the form of very small bubbles, they plasticize the concrete, making it more easily workable and therefore enable the water |cement ratio to be reduced. They reduce the strength of the concrete slightly but so little that in the United States their use is now standard practice in road-building where heavy frost occur. They greatly improve the frost resistance of the concrete.Pozzolane is a volcanic ash found near the Italian town of Puzzuoli, which is a natural cement. The name has been given to all natural mineral cements, as well as to the ash from coal or the slag from blast furnaces, both of which may become cementswhen ground and mixed with water. Pozzolanas of either the industrial or the mineral type are important to civil engineers because they have been added to oridinary Portland cement in proportions up to about 20 percent without loss of strength in the cement and with great savings in cement cost. Their main interest is in large dams, where they may reduce the heat given out by the cement during hardening. Some pozzolanas have been known to prevent the action between cement and certain aggregates which causes the aggregate to expand, and weaken or burst the concrete.The best way of waterproof a concrete is to reduce its permeability by careful mix design and manufacture of the concrete, with correct placing and tighr compaction in strong formwork ar a low water|cement ratio. Even an air-entraining agent can be used because the minute pores are discontinuous. Slow, careful curing of the concrete improves the hydration of the cement, which helps to block the capillary passages through the concrete mass. An asphalt or other waterproofing means the waterproofing of concrete by any method concerned with the quality of the concrete but not by a waterproof skin.Workability agents, water-reducing agents and plasticizers are three names for the same thing, mentioned under air-entraining agents. Their use can sometimes be avoided by adding more cement or fine sand, or even water, but of course only with great care.The rapid growth from 1945 onwards in the prestressing of concrete shows that there was a real need for this high-quality structural material. The quality must be high because the worst conditions of loading normally occur at the beginning of the life of the member, at the transfer of stress from the steel to theconcrete. Failure is therefore more likely then than later, when the concrete has become stronger and the stress in the steel has decreased because of creep in the steel and concrete, and shrinkage of the concrete. Faulty members are therefore observed and thrown out early, before they enter the structure, or at least before it The main advantages of prestressed concrete in comparison with reinforced concrete are :①The whole concrete cross-section resists load. In reinforced concrete about half the section, the cracked area below the neutral axis, does no useful work. Working deflections are smaller.②High working stresses are possible. In reinforced concrete they are not usually possible because they result in severe cracking which is always ugly and may be dangerous if it causes rusting of the steel.③Cracking is almost completely avoided in prestressed concrete.The main disadvantage of prestressed concrete is that much more care is needed to make it than reinforced concrete and it is therefore more expensive, but because it is of higher quality less of it needs to be needs to be used. It can therefore happen that a solution of a structural problem may be cheaper in prestressed concrete than in reinforced concrete, and it does often happen that a solution is possible with prestressing but impossible without it.Prestressing of the concrete means that it is placed under compression before it carries any working load. This means that the section can be designed so that it takes no tension or very little under the full design load. It therefore has theoretically no cracks and in practice very few. The prestress is usually applied by tensioning the steel before the concrete in which it isembedded has hardened. After the concrete has hardened enough to take the stress from the steel to the concrete. In a bridge with abutments able to resist thrust, the prestress can be applied without steel in the concrete. It is applied by jacks forcing the bridge inwards from the abutments. This methods has the advantage that the jacking force, or prestress, can be varied during the life of the structure as required.In the ten years from 1950 to 1960 prestressed concrete ceased to be an experinmental material and engineers won confidence in its use. With this confidence came an increase in the use of precast prestressed concrete particularly for long-span floors or the decks of motorways. Whereever the quantity to be made was large enough, for example in a motorway bridge 500 m kong , provided that most of the spans could be made the same and not much longer than 18m, it became economical to usefactory-precast prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory. Most of these beams are heat-cured so as to free the forms quickly for re-use.In this period also, in the United States, precast prestressed roof beams and floor beams were used in many school buildings, occasionally 32 m long or more. Such long beams over a single span could not possibly be successful in reinforced concrete unless they were cast on site because they would have to be much deeper and much heavier than prestressed concrete beams. They would certainlly be less pleasing to the eye and often more expensive than the prestressed concrete beams. These school buildings have a strong, simple architectural appeal and will be a pleasure to look at for many years.The most important parts of a precast prestressed concrete beam are the tendons and the concrete. The tendons, as the name implies, are the cables, rods or wires of steel which are under tension in the concrete.Before the concrete has hardened (before transfer of stress), the tendons are either unstressed (post-tensioned prestressing) or are stressed and held by abutments outside the concrete ( pre-tensioned prestressing). While the concrete is hardening it grips each tendon more and more tightly by bond along its full length. End anchorages consisting of plates or blocks are placed on the ends of the tendons of post-tensioned prestressed units, and such tendons are stressed up at the time of transfer, when the concrete has hardened sufficiently. In the other type of pretressing, with pre-tensioned tendons, the tendons are released from external abutments at the moment of transfer, and act on the concrete through bond or archorage or both, shortening it by compression, and themselves also shortening and losing some tension.Further shortening of the concrete (and therefore of the steel) takes place with time. The concrete is said to creep. This means that it shortens permanently under load and spreads the stresses more uniformly and thus more safely across its section. Steel also creeps, but rather less. The result of these two effects ( and of the concrete shrinking when it dries ) is that prestressed concrete beams are never more highly stressed than at the moment of transfer.The factory precasting of long prestressed concrete beams is likely to become more and more popular in the future, but one difficulty will be road transport. As the length of the beam increases, the lorry becomes less and less manoeuvrable untileventually the only suitable time for it to travel is in the middle of the night when traffic in the district and the route, whether the roads are straight or curved. Precasting at the site avoids these difficulties; it may be expensive, but it has often been used for large bridge beams.混凝土工艺及发展波特兰水泥混凝土在当今世界已成为建造数量繁多、种类复杂结构的首选材料。

混凝土及钢筋混凝土施工质量要求（Quality requirements for concrete and reinforced concrete construction）1、基础施工质量（foundation construction quality）（1）坑（槽）结构尺寸满足设计要求；（The size of the pit (groove) meets the design requirements;）（2）建基面无松动岩块、无浮渣，无反坡、倒悬坡、陡坎尖角，无爆破影响裂缝；（There is no loose rock mass, no scum, no anti-slope, overhanging slope, steep Angle, no blasting influence crack;）（3）地表水或地下水妥善引排或封堵；（Proper drainage or sealing of surface water or groundwater;）（4）混凝土施工缝无乳皮、成毛面、微露粗砂，洁净、无积水。

（The concrete construction is sewn without milk skin, hair surface, fine sand, clean, no water.）2、钢筋施工质量（Construction quality of reinforcement）（1）钢筋的材质、数量、规格尺寸、加工制作及安装位置符合产品质量标准和设计要求；（The material, quantity, size, processing and installation of reinforcement are in accordance with the product quality standards and design requirements.）（2）钢筋表面应保持清洁，无锈蚀和油污；（The surface of the steel bar should be kept clean, free from rust and oil.）（3）钢筋长度方向的偏差：±1/2净保护层厚；（Deviation of the length direction of the steel bar: the thickness of the net protective layer of plus or minus 1/2;）（4）保护层厚度的局部偏差：±1/4净保护层厚；（Local deviation of protective layer thickness: 1/4 net protective coating thickness;）（5）依据图纸要求，留置钢筋保护层；（According to the requirements of the drawing, the protective layer of the reinforcement bars;）（6）预埋件结构型式、位置、尺寸、材料的品种、规格、性能符合图纸设计要求。

结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcin g steel bar 钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete （RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure 板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs 刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforce ment梁：beam 柱：column 板：slab 剪力墙：shear wall 基础：foundatio n剪力：shear形：shear deformati on剪切模量：shear modulus 拉力：tension压力：pressure 延伸率：percentag e of elongation 位移：displacem ent应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentra tion of stresses 应力松弛：stress relaxation 应力图：stress diagram 应力应变曲线：stress-strain curve应力状态：state of stress 钢丝：steel wirehoop reinforce ment箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载：loading抗压强度：compressi ve strength 抗弯强度：bending strength 抗扭强度：torsional strength 抗拉强度：tensile strength 裂缝：crack屈服：yield屈服点：yield point 屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding 屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力：bearing capacity 承重结构：bearing structure 弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestresse d reinforced concrete 预应力钢筋：prestresse d reinforce ment预应力损失：loss of prestress 预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast-in-place reinforced concrete 双向配筋：two-way reinforce ment主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment 悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity 受弯构件：member in bending 受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressi ve region 塑性：plasticity 轴向压力：axial pressure 轴向拉力：axial tensioncrane beam可靠性：reliability 粘结力：cohesive force外力：external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss 素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete 无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforce ment ratio 配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compressi oneccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构：frame structure 集中荷载：concentra ted load 分布荷载：distributio n load分布钢筋：distributio n steel挠度：deflection 设计荷载：design load度：design strength 构造：constructi on简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section 浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting 钢筋搭接：bar splicing刚架：rigid frame脆性：brittleness 脆性破坏：brittle failure。

acid proof concrete耐酸混凝土acid resisting concrete抗酸acid-resisting concrete抗酸混凝土aerated concrete掺气混凝土; 充气混凝土aerated concrete compressive strength 加气混凝土抗压强度aerated concrete density 加气混凝土容重aerated concrete floor slab 加气混凝土楼板aerated concrete glue-joint block partition 加气混凝土粘胶缝隔墙aerated concrete member 加气混凝土构件aerated concrete panel 加气混凝土板aerated concrete partition 加气混凝土隔墙aerated concrete pipe insulating section 加气混凝土管套age of concrete混凝土令期aggregate for reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土骨料air entraining concrete加气混凝土air-entraining fibrous concrete加气纤维混凝土air-gravel concrete气干砾石混凝土Aliva concrete sprayer 阿里瓦混凝土喷射器alkali resistant cement concrete flooring 耐碱混凝土地面all-haydite concrete全陶粒混凝土allowable bearing stress for concrete foundation 混凝土基础的许用承压应力alunite expansion agent for concrete明矾石混凝土膨胀剂arched concrete dam 混凝土拱坝architectural concrete装饰混凝土armoring concrete block 护面混凝土块体armoured concrete钢筋混凝土armoured concrete slab 钢筋混凝土板as-cast-finish concrete清水面混凝土asbestos concrete石棉混凝土asbestos concrete pipe 石棉混凝土管asbestos concrete slab 石棉混凝土板asphalt concrete沥青混凝土; 地沥青混凝土asphalt concrete flooring 沥青混凝土楼地面asphaltic concrete地沥青混凝土asphaltic concrete road 地沥青混凝土路atractylis concrete苍术硬脂autogenous growth of concrete混凝土自生体积增长ballast concrete石渣混凝土barium concrete含钡混凝土bituminous concrete沥青混凝土bituminous concrete flooring 沥青混凝土楼地面blinding concrete盖面混凝土blown-out concrete充气混凝土bond between concrete and steel 混凝土与钢筋间的结合力boulder concrete卵石混凝土braced reinforced concrete flume 桁架式钢筋混凝土渡槽breeze concrete焦渣混凝土buried concrete地下混凝土carbon fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC) 碳纤维增强混凝土cast concrete模铸混凝土cast-in-concrete reactor 混凝土芯电抗器cast-in-situ concrete原地混凝土cell concrete多孔混凝土cellular concrete泡沫混凝土; 多孔混凝土; 加气混凝土cellular concrete block 格形混凝土块体cement concrete水泥混凝土central concrete membrane 混凝土心墙central mix concrete集中拌合混凝土centrifugally spun concrete pipe 离心制混凝土管ceramsite concrete陶粒混凝土ceramsite concrete wall panel 陶粒混凝土墙板chassis concrete残花浸膏cinder concrete焦渣混凝土; 煤渣混凝土; 矿渣混凝土cinder concrete block 焦渣混凝土砌块cinder concrete brick 煤渣混凝土砖cinder concrete insulating course 焦渣混凝土保温层cinder concrete lintel 焦渣混凝土过梁coarse aggregate concrete粗骨料混凝土coarse asphaltic concrete粗骨料沥青混凝土code for reinforced concrete structure 钢筋混凝土结构规范coke breeze concrete煤渣混凝土cold-mixed asphaltic concrete冷拌沥青混凝土colloidal concrete胶质混凝土combined steel and concrete column 钢骨混凝土柱compacted concrete捣实混凝土composite steel concrete column 劲性混凝土柱concrete固结的; 混凝土concrete accelerator 混凝土速凝剂concrete admixture 混凝土外加剂concrete age 混凝土龄期concrete aggregate 混凝土骨料; 混凝土集料concrete apron 混凝土护坦concrete arch dam 混凝土拱坝concrete backfill 混凝土回填concrete baffle pier 混凝土消力墩concrete bagwork 袋装混凝土护岸工程concrete ballast 混凝土压载concrete base slab 混凝土基础板concrete basin 混凝土水池concrete batch plant 混凝土搅拌设备concrete batcher 混凝土配料器concrete batching plant 混凝土搅拌站concrete beam 混凝土梁concrete bed 混凝土基础concrete bent construction 混凝土构架结构concrete bit 混凝土钻头concrete bleeding 混凝土泌水现象concrete blinding 混凝土模板concrete block 混凝土块concrete block and rock-mound breakwater 混凝土方块堆石防波堤concrete block breakwater 混凝土块防波堤concrete block cutter 混凝土方块切割机concrete block revetment 混凝土块护岸concrete blockyard 混凝土块制造场concrete blower 混凝土风力输送机concrete bottom 混凝土底面concrete box culvert 混凝土箱涵concrete breaker 混凝土捣碎机; 混凝土破碎机concrete brick 混凝土砖concrete bridge 混凝土桥concrete bucket 混凝土吊斗; 混凝土吊罐concrete bucket lock 混凝土料斗闸门concrete buggy 混凝土手推车; 混凝土用二轮车concrete burn 混凝土灼伤concrete caisson breakwater 混凝土沉箱防波堤concrete caisson sinking 混凝土沉箱下沉concrete canal lining 混凝土渠道衬砌concrete cart 混凝土手推车; 混凝土载运车concrete casing 混凝土外壳concrete check 混凝土配水闸concrete check dam 混凝土谷坊; 混凝土拦沙坝concrete chisel 混凝土凿concrete chute 混凝土溜槽concrete column 混凝土柱concrete composition 混凝土成分concrete construction 混凝土建筑; 混凝土结构; 混凝土施工concrete container 混凝土容器concrete core-wall 混凝土心墙concrete cover 混凝土保护层concrete cradle 混凝土管座concrete creep 混凝土蠕变; 混凝土徐变concrete crib breakwater 混凝土木笼防波堤; 混凝土箱格防波堤concrete cribbing 混凝土筐笼; 混凝土箱格concrete cube test 混凝土立方试块试验concrete culvert 混凝土涵洞concrete curing 混凝土养护concrete curing blanket 混凝土保温覆盖concrete curing compound 混凝土养护剂concrete curing mat 混凝土养护盖垫concrete cushion 混凝土垫层concrete cutoff wall 混凝土截水墙concrete cutting machine 混凝土切割机concrete dam 混凝土坝concrete deadman (拉岸壁板桩的) 混凝土锚桩concrete deep-water structure 深水混凝土结构concrete delivery pipe 混凝土输送管concrete delivery truck 混凝土运送车; 运输混凝土的卡车concrete deposit 混凝土浇筑物concrete design 混凝土配合比设计; 混凝土设计concrete diaphragm wall 地下连续墙concrete disintegration 混凝土离析concrete distributing tower 混凝土分配塔concrete distributor 混凝土分布机; 混凝土摊铺机concrete drain tile 混凝土排水管concrete equipment 混凝土设备concrete equivalence 混凝土当量concrete face 混凝土面板concrete face rockfill dam 混凝土面板坝concrete facing 混凝土护面; 混凝土面板concrete fatigue 混凝土疲劳concrete filled caisson 混凝土充填沉箱concrete filler block 混凝土填块concrete fillet 混凝土内补角concrete finish 混凝土表面光洁度concrete finisher 混凝土整修机concrete finishing 混凝土表面磨光concrete finishing machine 混凝土整面机concrete fireproofing 混凝土防火性concrete floor 混凝土底板; 混凝土楼板concrete flowability 混凝土流动性concrete flume 混凝土渡槽concrete footing 混凝土基础; 混凝土基脚concrete form 混凝土模板concrete forming cycle 混凝土模板周转concrete foundation block 混凝土基础块体concrete frame 混凝土排架concrete grade 混凝土等级concrete gravity dam 混凝土重力坝concrete gravity dockwall 混凝土重力式船坞墙concrete gravity platform 混凝土重力式钻井平台concrete grip 混凝土握固力concrete guard wall 混凝土挡墙; 混凝土护墙concrete guide wall 混凝土导墙concrete gun 混凝土喷枪concrete handling 混凝土吊运concrete hardener 混凝土硬化剂concrete hardening 混凝土硬化concrete hauling container 混凝土运送容器concrete high frequency vibrator 混凝土高频振动器concrete hollow block 混凝土空心块concrete hopper 混凝土料斗concrete ingredient 混凝土成分concrete inspection 混凝土检验concrete intelligence 具体智能; 具体智能concrete interface treating agent 混凝土界面处理剂concrete iron 钢筋concrete jacket 混凝土套; 混凝土外皮concrete key trench 混凝土截水槽concrete labor 具体劳动; 具体劳动concrete lead-lined cell 铅衬混凝土电解槽concrete lift 混凝土浇筑层; 混凝土升高层concrete lifting bucket 混凝土吊斗concrete lintel 混凝土过梁concrete lock 混凝土船闸concrete lock floor 混凝土船闸底板concrete masonry 混凝土圬工concrete mattress 混凝土沉排concrete mattress roll 混凝土排辊concrete membrane 混凝土薄层concrete mixer 混凝土混合器; 混凝土搅拌车; 混凝土搅拌机concrete mixer truck 混凝土拌和汽车concrete mixing machine 混凝土搅拌机concrete mixing plant 混凝土拌和设备concrete mixing truck 混凝土搅拌车concrete mixing vehicle 混凝土搅拌车concrete mobility 混凝土流动性concrete model 具体模型; 具体模型concrete moist room 混凝土湿养护间concrete nail 混凝土钉; 水泥钉concrete number 名数concrete of jasmine 茉莉浸膏concrete of low porosity 密实混凝土concrete of Michelia 白兰浸膏concrete of rose crimson glory 墨红花浸膏concrete orifice turnout 孔口式混凝土斗门; 孔口式混凝土分水闸concrete overflow dam 混凝土溢流坝concrete pavement 混凝土护面; 混凝土路面concrete pavement vibrator 混凝土铺路振动器concrete paver 混凝土铺路机concrete paving 混凝土护面concrete pedestal 混凝土基座concrete penetrometer 混凝土渗透仪concrete pier 混凝土墩concrete pile 混凝土桩concrete piling 混凝土桩concrete pillar 混凝土标石; 混凝土支柱concrete pipe 混凝土管concrete pipe rack 混凝土管架concrete piping 混凝土管道输送concrete placeability 混凝土的可浇置性concrete placement 混凝土浇筑concrete placer 混凝土浇注机; 混凝土铺注机; 混凝土摊铺机concrete placing installation 混凝土浇筑设备concrete placing plant 混凝土浇筑设备concrete placing skip 混凝土浇注斗concrete placing trestle 混凝土施工栈桥concrete plant 混凝土厂concrete plug 混凝土塞concrete pond 混凝土贮槽concrete pontoon 混凝土浮船; 混凝土平底船concrete pouring 混凝土浇筑concrete pouring machine 混凝土浇注机concrete power saw 混凝土动力锯; 混凝土动力锯缝机concrete product 混凝土制品concrete proportioning 混凝土配合concrete pump 混凝土泵; 混凝土输送泵concrete quay 混凝土码头concrete rammer 混凝土夯实器concrete reactor 混凝土芯电抗器concrete reinforced bar 钢筋concrete reinforced pipe 钢筋混凝土管concrete reinforcement 混凝土配筋concrete reinforcing bars 钢筋concrete retarder 混凝土缓凝剂; 混凝土绶凝剂concrete retempering 混凝土重塑concrete revetment 混凝土护岸concrete road finisher 混凝土修平路面机concrete road paver 混凝土路面铺设机concrete roof 混凝土顶板concrete saddle 混凝土鞍座concrete sample 混凝土试件concrete saw 混凝土锯concrete scaling 混凝土剥落concrete scraper 混凝土铲运机concrete setting 混凝土凝固concrete sheet-piling 混凝土板桩concrete sheetpile breakwater 混凝土板桩防波堤concrete shell 混凝土薄壳concrete shell pile 混凝土薄壳桩concrete shrinkage 混凝土干缩; 混凝土收缩concrete signal 具体信号; 具体信号concrete sinker 混凝土沉锤concrete siphon 混凝土虹吸管concrete skeleton 混凝土骨架concrete slab 混凝土板; 混凝土面板concrete slab pavement 混凝土板护面concrete slab revetment 混凝土板护坡concrete sleeper 混凝土轨枕concrete sluice 混凝土节制闸concrete snow 固结雪concrete specification 混凝土规范concrete specimen 混凝土试件concrete spiral casing 混凝土蜗壳concrete splitter 混凝土分离器; 混凝土劈裂器concrete sprayer 混凝土喷射机concrete spreader 混凝土平铺机; 混凝土撒布机; 混凝土摊铺机concrete spreading 混凝土平仓concrete spreading plant 混凝土散布机concrete steel 钢筋钢; 劲性钢筋concrete structure 混凝土结构concrete surface joint cutter 混凝土路面接缝切削机concrete tank 混凝土水箱; 混凝土油罐; 混凝土贮水池concrete terrazzo 混凝土水磨石concrete tetrapod 混凝土四脚体concrete tower 混凝土升运塔concrete transfer car 混凝土转运车concrete transporting equipment 混凝土运输设备concrete tribar 混凝土三棱体块concrete tubular pile 混凝土管桩concrete unit 具体单位; 具体单位concrete vault 混凝土穹顶concrete vibrating machine 混凝土夯实机concrete vibrator 混凝土捣实器; 混凝土振捣器concrete vibratory machine 混凝土夯实机; 混凝土振捣机concrete waterproofing 混凝土防火性concrete waterproofing oil 混凝土防水油concrete workability 混凝土和易性concrete-bar bending machine 钢筋弯曲机concrete-bar drawer 钢筋拉伸机concrete-bar straightening-cutting machine 钢筋调直切断机concrete-consistency meter 混凝土粘度计concrete-filled tube column 混凝土充填管柱; 混凝土填塞管柱concrete-lined 混凝土衬砌的concrete-lined canal 混凝土衬砌渠道concrete-lined channel 混凝土衬砌渠道concrete-lined tunnel 混凝土衬砌隧洞concrete-mattress revetment 混凝土沉排护岸concrete-reinforcing steel 混凝土加固用钢筋concrete-spouting plant 混凝土灌注设备concrete-timber pile 混凝土木桩concrete-vibrating compactor 混凝土振动压实机confined concrete侧限混凝土continuous concrete wall 地下连续墙contraction of mass concrete大体积混凝土体积收缩cooperation of concrete and steel 混凝土与钢筋的联合作用corrugated concrete slab 波纹混凝土板; 波形混凝土板covered reinforced-concrete flume 封闭式钢筋混凝土渡槽crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土cyclopeam concrete毛石混凝土cyclopean concrete蛮石混凝土; 大块石混凝土cylindrical concrete shell 筒形混凝土壳de-aired concrete去气混凝土deaerated concrete去气混凝土deformed ore-stressed concrete steel wire 预应力混凝土异形钢丝dense concrete密实混凝土dense-graded asphalt concrete密级配沥青混凝土dense-graded bituminous concrete密级配沥青混凝土depositing concrete浇注混凝土diatomaceous concrete硅藻土混凝土diesel concrete mixer 柴油混凝土搅拌机double reinforced concrete双重配筋混凝土double-sided reinforced concrete jetty (靠船的) 二边钢筋混凝土突码头drum type concrete mixer 鼓形混凝土拌合机dry batched concrete干拌合混凝土dry concrete干硬性混凝土dry lean concrete干贫混凝土dry mixed concrete干拌合混凝土dry-packed concrete干填混凝土dry-tamped concrete干捣实混凝土earth concrete掺土混凝土effective area of concrete混凝土有效面积electric curing of concrete混凝土电热养护epoxy asphalt concrete环氧沥青混凝土expanded aggregate concrete膨胀性集料混凝土expanded slag concrete膨胀矿渣混凝土external concrete vibrators with motor 带电动机的混凝土振动器facing concrete面层混凝土fair-faced concrete清水面混凝土fast hardening concrete快硬混凝土fat concrete富混凝土; 肥混凝土fiber concrete纤维增强混凝土fibre concrete纤维性混凝土fibre reinforced concrete纤维加强混凝土; 玻璃纤维混凝土fibrous concrete纤维性混凝土fill concrete填充混凝土; 回填混凝土fill-up concrete block 填充式混凝土砌块fine concrete细骨料混凝土fine-graded bituminous concrete细级配沥青混凝土finished concrete饰面混凝土fire-resisting concrete耐火混凝土fireproof concrete耐火混凝土floated concrete抹面混凝土floating concrete mixer 混凝土搅拌船fly-ash-cement concrete烟灰水泥混凝土flyash concrete粉煤灰混凝土foam concrete泡沫混凝土foamed concrete泡沫混凝土form-vibrated concrete模板振捣混凝土fresh concrete新拌混凝土freshly mixed concrete新拌混凝土frost-resistant concrete防冻混凝土; 抗冻混凝土gap-graded concrete间断级配混凝土gas concrete产气轻质混凝土glass concrete玻璃纤维混凝土; 玻璃纤维增强混凝土glass fibre concrete玻璃纤维混凝土glass reinforced concrete glass 玻璃纤维混凝土glass-concrete construction 嵌玻璃砖混凝土构造granolithic concrete花岗石混凝土; 仿石混凝土; 假石混凝土gravel concrete砾石混凝土grip between concrete and steel 钢筋混凝土握裹力grouted-aggregate concrete骨料灌浆混凝土; 灌浆混凝土gunited concrete喷射浇灌的混凝土gunning concrete喷涂混凝土gypsum concrete石膏混凝土gypsum fiber concrete石膏纤维混凝土hand-compacted concrete人工捣实混凝土hand-placed concrete人工浇筑混凝土handy concrete mixer 手动混凝土搅拌机hard rock concrete硬石混凝土hardened concrete硬化混凝土; 硬结混凝土haydite concrete陶粒混凝土haydite concrete wall panel 陶粒混凝土墙板heat insulating concrete隔热混凝土heat rise in mass concrete大体积混凝土内热量升高heat-insulating concrete绝热混凝土; 绝热混凝土heat-resistant concrete抗热性混凝土heavy aggregate concrete shield 重混凝土防护层heavy concrete重混凝土heavy concrete (通常用于防辐射) 高密度混凝土heavy-aggregate concrete重混凝土high drying shrinkage concrete高干缩率混凝土high-density concrete高密度混凝土high-grade concrete高标号混凝土high-lift concrete construction method 混凝土高块浇筑法high-strength concrete高强混凝土hollow concrete蜂窝混凝土homogeneous concrete均质混凝土; 均质混凝土honeycomb concrete蜂窝混凝土horizontal axis concrete mixer 水平轴混凝土拌和机hot asphaltic concrete pavement 热铺地沥青混凝土路面hot-laid asphaltic concrete热铺沥青混凝土hot-mixed asphaltic concrete热拌沥青混凝土ice concrete冰混凝体ilmenite loaded concrete钛铁混凝土; 钛铁混凝土immature concrete未凝结混凝土immersible concrete vibrator 插入式混凝土振捣器in situ concrete原地混凝土insulating concrete隔热混凝土iron aggregate concrete铁混凝土iron plated concrete包铁混凝土iron-aggregate concrete铁屑混凝土iron-loaded concrete铁混凝土jasmine concrete茉莉浸膏Jasminum grandiflorum concrete大花茉莉浸膏lean concrete贫混凝土lean mix concrete贫混凝土light aggregate concrete轻集料混凝土light concrete轻混凝土light concrete wall panel 轻混凝土墙板light weight concrete低密度混凝土light-concrete structure 轻混凝土结构; 轻质混凝土结构lightweight aggregate concrete轻骨料混凝土lightweight concrete轻混凝土; 轻质混凝土lightweight lime concrete轻三合土ligno-concrete木筋混凝土lime concrete石灰混凝土; 石灰三和土lime-cement-flyash concrete石灰水泥粉煤灰三合混凝土lime-earth-broken brick concrete碎砖三合土limestone coarse aggregate concrete石灰石粗骨料混凝土linear-type concrete hinge-bearing 线式混凝土铰支座liquid concrete液体混凝土; 液状混凝土loaded concrete重混凝土low shrinkage concrete低缩性混凝土low-grade concrete低标号混凝土low-lift construction for mass concrete大体积混凝土薄层施工low-porosity concrete低孔率混凝土low-shrinkage concrete低缩性混凝土low-slump concrete低坍落度混凝土low-strength concrete低强混凝土machine-mixed concrete机拌混凝土mass concrete大体积混凝土; 大块混凝土mass concrete dam 大体积混凝土坝mass concrete invert (干船坞的) 大体积混凝土底板mass-concrete wall 大体积混凝土岸壁Michelia alba concrete白兰浸膏Michelia concrete白兰花浸膏mixed concrete拌好的混凝土moist-cured concrete湿养护混凝土; 湿治混凝土moulded concrete模制混凝土mushy concrete浆状混凝土mushy consistency of concrete混凝土流态稠度nailable concrete受钉混凝土newly-laid concrete新浇混凝土no-fines concrete无细骨料混凝土; 无细料混凝士no-slump concrete无坍落度混凝土; 不坍落混凝土non-air-entrained concrete非加气混凝土non-destructive testing of concrete混凝土非破坏性试验non-load-bearing concrete非承重混凝土non-reinforced concrete无筋混凝土non-shrinking concrete不收缩混凝土nonfines concrete无砂混凝土nonslip concrete防滑混凝土nonvoided concrete beam 实心混凝土梁normal heavy concrete普通重混凝土normal-weight concrete常规重量混凝土old concrete旧混凝土; 旧混凝土one-course concrete pavement 单层混凝土铺面open-end concrete block 敞口混凝土浇筑块oversite concrete地基混凝土板层; 满堂混凝土垫层packaged concrete (按水灰比加水即可使用) 干配料混凝土packing concrete in forms 模内捣实混凝土partially reinforced concrete masonry 局部配筋混凝土砌体; 局部配筋混凝土砌体pavement concrete路面混凝土pea gravel concrete豆石混凝土pea stone concrete豆石混凝土penetration concrete灌入混凝土; 贯入混凝土perforated concrete tube 多孔混凝土管placing concrete浇注混凝土placing concrete against natural ground 地模混凝土浇筑plain concrete素混凝土; 无筋混凝土plain concrete pier 素混凝土墩plant-mixed concrete厂拌混凝土plaster concrete石膏混凝土plastic concrete塑性混凝土plastic theory of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土塑性理论plasto-concrete塑料混凝土pneumatic concrete breaker 风动混凝土破碎机pneumatic concrete placer 气动混凝土浇筑机; 气压混凝土浇灌机pneumatically placed concrete喷射浇灌的混凝土polished concrete pavement 磨光的混凝土路面polyester concrete聚酯混凝土; 聚酯混凝土polymer impregnated concrete (P.I.C) 聚合物注入混凝土; 聚合物注入混凝土polystyrene-impregnated concrete聚苯乙烯注入混凝土; 聚苯乙烯注入混凝土ponding method of curing concrete混凝土泡水养护法; 混凝土养生池养护法poor concrete劣质混凝土poor-quality concrete劣质混凝土porous concrete drain 多孔混凝土排水管porous concrete pipe 多孔混凝土管Portland cement concrete (PCC) 硅酸盐水泥混凝土post-stressed concrete后张法混凝土post-tensioned concrete后张混凝土post-tensioned concrete pile 后张混凝土桩powder ash air-entrained concrete粉煤灰加气混凝土precast aerated concrete预制加气混凝土precast ceramsite concrete预制陶粒混凝土precast concrete预制混凝土; 预制混凝土构件precast concrete block flue 预制混凝土块烟道precast concrete cladding 预制混凝土饰面precast concrete cover 预制混凝土盖板precast concrete floor 预制混凝土楼盖precast concrete house 预制混凝土房屋precast concrete lintel 预制混凝土过梁precast concrete pavement 预制混凝土路面precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩precast concrete plank 预制混凝土板precast concrete slab 预制混凝土板precast concrete unit 预制混凝土构件precast concrete wall panel 预制混凝土墙板precast foam concrete预制泡沫混凝土precast hollow concrete block 预制空心混凝土块precast reinforced concrete framed support 钢筋混凝土支架precast vermiculite concrete预制蛭石混凝土precast-concrete sheet-pile 预制混凝土板桩premixed concrete预拌混凝土prepacked aggregate concrete预填骨料灌浆混凝土prepacked concrete预填集料混凝土prepakt concrete压浆混凝土preplaced-aggregate concrete灌浆混凝土pressed concrete压制混凝土prestressed concrete预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bar 预应力混凝土芯棒prestressed concrete beam 预应力混凝土梁prestressed concrete bridge 预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete drilled caisson 预应力管柱prestressed concrete pavement 预应力混凝土路面prestressed concrete pipe 预应力混凝土管prestressed concrete reactor vessel(PCRV) 预应力混凝土反应堆容器prestressed concrete steel wire strand 预应力混凝土结构用钢绞线prestressed concrete tank 预应力混凝土蓄液池prestressed concrete tower 预应力混凝土塔prestressed concrete wire(P.C.wire) 预应力钢丝prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete tie 预应力混凝土轨枕prestressed-concrete cylinder 预应力混凝土管柱prestressed-concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩pretensioned concrete先张法混凝土pumice concrete浮石混凝土pumiceous concrete浮石混凝土pump concrete泵浇混凝土; 泵送混凝土quaking concrete软混凝土; 塑性混凝土quality concrete优质混凝土quality concrete production 优质混凝土生产radiation-shielding concrete防射线混凝土rammed concrete夯实混凝土rate of concrete placement 混凝土浇筑速率Raymond concrete pile 雷蒙德混凝土桩; 雷蒙式桩ready-mixed concrete预拌混凝土refractory concrete耐火混凝土refractory concrete block 耐火混凝土砌块refractory insulating concrete耐火隔热混凝土reinforced aerated concrete lintel 钢筋加气混凝土过梁reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土; 钢筋水泥reinforced concrete arch 钢筋混凝土拱reinforced concrete beam 钢筋混凝土梁reinforced concrete bolt 钢筋砂浆锚杆reinforced concrete bridge 钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete buttressed dam 钢筋混凝土支墩坝reinforced concrete chimney 钢筋混凝土烟囱reinforced concrete column 钢筋混凝土柱reinforced concrete construction 钢筋混凝土构造; 钢筋混凝土建筑reinforced concrete dam 钢筋混凝土坝reinforced concrete dock 钢筋混凝土船坞reinforced concrete draught tube 钢筋混凝土尾水管reinforced concrete drill 钢筋混凝土钻reinforced concrete flat slab floor 钢筋混凝土无梁楼盖reinforced concrete floor 钢筋混凝土楼盖reinforced concrete flume 钢筋混凝土渡槽; 钢筋砼渡槽reinforced concrete foundation 钢筋混凝土基础reinforced concrete frame 钢筋混凝土构架reinforced concrete frame structure 钢筋混凝土框架结构reinforced concrete gate 钢筋混凝土闸门reinforced concrete girder 钢筋混凝土梁reinforced concrete grill 钢筋混凝土格子reinforced concrete member 钢筋混凝土构件reinforced concrete pavement 钢筋混凝土路面reinforced concrete penstock 钢筋混凝土压力水管reinforced concrete pier 钢筋混凝土闸墩reinforced concrete pile 钢筋混凝土桩reinforced concrete pipe 钢筋水泥管reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) 钢筋混凝土管reinforced concrete pole 钢筋混凝土电杆reinforced concrete pressure pipe 钢筋混凝土压力水管reinforced concrete radial gate 钢筋混凝土弧形闸门reinforced concrete retaining wall 钢筋混凝土挡土墙reinforced concrete road 钢筋混凝土路reinforced concrete sector gate 钢筋混凝土扇形闸门reinforced concrete sewer pipe 钢筋混凝土排水管reinforced concrete shear wall 钢筋混凝土剪力墙reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩reinforced concrete skeleton frame 钢筋混凝土骨架reinforced concrete slab 钢筋混凝土板reinforced concrete sleeper 钢筋混凝土轨枕reinforced concrete spiral casing 钢筋混凝土蜗壳reinforced concrete stairs 钢筋混凝土楼梯reinforced concrete storage 钢筋混凝土油罐reinforced concrete structure 钢筋混凝土结构reinforced concrete structure regulations 钢筋混凝土结构规范reinforced concrete surge tank 钢筋混凝土调压塔reinforced concrete tie rod 钢筋混凝土拉杆reinforced concrete wall panel 钢筋混凝土墙板reinforced concrete works 钢筋混凝土工程remixed concrete复拌混凝土; 二次搅拌的混凝土revolving-drum concrete mixer 转筒式混凝土搅拌机ribbed concrete floor 肋形混凝土楼盖rich concrete富混凝土; 水泥含量高的混凝土; 多水泥混凝土rockfill dam with concrete facing 混凝土斜墙堆石坝rolled concrete碾实混凝土rose concrete玫瑰凝结物rotary drum concrete mixer 转筒式混凝土搅拌机rough concrete未修整混凝土roughening concrete surface 混凝土毛面round concrete bar 混凝土用圆钢rubbed concrete磨面混凝土rubble concrete毛石混凝土; 块石混凝土sacked concrete revetment 袋装水下混凝土护岸sand and gravel concrete砂砾石混凝土sawdust concrete锯末混凝土; 锯末混凝土; 木屑混凝土sealing concrete封混凝土self-stressing concrete自应力混凝土shielding concrete防护用混凝土shock concrete振捣混凝土shrink-mixed concrete缩拌混凝土simplex concrete pile 单纯混凝土桩slag concrete矿渣混凝土; 炉渣混凝土slag concrete block 矿渣混凝土彻块slip-form concrete paver 滑模混凝土摊铺机sodium silicate concrete水玻璃混凝土soil concrete掺土混凝土solid concrete beam 实心混凝土梁sound-insulating concrete隔音混凝土sound-proof concrete隔音混凝土sprayed concrete喷射混凝土stamped concrete捣固混凝土stationary concrete pump 固定式混凝土泵steam curing of concrete蒸汽养护混凝土steel concrete钢筋混凝土steel concrete composite girder 钢筋混凝土合成梁steel concrete sleeper 钢筋混凝土轨枕steel cone concrete column 钢心混凝土柱steel fiber reinforced concrete钢纤维混凝土steel framed reinforced concrete column 钢骨钢筋混凝土柱steel-concrete composite girder 钢材混凝土组合梁steel-lined concrete pipe 钢板衬砌混凝土管steel-shelled concrete pile 钢壳混凝土桩steel-troweled concrete钢镘抹面混凝土stiff concrete稠混凝土stiff consistency concrete干硬性混凝土stone concrete块石混凝土stone pockets of concrete混凝土蜂窝状气孔string-wire concrete钢弦混凝土strong concrete高强度混凝土; 高强混凝土structural concrete结构混凝土structural light-weight concrete轻质结构混凝土structural lightweight concrete轻结构混凝土subaqueous concrete水底混凝土sulphur concrete硫磺混凝土Syringa amurensis concrete白丁香浸膏tamped concrete捣实混凝土tank concrete pad 油罐混凝土基座tar concrete柏油混凝土theoretical mix of concrete混凝土理论配合比tied concrete column 混凝土系柱tilting drum concrete mixer 倾卸式滚筒混凝土搅拌机trass concrete火山灰混凝土truck-concrete mixer 混凝土搅拌车truck-mixed concrete拌和车拌制的混凝土two-course concrete pavement 双层混凝土路面two-way concrete slab 双向钢筋; 双向钢筋混凝土板two-way reinforced concrete双向配筋混凝土two-way reinforced concrete slab 双向钢筋混凝土板ultrasonic concrete tester (UCT) 超声波混凝土测试仪under-water concrete mix 水下混凝土混合料undercured concrete欠养护混凝土underwater concrete水下混凝土unhardened concrete未硬结混凝土unprotected concrete pad 无防护的混凝土发射坪unrammed concrete未捣实混凝土; 未夯实混凝土unreinforced concrete无筋混凝土unsaturated polyester concrete equipment 不饱和聚酯混凝土设备unset concrete未凝结混凝土unsteamed concrete非蒸养混凝土unworkable concrete不易浇筑的混凝土vacuum concrete真空吸水处理混凝土vacuum processed concrete真空处理混凝土vacuum-concrete process 真空混凝土法vacuum-treated concrete真空处理的混凝土vermex concrete隔音混凝土vibrated concrete振捣过的混凝土; 振捣混凝土vibrating concrete float 混凝土表面振捣; 混凝土振平器vibrocast concrete振捣混凝土volume method of concrete mix design 混凝土体积比设计法water cured concrete湿养护混凝土water-cured concrete水养护混凝土water-tight concrete防水混凝土; 抗渗混凝土waterproof concrete防水混凝土wet concrete塑性混凝土wet consistency of concrete混凝土塑性稠度wet-mix concrete湿拌混凝土winterized concrete plant 防寒混凝土拌合厂wire mesh concrete plate 钢丝网混凝土板wire-reinforced concrete钢丝加劲混凝土wood-cement concrete slab 木屑砂浆板wooden concrete composite beam 木材混凝土混合梁wooden concrete form 木制混凝土模板。

混凝土工程 concrete works 一、材料袋装水泥 bagged cement散装水泥 bulk cement砂 sand骨料 aggregate商品混凝土 commercial concrete现浇混凝土 concrete-in-situ预制混凝土 precast concrete预埋件 embedment（fit 安装）外加剂 admixtures抗渗混凝土 waterproofing concrete 石场 aggregate quarry垫块 spacer二、施工机械及工具搅拌机 mixer振动器vibrator电动振动器 electrical vibrator振动棒vibrator bar抹子（steel wood） trowel磨光机 glasser混凝土泵送机 concrete pump橡胶圈 rubber ring夹子 clip混凝土运输车 mixer truck自动搅拌站 auto-batching plant输送机 conveyor塔吊 tower crane汽车式吊车 motor crane铲子 shovel水枪 jetting water橡胶轮胎 rubber tires布袋 cloth-bags塑料水管 plastic tubes喷水雾 spray water fog三、构件及其他专业名称截面尺寸 section size（section dimension）混凝土梁 concrete girder简支梁 simple supported beam挑梁 cantilever beam悬挑板 cantilevered slab檐板eaves board封口梁 joint girder翻梁 upstand beam楼板floor slab空调板 AC board飘窗 bay window（suspending window）振捣 vibration串筒 a chain of funnels混凝土施工缝 concrete joint水灰比ratio of water and cement砂率 sand ratio大体积混凝土 large quantity of pouring混凝土配合比 concrete mixture rate混凝土硬化 hardening of concrete(in a hardening process 硬化中)规定时间 regulated period质保文件 quality assurance program设计强度 design strength永久工程 permanent works临时工程 temporary works四、质量控制及检测不符合规格的 non-standard有机物 organic matters粘土 clay含水率 moisture content（water content）中心线 central line安定性 soundness （good soundness 优良的安定性）坍落度 slump (the concrete with 18mm±20mm slump)混凝土养护 concrete curing标养混凝土试件 standard curing concrete test sample同条件混凝土试件 field-cure specimen收缩 shrinkage初凝时间 initial setting time终凝时间 final setting time成品保护 finished product protection混凝土试件 concrete cube偏心受压 eccentric pressing保护层 concrete cover孔洞 hole裂缝 crack蜂窝 honeycomb五、句子1，Usually we control the cement within 2% 我们将水泥的误差控制在2%2，Are there any pipe clogging happened during the concreting?浇筑混凝土中有堵管现象吗？3，Will the pipe be worn out very fast？管道磨损很快吗？4，This embedment is fixed at 1500mm from the floor and 350mm from the left edge of the column. Would you measure the dimension by this meter?预埋件的位置在地面上1500mm，离柱边350mm。

混凝土相关词语中英文对照Al AbramsAbrams cone—Abrams圆筒(坍落度筒)Abrams law—Abrams定则l Admixture—外加剂→化学外加剂l Aggregate—骨料Absorption of water—吸水率Alkali-carbonate reaction—碱-碳酸盐反应Chloride—氯化物Clay—黏土combination of—结合criteria of acceptance—接受准则frost resistance—抗冻性grading—级配Los Angeles test—洛杉矶实验Maximum size and water requirement—最大粒径和需水量Mechanical properties—力学性能Moisture—含水率organic substance—有机杂质porosity—孔隙率sieve analysis—筛分分析S.S.D.—饱和面干sulphate—硫酸盐water requirement—需水量l Aggressive CO2—侵蚀介质CO2l Alite—阿利特l Ammonium salts—铵盐l Amorphous silica—无定形二氧化硅l ASR Alkali-silica-reaction in aggregate—骨料中的碱-硅反应: Bl Belite—贝利特l Blast furnace cement—矿渣水泥l Bleeding—泌水concrete in floor—地板混凝土grout—水泥浆influence of steel bond—钢筋粘结的影响influence of transition zone—过渡区的影响mortar—砂浆l BolomeyCl Capillary porosity—毛细管孔隙率l Capillary pressure—毛细管压力l Carbonation—碳化l Characteristic strength—特征强度l Chemical admixtures一化学外加剂Air entraining agents(AEA)—引气剂use in shotcrete—在喷射混凝土中的应用ASR inhibitor—碱-硅反应抑制剂Corrosion inhibitors—防腐剂Classification—分类Hardening accelerators—促硬剂Hydrophobic admixtures—防水剂High-range water reducers superplasticizers—高效减水剂(超塑化剂)Retarders—缓凝剂Setting accelerators—促凝剂Use in shotcrete—用于喷射混凝土中Silanes—硅烷Shrinkage-reducing admixtures—减缩剂SRA→Shrinkage-reducing admixturesSuperplasticizers—高效减水剂（超塑化剂）Mechanism of action of—作用机理Slump loss/retention—坍落度损失/保持Multifunctional—多功能的Use in shotcrete—用于喷射混凝土中Use to increase strength/durability—用于提高强度/耐久性Use to reduce cement—用于减少水泥Use to increase workability—用于提高工作性Viscosity modifying agents—黏度调节剂VMA→Viscosity modifying agentsWater-reducers—减水剂l Cement—水泥Norms—标准Set regulator—调凝剂Setting—凝结Strength—强度l Chloride—氯化物Diffusion—扩散l Compactability—密实性l Compacting factor—密实系数l Composite cement—复合水泥l Composite Portland cement—复合硅酸盐水泥l Concrete—混凝土Deterioration—劣化Manufacture—生产Placing—浇筑Prestressed—预应力Reinforced—增强l Corrosion of reinforcement—钢筋的腐蚀Promoted by carbonation—碳化引起Promoted by chloride—氯化物引起l Cracking—开裂l Creep—徐变Basic—基本Drying—干燥Influence of creep on drying shrinkage—徐变对干缩的影响Prediction of creep in concrete structures—混凝土结构的徐变预测l Cored concrete—混凝土芯样l Curing—养护Influence of curing on durability—养护对耐久性的影响Influence of curing on concrete strength—养护对混凝土强度的影响Membrane—薄膜Wet curing—湿养l C3A—铝酸三钙l C4AF—铁铝酸四钙l C3S—硅酸三钙l C2S—硅酸二钙l C-S-H—水化硅酸钙Dl Damage→deterioration—损伤→劣化l DEF—延迟钙矾石形成l Degree of compaction—密实度In shotcrete—喷射混凝土l Degree of consolidation—密实度l Degree of hydration—水化程度l Depassivation—去钝化l Deterioration—劣化l Drying shrinkage→shrinkage—干缩→收缩l DSP一致密小颗粒混凝土l Durability—耐久性Capillary porosity—毛细管孔隙率Concrete cover—混凝土保护层Exposure classes—暴露等级Long term durability—长期耐久性El Entrained air一引气Influence on freezing—对抗冻性的影响Influence on strength—对强度的影响l Entrapped air—夹杂气体l Ettringite—钙矾石Primary—一次Secondary—二次l Expansive agents→Shrinkage compensating concrete—膨胀剂→收缩补偿混凝土Fl Fibre-inforced concrete ( FRC )—纤维增强混凝土Application of FRC一纤维增强混凝土的应用Crack-free concrete一无裂缝混凝土Toughness of concrete—混凝土的韧性Impact strength—冲击强度In shotcrete—喷射混凝土Metallic fibre—金属纤维Polymer mini-fibre—聚合物微纤维Polymer macro-fibre—聚合物大纤维Polymer structure PVA fibres—聚合物结构聚乙烯醇纤维l Fictitious thickness一虚拟厚度l Fire endurance of concrete一混凝土的耐火性Behavior of concrete during fire一混凝土在火中的行为Behavior of high-strength concrete during fire—高强混凝土在火中的行为Influence of the aggregate—骨料的影响Influence of the concrete cover—混凝土保护层的影响Influence of the metallic fibres一金属纤维的影响Influence of the loading in service一服役荷载的影响Influence of the polymeric fibres—聚合物纤维的影响l Fly ash—粉煤灰Beneficiation—选矿l Freezing and thawing一冻融l Füllerl Füller&Thompson→FüllerGl GGBFS→slag—磨细粒化高炉矿渣→矿渣l Gluconate—葡萄糖酸盐l Glucose—葡萄糖l Grout—浆体l Gypsum—石膏Hl Heat—热Cracking due to thermal gradients—温度梯度诱发开裂Of hydration—水化热l Hydration—水化Of aluminates—铝酸盐的水化Of silicates—硅酸盐的水化l High-Performance Concrete—高性能混凝土l High Strength Concrete—高强混凝土l Hooke law—Hooke定律Kl Kiln一烧窑Ll Leaching—析浆l Lightweight concrete—轻混凝土Glassification—分类Expanded clay—陶粒Lightweight aggregate—轻骨料In the Rome Pantheon—罗马万神殿Natural lightweight aggregate(pumice)—天然轻骨料(浮石) Shrinkage—收缩Structural—结构的Precast L. C—预制轻混凝土SCC L. C—自密实轻混凝土Structural L. C for ready-mixed concrete—预拌结构轻混凝土l Lignosulphonate—木素磺酸盐l Lime—石灰l Limestone—石灰石Blended cement一混合水泥l Lyse rule—Lyse准则Ml Magnesium salts—镁盐l Mass concrete—大体积混凝土l Mix design—配合比设计l Modulus—模数Of elasticity—弹性模量Of fineness一细度模数l Mill一磨机l Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator一市政固体废物焚烧炉Pl Passivation—钝化l Permeability—渗透性l Pop-out一凸起l Porosity—孔隙率Capillary—毛细管孔隙Capillary porosity and strength—毛细管孔隙率与强度Capillary porosity and elastic modulus—毛细管孔隙率与弹性模量Capillary porosity and permeability—毛细管孔隙率与渗透性Capillary porosity and durability—毛细管孔隙率与耐久性Gel—凝胶Macroporosity—大孔孔隙率l Portland cement—硅酸盐水泥Blended cements一混合水泥European norm—欧洲标准Ferric一铁相Manufacture—生产White—白色l Powers—能源l Pozzolan一火山灰Activity—活性Industrial—工业的l Pozzolanic cement一火山灰水泥l Precast concrete—预制混凝土Steam curing—蒸养l Prescriptions on concrete structures—混凝土结构的质量要求Concrete composition prescriptions—混凝土组成的质量要求Concrete performance prescriptions—混凝土性能的质量要求Contractor prescriptions一对承包商的要求Rl Reactive Powder Concrete一活性粉末混凝土l Recycled concrete一再生混凝土Process of manufacturing recycled aggregate (RA)一再生骨料的加工工艺Properties of RA一再生骨料的性能Contaminant products—污染物Density of RA一再生骨料的密度Water absorption—吸水率Properties of concrete with RA—含有再生骨料混凝土的性能l Relaxation—松弛l Retempering—重拌合Sl Segregation—离析l SCC→Self-Compacting Concrete—自密实混凝土l Self-Compacting Concrete—自密实混凝土Architectural一装饰High strength—高强Mass concrete—大体积混凝土Lightweight concrete—轻混凝土Shrinkage-compensating—收缩补偿l Setting—凝结l Shrinkage—收缩Drying shrinkage—干缩Influence of aggregate on drying shrinkage一骨料对干缩的影响Influence of high range water reducers on drying shrinkage—高效减水剂对干缩的影响Influence of workability on drying shrinkage一工作性对干缩的影响Prediction of drying shrinkage in concrete structures—混凝土结构干缩的预测Plastic shrinkage—塑性收缩Standard shrinkage—标准收缩l Shrinkage-compensating concrete—收缩补偿混凝土Expansive agents—膨胀剂Combined use of SRA and expansive agents—减缩剂和膨胀剂的结合应用Lime-based expansive agents—石灰基膨胀剂Sulphoaluminate-based expansive agents—硫铝酸盐基膨胀剂Application of shrinkage compensating concrete—补偿收缩混凝土的应用Joint-free architectural buildings—无缝装饰建筑Joint-free industrial floor一无缝工业地板Repair of damaged concrete structures—损坏混凝土结构的修补Expansion of specimen vs. that of structure—试件的膨胀与结构的膨胀Restrained expansion—约束膨胀SCC shrinkage-compensating concrete—自密实收缩补偿混凝土l Shotcrete—喷射混凝土ACI recommendations—ACI建议Bond of shotcrete. to substrate—喷射混凝土与基层的粘结Chemical admixtures in—喷射混凝土的化学外加剂Alkali-free accelerators—无碱促进剂Sodium silicate accelerators—硅酸钠促进剂Composition of一喷射混凝土组成Fibres in—喷射混凝土的纤维High performance—高性能喷射混凝土Influence of steel bars on—配筋的影响Mineral additions in—矿物掺合料Nozzelman喷枪操作工Rebound—回弹l Sieve analysis—筛分l Silica fume—硅灰Silica fume in high strength concrete—高强混凝土中的硅灰l Slag—矿渣Cement—矿渣水泥l Slump—坍落度Slump loss—坍落度损失l SRA→Shrinkage Reducing Admixture in Chemical Admixtures-一化学外加剂中的减缩剂l Standard deviation一标准差l Steam curing—蒸养l Steel-concrete bond—钢筋-混凝土的粘结l Strength—强度Characteristic一特征强度Class of cement—水泥的强度等级Class of concrete一混凝土的强度等级Compressive—抗压强度DSP concrete—细颗粒密实混凝土Flexural—抗折强度High-strength concrete—高强混凝土Influence of compaction on一密实性对强度的影响Influence of cement on concrete一水泥对混凝土强度的影响Influence of temperature on concrete—温度对混凝土强度的影响Influence of transition zone on—过渡区对强度的影响Of cement paste—水泥浆的强度Of cored samples一芯样的强度Of specimens—试件的强度Standard deviation—标准差Tensile—抗拉强度l Stress—应力Compressive—压应力Flexural—弯曲应力Tensile一拉应力l Sulphate attack—硫酸盐侵蚀l Superplsticizer→Chemical. admixtures—超塑化剂(高效减水剂)→化学外加剂Tl Temperature—温度Influence of temperature on concrete strength—温度对强度的影响Influence of temperature on site organization—温度对现场浇筑的影响Placing in summer time一夏季浇筑Placing in winter time一冬季浇筑l Thaumasite—硅灰石膏l Thermal gradients—温度梯度l Transition zone—过渡区Vl Vebe—维勃l Vibration—振动Wl Water—水And workability—水与工作性And strength.一水与强度Addition on job site一水的现场添加l Water-cement ratio—水灰比l Workability—工作性And consolidation—工作性与密实性。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Reinforced ConcreteConcrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concreteproduced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations:1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration.2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function.A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape and texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.4. Low maintenance.Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used forsurfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are very widely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include:1. Low tensile strength.The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage.2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction.3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume.The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel.4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled,and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads.In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements.Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the traditional equations derived in a course in strength of materials for homogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations.A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability.Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because unreinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and failssuddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design.A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction.Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.The second type of code, called a building code, is established to cover construction in a given region, often a city or a state. The objective of a building code is also to protect the public by accounting for the influence of the local environmental conditions on construction. For example, local authorities may specify additional provisions to account for such regional conditions as earthquake, heavy snow, or tornados. National structural codes genrally are incorporated into local building codes.The American Concrete Institute ( ACI ) Building Code covering the design of reinforced concrete buildings. It contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced concrete manufacture, design, and construction. It includes specifications on quality of materials, details on mixing and placing concrete, design assumptions for the analysis of continuous structures, and equations for proportioning members for design forces.All structures must be proportioned so they will not fail or deform excessively under any possible condition of service. Therefore it is important that an engineer use great care in anticipating all the probableloads to which a structure will be subjected during its lifetime.Although the design of most members is controlled typically by dead and live load acting simultaneously, consideration must also be given to the forces produced by wind, impact, shrinkage, temperature change, creep and support settlements, earthquake, and so forth.The load associated with the weight of the structure itself and its permanent components is called the dead load. The dead load of concrete members, which is substantial, should never be neglected in design computations. The exact magnitude of the dead load is not known accurately until members have been sized. Since some figure for the dead load must be used in computations to size the members, its magnitude must be estimated at first. After a structure has been analyzed, the members sized, and architectural details completed, the dead load can be computed more accurately. If the computed dead load is approximately equal to the initial estimate of its value ( or slightly less ), the design is complete, but if a significant difference exists between the computed and estimated values of dead weight, the computations should be revised using an improved value of dead load. An accurate estimate of dead load is particularly important when spans are long, say over 75 ft ( 22.9 m ), because dead load constitutes a major portion of the design load.Live loads associated with building use are specific items of equipment and occupants in a certain area of a building, building codes specify values of uniform live for which members are to be designed.After the structure has been sized for vertical load, it is checked for wind in combination with dead and live load as specified in the code. Wind loads do not usually control the size of members in building less than 16 to 18 stories, but for tall buildings wind loads become significant and cause large forces to develop in the structures. Under these conditions economy can be achieved only by selecting a structural system that is able to transfer horizontal loads into the ground efficiently.钢筋混凝土在每一个国家，混凝土及钢筋混凝土都被用来作为建筑材料。

混凝土结构中英文词汇（上）上册：立方体抗压强度cube s trength 极限状态limit s t at e ultim ate st ate预制混凝土pr efabricat ed concret e 现浇混凝土Cast-in-s itu concr ete预应力混凝土pr es tressed concr ete 设计基准期design refer ence per iod设计使用年限design wo rking life 收缩shrinkage双筋梁doubly r einfo r ced section 轴心受压柱axially loaded column偏心受压柱eccentrically loaded column 偏心距eccentricity 恒荷载permanent load o r dead l oad 活荷载variable load o r live load组合系数co mbinatio n r educt io n fact o r准永久值系数quasi-pe rm anent reducing coefficient结构重要性系数coefficient of s tructural impo rtance 界限配筋balanced r einfo r cement超筋over-reinfo r ced 适筋under-reinfo r ced等效应力矩形equivalent s tress block 最小配筋率minimu m st eel r atio 最大配筋率balanced s t eel r atio 截面有效高度effect ive dept h双筋梁doubly r einfo r ced sect ion T形截面翼缘flangeT形截面腹板web 有效翼缘宽度effective flange width主压应力迹线tr aject o ries of the pr incipal co m pressive s tress 斜裂缝diagonal cr ack腹筋transver se r einfo r cem e nt; web r einfo r cem ent 箍筋ties o r stirrups弯起钢筋inclined bar s bent-up bar s 斜拉破坏diagonalsplitting剪压破坏shear co mpr ession 斜压破坏diagonal co m pression 剪跨比shear span r atio 名义剪跨比gener alized shear span配箍率transver se tie r atio 材料弯矩抵抗图diagr am of bending resis t ance不需要面cut-o ff sect io n 充分利用面fully-developed section 充分利用点fully usable point of bar理论截断点t heo r etical cutting point of bar实际截断点r eal cutting point of bar锚固长度ancho r age length 绑扎搭接binding lapped splice 钢筋表bar schedule 连接区段connection sect o r肋梁楼板结构girder-beam-s lab structural sys t em现浇楼板cas t-in-place slab 预应力楼板pr e-cast slab刚度r igidity 弯矩包络图m o m ent envelope diagr am;ultimat e m o m ent diagram剪力包络图shear envelope diagr am塑性铰plas t ic hinge无梁楼盖flat slab塑性内力重分布法plas t ic r edis tribution of s tresses analysis m et hod弯矩调幅法t he m ethod of amplitude m odulation fo r bending m o m ent CHAPTER 1Plain Concr ete 素混凝土，Reinfo r ced Concr ete 钢筋混凝土，Pr estr essed Concr ete 预应力混凝土，r einfo r cement s t eel bar钢筋（也有人直接用bar,fiber），Po rtland cem ent波特兰水泥Light-weight concr ete 轻质混凝土，high-s trength concret e 高强混凝土，Fiber r einfo r cedconcr ete（FRC）纤维混凝土load 荷载，span 跨径，s tr ain 应变，str ess 应力，co m pression 压力，t ension 拉力，m o m ent弯矩，t o r sion 扭矩，扭转thermal expansion coefficient s 热膨胀系数，co rrosion pr o t ection 防腐蚀，Fir e r esis t ance耐火，hollow floo r空心楼板，wall 墙面，girder主梁，beam横梁，column 柱，foo ting 基础allowable s tress design m et hod 允许应力法，ultimat e s trength design method 极限强度设计法，limit s t at e design m et hod 极限状态设计法，co m posit e s truct ure 混合结构CHAPTER 2sm oo t h bar光圆钢筋，defo rm ed bar螺纹钢筋，ho t r olled bar热轧钢筋，cold dr awn bar冷拉钢筋，st eel wires 钢绞线，heat tr eat ed s t eel bar热处理钢筋stress-s train curve 应力应变曲线，yield plat eau 屈服平台defo rmation 变形，deflection 挠度，yield s tr ength 屈服强度，ultimat e strength 极限强度，ductility 韧性，har dening 强化，cold dr awn 冷拉，t empering treatm ent 回火，quenching tr eatment淬火fatigue 疲劳，shrinkage 收缩，cr eep 徐变，cr ack 开裂,cr ush 压溃wat er-cem ent ratio 水灰比cubic co mpr essive s tr ength 立方体抗压强度，pris m atic co m pressive strength 棱柱体抗压强度elas ticity m odulus 弹性模量（杨氏模量），secant m odulus 割线模量，t angent m odulus 切线模量，shear m odulus 剪切模量，poisso n’s r atio 泊松比uniaxial t ension 单轴拉伸，biaxial loading 双轴加载，triaxial loading 三轴加载CHAPTER 3bond 粘结，ancho r age 锚固，bar splicing 钢筋搭接，splitting 撕裂，cr ush 压溃，pull-o ut failure 刮出式破坏splice length 搭接长度，em bedded length 埋置长度，developm ent length 锚固长度shape coefficient外形系数ribs 钢筋肋CHAPTER 4axial load 轴向加载，axial t ension 轴向拉伸，axial co mpr ession 轴向压力elas ticity 弹性，plas t icity 塑性longitudinal bar s 主筋（纵向钢筋），s t irrup 箍筋，hanger bar架立筋，bent bar弯起钢筋brittle failure 脆性破坏，load carrying capacity 承载能力sho rt column 短柱，slender colu mn 长柱，s t ability coefficient稳定系数cr oss section 截面，cr oss-sectional dimension 截面尺寸spiral stirrup 螺旋箍筋CHAPTER 5box sect ion 箱形截面，hollow slab 空心板，T-sect io n T 形截面over-reinfo r ced beam超筋梁，under-reinfo r ced beam少筋梁，balanced-reinfo r ced beam适筋梁brittle failure 脆性破坏concr ete cover混凝土保护层minimum r einfo r cem ent ratio 最小配筋率flexure theo ry 弯曲理论，plane sect io n assumption 平截面假定neutr al axis 中性轴，coefficient系数，par amet er参数，cons t ant常数stress dis tributio n 应力分布，shear span r atio 剪跨比stress block dept h 应力区高度（受压区高度），r elative s tr ess block dept h 相对应力区高度（相对受压区高度），n o minal str ess block dept h 名义应力区高度（名义受压区高度），flexural capacity 抗弯承载能力symm etry reinfo r cement对称配筋effect ive flange width 有效翼缘宽度，flange 翼缘，web 腹板shear-lag effect剪力滞效应sim ple-suppo rted beam简支梁，continuous beam连续梁deep-bending m ember深受弯构件，deep beam深梁，tr ansfer girder转换梁，tie-reinfo r cem ent拉结筋，ho rizontal dis tributing r einfo r cem ent水平分布钢筋spacing 间距CHAPTER 6eccentricity 偏心率，second-o r der effect二阶效应ultim ate limit st at e 使用极限状态additio nal eccentricity 附加偏心距eccentricity magnifying coefficient偏心距放大系数t ensile failur e 受拉破坏，co mpr essive failur e 受压破坏larger eccentricity 大偏心，s m all eccentricity 小偏心out-plane s trength 片面外强度geo m etric centr al axis 几何中心轴CHAPTER 7shear failu r e 剪切破坏diagonal t ension 斜向拉应力shear flow 剪力流diagonal cr acks 斜裂缝，flexural cr ack 弯曲裂缝，co m pression s trut受压杆web r einfo r cem ent腹筋（抗剪钢筋）truss m odel 桁架模型sl ope angle 倾角upper end of t he cr ack 裂缝上端maximu m spacing of s tirrup 箍筋最大间距concentrat ed load 集中荷载，unifo rm load 均布荷载det ailing r equirement构造要求m o m ent envelope 弯矩包络图，m o m ent diagram弯矩图em bedded length 锚固长度point s of bend 弯起点CHAPTER 8equilibrium t o r s ion 均衡扭转，co m patibility t o r s ion 协调扭转st atic equilibrium静力平衡principal s tr ess 主应力cr acking t o rque 开裂弯曲transver se r einfo r cement横向钢筋elas t o-plas t ic m ode 弹塑性模型Plas t ic space truss design m ethod 塑性空间桁架设计方法，Skew bending design m ethod斜弯设计方法hollow sect io n 空心截面per im eter周长hook 弯钩minimum s t irrup r atio 最小配箍率dis tributio n of r einfo r cem ent钢筋分布CHAPTER 9punching shear冲切，local co m pression 局部受压two way shear双向剪切slab-column joint板柱交接点column cap 柱帽，dr op panel 托板linear interpolatio n 线形内插effect ive dept h 有效高度cr itical width 临界宽度punching shear cone 冲压椎体polar m o m ent of inertia 极惯性矩net ar ea 净面积spiral stirrup 螺旋箍筋，m at r einfo r cement钢筋网splitting 劈裂，chipping 崩裂CHAPTER 10pr es tressed concr ete 预应力混凝土pr et ensioning sys t em先张法，pos t-tensioning sys t em后张法wire 钢丝，s trand 钢绞线，t endon 钢束bo tt o m台座，cas t ing-yard 预制场duct孔道，jack 张拉，gr out灌浆，bond 粘结，unbond 无粘结frictio n 摩擦full pr es tr essing 全预应力，partial pr es tressing 部分预应力cr eep 徐变，shrinkage 收缩stress loss 应力损失gripper s 夹具，ancho r age 锚具permissible s tress 容许应力，s tret ching s tr ess 拉伸应力，effectivepr es tress 有效预应力loss of pr es tress 预应力损失，loss due t o friction 摩擦损失，ancho r age-sect io ns 锚具滑移，elas t ic sho rt ening of concret e 混凝土塑性回缩，s t eel s tress r elaxation 钢筋应力松弛，cr eep loss 徐变损失，shrinkageloss 收缩损失t endo n pr o file 钢束形状，deviation fo r ce 偏向力，curvature effect曲率效应，wobbleeffect抖动效应fixed end 固定端，t ension end 张拉端over s tret ching 超张拉curvat u r e frictio n coefficient曲率摩擦系数transfer length 传递长度，bond s tr ess 粘结应力concr ete depositing 混凝土浇注service st age 使用阶段，cons truction s t age 施工阶段Transfo rm ed ar ea 换算面积，m o m ent of inertia 惯性矩hois ting 吊装，tr anspo rting 运输dynamic fact o r动力系数or dinary r einfo r ced s t eel 普通钢筋no rm al section 正截面，oblique section 斜截面CHAPTER 11serviceability 使用性能reliability 可靠性：safety 安全，applicability 实用，dur ability 耐久deflection 挠度，cr ack width 裂缝宽度transver se cr ack 横向裂缝，plas t ic cr ack 塑性裂缝，t emper ature cr ack 温度裂缝，shrinkage cr ack 收缩裂缝，cr acks due t o r us t锈蚀引起的裂缝，cr acks due t o differ ential settle m ent 不均匀沉降引起的裂缝，l oad-induced cr ack 荷载引起的裂缝freezing-thawing 冻容，alkali-aggr egat e r eact io n 碱骨料反应st andar d value 标准值，frequent value 频遇值，quasi-permanent value 准永久值maximu m cr ack width 最大裂缝宽度cr ack co ntr o l 开裂控制bond-s lip t heo ry 粘结滑移理论，no n-s lipping t heo ry 无滑移理论flexural s t iffness 弯曲刚度__。

4 Where fresh concrete is placed on hardened concrete, a good bond must be developed.5 The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from the time of mixing through final placement, and protected after placement.。

to avoid segregation.Selection of the most appropriate technique for economy depends on jobsite conditions, especially project size, equipment, and the contractor’s experience.In building construction，power-operated buggies; drop bottom buckets with a inclined chutes; flexible and rigid pipe by pumping;which either dry materials and water are sprayed separately or mixed concrete is shot against the forms; and for underwater placing, tremie chutes (closed flexible tubes).side-dump cars on narrow-gageFor pavement, concrete may be placed by bucket from the swinging boom of a paving mixer, directly by dump truck or mixer truck, or7 Even within the specified limits on slump and water-cementitious materials ratio, excess water must be avoided.In this context, excess water is presented for the conditions of placing if evidence of water rise (vertical segregation) or water flow (horizontal segregation) occurs.Excess water also tends to aggravate surface defects by increasedleakage through form openings. The result may be honeycomb, variations in color, or soft spots at the surface.8 In vertical formwork, water rise causes weak planes between each layer deposited. In addition to the deleterious structural effect, such planes, when hardened, contain voids which water may pass through.9 In horizontal elements, such as floor slabs, excess water rises and strength, low high and generallypoor quality.10 The purpose of consolidation is to eliminate voids of air and to ensure intimate complete contact of the concrete with the surfaces of the forms and the reinforcement.Intense vibration, however, may also reduce the volume of desirable entrained air; but this reduction can be compensated by adjustment of the mix proportions11 Powered internal vibrators are usually used to achieve consolidation. For thin slabs, however, high-quality, low-slump concrete can be effectively consolidated, without excess water, by mechanical surface vibrators.For precast elements in rigid external vibration is highly effective. External vibration is also effective with in-place forms, but should not be used unless the formwork is for theimpact of the vibrator.12 Except in certain paving operations, vibration of the reinforcement should be it is effective, thevertical rebars passing into partly set concrete below may be harmful.Note, however, that re-vibration of concrete before the final set, under controlled conditions, can improve concrete strength markedly and reduce surface voids.This technique is too difficult to control for general use on field-cast vertical elements, but it is very effective in finishing slabs with powered vibrating equipment.13 The interior of columns is usually congested; it contains a large volume of reinforcing steel compared with the volume of concrete, and has a large height compared with its cross-sectional dimensions.Therefore, though columns should be continuously cast, the concrete should be placed in 2-to 4-ft-deep increments and consolidated with internal vibrators. These should be lifted after each increment has been vibrated.If delay occurs in concrete supply before a beenWhen the remainder of the column isportion slightly.14 In all columns and reinforced narrow walls, concrete placing should begin with 2 to 4 inches of grout. Otherwise, loose stone will collect at the bottom, resulting in the formation of honeycomb. This grout should be proportioned for about the same slump as the concrete or slightly more, but at the same or lower water-cementitious material ratio.the same proportions of butWhen concrete is placed for walls,the only practicable means to avoid segregation is to place no more than a 24-in layer in one pass. Each layer should be vibrated separately and kept nearly level.15 For walls deeper than 4 ft, concrete should be placed through vertical. The concrete should not fall free more than 4 ft or segregation will occur, with the coarse aggregate ricocheting off thelayers after the initial layer should be penetrated by.can be beneficial (re-vibration), but control under variable jobsite conditions is too uncertain for recommendation of this practice for general use.16 The results of poor placement in walls are frequently observed:slope layer lines; honeycombs, leaking, if water is present; and, if cores are taken at successive heights, up to a 50% reduction in strength from bottom to top. Some precautions necessary to avoid these ill effects are:17 Do not move concrete laterally with vibrators18 For deep, long walls, reduce the slump for upper layers 2 to 3 in below the slump for the starting layer.19 On any placing of layers, vibrate the concrete20 Concrete should be inspected for the owner before, during, and after casting. Before concrete is placed, the formwork must be free of ice and debris and properly coated with bond-breaker oil.The rebars must be in place, properly supported to bear any traffic they will receive during concrete placing.inserts, and other items to be embedded must be inConstruction personnel should be available, usually carpenters, bar placers and other trades, if piping or electrical conduit is to be embedded, to act as form watchers and to reset any rebars, conduit, or piping displaced.21 As concrete is cast, the slump of the concrete must be observed and regulated within prescribed limits, or the specified strengths based on the expected slump may be reduced.An inspector of placing who is also responsible for sampling and making cylinders, should test slump, temperatures, and unit weights, during concreting and should control any field adjustmentThe inspector should also that handling, placing, and finishing procedures that agreed on in advance are properly followed, to avoid segregated concrete.should ensure that any construction joints made necessary by stoppage of concrete supply, rain, or other delays are properly located and made in accordancewith procedures specified or approved by the engineer.22 Inspection is complete only when concrete is cast, finished, protected for curing, and attains full strength.1混凝土适当放置的原则是：2在混合器和放置点之间的所有操作（包括最终固结和精整）期间必须避免分离。

建筑专业笔记整理大全—结构工程常用词汇-土木工程常用英语术语结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋:reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯:cranked slab stairs刚度:rigidity徐变：creep水泥:cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement梁:beam柱:column板：slab剪力墙:shear wall基础：foundation剪力:shear剪切变形：shear deformation剪切模量:shear modulus拉力：tension压力:pressure延伸率:percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress—strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝：steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载:loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度：torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝:crack屈服:yield屈服点：yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力:bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast—in—place reinforced concrete 双向配筋：two-way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩:moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件:member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁：crane beam可靠性:reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力：external force弯起钢筋：bent—up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non—reinforced concrete无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比:Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉:eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compression偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio跨中荷载:midspan load框架结构：frame structure集中荷载：concentrated load分布荷载:distribution load分布钢筋：distribution steel挠度：deflection设计荷载:design load设计强度:design strength构造：construction简支梁:simple beam截面面积：area of section浇注:pouring浇注混凝土：concreting钢筋搭接:bar splicing刚架：rigid frame脆性:brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure土木工程常用英语术语第一节一般术语1。

建筑专业笔记整理大全-结构工程常用词汇-土木工程常用英语术语结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement梁：beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙：shear wall基础：foundation剪力：shear剪切变形：shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力：tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress-strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝：steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载：loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度：torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝：crack屈服：yield屈服点：yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力：bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast-in-place reinforced concrete 双向配筋：two-way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件：member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁：crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力：external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compression偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构：frame structure集中荷载：concentrated load分布荷载：distribution load分布钢筋：distribution steel挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength构造：construction简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting钢筋搭接：bar splicing刚架：rigid frame脆性：brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure土木工程常用英语术语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

钢筋混凝土中英文资料翻译1 外文翻译1.1 Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of anystructural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructionalmethod compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.1.2 EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline.Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³ struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.1.3 Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designedfor. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions offabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) 。

SECTION: 2 第2章混凝土PART 1 GENERAL 第1节总则1 DESCRIPTION 说明All concrete work is governed by this Section.所有混凝土工程受本章的管理。

Work Included: Provide all cast—in-place concrete，complete and in place，as required by the Work，specified hereinon the drawings and specifications. 包括的工作：按照图纸上规定的工作和相关标准要求，完整而到位地提供所有现浇混凝。

RELATED WORK：有关工作1 General Requirements一般要求2 Material 材料3 Concrete Mix 混凝土配合比4 Construction Requests 施工要求1.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS：一般要求1.1.1. Concrete shall be batched only with approved materials, approved mix designs，and atapproved facilities。

只能使用批准的材料、批准的配合比设计和在批准的设施内对混凝土进行配料.1.1.2. The Contractor shall define the method of design of the mix，by reference to arecognised published design method. 承包商应通过参考认可的设计方法确定配合比设计.1.1.3. Plant trials shall be carried out for each grade and type of concrete in the contract, 你unless approved otherwise by the Engineer. 除非监理工程师另有批准，应对每种标号和种类的混凝土进行工厂试验。

土木工程混凝土论文中英文资料外文翻译文献外文资料STUDIES ON IMPACT STRENGTH OF CONCRETESUBJECTED TO SUSTAINEDELEVATED TEMPERATUREConcrete has a remarkable fire resisting properties. Damage in concrete due to fire depends on a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. Spalling cracking during heating are common concrete behaviour observed in the investigation of the fire affected structures. Plenty of literature is available on the studies of concrete based on time temperature cures. In power, oil sectorsand nuclear reactors concrete is exposed to high temperature for considerable period of time. These effects can be reckoned as exposure to sustained elevated temperature. The sustained elevated temperature may be varying from a few hours to a number of years depending upon practical condition of exposures. The knowledge on properties under such conditions is also of prime importance apart from the structures subjected to high intensity fire. Impact studies of structure subjected to sustained elevated temperature becomes more important as it involves sensitive structures which is more prone to attacks and accidents. In this paper impact studies on concrete subjected to sustained elevated temperature has been discussed. Experiments have been conducted on 180 specimens along with 180 companion cube specimens. The temperatures of 100°C, 200°C and 300°C for a duration of exposure of 2 hours 4 hours and 6 hours has been considered in the experiments. The results are logically analyzed and concluded.1. INTRODUCTIONThe remarkable property of concrete to resist the fire reduces the damage in a concrete structure whenever there is an accidental fire. In most of the cases the concrete remains intact with minor damages only. The reason being low thermal conductivity of concrete at higher temperatures and hence limiting the depth of penetration of firedamage. But when the concrete is subjected to high temperature for long duration the deterioration of concrete takes place. Hence it is essential to understand the strength and deformation characteristics of concrete subjected to temperature for long duration. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the variation in Impact Strength of concrete when subjected to a temperature range 100oC, 200oC and 300oC sustained for a period of 2 hrs, 4 hrs and 6 hrs.The review of the literature shows that a lot of research work [1 – 3] has taken place on the effect of elevated temperature on concrete. All these studies are based on time –temperature curves. Hence an attempt has been made to study the effect of sustained elevated temperature on impact strength of concrete and the results are compared with the compressive strength. The experimental programme has been planned for unstressed residual strength test based on the available facilities. Residual strength is the strength of heated and subsequently cooled concrete specimens expressed as percentage of the strength of unheated specimens.2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION2.1. TEST SPECIMEN AND MATERIALSA total of 180 specimens were tested in the present study along with 180 companion cubes. An electric oven capable of reaching a maximum temperature of 300oC has been used for investigation. Fine and coarse aggregates conforming to IS383 has been used to prepare the specimen with mix proportions M1 = 1:2.1:3.95 w/c = 0.58, M2 = 1:1.15:3.56 w/c = 0.53, M3 = 1:0.8:2.4 w/c = 0.4.2.2 TEST VARIABLESThe effects of the following variables were studied.2.2.1 Size sSize of Impact Strength Test Specimen was 150 mm dial and 64 mm thickness and size of companion cube 150 x 150 x 150 mm.2.2.2 Maximum TemperatureIn addition to room temperature, the effect of three different temperatures (100oC, 200oC and 300oC) on the compressive strength was investigated.2.2.3 Exposure Time at Maximum TemperatureThree different exposure times were used to investigate the influence of heat on compressive strength; they are 2 hrs, 4 hrs and 6 hrs.2.2.4 Cooling MethodSpecimens were cooled in air to room temperature.3. TEST PROCEDUREAll the specimens were cast in steel moulds as per IS516 and each layer was compacted. Specimens were then kept in their moulds for 24 hours after which they were decoupled and placed into a curing tank until 28 days. After which the specimens were removed and were allowed to dry in room temperature. These specimens were kept in the oven and the required target temperature was set. Depending on the number of specimen kept inside the oven the time taken to reach the steady state was found to vary. After the steady state was reached the specimens were subjected to predetermined steady duration at the end of which the specimens are cooled to room temperature and tested.ACI drop weight impact strength test was adopted. This is the simplest method for evaluating impact resistance of concrete. The size of the specimen is 150 mm dial and 64 mm thickness. The disc specimens were prepared using steel moulds cured and heated and cooled as. This consists of a standard manually operated 4.54 kg hammer with 457 mm drop. A 64 mm hardened steel ball and a flat base plate with positioning bracket and lugs. The specimen is placed between the four guides pieces (lugs) located 4.8 mm away from the sample. A frame (positioning bracket) is then built in order to target the steel ball at the centre of concrete disc. The disc is coated at the bottom with a thin layer of petroleum jelly or heavy grease to reduce the friction between the specimen and base plate. The bottom part of the hammer unit was placed with its base upon the steel ball and the load was applied by dropping weight repeatedly. The loading was continued until the disc failed and opened up such that it touched three of the four positioning lugs. The number of blows that caused this condition is recorded as the failure strength. The companion cubes were tested for cube compression strength (fake).4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS4.1 RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS. TEMPERATUREFrom Table 1, at 100°C sustained elevated temperature it is seen that the residual strength of air cooled specimens of mixes M1, M2 and M3 has increased in strength 114% for M1 mix, 109% for M2 mix and 111% for M3 mix for 6 hours duration of exposure. When the sustained elevated temperature is to 200°C for air cooled specimens there is a decrease in strength up to 910% approximately for M1 mix for a duration of 6 hours, but in case of M2 mix it is 82% and for M3 mix it is 63% maximum for 6 hours duration of exposure. When the concrete mixes M1, M2 and M3 are exposed to 300°C sustained temperature there is a reduction in strength up to 78% for M1 mix for 6 hour duration of exposure.4.2 RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS DURATION OF EXPOSUREFrom Table 1, result shows that heating up to 100°C for 2 hours and 4 hours, the residual strength of mix M1 has decreased where as the residual strength of mix M2 and M3 has increased. The residual strength is further increased for 6 hours duration of exposure in all the three mixes M1, M2 and M3 even beyond the strength at room temperature. When the specimens of mixes M1, M2 and M3 are exposed to 200°C for 2,4 and 6 hours of duration, it is observed that the residual strength has decreased below the room temperature and has reached 92% for M1 mix, 82 and 73% for M2 and M3 mix respectively. Concrete cubes of mixes M1, M2 and M3 when subjected to 300°C temperature for 2,4 and 6 hours the residual strength for mix M1 reduces to 92% for 2 hours up to 78% for six hours duration of exposure, for M2 mix 90% for 2 hours duration of exposure up to 76% for six hour duration of exposure, for M3 mix 88% up to 68% between 2 and 6 hours of duration of exposure.5. IMPACT STRENGTH OF CONCRETE5.1 RESIDUAL IMPACT STRENGTH VS TEMPERATUREFrom the table 1, it can be observed that for the sustained elevated temperature of 100°C the residual impact strength of all the specimens reduces and vary between 20 and 50% for mix M1, 15 to 40% for mix M2 and M3. When the sustained elevated temperature is 200°C the residual impact strength of all the mixes further decreases. The reduction is around 60-70% for mix M1, 55 to 65% for M2 and M3 mix. When the sustained elevated temperature is 300°C it is observed that the residual impact strength reduces further and vary between 85 and 70% for mix M1 and 85 to 90% for mix M2 and mix M3.5.2 RESIDUAL IMPACT STRENGTH VS DURATION OF EXPOSUREFrom the Table 1 and Figures 1 to 3, it can be observed that there is a reduction in impact strength when the sustained elevated temperature is 100°C for 2 hrs, 4 hrs and 6 hrs, and its range is 15 to 50% for all the mixes M1, M2 and M3. The influence of duration of exposure is higher for mix M1 which decreases more rapidly as compared to mix M2 and mix M3 for the same duration of exposure. When the specimens are subjected to sustained elevated temperature of 200°C for 2,4 and 6 hour of duration, further reduction in residual impact strength is observed as compared to at 100°C. The reduction is in the range of 55-70% for all the mixes. The six hour duration of exposure has a greater influence on the residual impact strength of concrete. When the sustained elevated temperature is 300°C for 2,4 and 6 hours duration of exposure the residualimpact strength reduces. It can be seen that both temperature and duration of exposure have a very high influence on the residual impact strength of concrete which shows a reduction up to 90% approximately for all the mixes.6. CONCLUSIONThe compressive strength of concrete increases at 100oC when exposed to sustained elevated temperature. The compressive strength of concrete decreases when exposed to 200°C and 300°C from 10 to 30% for 6 hours of exposure. Residual impact strength reduces irrespective of temperature and duration. Residual impact strength decreases at a higher rate of 20% to 85% as compared to compressive strength between 15% and 30 % when subjected to sustained elevated temperature. The impact strength reduces at a higher rate as compared to compressive strength when subjected to sustained elevated temperature.混凝土受持续高温影响的强度的研究混凝土具有显着的耐火性能。

混凝土行业中英文单词对照表1. 混凝土 Concrete2. 水泥 Cement3. 砂子 Sand4. 石子 Aggregate5. 混凝土搅拌车 Concrete Mixer Truck6. 混凝土泵车 Concrete Pump Truck7. 模板 Formwork8. 钢筋 Reinforcement9. 混凝土浇筑 Concrete Pouring10. 混凝土养护 Concrete Curing11. 混凝土强度 Concrete Strength12. 混凝土抗渗性 Concrete Impermeability13. 混凝土抗冻性 Concrete Frost Resistance14. 混凝土耐久性 Concrete Durability15. 混凝土裂缝 Concrete Crack17. 混凝土施工工艺 Concrete Construction Technology18. 预制混凝土构件 Precast Concrete Component19. 现浇混凝土 Castinsitu Concrete20. 混凝土外加剂 Concrete Admixture21. 混凝土试验 Concrete Test22. 混凝土检测 Concrete Inspection23. 混凝土修复 Concrete Repair24. 混凝土结构设计 Concrete Structure Design25. 混凝土建筑 Concrete Construction26. 混凝土框架 Concrete Frame27. 混凝土梁 Concrete Beam28. 混凝土柱 Concrete Column29. 混凝土板 Concrete Slab30. 混凝土基础 Concrete Foundation31. 混凝土路面 Concrete Pavement32. 混凝土桥梁 Concrete Bridge33. 混凝土隧道 Concrete Tunnel34. 混凝土预制件 Concrete Precast35. 混凝土配合比 Concrete Mix Design36. 混凝土坍落度 Concrete Slump37. 混凝土搅拌站 Concrete Batching Plant38. 混凝土输送带 Concrete Conveyor Belt39. 混凝土喷射 Concrete Spraying40. 混凝土装饰 Concrete Decoration41. 混凝土着色 Concrete Staining42. 混凝土雕刻 Concrete Sculpting43. 混凝土保护剂 Concrete Sealant44. 混凝土修补材料 Concrete Repair Mortar45. 混凝土表面处理 Concrete Surface Treatment46. 混凝土防滑 Concrete Antislip47. 混凝土隔声 Concrete Soundproofing48. 混凝土防火 Concrete Fireproofing49. 混凝土轻质 Lightweight Concrete50. 混凝土透水 Permeable Concrete这份对照表旨在帮助行业内的人员更好地理解和沟通混凝土相关的术语。

混凝土工程concrete works一、材料袋装水泥bagged cement散装水泥bulk cement砂sand骨料aggregate商品混凝土commercial concrete现浇混凝土concrete-in-situ预制混凝土precast concrete预埋件embedment（fit 安装）外加剂admixtures抗渗混凝土waterproofing concrete石场aggregate quarry垫块spacer二、施工机械及工具搅拌机mixer振动器vibrator电动振动器electrical vibrator振动棒vibrator bar抹子（steel wood）trowel磨光机glasser混凝土泵送机concrete pump橡胶圈rubber ring夹子clip混凝土运输车mixer truck自动搅拌站auto-batching plant输送机conveyor塔吊tower crane汽车式吊车motor crane铲子shovel水枪jetting water橡胶轮胎rubber tires布袋cloth-bags塑料水管plastic tubes喷水雾spray water fog三、构件及其他专业名称截面尺寸section size（section dimension）混凝土梁concrete girder简支梁simple supported beam挑梁cantilever beam悬挑板cantilevered slab檐板eaves board封口梁joint girder翻梁upstand beam楼板floor slab空调板AC board飘窗bay window（suspending window）振捣vibration串筒a chain of funnels混凝土施工缝concrete joint水灰比ratio of water and cement砂率sand ratio大体积混凝土large quantity of pouring混凝土配合比concrete mixture rate混凝土硬化hardening of concrete(in a hardening process 硬化中)规定时间regulated period质保文件quality assurance program设计强度design strength永久工程permanent works临时工程temporary works四、质量控制及检测不符合规格的non-standard有机物organic matters粘土clay含水率moisture content（water content）中心线central line安定性soundness （good soundness 优良的安定性）坍落度slump (the concrete with 18m m±20mm slump)混凝土养护concrete curing标养混凝土试件standard curing concrete test sample同条件混凝土试件field-cure specimen收缩shrinkage初凝时间initial setting time终凝时间final setting time成品保护finished product protection混凝土试件concrete cube偏心受压eccentric pressing保护层concrete cover孔洞hole裂缝crack蜂窝honeycomb五、句子1，Usually we control the cement within 2% 我们将水泥的误差控制在2%2，Are there any pipe clogging happened during the concreting?浇筑混凝土中有堵管现象吗？3，Will the pipe be worn out very fast？管道磨损很快吗？4，This embedment is fixed at 1500mm from the floor and 350mm from the left edge of the column. Would you measure the dimension by this meter?预埋件的位置在地面上1500mm，离柱边350mm。

混凝土行业中英文单词对照表VOCABULARY白云石消石灰粉Dolomite ground slaked lime板材Plywood饱和Saturation饱和度saturation degree 保水性water retentivity 保水性water retentivity 保水性Water retention 保水性Water retentivity 泵送混凝土concrete pumping 泵送剂pumping aid比例极限elastic limit变形Distortion变形Deformation变形系数Variable coefficient变质岩metamorphic rock标准差Standard……标准稠度normal标准粘度Normal viscosity标准粘度Standard标准粘度计Normal viscosity instrument表面活性剂surfactant表面理论Surface Theory 玻璃纤维Fiberglass薄膜烘箱加热试验film oven heating test不溶物Insoluble matter 不透水性Impermeability不透水性Water impermeability不锈钢Stainless steel 残留稳定度residual超量取代法excessreplacement 沉入量Sinking degree沉缩settlement冲击韧性Impact toughness初步配合比设计Design of preliminary mix初凝时间initial setting time初凝时间initial Setting 初始反应期initial period 粗骨料coarseaggregate 脆性Brittleness大模板large moulding大气稳定性（耐久性）Atmosphere stability大砌块Large-size block……大体积混凝土mass concrete单粒级Single Gradation单轴静态受压one-axis static compression弹性阶段Flexibility phase弹性体沥青防水卷材Elastomer bituminous sheet material刀具Tool导热系数Thermal conductivity道路石油沥青Pavement petroleum asphalt等量取代法equal replacement 低合金钢Low alloy steel低合金高强度结构钢Low-alloy and high-tensile低碳钢Low carbon steel低温抗裂性low temperature crack resistance低温柔性hypothermia flexibility地基基础foundation电炉Electric cooker冻融循环Cycles of freezing and堵漏工程caulking engineering断裂Rupture断裂温度the breakage temperature断面Cross-section堆积密度stacking density多孔基层（吸水基层）Poroussubstrate(hygroph anous beds)多孔砌块Porous block 多孔砌体Porous masonry 多孔砖Porous brick多频振幅multi frequency vibration俄滑移Slid防冻剂anti-freezing admixture防水构造Waterproof conformation防水混凝土Waterproof concrete防水剂water-repellent admixture防水卷材Waterproof sheet 防水卷材Waterproof sheet防水涂料Waterproof concrete非活性混合材料inactive沸石粉Zeolite沸腾钢Boiling steel 分层Laminate分层度Layering degree分计筛余百分率unit screening rate粉煤灰fly ash 粉煤灰fly ash粉煤灰硅酸盐混凝土砌块Fly ash concrete block粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥Portland fly-ash cement粉煤灰硅酸盐中型砌块Fly ash and silicate medium-size block 粉煤灰硅酸盐中型砌块Fly ash and silicate medium-size block 粉煤灰渣Fly ash waste 粉煤灰砖Fly ash brick 粉刷Rendering 负压筛法negative pressure sieving method附着力Adhesive force复合硅酸盐水泥composite Portland cement覆面材料Surface material 改性沥青Modified asphalt改性沥青Modified bituminous改性沥青防水材料SBS modified bituminous sheet materialSBS改性沥青防水卷材APP modified bituminous sheet material APP钙质生石灰Calcium quick干筛法dry sieving干缩dry shrinkage干缩率Dry shrinkage……甘油Glycerine杆状菌bacillus刚性防水Rigidity waterproof钢板Steel plates 钢锭Ingot钢绞线Prestressing strand钢筋steel钢筋Steel bar for concrete reinforcement(bar钢筋Steel bar for reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete高合金钢High alloy steel高级优质钢Advanced high quality steel高聚物改性沥青High polymer modified asphalt高聚物改性沥青防水卷材High polymer modified bituminous sheet material高铝水泥high-alumina cement高频振幅high frequency vibration高强混凝土high strength concrete高速搅拌velocity mixing 高碳钢High carbon steel高温稳定性high temperature stability工具钢T ool steel构件接头Component adapter骨架空隙型Framework-interstice Type骨料aggregate 骨料aggregates固体或半固体石油沥青Solid or semi-solid petroleum asphalt 光滑磨面勾缝Smooth flour-milling jointing硅粉silica fume 硅粉silica fume 硅钢silicon steel 硅酸二钙Dicalcium硅酸三钙Tricalcium silicate硅酸盐silicate硅酸盐制品Silicate products 硅铁合金Ferrosilicon过火石灰Over-burnt lime 焊接性能Welding property合成材料-胶粘剂Compound material-合成高分子材料、高聚物Synthetic polymer material,high polymer合成高分子防水材料Synthetic polymer water proofing material合成高分子防水卷材Synthetic polymer water proof sheet合成高分子卷材Synthetic high polymer sheet合金钢Alloy steel合金钢Alloy steel合理砂率Optimized Sp和易性workability和易性workability和易性workability和易性Workability黑色金属Blackness metal 烘箱Oven滑模施工sliding formwork 还原Reduction环箍效应Hoop effect环球法软化点仪Ring and ball softening point instrument缓凝剂set retarder灰砂砖Lime-sand brick灰水比C/W (water cement ratio)混合材料mineral admixture 混合砂浆Mix mortar混凝土外加剂concrete活性混合材料active admixture活性混合料Active blended materials火成岩igneous rock 火山灰Pozzolan火山灰质硅酸盐水泥Portland-Pozzlana cement火山凝灰岩volcanic tuff机械强度Mechanical strength基底材料Substrate基准本配合比的确定Ascertaining the basic mix proportion 畸变Aberration级配区grading region极限变形limiting deformation极限荷载ultimate load 技术标准T echnical加速老化试验Accelerated weathering test钾Potassium假定表观密度法Assume an apparent density间断级配Discontinuous Gradation间断型密级配Discontinuity Dense Grading减水剂water-reducing admixture剪切法向压应力shear normal pressure stress碱－骨料反应alkali-aggregate reaction碱－骨料反应alkali-aggregate reaction建筑的architectural 建筑钢材Building steels建筑石油沥青Building petroleum asphalt交通道路石油沥青heavy pavement petroleum asphalt胶浆理论Adhesive cement theory胶体结构Colloid structure 胶团Micelle焦炭coke角钢Steel angle结构钢Structure Steel结构加固Structure reinforcement结晶Crystallization 劲度模量stiffness modulus浸渍混凝土Impregnated concrete经验系数Empirical coefficient晶格Crystal lattice 晶粒Crystal grains 晶体Crystal颈缩阶段Shrunken phase静水天平hydrostatic balance聚乙烯膜Polyethylene membrane聚酯毡Polyester felt绝对体积法Absolute volume 抗冲击性能Impact-resistance 抗冻性Frost抗冻性anti-freezing抗冻性Frost-resistance 抗断裂性Breaking ability 抗腐蚀anti-corrosion抗滑性Skid resistance 抗剪强度Shearing strength 抗剪强度shear resistance 抗拉强度Tensile strength 抗拉强度Tensile strength 抗侵蚀性Anti-corrosion抗渗性impermeability抗渗性impermeability抗渗性Anti-permeability 抗碳化性Anti-carbonate抗压强度Compressive strength抗压强度compressive strength抗压强度平均值f2(设计强度)Compressive strength average f2（design strength）抗折强度Bending strength可卷曲片状防水材料Flexible sheet waterproof material可溶物Soluble matter空隙Void空隙率Voidage空心砖Hollow brick孔隙Pores孔隙率Porosity孔隙率Porosity库仑理论Coulomb theory矿物掺合料Mineral admixture矿渣硅酸盐水泥Portland Blast-furnance-slag Cement矿质混合物mineral mixture 矿质集料mineral aggregate雷氏夹法Le chatelier soundness test累计筛余百分率accumulated screening rate冷拔Cold drawn冷拔低碳钢丝Cold rolled twisted steel冷拌冷铺Cool-mixed and cool-spread冷加工Cold working 冷拉Cold drawing 冷拉钢丝Cold-drawing 冷缩cold contract冷弯性能Cold bending property冷轧带肋钢丝、钢筋Cold rolled ribbed steel wires and bars 离析Segregate力学性能Mechanical property立方体抗压强度Cubic compressive strength沥青Asphalt 沥青asphalt沥青Asphalt沥青防水卷材Bituminous waterproof sheet material沥青混合料Bituminous沥青基防水材料Asphalt concrete water proofing material沥青质Asphaltene粒化高炉矿渣granulated blast furnace slag连续级配Sequent Gradation连续型开级配Continuity Open-Graded连续型密级配Continuity Dense Grading量具Steel tool裂纹修补Crackle mending 临界荷载critic load龄期Age流变性rheological behavior流动性Mobility流动性（稠度）Mobility （consistency）流值flow value 硫化物sulphide硫铝酸盐水泥sulfoaluminate cement硫酸盐sulfate 硫酸盐sulphate硫酸盐类早强剂Sulfate hardening accelerator炉渣Furnace slag铝酸钙calcium铝酸钠sodium aluminates铝酸三钙Tricalcium aluminate铝酸盐水泥aluminous cement 氯化物chloride氯盐类早强剂Chloride hardening氯氧镁水泥magnesium-oxy-chloride cement卵石scree轮辙试验Wheel rut test 马歇尔试验Marshall test马歇尔试验Marshall test慢冷矿渣slow cooling slag 毛石砌体Rubble masonry毛细管capillaries锚固anchor煤矸石砖Coal mine waste brick煤焦油Coal tar煤沥青混合料Coal asphalt admixture镁质生石灰High-magnesium quick lime泌水bleeding泌水Bleed泌水通道bleeding path密实骨架型Dense-framework Type密实基层（不吸水基层，如石材）Densesubstrate(imhygro phanous beds)密实悬浮型Dense-suspended Type模具Mould膜Membrane磨细矿渣grounded slag 抹面砂浆Surface mortar木质素减水剂Lignin sulfonate water-reducing admixture内摩擦角angle of internal friction钠Sodium耐低温性Low temperature resistance耐久性durability耐磨钢Wear-resistant steel耐磨石料anti-friction stone耐磨损Anti-abrasion耐磨性Abrasive resistance耐热度（℃）Heat resistance ability耐热钢Heat-resistant steel耐蚀性Corrosion resistance萘系减水剂Naphthalene sulfonate water-reducing柠檬酸citric凝胶型Gel type凝结时间Setting time 牌号Codenames配合比Mix ratio配合比设计Mix Proportion Design喷射混凝土shotcrete膨胀剂expanding admixture膨胀水泥Expansion cement 疲劳强度Fatigue strength 平炉Even furnace普通钢Common steel普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary Portland cement普通混凝土空心砌块normal consistency concrete hollow普通石油沥青Ordinary petroleum asphalt普通粘土砖Fired clay brick气硬性无机胶凝材料Air hardening inorganic binding materials 砌块Blocks砌墙砖Wall bricks砌筑masonry砌筑砂浆Masonry mortar 潜伏期induction period 欠火石灰Under-burnt lime 嵌缝材料Joint material强度标准差Strength standard deviation强化Strengthen强化阶段Aggrandizement phase墙体材料Wall material墙用砌块Wall blocks亲水基团hydrophilic group亲水性Hydrophilic property氢氧化钙Calcium hydroxide轻骨料混凝土砌块Lightweight aggregate concrete block屈服比Yield ratio 屈服点Yield point 屈服阶段Yield phase 屈服强度Yield stress热拌冷铺Hot-mixed and cool-spread热拌热铺Hot-mixed and hot-spread热塑料Thermalplastic热轧钢筋Hot-roll steel人工砂Manufactured sand 韧性Toughness溶胶型Sol type溶解度Solubility溶凝型Sol-gel type熔融铁水Melt molten iron 柔度（℃）Elasticity柔韧性Flexibility柔性防水Soft waterproof 软化点Soften point软化点softening point 润湿角Wetting angle三轴剪切实验Triaxial Shear Test砂浆Mortar砂浆稠度仪Consistometer of mortar砂浆配合比设计Mix ratio design of mortar筛分析法screening method 山砂Hilly sand闪点flashing point 烧结多孔砖Fired porous 烧结空心砖Fired hollow烧结普通砖砌体Fired normal brickwork……烧结砌块Sintered block烧结砖Fired brick烧粘土sintered clay伸长率Elongation渗透性Permeability生石灰Quick lime生石灰粉Ground quick lime生铁Pig iron生铁水Molten iron声波搅拌ultrasonic vibration施工配合比Working Mix Proportion……石膏砌块Plaster block石灰乳Milk of lime石灰砂浆Lime mortar石灰石limestone石灰石质Limestone石蜡Paraffin石砌体Stonework石英石质Quartz stone石油沥青Petroleum asphalt石油沥青混合料Petroleum asphalt admixture 石油原油Crude oil时效Aging时效敏感性Aging sensitivity 实心砖Solid brick 实验室配合比Laboratory mix Proportion试件Specimen试配强度Trial strength 熟石灰Slaked lime熟石灰粉Ground hydrated lime树脂Resin树脂系减水剂Resinous water-reducing admixtures数解法 Solutions 水成岩aqueous rock 水化Hydration水化硅酸钙Calcium silicate hydrategel水化硅酸钙calcium silicate hydrate水化硅酸钙凝胶calcium silicate hydrategel水化硫铝酸钙（钙矾石）Ettringite水化铝酸钙Calcium aluminate hydrate水化铁酸钙Calcium ferrite hydrate水泥富余系数extra-coefficient of cement水泥混合砂浆Cement mix mortar水泥混凝土砌块Cement concrete block水泥砂浆Cement mortar 水泥砂浆Cement mortar水筛法water pressure sieving method水硬性hydraulicity水硬性胶凝材料Hydraulic binding materials松香热聚物rosin pyrolytic polymer松香皂Rosin soap素混凝土plain concrete速凝剂flash setting admixture塑性plasticity塑性收缩lastic shrinkage塑性体沥青防水卷材Plastomer bituminous sheet material 碎石gravel胎体Support坍落度slump坍落度Slump炭Char碳化Carbonization 碳化Carbonation碳化石灰板Carbonated lime board碳素钢Carbon steel 碳素钢Carbon steel碳素结构钢Carbon structural steel糖蜜molasses陶瓷Pottery特殊钢Special steel 特殊砂浆Especial mortar特殊镇静钢Special sedation steel特性水泥characteristic cement体积安定性Soundness 体积安定性oundness体积安定性不良poor dimensional stability体积减缩volume decrease体积吸水率Specific absorption of volume铁矿石Iron ore铁铝酸四钙T etracalcium aluminoferrite图解法Diagrammatic Method脱氧Deoxidize脱氧程度Deoxidation 脱氧剂Deoxidant外掺法adscititious维勃稠度试验Vebe Consistometer维姆稳定度法VB stability test温度收缩系数the index of temperature shrinkage温度稳定性T emperature stability稳定度Stability屋面材料Roof material吸湿性Hygroscopic细度模数fineness modulus 细骨料fine aggregate 细砂Fine sand纤维毡Felt纤维织物Fabric现浇site cast现浇混凝土deposit concrete相对含水率Relative water content相对粘度Relative橡胶Rubber消化Slaking……小砌块Small-size block小型空心砌块Small-size hollow block新拌混凝土Fresh Concrete 新拌砂浆Fresh mortar型钢Profile steel(steel section)絮凝结构flocculation structure压碎指标crushing index 延度Ductility延度prolongation养护curing氧化Oxidation氧化物Impurities氧气转炉Oxygen converter 冶炼Smelt液体石油沥青Liquid petroleum asphalt引气剂air entraining admixture应变strain应力Stress应力stress硬度Rigidity硬化砂浆Hardened mortar 用水量Water dosage优质钢High quality油分Oil component 游离的disassociated 有害杂质impurities 有机胺类早强剂Organic amine hardening accelerator有色金属Colored metal淤泥silt预拌混凝土premixed concrete预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete预应力混凝土prestressed concrete预应力砼用钢丝、钢绞线Steel wire and strand of prestressed concrete预应力砼用热处理钢筋Heat treatment steel of prestressed concrete预制prefabrication 预制混凝土precast concrete 云母mica早强剂hardening accelerating憎水基团hydrophobic group憎水性Hydrophobic property憎水性材料Hydrophobic material粘度Viscosity粘结力Adhesion stress 粘结性Adhesive ability 粘聚性Viscidity 粘土砖Clay brick粘性viscosity粘性Cohesion针入度penetration针入度Penetration针入度仪Penetrometer镇静钢Sedation steel 蒸发Evaporation蒸馏Distillation蒸汽养护Steam cure蒸压养护Autoclaved cure 蒸养（压）砖Autoclaved brick质量含水率Water percentage of quality质量吸水率Specific absorption of quality中、轻交通道路石油沥青medium,light pavement petroleum asphalt中合金钢Medium alloy 中砌块Medium-size 中砂Medium sand中碳钢Medium carbon steel终凝时间final setting 终凝时间final setting轴心抗压强度Prism compressive strength 铸锭Cast ingot 砖Bricks砖砌体Brickwork着色剂coloring自然养护Natural cure 组成材料ingredient。