英语翻译--汉译英2 汉英词汇比较与翻译

1.例子：现在必须采取措施来保护环境（表目的）分析：找主语－>无主语，也就是无主句。

无主语：对应英文三种句型：形式主语、there be 句型、被动句型。

形式主语:It is necessary ['nesəs(ə)rɪ] /essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l] / imperative /ɪm'perətɪv/to take/ adopt measures to protect the environment.（不定式表目的）essential, imperative。

能用高级词汇就用高级词汇。

adopt: 有两个意思，采取采纳；收养；there be 句型There is necessity [nə'sɛsəti] to adopt measures to protect the environment.被动句型(找被动句型的主语－：措施)Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment.特殊句型：是到做某事的时候了It is time to do sth.... 是到做某事的时候了It is high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.（更加地道）。

使用从句，从句使用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment确定句型、结构1)确定基准时态，能够避免犯大的语法错误比如：记叙文――一般过去时，以及他的变化议论文、说明文――一般现在时。

对照原文，首先检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的内容，是否有错译和漏译；其次，检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如：时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等，发现错误，及时改正。

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义翻译包括理解和表达两个过程。

要做好翻译，首先要对原文进行正确的理解。

但汉语和英语中都有很普遍的一词多义现象，却给理解和表达都带来了很大的困难。

一．根据词典释义选择合适的词义（略）二．根据语境选择合适的词义语义与语境关系密切。

同样的一个词，在不同的上下文里，就可能产生不同的意思。

英国语言学家Firth曾经说过：Each word is a new word in a new context (每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词)。

所以说，“多义词数量很多，但我们在语言的实际运用中，除少数歧义句外，却极少见到词的多义现象。

因为在一个具体语境中只使用多义词的其中一个义项”（傅敬民等，《英汉翻译辨析》，p10）。

先看英译汉的例子。

比如man这个词的翻译：man and wife 夫妻officers and men 官兵his man Friday 佣人，仆人man-of-war 战舰，军舰（尤指帆船）Be a man! 像个男子汉！（勇敢一些，坚强一些）另以straight为例：1. He is a straight thinker.2. Put your room straight.3. She keeps straight.4. The accounts are straight.5. They voted the straight ticket.6. She went straight home without going to the market.7. He was tall and straight and clear-eyed and dark.8. He is fairly straight with me.9. This is a very straight place.10．There are a lot of things we’ve got to get straight.11. Thanks for setting me straight.12. I believe I am thinking straight.13. He keeps a straight face.1．他的思路很有条理。

【汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文】汉英词汇比较与翻译汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文Contents Abstract 1 Key words 1 1. Introduction 2 2. The formation Causes of Chinese Neologisms 3 2.1 Neologisms from foreign languages 3 2.2 Old Words with New Senses 4 2.3 Neologisms from Chinese dialects 5 3. Features of Chinese Neologisms 5 3.1 Freshness in Time 6 3.2 Freshness in Semantic Meaning 6 3.3 transformation from Abbreviations 6 3.4 Culture Loaded 6 4. Existing Problems in Translating Chinese Neologisms into English 7 5. Strategies for Chinese Neologisms Translation 11 5.1 Literal Translation 11 5.2 Literal Translation with Adding or Interpreting 12 5.3 Transliteration 13 5.4Transliteration with adding or Interpreting 14 5.5 Diversified Translation 15 6. Conclusion 15 Bibliography: 17 An analysis of the Chinese-English of Chinese Neologisms Name: No.: English Major Foreign Languages Department Supervisor: Title: Abstract: Language is a rather open system. With the development of social life and human development, language also plays an increasing key role in serving as a mirror of social changes. Chinese neologisms can be regarded as the most active and sensitive element. Ever since recent years,Chinese language has also witnessed great changes. Such changes mainly result in the increase of Chinese neologisms.Faced with the neologisms springing up,we should properly translating them or some of them into correct and idiomatic English.It becomes an issue of how to translate Chinese neologisms idiomatically and remain cultural flavor at the same time. To cope with the cultural aspects in translation of the heavily cultural-loaded neologisms, foreinization and domestication are the most important methods. And of the two methods, which to choose is another issue. This thesis attempts to seek for the most suitable methods to get the unique Chinese culture well-known by foreign friends. Key words: Chinese neologisms; translation strategies 摘要：语言是一个相当开放的系统，随着社会生活和人类发展而不断变化。

第三章：英汉词汇对比与翻译英汉两种言分属印欧语系和汉藏语系，英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字，两者之间存在着很大的差异。

这种差异首先反映在词汇上。

与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形、和词的音律和节奏等。

3.1英汉语的词义对比与翻译说到翻译，人们自然会想到词的选择。

有人以为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了。

这是一种非常幼稚的想法。

这不仅是因为翻译牵涉到诸多非语言因素，如文化知识和科学常识等，而且还因为英语和汉语和词汇之间本身就有着很大的差别。

这种差别首先表现在词义上。

英国语言学家利奇把最广义的意义划分为七种不同的类型：外延意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反映意义、搭配意义和主题意义。

除了主题意义外，其他六种意义都与词义密切相关。

显然，词典告诉我们的主要是词的外延意义，如“土地”、“红色”、和“荷花”在英语中分别为earth、 red和 lotus flower，而它们的其他意义则不大可能作全面的反映。

可以毫不夸张地说，除了科技词汇外，英语和汉语中几乎没有两个词在所有的意义和用法上是完全对等的。

具体而言，英汉词汇在意义上主要有以下区别：1 词汇的意义范围（semantic scope）不一样，如英语中的kill 一词和汉语中的“杀”就相去甚远。

例如：1 Japanesekilled millions of innocent people during the war.army在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。

2) Three men were killed in the accident.有三个男子在事故中丧生。

3) The engine was killed by the flood.汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。

4) Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是笑死人。

5) I’m reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。

英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程：1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ science/craft?2．中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）：严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/eleganc e. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。

钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3．中国翻译史上的论争：鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。

目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。

4．直译与意译：直译---literal translation 意译：free translation直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last---断气; go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; see Marx 见马克思;Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿: You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket直译不等于死译(dead translation):街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish直译：小鱼不吃大鱼意译：胳膊拧不过大腿试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福：直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。

汉译英主题词汇1.中国老式文化四大发明the Four Great Inventions 造纸术paper-making 火药gunpowder 指南针/罗盘compass印刷术printing 孔子Confucius孟子Mencius 思想学派school of thought关键思想the core of ideology 代表人物representative儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化Confucian culture道家Daoism 法家Legalism和尚;僧人monk 乐器musical instrumental琴棋书画guqin,game of go, calligraphy and painting笛子flute 二胡erhu古筝guzheng 鼓drum琵琶Chinese lute 中国象棋Chinese chess围棋Chinese Go 对弈play chess棋子chess pieces 棋盘chessboard中国书法Chinese calligraphy 甲骨文oracle bone script 文房四宝the four treasures of the study 毛笔brush pen 墨ink stick 砚台inkstone纸paper 笔划stroke四大名著the four masterpieces 中文Chinese character 《西游记》Journey to the West; The Money King《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Chamber; A Dream of Red Mansions 《三国演义》Romance of the Three Kingdoms<<水浒传>>Water Margin; Outlaws of the Mash《诗经》Books of Songs《史记》Records of the Grand Historian;Historical Records唐诗宋词Tang and Song Poetry; Poetry of Tang and Song Danasties 元曲Yuan opera 眀小说Ming novel一般话四声调the four tones of Mandarin Chinese对联couplet 俗语idiom词语phrase 国画Chinese (traditional) painting山水画landscape painting 写意画free sketch painting敦煌壁画Dunhuang frescoes 龙旳形象the image of dragon孔子庙Confucius Temple 黄河the Yellow River长江the Yangtze River 长城the Great Wall故宫the Imperial Palace ; the Forbidden City故宫博物馆The Palace Museum 天安门广场Tiananmen Square胡同hutong 太极拳Tai Chi文武双全be excellent both in the arts of pen and sword孙子兵法Sun Zi’s Art of War ; Master Sun’s Art of War科举制imperial examination system 状元the top scholar; champion 武术Chinese martial arts 古代兵器ancient weapon盔甲suit of armor 剑sword古玩antique 算盘abacus三百六十行all walks of life ; all kinds of jobs 铁饭碗iron bowl 礼节etiquette尊老爱幼respect the old and love the young 礼品馈赠present-giving 民间禁忌folk taboos 丧葬funeral 孝服mourning clothes纸钱ghost money 十二生肖Chinese Zodiac 鼠Rat 牛Ox 鸡Rooster梅花plum blossoms竹子bamboo 松pine 牡丹peony 莲花lotus 莲藕lotus root 中山装Chinese tunic suit中国老式服饰tradition Chinese costume 唐装the Tang suit 民间故事folk tale 寓言fable传说legend凡间human world重要文化遗产major cultural heritage 国宝national treasure 文物cultural relics 高雅艺术high/refined art才子佳人gifted scholars and beautiful ladies享有…….旳声誉enjoy a good/high reputation for被誉为be honored/crowned as 增进友谊enhance friendship 推广中国文化promote Chinese culture文化底蕴cultural deposit 文化事业cultural undertaking文化冲击cultural shock 蓬勃发展flourish文化特性和价值观national identity and value在各地差异很大vary widely from region/place to region/place增进文化旳传播promote the spread of culture丰富多彩be rich and colorful 老式美德traditional virtues尊敬老人respect the elderly 赡养父母support/take care of parents 象征意义symbolic meaning审美观/品味taste for beauty ; aesthetic taste2.中国老式节日春节the Spring Festival 除夕Chinese New Year’s Eve年夜饭the dinner on New Year’s Eve 小年minor Spring Festival 春运Spring Festival travel seasons; Chunyun period买年货do Spring Festival shopping ; buy necessity for Spring Festival 扫尘土sweep the dust 剪窗花do paper-cutting贴春联stick couplets 挂灯笼hang lanterns祭祖offer sacrifices to one’s ancestors 祭祀sacrifices烟花爆竹fireworks and firecrackers 财神the god of wealth压岁钱gift money; lucky money 包饺子make dumplings拜年New Year’s visit 阳历solar calendar天干heavenly stem 地支earthly branch闰年leap year 亲朋好友relatives and friends探亲访友pay a visit to relatives and friends大扫除thoroughly clean the house驱厄运sweep away ill fortune; get rid of bad luck清除劫难ward off evils 年画New Year Picture发红包give money in red envelopes; hand out red envelopes 欢度……the celebration of……; celebrate……. 年糕rice cake 转运have a chance of luck 春卷spring rolls春节联欢晚会Spring Festival Gala 祝愿短信blessing message 元宵节the Lantern Festival 元宵sweet dumplings扭秧歌do the Yangko Dance 舞龙dragon dance舞狮lion dance 灯谜lantern riddles龙昂首Dragon Heads-raising Day 祈雨pray for rain丰收good harvest 清明节Tomb Sweeping Day雨水rainwater 春耕the Spring ploughing扫墓attend/sweep tomb; clean the grave祭品sacrifices; sacrifice offerings 踏青have an outgoing in Spring 端午节Dragon Boats Festival 粽子Zongzi; glutinous rice pudding 赛龙舟dragon boats racing 雄黄酒realgar wine七夕Double Seventh Festival 梳妆dress and make up牛郎Cowherd 织女Weaver Maid喜鹊桥the magpie bridge 中元节/鬼节Ghost Festival河灯water lantern 中秋节Mid-autumn Festival团圆饭family reunion dinner 花灯colorful lantern月圆夜full moon 赏月enjoy the moon吃月饼have moon cake 思想be homesick重阳节Double Ninth Festival 重阳糕double ninth cake赏菊enjoy chrysanthemums 菊花酒chrysanthemum wine 寒食节Cold Food Festival 冷食cold food禁烟smoking ban; not allow to make fire 斗鸡cockfight 蹴鞠kickball; cuju 荡秋千play on a swing拔河push-and-pull; tug of war 腊八节the Laba Festival 腊八粥Laba rice porridge 腊八面Laba noodle3.中国饮食文化中国菜Chinese cuisine; Chinese food 粤菜Canton cuisine 炒stir-fry 煎fry炸deep-fry 烩/焖/炖stew蒸steam 烘焙bake切条cut to strips 切丁dice切碎mince 磨碎grind特色食品specialty 红茶black tea绿茶green tea 火锅hotpot熊掌bear paw 豆浆soybean milk馒头steamed buns 花卷steamed twisted rolls包子steamed stuffed buns; Baozi 北京烤鸭Beijing Roast Duck 4.中国老式手工艺老式工艺品traditional handicraft 绣花鞋embroidered shoes优秀民间艺术品outgoing folk arts 中国瓷器Chinese ceramics 唐三彩Tricolor-glazed Pottery of the T ang Dynasty彩陶painted pottery 材质各异various materials陶器pottery; earthenware 质地坚硬hard texture青铜器bronze ware 造型生动vivid figure雕刻carving 色彩丰富rich color玉雕jade carving 风格独特characteristic/unique style蜡染wax printing 中国织绣Chinese silk embroideries泥人clay figure 中国结Chinese knot刺绣embroidery 绣球embroidered ball5.中国演出艺术脸谱facial makeup 正面角色positive role说学逗唱speaking, imitating, teasing and singing木偶戏puppet show 说书story-telling皮影戏shadow play 杂技acrobatics客家山歌Hakka hill song 历史人物historical figure四大文明古国之一one of the four ancient civilizations 人类文明史the history of human civilization中国古代史ancient Chinese History中国近现代史modern history of China历史遗留问题a question left over from history/the past 源远流长/历史悠久with/have a long history繁华盛世a time of prosperity 古都ancient capital华夏之祖ancestors of Chinese nation 发祥地birthplace 封建朝代feudal dynasty 远古时代ancient times兴起于……,昌盛于……..emerge in……and prosper in…..原始社会primitive society 战国the Warring States春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period封建社会feudal society 印/玺seal/stamp皇妃imperial concubine 太后empress dowager诸侯Prince/duck under an emperor 宰相prime minister 士大夫scholar-officials 太监eunuch侍卫bodyguard 将军general6.旅游交通旅游景点tourist scenes 避暑胜地summer resort森林公园forest park 人文景观human landscape自然景观natural scenery 建筑architecture壮丽河山magnificent scenery 皇家园林royal garden古典山水园林classical landscape garden钟楼bell tower 鼓楼drum tower牌坊memorial archway 兵马俑Terracotta Warriors天坛the Temple of Heaven 保留最完好旳best-preserved 原址original site 国家博物馆national museum中外游客tourist from home and aboard7.地理环境版图广阔have a vast territory 省会provincial capital水域面积water area 高原plateau三面环山be surrounded by mountains on three side全长……公里stretch for…km/kilometers 植物园botanical garden 淡水湖freshwater lake 沿海港口coastal port8.医疗健康诊断diagnosis(n); diagnose(v) 偏方folk prescription祖传秘方secret prescription handed down from one’s ancestors 中医Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)救死扶伤heal the sick and rescue the dying望闻问切observing, listening, inquiring, pulse-taking 肥胖症obesity 草药herbal therapy食疗food therapy 延缓衰老slow down aging。

2010-2012考研英语（⼆）翻译重点词汇解析 2010年考研英语(⼆)翻译真题中的重点词汇： 1. sustain 相关 1)sustain v. 承受住，⽀撑;持续 例如：Hope sustained us in our misery. 在不幸中希望使我们振作起来。

2)sustainable a. 可⽀撑的;可持续的 例如：可持续发展 sustainable development 3) sustainability n. 承受(⼒ ) 例如原⽂：“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. 近来，“承受⼒”成为了⼀个流⾏词，但对特德•宁⽽⾔，他对其却有⾃⼰亲⾝的体会。

4)unsustainability n. ⽆法承受的 例如原⽂： Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life... 经历了⼀段⽆法承受的痛苦⽣活 …… 2. oriented a. 以...为导向的 例如原⽂： sustainability-oriented values 旨在提⾼承受⼒的价值观 其他例⼦：素质教育 quality- oriented education 市场经济：market-oriented economy 3. dot-com n. 互联⽹(⽤互联⽹的显著特征(.com) 代指互联⽹这个本体) 英语惯⽤修辞格，例如：明喻、暗喻、借代、提喻、拟⼈、委婉语、转移修饰语、夸张、讽刺、⽭盾修饰法等等，⼤家在阅读及翻译中要注意这些修辞格的使⽤。

4. move 熟义：v. 移动 ⽣义：n. 步骤，⼿段 例如：a clever move ⾼明的⼀招 再如原⽂： It was a really bad move... 这的确是糟糕的⼀步…… 5. dilemma n. 进退两难的处境;进退维⾕的困境 例如原⽂：his dilemma about the job translated , predictably, into a lack of sales 不出所料(predictably“可预测地”就是“不出所料”)，⼯作上的进退维⾕转换成了销售业绩不佳 2011年考研英语(⼆)翻译真题中的重点词汇： 1. roughly adv. 粗略地;⼤约 例如原⽂：roughly 2 percent ⼤约百分之⼆ 其他表⽰“⼤约”的词：approximately, about, around ,more or less, or so 注意：⽤more or less, or so 时要后置，所以 “⼤约百分之⼆” 应该是 2 percent or so ; 或者2 percent more or less 2. emit v. 放射(光、热、⾹⽓等) 例如：emit exhaust 排出废⽓ 再如原⽂：emit a great deal of heat 释放许多热量 emission n. 排放 例如原⽂：CO2 emissions ⼆氧化碳排放量 3. take a surprising roll 利⽤“仿词”的修辞格，改写⾃英语中的⼀个习语“take a heavy roll 造成损失或损害 ” ，所以 “take a surprising roll”译为造成了意想不到的危害 例如原⽂：Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. 许多⽇常⼯作对环境造成了意想不到的危害 造句练习：随地吐痰对健康造成了意想不到的危害。