C-E 3 combination and shift of category

SMS 4 / SMS 5 safety mat Product informationSafety mats are used forthe protection of man on machinery and plants with hazardous movements. Typical fields of application are, for instance, the protection of hazardous areas and surfaces on wood-processing machines, scissor lifts or punching presses.The safety mats build a uniplanar safety device, which detects the presenceof persons. If a person steps onto the safety mat, the connected safety-monitoring module will immediately stop the hazardous movement. The safety mats can be connected in line with each other in order to provide for a smooth and fast protection of hazardous areas. To this end, different standard sizes are available. Futhermore, special sizes or special shapes can be realized upon request.The SMS 4 series is connec-ted to the floor by meansof an aluminium profile and special corner sections. As a result of the beveled form of the profile, tripping hazards are avoided. The aluminium profile additionally serves as edge protection, when fork-lift trucks or other floor conveyors drive over the safety mats.In the SMS 5 series, the po-lyurethane actuating profile is directly moulded to the active surface of the safety mat.The safety mats are characterized by their very robust design and high resistance to acids, caustic solutions, oil and gasoline. In combination withthe SRB 301HC/R or SRB 301HC/T safety-monitoring modules, the safety mats meet the requirements of control category 3 to EN 954-1.SMS 4 / SMS 5 safety mats2Safety distanceThe proper arrangement of the safety mat with regard to the adjacent hazardous area mainly depends on the after-travel time of the machine and the approaching speed of the operator. The standard EN 999 (Safety of Machinery, Approaching Speed ofBody Members) provides a formula to calculate the safety distance for this connection.Safety distanceS = K x (T1 +T2) + (1200 - 0,4 H)S M inimum safety distance in millimetres, measured fromthe hazardous area to thedetection point, the detec-tion line or the protectedfieldK C onstant in millimetres per second, derived from datathrough the approachingspeed of the body or thebody member (1600 mm/s)H D istance through the refe-rence plane (e.g. the floor)in millimetres (for safetymats generally 0 mm)T1 t he maximum responsetime of the safety devicebetween the triggering ofthe perceptive element (thesafety mat) and the time,at which the safety guard(safety-monitoring module)has switched the outputsignal to the "OFF" state.T2 t he response time of themachine, i.e. the timerequired to shutdown themachine or to eliminate therisk, after the transmissionof the output signal of thesafety guardT he safety distance there-fore generally can be calcu-lated in the following way:S = 1600 mm/s x (T1 +T2) +1200 mmExample:The safety distance must becalculated with a responsetime of 142.5 ms for the ma-chine and a response time of45 ms for the safety guard.The safety mat is installed atground level.S = 1600 mm/s x (0.045 s +0.1425 s) + 1200 mmS = 1600 mm/s x (0.1875 s)+ 1200 mmS = 300 mm + 1200 mmS = 1500 mmCalculation of the safety distance to the danger point3Safety mats• Certified to EN 1760-1• Control category 3 to EN 954-1 in combination with safety-monitoring module SRB 301HC/R• Response time max. 25 ms• Robust design• High resistance to chemicals• Slip-free surface• Cascading possible• Special sizes and shapes available on request• No additional terminating resistor required • Aluminium frame and corner sections availableLegend:A: active surface • Certified to EN 1760-1• Control category 3 to EN 954-1 in combination with safety-monitoring module SRB 301HC/R• Response time max. 25 ms• Robust design• High resistance to chemicals• Slip-free surface• Cascading possible• Special sizes and shapes available on request• No additional terminating resistor required • With moulded ramp profileLegend:A: active surfaceTotal size = A + 2 x 35 mmApprovals F Approvals FOrdering details Ordering detailsSMS 4-➀No. Option Description➀Active surface 250-500250 x 500 mm500-500500 x 500 mm500-1000500 x 1000 mm750-1000750 x 1000 mm1000-10001000 x 1000 mm1000-15001000 x 1500 mm SMS 5-➀No. Option Description➀Active surface250-500250 x 500 mm500-500500 x 500 mm500-1000500 x 1000 mm750-1000750 x 1000 mm1000-10001000 x 1000 mm1000-15001000 x 1500 mmStandards: EN 1760-1Control category: 3 to EN 954-1Surface material: polyurethane, blackProtection class: IP 65 to EN 60529Ambient temperature: 0° C ……60°CFitting height: 14 mmWeight: 17 Kg / m2Actuating force: 150Nwith round body ø 80mmCable: 4 x 0.34 mm2 SMS42 pc. 2 x 0.34 mm2 SMS 5Cable length: 6mResponse time: ≤ 25 msMechanical life: >1.5 million operationsAdmissible load: 2000 N / 80 mm øInactive edge ≤ 10mmNoteChemical resistance:Water : Good10% acids: Resistant10% caustic solutions: ResistantOils: ResistantG asoline: ResistantOther on requestin preparationin preparation4SMS 4 safety mats accessoriesOrdering detailsFixing rail3000 mm long SMS 4-BS-3000Ordering detailsCorner section (1 pc) SMS 4-EVOrdering detailsRamp rail3000 mm long SMS 4-RS 3000Trim kits(Includes ramp rail and corner sections)250x500 mm SMS 4-RS 250-500500x500 mm SMS 4-RS 500-500500x1000 mm SMS 4-RS 500-1000750x1000 mm SMS 4-RS 750-10001000x1000 mm SMS 4-RS 1000-10001000x1500 mm SMS 4-RS 1000-150056Standards:IEC/EN 60204-1, IEC/EN 60947-5-1, EN 954-1, BG-GS-ET-20Classification to EN 954-1: control category 4Start conditions:automatic or start button (optionally monitored)With feedback circuit (Y/N): yes ON delay with reset button:≤ 50 ms Drop-out delay on "emergency stop": ≤ 20 ms Drop-out delay on "supply failure": ≤ 100 msRated operating voltage U e : 48-240 VAC; 24 VAC/DCFrequency range:50 / 60 HzFuse rating for the operating voltage:230 VAC version: primary side: melting fuse, tripping current >1.0 A;secondary side: internal electronic fuse, tripping current > 0.12 A; 24 VAC/DC version:internal electronic fuse, tripping current > 0.5 AInternal electronic fuse (Y/N): 230 VAC version: no 24 VAC/DC version: yes Current consumption:230 VAC version: 1.6 W; 4.2 VA 24 VAC/DC version: 1.4 W; 3.3 VAInputs monitoring: Cross-wire detection: yes Wire breakage detection: yes Earth leakage detection: yes Number of NC contacts: 2Number of NO contacts: 0Max. total line resistance: 40 ΩOutputs:Stop category 0: 3Stop category 1: 0Number of safety contacts: 3Number of signalling outputs: 1Max. switching capacity of the safety contacts: 250 VAC, 8 A ohmic (inductive with suitable protective circuit)Utilisation category to EN 60947-5-1: AC-15: 230 V / 6 A DC-13: 24 V / 6 A Mechanical life: 107 operationsAmbient conditions:Operating ambient temperature: – 25°C … + 60°C Storage and transport temperature: – 25°C … + 85°C Protection class: enclosure: IP 40, terminals: IP 20, terminal space: IP 54Mounting: snaps onto standard DIN rails to DIN EN 60715Connection type: plug-in type screw terminals min. cable section: 0.25 mm 2 max. cable section: 2.5 mm 2Weight: 230 VAC version: 340 g 24 VAC/DC version: 320 g Dimensions (height/width/depth): 100 x 45 x 121 mm Note : Inductive loads (e.g. contactors, relays, etc.) areto be supressed by means of a suitable circuitSafety mats• Safety-monitoring module for safety mats • 3 enabling contacts • 1 signalling contact • Cross-wire detection• Feedback circuit to monitor external contactors• Monitored start or automatic start • LED status indication • Plug-in terminalsApprovalsH FSRB 301HC/➀-➀No.Option Description ➀R Manual start T Automatic start ➀230 V 48-240 VAC 24 V24 VAC/DCSafety mats• Protection of a safety mat toand EN 1760-1• Start button with edge detection• Feedback circuit S to monitorthe external contactors• Series-wiring of multiplesafety mats possible• Reset button JSMSSThe wiring example is shown with the safety mat in non-actuated and de-energized condition.715 Skyline DriveTarrytown, New York 10532Tel: (914) 347-4775Fax: (914) 347-1567E-mail:**********************USA29 Centennial Road, Unit 1Orangeville, Ontario L9W 1R1Tel: (519) 307-7540Fax: (519) 307-7543E-mail:*************************www.schmersalcanada.caCanada。

23、还不具备条件1、领域domain 2、13世纪中叶the mid-thirteenth century 24、原料附加值value to raw materials 3、改朝换代,政权更迭25、上浮，上升rocket 26、因为since 4、信息时代an age of information 27、近似border on 5、宣传propaganda 28、蚊子mosquitoes 6、使…成为render...to 29、怀疑的dubious 7、北邻be bounded on the north by.30、位于lie on 8、自治区autonomous region 31、有机农场organic farm 9、平均海拔an average elevation 32、远郊the outskirts 10、隔绝的地方isolated regions 33、交通便利ease of access 11、高原plateau 34、结果，因此as a result 12、差异大differ sharply 35、绝大多数the vast majority 13、大陆性气候 a continental climate 36、更不用说much less in doing…14、相对的relatively 37、迫于be forced to 15、谷地grassland 38、用完dry up 16、勤奋的diligent 39、天经地义come naturally 17、历算ancient algorithm 40、未经开发的untamed 18、以…先进be advanced in 41、亲身体验experience…first-hand 19、能歌善舞的民族42、是…的原因be responsible for 43、生态旅游业ecotourism sector 20、拥有大量的be abounded of 44、很少的 a tiny minority of 21、等等and etc.45、希望渺茫 a hope too far 22、新的土地 a new occupation 46、辨别discerning 23、肩背和牲畜man's labor and stock 47、下降on the decline24、运输工具conveyance 48、大幅度改善生活25、引导be conducted 26、废除eliminate 49、庇护所haven27、农奴制serfdom 50、推动该地区生态旅promote ecotourism to the 28、以…为中心center on 游area 29、首次航行the first aerial navigation 51、应得的旅客visitors it deserves 30、定期航班regular flights 31、渴望be eager to 32、大自然的恩赐the bounty of the nature 1、…的术语be a term for 2、世界其他地区in other parts of the world 3、世界某一地区in one part of the world 1、自治乡autonomous township 4、发展结果the results of advances in 2、族ethnic group 5、跨国公司transnational corporation 3、简称…是simply refer to…as…6、时代era 4、土著人natives 7、监管oversee 5、重视emphasize 8、依然continue to 6、居民resident 9、与…接洽be engaged with 7、砍伐fell 10、比以往任何时候as never before8、脆弱的fragile11、迅速重大的影响9、对于…至关重要的be vital in 10、扶贫poverty alleviation 12、商品11、农村信用合作社rural credit cooperative 12、但失败了but to no effect 13、总计，等于amounted to 13、申请贷款apply for a loan 14、就资本而言as for capital 14、提前in advance 15、由于attribute…to,due to…15、利息in interest 16、一天二十四小时round the clock 16、于事无补regard…as of little use 17、资产assets 17、结合 a combination of…and…18、微不足道insignificant18、筹措资金raise money 19、in year 2000 prices 19、经济方面economically 20、自给自足self-sustaining 20、大幅减少slash 21、另一条出路an alternative 21、替代instead of 22、村民the households22、转包subcontractUNIT 3 经济发展do not yet have the facilitiesimprove one's life in anymeaningful wayan immediate and significantimpactUNIT 1 旅游观光UNIT 2 生态旅游replacements of dynastiesand central governmenta nation keen on dancing andsingingitem,merchandise,commodity,good按2000年的价格计算23、按…计算as measured by…31、纺织品textile24、迅捷的联系instantaneous communication 25、遥远的faraway 26、实现了permit 1、发动战争launch a war27、货轮vessels 2、19世纪初in the early 19th century 28、使…成流线型streamline 3、走私smuggle to29、递送delivery4、大量enormous sums of30、用集装箱装containerized shipping 5、身心健康31、6、头脑清醒的官员clear-headed officials32、20世纪后30年7、鸦片泛滥the spread of opium 8、力主禁止want to have…33、使…得以enable…to…9、任命appoint 34、移民migration 10、钦差大臣high commissioner 35、汇款remittance11、命…/交托…entrust sb. with sth.36、降低了…的成本lower the cost of…12、1839年初early in 183937、贬值lower in value 13、坚决的resolute 38、出口额volume of export14、强迫compel 39、提高效率15、投降，放弃surrender 16、10箱10 chests 17、强烈要求urge 18、开展战争wage war on 1、良好局面the upbeat situation 19、舰队fleet 2、分不开be inseparable from 20、战船battleship 3、历史性提升be enhanced historically 21、军队troops 4、22、做了充分准备make necessary preparations 23、5、得到全面发展gain overall development 6、空前活跃的阶段24、在…中举棋不定waver all along between…25、被贬去be demoted to 7、显著的prominent 26、流放到be exiled to 8、必然选择 a natural choice 27、1842年8月in August 18429、明确explicitly 28、南京条约the Treaty of Nanjing 10、战略的strategic 29、强迫be imposed 11、升级upgrading 30、停泊anchor 12、优化optimization 31、割让cede 13、范围the coverage of 32、规定stipulate 14、围绕center on 33、关税tariffs 15、日益加剧get ever fiercer 34、翌年in the following year 16、未来15年the coming 15 years 35、强迫be forced on 17、关键的时期 a crucial period 36、英国领事British consuls18、新型工业化道路37、按照英国法律审判19、38、裁判权consular jurisdiction 39、片面最惠国待遇20、强国 a strong power 40、战败defeat 21、带动作用the driving role 41、军事的military 22、自主的proprietary 42、落后backwardness 23、核心竞争力core competitiveness 43、欺凌bully 24、44、联合jointly 45、侵略战争aggressive wars 25、46、赔偿indemnity 47、租界concession 26、牢牢把握机遇grip the opportunities 48、19世纪后半叶27、利用utilize 28、培育foster 49、逐渐从…沦为…29、加快accelerate 30、培育cultivationUNIT 5 历史文化the health and moral quality24 hours a day,7 days a week 实现全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标realize the objective of building a well-off societyin an all-round way完善的产权保护体系加速现代化建设进程UNIT 4 经济合作the decadent and corrupt Qing rulers堕落腐败的清廷统治者提供坚实基础和有力保证一周七天，一天24小时over the last third of the 20th century streamline the production processeslay a solid foundation and constitute a strong a sound IPR protection systemmark the turn of sth. from…into…expedite the modernization drive try...according to Britishlawunilateral most-favored-nation treatmentin the second half of the19th centuryan unprecedentedly dynamicstagetake a new approach toindustrialization1、节日，祝贺gala 1、经济型those in the economy range2、极其重要的作用with great significance of 2、3、奥林匹克运动the Olympic Movement4、社会安定social stability 3、进口汽车imported cars5、经济繁荣economic prosperity 4、渐进的过程an evolutionary process6、改革开放5、是必要的as a matter of necessity 6、全面in an all-round way7、现代化modernization 7、价格相当will be the same price as8、综合国力national strength 8、势在必行be imperative9、申奥意向Olympic bid intention 9、销售额sales volume 10、追溯date back to 10、弥补make up for11、适当的时机when time is appropriate 11、12、1990年亚运会the 1990 Asian Games 13、经济迅猛发展12、市场份额market share 13、长期利益long-term profits 14、显著成就the remarkable achievement 14、重视attach great importance to 15、近些年来over the previous decade 15、授予grant 16、不懈努力renewed efforts 16、高度保护 a high degree of protection 17、弘扬人道主义celebrate humanity 17、事与愿违18、扩大交流expand exchanges 19、大都市metropolis 20、奥运筹备过程the lead-up to the Olympic 18、年产量annual output 21、呈现deliver 19、不及be less than 22、尤其重要to top it all 20、单一班次the single shift 23、史无前例的unprecedented21、在…鼓励下spurred on by…24、22、优惠政策the preferential policies 23、合资企业joint ventures 25、遗产legacy24、在…激励下stimulated by…26、25、激烈竞争fierce competition 26、为适应to suit 27、这与…密不可分的thanks to27、本土化localization 28、迄今为止to date 29、形成formulate 1、在…领域in the sphere of…30、在…中as of…2、缩小差距narrow the gap with 31、国内市场the domestic market 3、取得较大进展make tremendous progress 32、实质的substantial 4、组织tissue 33、锻造forge5、单倍体育种haploid breeding 34、销售中的关键因素a key selling factor6、植物细胞培养the cultivation of plant cell 35、无息贷款loans without interest 7、Bilinear hybrid rice36、数家品牌汽车several brands of cars 37、拥有私车be to own a family car 8、接近get close to 38、老百姓ordinary people 9、利用in the utilization of 39、难以解决的insurmountable problem 10、高产high-yield 40、消费信贷服务11、优质good-quality 12、强抵抗性strong resistance 41、条件严格stringent requirements 13、农作物crops 42、正式获准have official sanction to 14、单产per-hectare 43、振兴be revitalized 15、改写历史rewrite the history 44、支柱产业pillar industry 16、杂交水稻paddy-field 45、核心竞争力competitive power 17、优良品种fine variety 46、打造世界知名品牌18、国家有关部门47、在激烈竞争下19、直接面向directly gear to20、48、停止cease to49、老百姓man-in-the-street21、得到广泛应用两系法品种间杂交水稻UNIT 7 农业发展UNIT 6 体育运动the IOC Evaluation Commission 国际奥委会评估委员会for both China and sports as whole 为中国乃至世界体育事业the great potential ofeconomic growthreform and opening up to theoutside worldthings do not develop asrapidly as was hoped / do not turn out as one wishedplummet on an unprecedented scale 以前所未有的规模暴跌losses caused by price reductions 由削价引起的损失UNIT 8 工业发展the consumption creditserviceformulate world famous brandsas result of such stiff competition relevant governmentdepartmentin promoting farmers' sci-tech educationhave found extensiveapplication促进提高农民的科技素质50、共同目标common tasks 1、坚定不移地奉行unswervingly pursue 51、基础深厚前景广阔2、维护中国独立52、重视set store by 3、主权sovereignty 53、主张advocate 4、领土完整territorial integrity 54、超越surmount 5、良好的国际环境55、相互尊重respect one another 56、求同存异6、改革开放reform and opening up 7、维护世界和平maintain world peace 57、妥善解决be appropriately solved 8、促进共同发展propel common development 58、对话dialogue 9、始终坚持have all along adhered to 59、相互尊重mutual respect 10、从…中出发proceeding from 60、对抗confrontation 11、对于with regard to 61、全方位的all-dimensional12、决定立场determine its stand 62、广泛的贸易往来extensive trade relations 13、根据in the light of 63、截至2001by the end of 200114、事实是非曲直64、外商投资企业overseas-funded enterprises 65、合同资金contractual capital 15、屈从于yield to 66、总额达到…volume amount to 16、结盟form an alliance with 67、位居ranking 17、军事集团military blocs 68、谈判talk 18、反对霸权主义oppose hegemonism 69、加入accede to 19、国际社会the international community 70、切实履行责任20、协商consultation 21、诉诸于resort to 71、相互联系inter-connected 22、干涉interfere in 72、相互依存inter-dependent 23、内政internal affairs 73、政府面临挑战24、以任何借口under any pretext 74、25、强加impose…on others 75、维护金融稳定preserve financial stability 26、意识形态ideology 76、防范prevent 27、积极推动actively facilitate 77、积极参与take an active part in 28、合理的rational 78、坚定力量 a staunch force 29、认为hold 79、维和行为peace-keeping operation 30、体现give expression to 80、坚决反对be firmly opposed to 31、反映reflect 81、反恐anti-terrorism 32、普遍愿望universal aspirations 82、致力于devote itself to 33、和平共处五项原则83、推进push forward sth.84、裁军disarmanment 34、准则norms 85、防扩散non-proliferation 35、成为serve as 86、在…方面with regard to 36、愿意be ready to 87、积极致力于active efforts in 37、友好合作关系88、法制化建设enacting laws 89、严格遵守scrupulously abided by 38、互相尊重mutual respect 90、重视attach importance to 39、互不侵犯non-aggression 91、不懈努力unremitting efforts 40、互不干涉内政92、公约convention 93、签署sign 41、组成部分component 94、环境恶化worsening environment 42、外交政策foreign policy 95、资源匮乏resources scarcity 43、睦邻友好关系96、对付address 97、人口膨胀population explosion 44、历史遗留left over by history 99、毒品narcotics45、绝大多数100、国际犯罪活动猖獗rampant transnational crimes46、蓬勃发展vigorous development 47、立足点standing point 1、不可否认48、团结solidarity49、有着共同历史遭遇2、对付deal with/copy with 3、威胁threats to securitymerits and demerits of thematterthere are some undeniable new linksearnestly honor itsobligationschallenge confronting the governments UNIT 10 国际交流the five principles ofpeaceful coexistenceshare common historicexperiencesa solid foundation and aboard prospect seek common ground and shelvedifferencesfriendly relations ofcooperationnon-interference in eachother's affairsgood-neighborly relationsand friendshipthe overwhelming majority of…safeguard china'sindependencefavorable internationalenvironmentUNIT 9 对外开放4、冷战后4、被推行be launched 5、不必为…犯愁free them from worries of…5、9.11事件6、不同地方情况不同vary in different regions 7、比例portion 8、补助金subsidy 6、爆发outbreak 9、住院的hospitalized7、对…的关注in awareness of 10、使…在全省推行8、必将成为will surely become 9、在…方面in the field of 11、提前四年four years earlier 10、奠基石 a cornerstone of…12、切实certainly 11、中日Sino-Japanese 13、保护shield 12、在…方面with regard to 14、防止prevent 13、关注be concerned with 15、省委书记Party Secretary 14、达成共识reach a consensus on…16、内阁cabinet 15、致力于devote to 17、独自地solely 16、证明be demonstrated 18、居民dwellers 17、交汇点common ground/joining point 19、严重的severe 18、一衣带水20、与呼吸有关的respiratory 21、综合症syndrome 19、意味着indicate 22、引起注意awaken…attention to 20、使…成为可能make it certain that 23、流行病epidemics 21、报复retaliation 24、正致力于be vowing to 22、在一定意义上to some extent 25、小康社会23、表现reflection 24、经济大国an economic giant 26、占…比例account for 70 percent 25、政治大国 a major political power 27、统计数据statistics26、国际格局多极化28、全面in overall scale 29、决心做be resolute to 30、按计划be scheduled to 27、外交影响力diplomatic clout 31、贫困人口people in poverty28、拜托go beyond 32、温饱29、中等的medium 30、从属于subordinate33、31、发挥出自己的作用play its own part in…32、可以认为it can be argued that 34、最大难题33、从这个意义上说in this respect 34、…的前提条件the pre-condition of…35、高兴be pleased with 36、支持be supportive of 1、传统模式the traditional mode of…37、上升ascension 2、不受…的限制regardless of 38、与…结盟be aligned with 3、帮助,把手伸向reach out to 39、敢于顶撞dare to say no to…4、屏蔽，障碍物barrier 40、从…看来from the viewpoint of…5、适应fit 41、符合be in line with…6、在…进行take place in 42、鉴于since…7、授课instruction43、首要任务the primary task 8、satellite campuses 44、是…的基础和核心be at the core of…45、符合conform to9、交互interactivity 46、工业化industrialization 10、教师instructor 47、利用make use of…11、融入be built into 48、加快accelerate 12、学士bachelor 49、各自的respective 13、硕士master 50、使活动activate 14、职业资格证professional certification 51、根本目的a fundamental objective 15、适应be most appropriate for 16、目的的targeted 17、进行，促进progress through 1、农村人口 a farmer population 18、科目的特点the nature of the subject 2、能享受be entitled to…19、完整的complete 3、易受伤害的vulnerable20、基于计算机的computer-based配有通信设备的校园the trend of multi-polarization in theinternational structurea relatively affluent society UNIT 11 卫生保健dress warmly and eat one's fill国务院发展研究中心the State Development andResearch Center key issue, most difficultissue，most important issueUNIT 12 教育发展make it fully operational inthe provinceseparated only by a strip ofwatersince the end of the Cold Warthe terrorist attacks in theUnited States on September 11,200121、按照conduct with18、经不起风吹日晒22、电子公告板electronic bulletin boards 23、普通的snail19、令人心旷神怡leave sb.happy and carefree 20、手册handbook 21、节能减排1、农历the Chinese lunar calendar 2、团聚reunion 22、保守估计at a conservativee estimate 3、一般说来in most cases 23、5度电4、圣诞节the Christmas season 5、门神paintings of door gods 24、底面sills6、春联couplets7、贴past8、必不可少 a must for the whole family 1、载人的manned9、家具furniture 2、前苏联the former Soviet Union 10、接近尾声be near the end of…3、与…相比unlike11、放鞭炮set off firecrackers 4、采取环境控制措施12、驱妖除魔drive evils away 13、糯米的glutinous take steps/measures to14、饭团rice ball5、太空舱modules 15、从新年第一天开始from the New Year's Day6、宇航员astronauts 16、据说压岁钱the money is believed to7、严格密封tightly sealed 17、祭拜财神worship the Fortune God8、太空服the spacesuits 18、充满，怀着be overwhelmed with9、新陈代谢19、占领conquer 20、军队troops 10、处理废物dispose of the waste 21、失望和悲痛despair and grief 11、应急救生emergency lifesaving 22、淹死drown 12、各个飞行阶段23、非常热爱13、相应地accordingly 24、听到on hearing the news 14、人工的manual 25、竹竿bamboo poles 15、操纵operation 26、没有益处without avail 16、预料不到的unpredictable 27、失望sense of loss 17、装置device 28、虾shrimps 18、设备，装置apparatuses 29、包装be wrapped in 19、隔热层30、芦苇reed 20、31、引开divert 21、在…范围内be restricted within 32、以后since then 22、过载程度the force of overloading 33、家家户户each household 23、落点精度precision of landing24、进行可靠性设计undergo reliablity design 25、备份backup 1、美丽古朴的小镇charming old town 26、在严格的环境条件下2、27、排除隐患avoid hidden perils 3、猛涨rocket 28、从长远观点看4、拥挤的congested 5、每当酷暑来临as summer approaches 29、是历史的必然6、报道carry reports of 7、一天in a single day 30、进入外层空间venture into the outer space 8、一个月in a single month 31、深度和广度in depth and in width 9、制冷剂refrigerant 32、军事military affairs 10、器械appliance 11、消耗consume 12、散发emission 1、理性对待 a resonable approach to 13、冷颤shivering 2、14、炎热scorching 15、装空调install air conditioning 3、由此引发的arising thereform is16、耐受力resilience 4、无法回避的问题17、空调一代air-conditioned generationfrom a long-term point ofviewit is a historicinevitability toUNIT 16 生物工程be unable to cope with eitherwind or sunUNIT 15 科学技术implement an environmentalcontrol programthe end products ofmetabolismat different stages ofspaceflightthe thermal-protectivecoatinghave a great esteem and loveforUNIT 14 环境保护花姹紫嫣红，千姿百态flowers displaying a profusion of colors five kilowatt-hours(kWh)ofelectricityreduce energy use andemissionsunder strict control ofenvironmentsUNIT 13 节日祝贺生物技术发展的成果the fruits of the biotech development a problem that no one canevade5、计划intention6、实验experiments on 7、明令禁止explicitly ban 8、严加限制severely restrict 9、咨询意见an advisory opinion 10、宣布declare11、尽管如此nevertheless 12、治疗性therapeutic 13、移植transplant14、攻克疾病fighting diseases15、从技术上说technologically speaking 16、克服技术上的障碍17、但却while 18、…可能it is possible for19、20、实质上in its essence 21、社会发展society evolution 22、当…时in time of…23、理性正视现实access reality with reason 24、真正有益于be ultimately beneficial to 25、迫切的imperative 26、通过讨论through consultation 27、立法legislation 28、从一开始from the very beginning 29、充分考虑give full considerationremove the technological obstacle造福人类和祸害无穷bring both benefits andinfinite disasters tomankind。

}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/50517 January 2008AGREEMENTCONCERNING THE ADOPTION OF UNIFORM TECHNICAL PRESCRIPTIONSFOR WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND THE CONDITIONS FOR RECIPROCAL RECOGNITION OF APPROVALS GRANTED ON THE BASIS OF THESE PRESCRIPTIONS / (Revision 2, including the amendments which entered into force on 16 October 1995)_________Addendum 12H: Regulation No. 13-HRevision 1Incorporating all valid text up to:Corrigendum 1 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.708.1999.TREATIES-1 dated 6 August 1999Corrigendum 2 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.897.2000.TREATIES-1 dated 27 September 2000Corrigendum 3 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.784.2002.TREATIES-1 dated 1 August 2002Corrigendum 4 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.364.2003.TREATIES-1 dated 8 May 2003Supplement 1 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 27 December 2000 Supplement 2 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 20 February 2002 Corrigendum 1 to Supplement 2 to the original version of the Regulation, subject of Depositary NotificationC.N.440.2004.TREATIES-1 dated 13 May 2004Supplement 3 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 4 April 2005Supplement 4 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 11 June 2007Supplement 5 to the original version of the Regulation - Date of entry into force: 10 November 2007 UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF PASSENGER CARSWITH REGARD TO BRAKING_________UNITED NATIONS∗/ Former title of the Agreement:Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts, done at Geneva on 20 March 1958.GE.08-}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 3Regulation No. 13-HUNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF PASSENGER CARSWITH REGARD TO BRAKINGCONTENTSREGULATION Page1. Scope (5)2. Definitions (5)3. Application for approval (9)4. Approval (9)5. Specifications (11)6. Tests (26)7. Modification of vehicle type or braking systemand extension of approval (26)8. Conformity of production (26)9. Penalties for non-conformity of production (27)10. Production definitely discontinued (27)11. Names and addresses of Technical Servicesresponsible for conducting approval tests,and of Administrative Departments (27)12. Transitional provisions (27)ANNEXESAnnex 1 - Communication concerning the approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued of a vehicle type with regard tobraking pursuant to Regulation No. 13-HAnnex 2 - Arrangements of approval marksE/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 4CONTENTS (continued)Annex 3 - Braking tests and performance of braking systemsAppendix - Procedure for monitoring the state of battery changeAnnex 4 - Provisions relating to energy sources and energy storage devices (energy accumulators)Annex 5 - Distribution of braking among the axles of vehiclesAppendix 1 - Wheel-lock sequence test procedureAppendix 2 - Torque wheel test procedureAnnex 6 - Test requirements for vehicles fitted with anti-lock systemsAppendix 1 - Symbols and definitionsAppendix 2 - Utilisation of adhesionAppendix 3 - Performance on differing adhesion surfacesAppendix 4 - Method of selection of the low adhesion surfaceAnnex 7 - Inertia dynamometer test method for brake liningsAnnex 8 - Special requirements to be applied to the safety aspects of complex electronic vehicle control systems}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 51. SCOPE1.1. This Regulation applies to the braking of vehicles of categories M1 and N1 1/.1.2 This Regulation does not cover:1.2.1. vehicles with a design speed not exceeding 25 km/h;1.2.2. vehicles fitted for invalid drivers.2. DEFINITIONSFor the purposes of this Regulation,2.1. "Approval of a vehicle" means the approval of a vehicle type with regard tobraking.2.2. "Vehicle type" means a category of vehicles which do not differ in such essentialrespects as:2.2.1. the maximum mass, as defined in paragraph 2.11. below;2.2.2. the distribution of mass among the axles;2.2.3. the maximum design speed;2.2.4. a different type of braking equipment, with more particular reference to thepresence or otherwise of equipment for braking a trailer or any presence ofelectric braking system;2.2.5. the engine type;2.2.6. the number and ratios of gears;2.2.7. the final drive ratios;2.2.8. the tyre dimensions.1/ This Regulation offers an alternative set of requirements for category N1 vehicles to those contained in Regulation No. 13. Contracting Parties that apply both Regulation No. 13 and this Regulation recognize approvals to either Regulation as equally valid. M1 and N1 categories of vehicles are defined in Annex 7 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3) (TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2, as last amended by Amend.4).E/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 62.3. "Braking equipment" means the combination of parts whose function isprogressively to reduce the speed of a moving vehicle or bring it to a halt, or tokeep it stationary if it is already halted; these functions are specified inparagraph 5.1.2. below. The equipment consists of the control, the transmission,and the brake proper.2.4. "Control" means the part actuated directly by the driver to furnish to thetransmission the energy required for braking or controlling it. This energy may bethe muscular energy of the driver, or energy from another source controlled by thedriver, or a combination of these various kinds of energy.2.5. "Transmission" means the combination of components comprised between thecontrol and the brake and linking them functionally. The transmission may bemechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or mixed. Where the braking power isderived from or assisted by a source of energy independent of the driver, thereserve of energy in the system is likewise part of the transmission.The transmission is divided into two independent functions: the controltransmission and the energy transmission. Whenever the term "transmission" isused alone in this Regulation, it means both the "control transmission" and the"energy transmission":2.5.1. "Control transmission" means the combination of the components of thetransmission which control the operation of the brakes, including the controlfunction and the necessary reserve(s) of energy;2.5.2. "Energy transmission" means the combination of the components which supply tothe brakes the necessary energy for their function, including the reserve(s) ofenergy necessary for the operation of the brakes.2.6. "Brake" means the part in which the forces opposing the movement of the vehicledevelop. It may be a friction brake (when the forces are generated by frictionbetween two parts of the vehicle moving relatively to one another); an electricalbrake (when the forces are generated by electro-magnetic action between twoparts of the vehicle moving relatively to but not in contact with one another); afluid brake (when the forces are generated by the action of a fluid situatedbetween two parts of the vehicle moving relatively to one another); or an enginebrake (when the forces are derived from an artificial increase in the brakingaction, transmitted to the wheels, of the engine).2.7. "Different types of braking equipment" means equipment which differ in suchessential respects as:2.7.1. components having different characteristics;}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 72.7.2. a component made of materials having different characteristics, or a componentdiffering in shape or size;2.7.3. a different assembly of the components.2.8. "Component of the braking equipment" means one of the individual parts which,when assembled, constitutes the braking equipment.2.9. "Progressive and graduated braking" means braking during which, within thenormal operating range of the device, and during actuation of the brakes (seeparagraph 2.16. below):2.9.1. the driver can at any moment increase or decrease the braking force by acting onthe control;2.9.2. the braking force varies proportionally as the action on the control (monotonicfunction);2.9.3. the braking force can be easily regulated with sufficient precision.2.10. "Laden vehicle" means, except where otherwise stated, a vehicle so laden as toattain its "maximum mass".2.11. "Maximum mass" means the maximum mass stated by the vehicle manufacturerto be technically permissible (this mass may be higher than the "permissiblemaximum mass" laid down by the national administration).2.12. "The distribution of mass among the axles" means the distribution of the effect ofthe gravity on the mass of the vehicle and/or its contents among the axles.2.13. "Wheel/axle load" means the vertical static reaction (force) of the road surface inthe contact area on the wheel/wheels of the axle.2.14. "Maximum stationary wheel/axle load" means the stationary wheel/axle loadachieved under the condition of the laden vehicle.2.15. "Hydraulic braking equipment with stored energy" means a braking equipmentwhere energy is supplied by a hydraulic fluid under pressure, stored in one ormore accumulator(s) fed from one or more pressure pump(s), each fitted with ameans of limiting the pressure to a maximum value. This value shall be specifiedby the manufacturer.2.16. "Actuation" means both application and release of the control.E/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 82.17. "Electric regenerative braking" means a braking system which, duringdeceleration, provides for the conversion of vehicle kinetic energy into electricalenergy.2.17.1. "Electric regenerative braking control" means a device which modulates theaction of the electric regenerative braking system;2.17.2. "Electric regenerative braking system of category A" means an electricregenerative braking system which is not part of the service braking system;2.17.3. "Electric regenerative braking system of category B" means an electricregenerative braking system which is part of the service braking system;2.17.4. "Electric state of charge" means the instantaneous ratio of electric quantity ofenergy stored in the traction battery relative to the maximum quantity of electricenergy which could be stored in this battery;2.17.5. "Traction battery" means an assembly of accumulators constituting the storage ofenergy used for powering the traction motor(s) of the vehicle.2.18. "Phased braking" is a means which may be used where two or more sources ofbraking are operated from a common control, whereby one source may be givenpriority by phasing back the other source(s) so as to make increased controlmovement necessary before they begin to be brought into operation.2.19. "Nominal value" definitions for braking reference performance are required to puta value on the transfer function of the braking system, relating output to input forvehicles individually.2.19.1. "Nominal value" is defined as the characteristic which can be demonstrated attype approval and which relates the braking rate of the vehicle on its own to thelevel of the braking input variable.2.20. "Automatically commanded braking" means a function within a complexelectronic control system where actuation of the braking system(s) or brakes ofcertain axles is made for the purpose of generating vehicle retardation with orwithout a direct action of the driver, resulting from the automatic evaluation ofon-board initiated information.2.21. "Selective braking" means a function within a complex electronic control systemwhere actuation of individual brakes is made by automatic means in whichvehicle retardation is secondary to vehicle behaviour modification.2.22. "Braking signal": logic signal indicating brake activation as specified inparagraph 5.2.22.}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/324E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 92.23. "Emergency braking signal": logic signal indicating emergency braking asspecified in paragraph 5.2.23.3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL3.1. The application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to braking shall besubmitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by his duly accredited representative.3.2. It shall be accompanied by the under-mentioned documents in triplicate and bythe following particulars:3.2.1. a description of the vehicle type with regard to the items specified inparagraph 2.2. above. The numbers and/or symbols identifying the vehicle typeand the engine type shall be specified;3.2.2. a list of the components, duly identified, constituting the braking equipment;3.2.3. a diagram of assembled braking equipment and an indication of the position of itscomponents on the vehicle;3.2.4. detailed drawings of each component to enable it to be easily located andidentified.3.3. A vehicle, representative of the vehicle type to be approved, shall be submitted tothe Technical Service conducting the approval tests.4. APPROVAL4.1. If the vehicle type submitted for approval pursuant to this Regulation meets therequirements of paragraphs 5. and 6. below, approval of that vehicle type shall begranted.4.2. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved, its first two digitsshall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent majortechnical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval.The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to the same vehicletype equipped with another type of braking equipment, or to another vehicle type.4.3. Notice of approval or of refusal of approval of a vehicle type pursuant to thisRegulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement which applythis Regulation by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to thisRegulation and of a summary of the information contained in the documentsreferred to in paragraphs 3.2.1. to 3.2.4. above, the drawings supplied by theE/ECE/324}Rev.2/Add.12H/Rev.1E/ECE/TRANS/505Regulation No. 13-Hpage 10applicant for approval being in a format not exceeding A4 (210 x 297 mm), orfolded to that format, and on an appropriate scale.4.4. There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place specifiedon the approval form, to every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approvedunder this Regulation, an international approval mark consisting of:4.4.1. a circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of thecountry which has granted approval 2/, and of4.4.2. the number of this Regulation, followed by the letter "R", a dash and the approvalnumber to the right of the circle prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1. above.4.5. If the vehicle conforms to a vehicle type approved under one or more otherRegulations, annexed to the Agreement, in the country which has grantedapproval under this Regulation, the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1. above,need not be repeated; in such a case, the Regulation and approval numbers and theadditional symbols of all the regulations under which approval has been grantedin the country which has granted approval under this Regulation shall be placed invertical columns to the right of the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1. above.4.6. The approval mark shall be clearly legible and be indelible.4.7. The approval mark shall be placed close to or on the vehicle data plate.4.8. Annex 2 to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks.2/ 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa, 48 for New Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta, 51 for the Republic of Korea, 52 for Malaysia, 53 for Thailand, 54 and 55 (vacant) and 56 for Montenegro. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.page 115. SPECIFICATIONS5.1. General5.1.1. Braking equipment5.1.1.1. The braking equipment shall be so designed, constructed and fitted as to enablethe vehicle in normal use, despite the vibration to which it may be subjected, tocomply with the provisions of this Regulation.5.1.1.2. In particular, the braking equipment shall be so designed, constructed and fitted asto be able to resist the corroding and ageing phenomena to which it is exposed. 5.1.1.3. Brake linings shall not contain asbestos.5.1.1.4. The effectiveness of the braking equipment shall not be adversely affected bymagnetic or electrical fields. (This shall be demonstrated by compliance withRegulation No. 10, 02 series of amendments.)5.1.1.5. A failure detection signal may interrupt momentarily (< 10 ms) the demand signalin the control transmission, provided that the braking performance is thereby notreduced.5.1.2. Functions of the braking equipmentThe braking equipment defined in paragraph 2.3. must fulfil the followingfunctions:5.1.2.1. Service braking systemThe service braking system must make it possible to control the movement of thevehicle and to halt it safely, speedily and effectively, whatever its speed and load,on any up or down gradient. It must be possible to graduate this braking action.The driver must be able to achieve this braking action from his driving seatwithout removing his hands from the steering control.5.1.2.2. Secondary braking systemThe secondary braking system must make it possible by application of the servicebrake control to halt the vehicle within a reasonable distance in the event offailure of the service braking system. It must be possible to graduate this brakingaction. The driver must be able to obtain this braking action from his driving seatwithout removing his hands from the steering control. For the purposes of thesepage 12provisions it is assumed that not more than one failure of the service brakingsystem can occur at one time.5.1.2.3. Parking braking systemThe parking braking system must make it possible to hold the vehicle stationaryon an up or down gradient even in the absence of the driver, the working partsbeing then held in the locked position by a purely mechanical device. The drivermust be able to achieve this braking action from his driving seat.5.1.3. The requirements of Annex 8 shall be applied to the safety aspects of all complexelectronic vehicle control systems which provide or form part of the controltransmission of the braking function included those which utilize the brakingsystem(s) for automatically commanded braking or selective braking.However, systems or functions, which use the braking system as the means ofachieving a higher level objective, are subject to Annex 8 only insofar as theyhave a direct effect on the braking system. If such systems are provided, theymust not be deactivated during type approval testing of the braking system.5.1.4. Provisions for the periodic technical inspection of braking systems5.1.4.1. It shall be possible to assess the wear condition of the components of the servicebrake that are subject to wear e.g. friction linings and drums/discs (in the case ofdrums or discs, wear assessment may not necessarily be carried out at the time ofperiodic technical inspection). The method by which this may be realized isdefined in paragraphs 5.2.11.2. of this Regulation.5.1.4.2. It shall be possible to verify, in a simple way, the correct operational status ofthose complex electronic systems which have control over braking. If specialinformation is needed, this shall be made freely available.5.1.4.2.1. At the time of type approval, the means implemented to protect against simpleunauthorized modification of the operation to the verification means chosen bythe manufacturer (e.g. warning signal) shall be confidentially outlined.Alternatively, this protection requirement is fulfilled when a secondary means ofchecking the correct operational status is available.5.1.4.3. It shall be possible to generate maximum braking forces under static conditions ona rolling road or roller brake tester.5.2. Characteristics of braking systems5.2.1. The set of braking systems with which a vehicle is equipped must satisfy therequirements laid down for service, secondary and parking braking systems.page 135.2.2. The systems providing service, secondary and parking braking may have commoncomponents so long as they fulfil the following conditions:5.2.2.1. there must be at least two controls, independent of each other and readilyaccessible to the driver from his normal driving position. Every brake controlshall be designed such that it returns to the fully off position when released. Thisrequirement shall not apply to a parking brake control when it is mechanicallylocked in an applied position;5.2.2.2. the control of the service braking system must be independent of the control of theparking braking system;5.2.2.3. the effectiveness of the linkage between the control of the service braking systemand the different components of the transmission systems must not be liable todiminish after a certain period of use;5.2.2.4. the parking braking system must be so designed that it can be actuated when thevehicle is in motion. This requirement may be met by the actuation of thevehicle's service braking system, even partially, by means of an auxiliary control;5.2.2.5. without prejudice to the requirements of paragraph 5.1.2.3. of this Regulation, theservice braking system and the parking braking system may use commoncomponents in their transmission(s), provided that in the event of a failure in anypart of the transmission(s) the requirements for secondary braking are stillensured;5.2.2.6. in the event of breakage of any component other than the brakes (as defined inparagraph 2.6. above) and the components referred to in paragraph 5.2.2.10.below, or of any other failure of the service braking system (malfunction, partialor total exhaustion of an energy reserve), that part of the service braking systemwhich is not affected by the failure, must be able to bring the vehicle to a halt inthe conditions prescribed for secondary braking;5.2.2.7. if service braking is ensured by the action of the driver's muscular energy assistedby one or more energy reserves, secondary braking must, in the event of failure ofthat assistance, be capable of being ensured by the driver's muscular energyassisted by the energy reserves, if any, which are unaffected by the failure, theforce applied to the service brake control not exceeding the prescribed maximum;5.2.2.8. if the service braking force and transmission depend exclusively on the use,controlled by the driver, of an energy reserve, there must be at least twocompletely independent energy reserves, each provided with its own transmission,likewise independent; each of them may act on the brakes of only two or morewheels so selected as to be capable of ensuring by themselves the prescribedpage 14degree of secondary braking without endangering the stability of the vehicleduring braking; in addition, each of the aforesaid energy reserves must beequipped with a warning device as defined in paragraph 5.2.14. below;5.2.2.9. if the service braking force and transmission depend exclusively on the use of anenergy reserve, one energy reserve for the transmission is deemed to be sufficient,provided that the prescribed secondary braking is ensured by the action of thedriver's muscular energy acting on the service brake control and the requirementsof paragraph 5.2.5. are met;5.2.2.10. certain parts, such as the pedal and its bearing, the master cylinder and its pistonor pistons, the control valve, the linkage between the pedal and the mastercylinder or the control valve, the brake cylinders and their pistons, and the lever-and-cam assemblies of brakes, shall not be regarded as liable to breakage if theyare amply dimensioned, are readily accessible for maintenance, and exhibit safetyfeatures at least equal to those prescribed for other essential components (such asthe steering linkage) of the vehicle. Any such part as aforesaid whose failurewould make it impossible to brake the vehicle with a degree of effectiveness atleast equal to that prescribed for secondary braking must be made of metal or of amaterial with equivalent characteristics and must not undergo notable distortion innormal operation of the braking systems.5.2.3. The failure of a part of a hydraulic transmission system shall be signalled to thedriver by a device comprising a red tell-tale signal lighting up before or uponapplication of a differential pressure of not more than 15.5 bar between the activeand failed brake equipment, measured at the master cylinder outlet and remaininglit as long as the failure persists and the ignition (start) switch is in the "on" (run)position. However, a device comprising a red tell-tale signal lighting up when thefluid in the reservoir is below a certain level specified by the manufacturer ispermitted. The tell-tale signal must be visible even by daylight; the satisfactorycondition of the signal must be easily verifiable by the driver from the driver'sseat. The failure of a component of the device must not entail total loss of thebraking equipment's effectiveness. Application of the parking brake must also beindicated to the driver. The same tell-tale signal may be used.5.2.4. Where use is made of energy other than the muscular energy of the driver, thereneed not be more than one source of such energy (hydraulic pump, aircompressor, etc.), but the means by which the device constituting that source isdriven must be as safe as practicable.5.2.4.1. In the event of failure in any part of the transmission of a braking system, the feedto the part not affected by the failure must continue to be ensured if required forthe purpose of halting the vehicle with the degree of effectiveness prescribed forsecondary braking. This condition must be met by means of devices which caneasily be actuated when the vehicle is stationary, or by automatic means.。

Philips CineosFlat TV with Pixel Plus 2 HD81 cm (32")LCDintegrated digital32PFL7862DTurn up your viewing experiencewith Pixel Plus 2HDEnjoy the ultimate viewing experience of this Philips Cineos Flat TV with Pixel Plus 2 HD Engine and 100 Hz LCD technology. 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It allows easy placement of yourFlat TV without the hassle of building the standto the TV first. Enjoy the best viewing angle byswivelling it to suit your personal preference.USB Multimedia ConnectorThe USB connector allows access tomultimedia jpg, mp3 and alb files of most USBsticks and most digital cameras (USB 1.1memory-class device). Plug the USB into theslot at the side of the TV and access yourphotos or music files. This makes it easy toview and share your photos and music.3 HDMI inputsHDMI makes an uncompressed digital RGBconnection from the source to the screen. Byeliminating conversion to an analogue signal, itdelivers an unblemished image. The non-degraded signal reduces flicker and leads to aclearer picture. HDMI intelligentlycommunicates the highest output resolutionwith the source device. The HDMI input is fullybackwards-compatible with DVI sources butincludes digital audio. HDMI uses HDCP copyprotection. 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浙江省2023年普通专升本《英语》真题请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

Part I Reading Comprehension (60 marks, 60 minutes)Section A Passage Reading (每小题2分, 共50分)Format IDirections: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A , B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on The Answer Sheet.(40 marks)Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Distinctive handmade products showing Chinese culture and art have proved popular at the2023China Cross-Border E-Commerce Trade Fair(中国跨境电商交易会) that opened on March 18 in Fuzhou, East China's Fujian Province.Handmade items have been a very popular category in cross-border e-commerce trade and there is a rise in the interest in Chinese cultural items overseas says Huang Chaoying head of communication work with the three-day fair.We've attracted more than 100 handmade enterprises to the fair this year, Huang says“A consider able number of items carry Chinese cultural messages”, he adds.Dou Weiyong with Fuyue Daily Necessities Manufacturing Co. based in Shaowu, Fujian Province, has been contacted by many international buyers.“Many international buyers. especially those from Europe have shown greatinterest in our bamboo products. Dou says. It is the second time he has joined the fair.We have three booths(摊位) exhibiting our products this year, as opposed to just one we had last year, and we have also increased the varieties of our products,”says Dou.Zhang Bin from Beijing Meida Technology Co. was also surrounded by visitors at the fair asking about details of the delicate works featuring the country's palatial art(宫廷艺术) from the Ming(1368-1644) and Qing(1644-1911) dynasties.We joined the fair to have a try , and the feedback has been very positive." Zhang says“ Next, we will bring more products featuring traditional Chinese culture and related elements to the overseas market "Zhang says.1. What products were shown at the 2023 China Cross-Border E-Commerce Trade Fair?A. Imported products. C. Technological products.B. Handmade products. D. Mass-produced products.2. Which is true about handmade items in cross-border e-commerce trade according in Huang Chaoying?A. They are as popular as before.B. There are not enough booths for them.C. Fewer enterprises are interested in them.D. Fewer international buyers show interest in them.3. What was featured in the delicate works presented by Beijing Meida Technology Co.?A. Folk art. C. Modern artB. Palatial art. D. Religious art4. What does Beijing Meida Technology Co. plan to do at the next trade fair?A. To reduce its supply of bamboo productsB. To maintain its supply of handmade itemsC. To withdraw its supply of handmade itemsD. To increase its supply of products carrying Chinese cultural messages.5. What is the author's attitude toward the handmade products?A. Positive. C. Negative.B. Critical. D. Indifferent.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:One morning, when the employees of a company arrived at work, they received a message.”The person stopping you from succeeding in the company has passed away. Please gather for funeral service in the meeting room.”While there was some sadness among the employees at the unexpected news of the death of their co-worker, they were curious to know who was stopping them from succeeding. Moreover, most of them were now interested in the possibility of moving up and succeeding in the company.Many employees were shocked to find all their co-workers still present and very much alive when they entered the meeting room.“If it wasn't him or her, then who? Who was holding us back from succeeding? Who has passed away?”they all thought.The employees went to the coffin(棺材) one by one, and each was at a loss when they saw what was inside. They could not make sense of what they were seeing.There was only a mirror in the coffin. So, when each employee looked in to see who were“holding them back from success,”they saw themselves. Besides, there was a sign next to the mirror that read:You are the only person who can limit your growth.You are the only person who is capable of creating your success. It is not the situations and people that change your life, the way you face different situations and people in life makes the difference. Your life will change when you overstep your limiting beliefs and realize you are in control of your life.You now know who has been preventing you from reaching your full potential(潜力). Will you continue to let that person hold you back.6. What were most of the employees now interested in?A. moving up in the companyB. The unexpected death of their co-worker.C. The possibility of succeeding in the company.D. The funeral service they were invited to attend.7. The employees were shocked at the fact that when they entered the meeting room.A. there was a co-worker holding them backB. all of them got a message about the funeral serviceC. all of their co-workers were present and much aliveD. there was a coffin in the center of the meeting room8. What does the underlined phrase“make sense of ”probably mean in Para.4?A. Feel.B. Decide.C. Understand.D. Communicate.9. What did the employees see inside the coffin?A. Nothing C. A co-worker.B. Only a sign. D. A mirror and a sign.10. Which can be the best title of this passage?A. An empty coffin. C. The person passing away.B. A sad funeral service. D. The person holding you back. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:There are a few things you should keep in mind when you talk to your professors(大学老师), especially if you ask for a particular favor.Call them by the right title. A “Doctor”is someone with a Ph. D.:not all professors have a Ph. D.“Professor”is usually acceptable, unless you have been told otherwise. I prefer to be called by my first name, and I make that point clear on the first day of my class. If you are totally unsure,a"Mr."or“Ms.”is usually fine. Do not use “Mrs” unless the professor herself uses it; it is time to recognize that not all adult women are or want to be married.Be prepared to do the work. If you have missed an assignment or a test or are falling behind in your reading, and you are seeking help to catch up or a special dispensation(豁免) to make up the assignment, you had better be prepared to do the work- and generally under more difficult conditions.get the impression that a lot of students imagine I might just say“don't worry about it, I'll give you the points.”This,of course, is not going to happen.Prepare for disappointment. So often a professor will not or cannot help you. Your professor probably spent hours writing his or her syllabus(课程大纲), and probably spent another hour explaining it to you at the beginning of the class, so he or she has invested a lot in the rules. They especially hate it when you do not do an assignment and then ask for a way to make it up. Your only choice might be to shift into damage control, see what you can do, and ask honestly if you should continue in the class.As a general rule, professors respect true interest. They will go out of their way to help if they feel that you are honestly interested in doing well.11. Which title is usually acceptable for a student to call a teacher at a university?A. Doctor. C. Mr. or Mrs.B. Professor. D. First name.12. As a university student who has missed a test, you had better.A. ask for a particular favor C. get prepared to work harderB. ask for an easy makeup test D. seek help from your professor13. Professors hate it when students do not do an assignment and then ask for a way to make it up, for they have already .A. explained the syllabus C. finished writing their syllabusB. invested much in the rules D. prepared to disappoint their students14. What will professors do when they feel that you are really interested in doing well?A. Offer you help as much as possible.C. Ask you to get prepared for the workB. Require you to catch up with othersD. Give you the points you want to have.15. What can you infer from the passage?A. We can often use"Mrs." for women professors.B. The author is likely to give the points as the students wish.C. You should drop out of the class when you fail to do an assignment.D. Students should follow some advice when dealing with their professors. Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Imagine there is a small fire in your kitchen. Your fire alarm goes off, warning everyone nearby about the danger. Someone calls 911. You try to put the fire out yourself-maybe you even have a fire extinguisher(灭火器) in the kitchen. If that does not work, you know how to safely leave. By the time you get outside,a fire truck is already pulling up. Firefighters use the hydrant(消防栓) in front of your house to extinguish the fire before any of your neighbors' homes are ever at risk of catching fire.We need to prepare to fight disease outbreaks just as we prepare to fight fires. If a fire is left to burn out of control, it becomes a threat not only to one home but to an entire community. The same is true for infectious(传染的) diseases, except on a much bigger scale. As we know all too well from Covid-19, an outbreak in one town can quickly spread across an entire country and then around the world.When the World Health Organization first described Covid-19 as a pandemic just over three years ago, it marked a collective failure to prepare for pandemics, despite many warnings. And I worry that we are making the same mistakes again. The world has not done as much to get ready for the next pandemic as I had hoped. But it is not too late to stop history from repeating itself. The world needs a well-funded system that is ready to act immediately when danger appears. We need a fire department for pandemics. I am optimistic about a network called the Global Health Emergency Corps(全球卫生应急联盟) that the WHO and its partners are building. This network of the world's top health emergency leaders will work together to get ready for the next pandemic. Just as firefighters run drills to practice responding to a fire, the Emergency Corps plans to run drills to practice for outbreaks. The exercises will make sure that everyone- governments, health care providers, emergency health workers-knows what to do when a potential outbreak appears.16. What is the relationship between pandemics and fires according to the author?A. Pandemics are not as dangerous as fires.B. Fires are easier to control than pandemics.C. Both can quickly spread across an entire country.D. Both pose a threat to a community if left uncontrolled.17. As for pandemics, the author is worried that _A. they are not dangerous than firesB. firefighters are not trained to respond to themC. the world is not doing enough to prepare for themD. the Global Health Emergency Corps will not be successful18. What is the Global Health Emergency Corps?A. An organization that provides funding for medical research.B. A program to train firefighters to respond to health emergenciesC. A new technology launched by WHO to extinguish fire s more efficientlyD. A network of top health emergency leaders preparing for the next pandemic.19. What is the purpose of running drill for outbreaks?A. To ensure everyone knows what to do.B. To ask people to take health measures.C. To find an effective cure for pandemics.D. To test fire extinguishers in case of a fire.20. What is the main idea of the passage?A. We should always have a fire extinguish er in our kitchen.B. Covid- 19 was not described as a pandemic over three years ago.C. The world needs to prepare for pandemics as we prepare for fires.D. Firefighters should work together with health care providers during pandemics. Format IIDirections: In the following passage, some sentences have been removed. For questions 21 to25, choose the most suitable sentence from choices A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit into any of the blanks. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on The Answer Sheet.(1 0 marks)Positive social connections are very important to your heath and happiness. Youmight have found that your friendship circles become smaller as you have gotten older. but it is not too late to reconnect with old friends again and even make some new ones. Here are some suggestions.21. To whom from your past would you most enjoy being closer? The answer could befriends, former co-workers, family members, even people you have met just once or twice but with whom you were highly impressed, Put them in order, and contact them one by one.22. _Today, email and social networks such as Facebook have become a wonderful way of reconnecting with long-lost friends and co-workers. Write a short note saying hello, making sure that the address is correct, and asking if it is okay if you send a longer note. Who can turn down such an online offer?23. As you begin to make social connections, new or old, you are going to be asked a lot of questions about you, your recent past and your plans for the future.Think about them and work on your answers ahead of time. This will greatly increase your confidence and will help you to focus on giving out positive messages.24. Do you play the drum? Join the town band. Do you love the theatre? V olunteer to play a role on stage. Have you a special skill or collection? Find others with the same interests.25. For example, if you see a neighbor, walk over and chat for a few minutes. Stay after church services, classes or work and chat with people you know. Have a short conversation with local shop owners for a while. Talk to shoppers at the supermarket who are buying the same products as you are. You may find that these little conversations are great fun and build up your confidence.A. Make a list.B. Get rid of shyness.C. Build up your confidence.D. Use the Internet to reconnect.E. Do lots of little conversations.F. Prepare your self-introduction.G. Turn a hobby into a social activity.Section B Blanked Cloze(每小题1分, 共10分)Directions:In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Please black en the corresponding letter for each item on The Answer Sheet. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.(10 marks)Fire officials say two boys saved two young children from a burning mobile home in central Florida.Ten-year-old Isiah Francis and 11-year-old Jeremiah Grimes 26 into a neighbors home around11:30 a. m. Tuesday in Orange County after a 27 broke out and saved a l-year-old and an 8-month-old.Isiah and Jeremiah say the smoke inside the home was so thick they could 28 see.“I was really frightened because I thought I was going to get 29 ”Isiah told“I was nervous because there was so much 30 , it was hard CBS station in Orlando.”Fire officials say two other children, aged 2 and 5,who live in for me to see. the home, were injured. One was taken to the. 31 in a medical plane. They were both in dangerous but stable 32 at A mold Palmer Hospital. Orange County Fire Rescue says a33 of four children and their father were in the home when the fire broke out.The 34 of the fire has not been found out, but it is believed to have stare don the stove.CBS reports investigators(调查员) are. 35 to determine why the father did not get all the kids out, and what was on the stove that caused the fire to start. Isiah said he had dreamed of becoming a firefighter some day.A.swamB. rushedC. burnedD. tryingE.FireF. askingG. cinemaH. almostI.cause J. hardly K. smoke L. totalM.condition N. team0. hospitalPart II Integrated Testing (30 marks, 30minutes)Section A Cloze(每小题1分, 共20分)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fit s into the passage. Then blacken corresponding letter on The Answer Sheet. (20 marks) Have you heard of Daylight Saving Time (DST,夏今时)? It is a system used to make. 36 use of the longer daylight 37 during the summer months. The idea is 38 the clocks forward by one hour 39 the spring and 40 back again by one hour in the fall, 41 people more daylight hours during their 42 hours. The most important 43 of DST is to reduce power usage by taking advantage 44 the longer periods of natural daylight.Time changes can have a big influence on 45 patterns, particularly for the spring DST shift when clocks are moved forward 46 one hour. The shift to DST can affect sleep patterns for several days. 47 the body gets used to the new time schedule. This is because the clock inside the body, 48 regulates sleep-wake cycles, is tied to daylight and 49 . When the time changes, it can 50 several days for the body to get used to the 51 schedule.Research has shown 52 the spring DST shift, in particular, can 53 to an increase in sleep disorder,daytime sleepiness, and tiredness. This is 54 people lose an hour of sleep, which can break their sleep 55 and lead to difficulty falling a sleep or waking up earlier than usual.36. A. better B. worse C. bigger D. small37. A. seconds B. minutes C. hours D. years38. A. move B. moves C. moved D. to move39. A. on B. in C. at D. to40. A. then B. soon C. after D. before41. A. give B. gave C. gives D. giving42. A. waking B. playing C. sleeping D. relaxing43. A. way B. step C. goal D. process44. A. in B. of C. on D. at45. A. work B. sleep C. eating D. reading46. A. by B. in C. for D. with47. A. if B. as C. but D. although48. A. that B. who C. when D. which49. A. cloud B. darkness C. sunshine D. brightness50. A. have B. pass C. take D. spend51. A. new B. slow C. busy D. lazy52. A. that B. what C. which D. whether53. A. get B. come C. lead D. result54. A. but B. for C. since D. because55. A. bed B. room C. cycle D. method Section B Short Answer Questions(每小题2分, 共10分)Directions:I n this part there is a short passage followed by five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements with no more than 10 words. Please write your answers on The Answer Sheet.(10 marks)A simple message has helped carry Emily Sue Snyder, 32, out of her darkest hours including hopelessness, domestic violence and a suicide attempt. Now, she is sharing the encouraging expression with anyone who can receive it:“You are enough”Snyder, a hairstylist( 发型师) and mother of two young sons living in Tulsa, Oklahoma, makes it her daily mission to remind others of their value.“You're always enough;it doesn't matter if you're at your lowest point,"Snyder told USA TODAY.“You're still enough to be worthy.”Nearly a decade after trying to take her own life, she began leaving small handwritten motivational(励志的) notes in gas stations, grocery stores-“almost anywhere I went,”she said.Conversations about mental health struggles during the pandemic inspired her to spread the positive messages, such as“hey, you're doing a great job!”or“you are loved.”People would share the cards online as they found them. This warmed Snyder'sheart, she said.Her efforts to spread kindness -and the size of her cards ---grew in March of2021, when Snyder put on a red coat during rush hour in the middle of Sapulpa, Oklahoma. She stood on a corner alone for two hours holding a large bright-green poster that read“you are enough.”The outpouring of love from passersby flooded her, she said.“The thing that really got me was the teenagers and kids that rolled down their car windows to tell me they love me”, Snyder recalled.“It made me realize everybody needs something positive and a little bit of hope in their lives.”She calls her mission“Stay Another Day:Suicide Prevention and Awareness. Last month, she was“shocked”that a group of 25 joined her recent sign-holding event.“People are really eager to be part of the movement to let people know they're loved,”she said.56. What is the expression that has helped Snyder out of her darkest hours?57. The most important thing for Snyder to do everyday is to58. Where did Snyder leave her encouraging notes?59. What did the outpouring of love from the passersby make Snyder realize?60. Why did a group of 25 people join her recent sign-holding event?Part III Translation (30 marks, 30 minutes)Section A Chinese-English Translation(每小题3分, 共15分)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. Please write your translation on The Answer Sheet. (15 marks)61. Let's(尽力而为) for the success of the Hangzhou Asian Games62. When Tom heard the funny story, he.(禁不住大笑起来)63. The guide asked us whether (我们参加过) the museum64. The more successful he became, .(他感到幸福)65. It's never (为时过早) to start planning for your future.Section B English-Chinese Translation(每小题3分, 共15分)Directions:Translate into English the underlined sentences in the following passage. Please write your translation on The Answer Sheet. (15 marks)The quality of sleep you achieve can directly influence your health and everyday happiness; it is therefore highly important to do everything possible to ensure a good night's sleep.66. For many people such factors as sound, light and heat can all affect sleep, and for those living in a city these factors may become more serious. In order to get the good night's sleep required in the central area of a busy noisy city, here are some simple tips to follow.Being surrounded by the liveliness of a city can mean an increase in noise, whether it is from traffic or the people in the room next door. In order to ensure you remain in a deep sleep throughout the night 67. it is important to ensure your bedroom is as quiet as possible. Where soundproofing(隔音) may seem extreme, there are small changes which can help to reduce sound levels.68. Bookshelves can be excellent for absorbing noise through the walls but for smaller apartments this may not be the ideal solution. Fans, televisions or radios are another great measure to reduce harm from sound in a room.For reducing noise levels from the street hanging heavier curtains will help to lessen the sound,while having small impact on the overall beauty of the room. If such changes are not possible or space is restricted, then 69. buying a pair of ea r plugs could he the simplest way to reduce noise for a good sleep at night.The natural light and dark cycle directly influences sleep, letting the human body know 70.when it is time to wake up and when it should he sleeping City central locations tend to have a huge increase in man made light, which in turn can impact the quality of sleep and prevent falling into a deep sleep.66. For many people such factors as sound, light and heat can all affect sleep.67. It is important to ensure your bedroom is as quiet as possible.68. Bookshelves can be excellent for absorbing noise through the walls.69. Buying a pair of ea r plugs could be the simplest way to reduce noise for a good sleep.70.when it is time to wake up and when it should be sleeping.Part IV Writing (30 marks, 30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minute s to write a composition on the topic My Favorite Application. You should write about 120 words following the outline given below.Please write your composition on The Answer Sheet. (30 marks) 69. (1)请阐明你对学生在教室里吃东西的看法。

英语语言学复习专题A Review on English LinguisticsTiger ZhouSchool of Foreign Languages,Shanghai Dianji University一.Explain the following terms1.dualityDuality refers to the fact that language is a system,which consists of two sets of structures,or two levels.At the lower level,there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves. At the higher level,there is a structure of meanings where the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning.plementary distributionWhen two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments,then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.3.categoryCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of familiar functions in a particular language such as sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.4.phrase structure ruleA certain word can only co-occur with certain other words.There must be certain grammatical mechanism that ensures the appropriate positions that specifiers,heads and complements occupy in phrase structure.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.5.homonymyHomonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e.different words are identical in sound or spelling,or in both.6.displacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far away places.In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place.7.minimal pairsWhen two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings,the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.8.deep structureIt is the structure that is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties and that corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words.9.contextIt is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.10.hyponymyHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word.(The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate,and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.)二.Short AnswersChapter1Introduction2.What are the major branches of linguistics?What does each of them study?The major branches of linguistics are:(1)phonetics:it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2)phonology:it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3)morphology:it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4)syntax:it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5)semantics:it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6)pragmatics:it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as“traditional grammar.”Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly,modem linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second,modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written.Traditional grammarians,on the other hand,tended to emphasize,maybe over-emphasize,the importance of the written word,partly because of its permanence.from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic?Why?In modem linguistics,a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied,it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.6.How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar,they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions,and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?The main features of human language are termed design features.They include:a)ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary.This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.b)ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences,including sentences they have never heard before.c)DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures,or two levels.At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning,which are found at the higher level of the system.d)DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This is what “displacement”means.e)Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity能力for language has a genetic basis,i.e.,we were all born with the ability to acquire language,the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted,but instead have to be taught and learned.Chapter2Phonology2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.The latter,i.e.the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the finedetails as it is necessary for their purpose.The example is the consonant[p].We all know that[p]is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit.In the word pit,the sound[p]is pronounced with a strong puff of air,but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent.In the case of pit,the[p]sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit,the[p]sound is unaspirated.This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription,a small raised“h”is used to show aspiration,thus pit is transcribed as [pʰit]and spit is transcribed as[spit].3.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?Vowels may be distinguished as front,central,and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest.To further distinguish members of each group,we need to apply another criterion,i.e. the openness of the mouth.Accordingly,we classify the vowels into four groups:close vowels, semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels,and open vowels.A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips.In English,all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels,i.e.,without rounding the lips,and all the back vowels,with the exception of[a:],are rounded.Then the English vowels can also be classified according to the length of the sound.The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels.4. A.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate[ʤ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative[f]3)voiced alveolar stop[d]4)front,close,short[ɪ]5)back,semi-open,long[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop[p]B.Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]voiceless alveolar stop2)[l]voiced alveolar liquid3)[ʧ]voiceless palatal affricate4)[w]voiced bilabial glide5)[ʊ]back,close,(rounded)short6)[æ]front,open,(unrounded)short9.Explain with examples the sequential rule,the assimilation rule,and the deletion rule.Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English.For example,if a word begins with a[l]or a [r],then the next sound must be a vowel.That is why[lbik][lkbi]are impossible combinations in English.They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, for the most part,caused by articulatory or physiological processes.When we speak,we tend to increase the ease of articulation.This“sloppy慵懒的;马虎的”tendency may become regularized as rules of language.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.Wehave noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign,design,and paradigm,there is no[g]sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g.But in their corresponding forms signature,designation,and paradigmatic,the[g]represented by the letter g is pronounced.The rule can be stated as:Delete a[g]when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.Given the rule,the phonemic representation of the stems in sign–signature,resign–resignation,paradigm–paradigmatic will include the phoneme/g/,which will be deleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10.What are suprasegmental features?How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.The main suprasegmental features include stress,intonation,and tone.The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.There are two kinds of stress:word stress and sentence stress.For example,a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun,to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged.Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English.When spoken in different tones,the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Chapter3Morphology1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a“+”between each morpheme and the next:a.micro+filmb.be+draggle+edc.announce+mentd.pre+digest+ione.tele+communicate+ionf.fore+fatherg.psycho+physics h.mechan+ist6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes.Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle(blacken)the inflectional affixes.a)The farmer’s cow s escap ed.b)It was rain ing.c)Those sock s are inexpensive.d)Jim need s the new er copy.e)The strong est rower continu ed.f)She quickly clos ed the book.g)The alphabetization went well.Chapter4Syntax1.What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements(i.e.specifiers,heads, and complements)that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP,VP,AP,and PP can be written as follows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...The general phrasal structural rule(X stands for the head N,V,A or P):The XP rule:XP→(specifier)X(complement)3.What is category?How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word’s category,three criteria are usually employed,namely meaning, inflection and distribution.A word’s distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4.What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.Coordinate structures exhibits four important properties:a)There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to theconjunction.b)A category at any level(a head or an entire XP)can becoordinated.c)Coordinated categories must be of the same type.d)The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of theelements being conjoined.6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure.The first,formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties,is called deep structure(or D-structure).The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations,is called surface structure(or S-structure).8.The following phrases include a head,a complement,and a specifier.Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.13.The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation.Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.a)Would you come tomorrow?b)What did Helen bring to the party?c)Who broke the window?Chapter5Semantics1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.According to this theory,the linguistic forms or symbols,in other words,the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.So words are just names or labels for things.2)The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times.This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to(i.e.,between language and the real world);rather,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.3)Contextualism holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation,use,context ––elements closely linked with language behavior.The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth,famous British linguist.4)Behaviorism attempts to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.”This theory,somewhat close to contextualism,is linked with psychological interest.2.What are the major types of synonyms in English?The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms,stylistic synonyms,emotive or evaluative synonyms,collocational synonyms,and semantically different synonyms.3.Explain with examples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.1)Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e.,different words are identical in sound or spelling,or in both.When two words are identical in sound,they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling,they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are complete homonyms.2)While different words may have the same or similar meaning,the same one word may have more than one meaning.This is what we call polysemy,and such a word is called a polysemic word.There are many polysemic words in English,The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.3)Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word anda more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.Hyponyms of the same superordinate areco-hyponyms to each other.Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion;in terms of meaning,the superordinate includes all its hyponyms.5.Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:1)“T om’s wife is pregnant”presupposes“T om has a wife.”2)“My sister will soon be divorced”presupposes“My sister is a married woman.”3)“He likes seafood”is entailed by”He likes crabs.”4)“They are going to have another baby”presupposes“They have a child.”8.Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:1)The man sells ice-cream.MAN,ICE-CREAM(SELL)2)Is the baby sleeping?BABY(SLEEP)3)It is snowing.(SNOW)4)The tree grows well.TREE(GROW)Chapter6Pragmatics1.What does pragmatics study?How does it differ from traditional semantics?Generally speaking,pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context.It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process.In order to have a successful communication,the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention.The development and establishment of pragmatics in the1960s and1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of semantics.However,it is different from the traditional semantics.The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way,while semantics studies meaning in a static way.Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not.Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2.Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Various contents of shared knowledge have been identified,e.g.knowledge of the language they use,knowledge of what has been said before,knowledge about the world in general,knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place,and knowledge about each other.Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the heater’s interpretation of what is said to him. Without such knowledge,linguistic communication would not be possible,and without considering such knowledge,linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.Look at the following sentences:(1)How did it go?(2)It is cold in here.(3)It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing.Sentence(1)might be used in a conversation between two students talking about an examination,or two surgeons talking about an operation,or in some other contexts;(2)might be said by the speaker to ask the hearer to turn on the heater,or leave the place,or to put on more clothes,or to apologize for the poor condition of the room,depending on the situation of context;(3)makes sense only if the hearer has the knowledge that Christmas falls in summer in the southern hemisphere.3.How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related,and how do they differ?A sentence is a grammatical concept,and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract,intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.But if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication,it becomes an utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered(or used).So it is impossible to tell if“The dog is barking”is a sentence or an utterance.It can be either.It all depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it.If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation from context,then we are treating it as a sentence.If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.Therefore,while the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized,that of anutterance is concrete,and context-dependent.The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.Now,take the sentence“My bag is heavy”as an example. Semantic analysis of the meaning of the sentence results in the one-place predication BAG(BE HEAVY).Then a pragmatic analysis of the utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.For example,it could be uttered by a speaker as a straightforward statement, telling the hearer that his bag is heavy.It could also be intended by the speaker as an indirect,polite request,asking the hearer to help him carry the bag.Another possibility is that the speaker is declining someone’s request for help.All these are possible interpretations of the same utterance “My bag is heavy”.How it is to be understood depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.While most utterances take the form of grammatically complete sentences,some utterances do not,and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.5.According to Austin,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance.Give an example.According to Austin’s new model,a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:locutionary act,illocutionary act,and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words,phrases,clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something;it is the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance;it is the act performed by saying something.Let’s look at an example:You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the words“you”,“have”,“door”,“open”,etc.,thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking,i.e.asking someone to close the door,or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance.If the hearer gets the speaker’s message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door,the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to;then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.7.What is indirect language use?How is it explained in the light of speech act theory?When someone is not saying in an explicit and straightforward manner what he means to say, rather he is trying to put across his message in an implicit,roundabout way,we can say he is using indirect language.8.What are the four maxims of the CP?Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?Cooperative Principle,abbreviated as CP.It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific,there are four maxims under this general principle:1)The maxim of quantitya)Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of theexchange).b)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2)The maxim of qualitya)Do not say what you believe to be false.b)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.3)The maxim of relationa)Be relevant.4)The maxim of mannera)Avoid obscurity of expression.b)Avoid ambiguity.c)Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity).d)Be orderly.。