2023年全国研究生入学考试真题

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试心理学真题<正文开始>2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试心理学真题一、选择题（每题2分）1. 下列哪个是人类最基本的情感？（）A. 高兴B. 爱C. 渴望D. 恐慌2. 认知心理学的核心研究对象是（）A. 情绪B. 思维C. 行为D. 人格3. 下列哪种心理障碍属于情绪障碍？（）A. 命运障碍B. 人际关系障碍C. 恐惧障碍D. 认知障碍4. 学习理论中的经典条件作用指的是（）A. 内在动机对行为的影响B. 环境刺激对行为的影响C. 激励对行为的影响D. 行为后果对行为的影响5. 以下哪个心理学流派主张对人的内心体验进行研究？（）A. 行为主义心理学B. 认知心理学C. 人本主义心理学D. 精神分析心理学二、简答题（每题10分）1. 请简要介绍心理学的研究对象和主要内容。

心理学是研究人类的心理活动以及其与行为之间的关系的科学。

它的研究对象包括人的思维、情感、学习、记忆、意识、动机等心理活动。

心理学的主要内容涉及认知、情绪、发展、社会、生理等多个领域，通过实验、观察、调查等方法来研究人类的心理现象和规律。

2. 请简述经典条件作用的基本原理和应用。

经典条件作用是一种学习形式，它通过将一个原本中立的刺激与一个有意义的刺激同时或者接连出现，使得原本中立的刺激能够产生类似有意义刺激引起的反应。

它的基本原理是通过条件反射来形成新的反应。

应用方面，经典条件作用可以用于治疗恐惧症和药物成瘾等问题，通过将原本引起恐惧或者药物欲望的刺激与无害刺激相联系，来减弱或者消除不适应的反应。

3. 请简述社会认知理论对人类行为的解释和影响。

社会认知理论认为，人类的行为是通过对自己与他人的思考和评估来决定的。

它强调个体对外界信息的选择、处理和解释过程，并将其作为对他人行为和自身行为的解释依据。

社会认知理论对人类行为的解释提供了一种对行为背后心理过程的认知，揭示了人类社会互动的心理机制。

同时，它也对个体的行为和决策产生了重要影响，因为个体的行为往往受到其对他人行为的解释和评估的影响。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试软件工程真题考试时间：2023年6月10日上午9:00-11:30考试地点：各省考试中心一、单项选择题（共60题，每题2分，共120分）1. 下列哪项不属于软件开发的生命周期？A. 可行性研究B. 需求分析C. 系统设计D. 程序编码2. 软件测试的目的是 ___________ 。

A. 发现全部缺陷B. 提高软件质量C. 验收软件符合需求D. 用户满意度3. 下列哪项不属于面向对象分析方法？A. CRC卡B. 数据流图C. 用例图D. 类图二、简答题（共3题，每题20分，共60分）1. 请简要描述软件工程的定义和作用。

软件工程是一门研究使用工程原理、方法和工具来开发和维护高质量软件的学科。

它涉及软件开发周期的各个阶段，包括需求分析、系统设计、编码、测试和维护。

软件工程的作用在于提高软件的质量、可靠性和可维护性，以满足用户的需求，并提高软件开发的效率和产品的竞争力。

2. 请简要介绍敏捷开发方法并阐述其优势。

敏捷开发是一种以迭代、循序渐进的方式进行软件开发的方法。

它强调团队合作、快速响应变化和持续交付价值。

与传统的瀑布模型相比，敏捷开发具有以下优势：- 灵活性：敏捷开发能够快速适应需求变化和市场变化。

- 透明度：团队成员之间的沟通更加频繁和紧密，项目进展和问题可以及时暴露和解决。

- 用户参与：敏捷开发注重用户的反馈和参与，能够更好地满足用户需求并提高用户满意度。

- 高质量：通过频繁的测试和持续集成，可以尽早地发现和修复软件缺陷，提高软件质量。

- 提高团队效率：敏捷开发强调团队协作和自组织，能够更加高效地开展工作。

3. 请简要解释软件需求的三个关键属性：可行性、一致性和可跟踪性。

- 可行性（Feasibility）：软件需求应该在技术、经济和法律等方面是可行的。

也就是说，软件需求在技术上能够实现，经济上可行（考虑成本和收益），并符合法律法规和规范要求。

- 一致性（Consistency）：软件需求之间应该是相互协调和一致的。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语真题篇一：听力理解Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) She needs to consult a doctor.B) Her headache has completely gone.C) She has taken some medication.D) She doesn't want to take pills.2. A) She can lend the man some money.B) She has plenty of cash.C) She doesn't have enough money.D) She needs to go to the bank.3. A) She feels worried about her presentation.B) She will help the man prepare the presentation.C) She has already finished her part of the work.D) She doesn't like speaking in public.4. A) He couldn't find the way to the bank.B) He wasn't able to withdraw any money.C) All ATMs are out of service.D) There will be a long queue at the ATM.5. A) The man doesn't need to worry about the deadline.B) The man needs to extend his deadline.C) The assignment must be submitted earlier.D) The woman suggests changing the deadline.篇二：阅读理解Section BDirections: In Section B, you will read three passages and answer several questions on each of the passages. You are encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the time allowed.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The human footprint has become so large that it now leaves a permanent mark on the planet. We dominate Earth, changing its climate, destroying natural habitats and wiping out other species. The effects of our actions are not only visible on land but also extend to the oceans, where we have disrupted marine ecosystems.Our interference with the oceans has led to various problems, one of which is overfishing. According to a recent report released by the United Nations, over 90% of the world's fish stocks are currently overfished or fished to their biological limits, with only 7.1% considered to be at healthy levels.Overfishing is a result of excessive fishing efforts driven by increased demand for fish and improved fishing technologies. Large commercial fishing fleets, equipped with advanced equipment, are causing significant damage to marine ecosystems. These fleets often use large nets and long lines that can catch large quantities of fish in a single operation, but also catch many other marine animals, known as bycatch. Bycatch includes dolphins, turtles, seabirds, and other non-targeted species, many of which are endangered or protected.Furthermore, our demand for certain fish species has caused severe population declines and even the collapse of some fisheries. For example, the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna population has declined rapidly due to its high market value, leading to strict fishing regulations being imposed.In order to protect our oceans and preserve marine ecosystems, it is crucial to address the issue of overfishing. This requires international cooperation, improved fisheries management, and responsible consumer choices. By adopting sustainable fishing practices and supporting fishery regulations, we can ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our oceans.11. What does the author say about the human footprint?12. What is one of the problems caused by our interference with the oceans?13. What do we learn about overfishing from the recent UN report?14. What is mentioned as a cause of overfishing?15. What does the author suggest to address the issue of overfishing?篇三：完形填空Section CDirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It was Sunday and we were waiting on the platform for the 16.35 train when an announcement said it was delayed. We were traveling to friends who lived about 200 miles away and had been 16 them several weeks.As we had a couple of hours to wait, we 17 an earlier train and therefore got there on time. However, as it happened, our friends were still out shopping so we crowded in their kitchen and 18 warming ourselves by the Aga cooker until they returned at about 7 p.m.We were just 19 to have a meal when there was a knock at the door and in walked a man and a woman who 20 lived next door to our friends."Would you 21 a little problem for me?" asked the man. We asked what was wrong and he said that he had left his lit gas water heater on when he left home, and he wanted someone to go in and turn it off. The watercylinder in the airing 22 was quite small, and with the attic door in the closed position, there was a real 23 that the cylinder might boil over and cause a flood. We asked the man why he didn't come back before 24, and he said that he had tried to get off at the previous station, but the doors didn't open, and by the time he got out it was too late.My husband said he would 25. They led the way round to their house, and sure enough, the cylinder was bubbling away like mad. My husband turned it off at once.16. A) visiting B) ignoring C) meeting D) reminding17. A) took B) missed C) drove D) caught18. A) occurred B) spent C) found D) killed19. A) preparing B) stopping C) deciding D) reminding20. A) never B) already C) almost D) often21. A) explain B) settle C) solve D) mention22. A) table B) room C) place D) position23. A) possibility B) chance C) result D) solution24. A) midnight B) sunset C) noon D) midday25. A) find B) meet C) run D) agree篇四：写作Directions: Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1. interpret the chart, and2. give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.请根据以上要求完成文章。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(三)试题及答案考试时间：180分钟，满分：150分一、选择题：1~10小题，每小题5分，共50分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要 求，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上.(1)已知函数/(x^) = ln(^ + |xsinj ；|)7 贝ij ((b 4i(0,1)不存在如|(。

,1)存在，而I 如|(0,1)不存在，齐|(0,1)存在(c)加)'■£ (0,1)均存在(D) £(。

，1),东(°，1)均不存在【答案】A'1(2)设/(x) = <J1 + X 2的一个原函数为( )(x + l)cosx 9x > 0(A)歹(x )= ]ln(Jl+/ -x)5x < 0I (x + l)cosx-sinx , x > 0(B)歹(x) =〈ln( J ] + *2 — x) +1, (x + l)cosx-sinx ?(c ) f (x ) = [m (Jl + x2 +x)9x<0(x + l)sinx + cos x, x > 0(D) F(x) = ]ln( J l + x? + x) +1, (x + l)sinx + cosx 9x < 0x > 0x < 0x > 0【答案】D(3)若微分方程y" + ay+by = 0的解在(-oo 5+oo)上有界，则()(A)a < 0,b > 0(c) a = Q.b > 0【答案】c(B) a > 0,b > 0(D) a = 0,b<0(4)已知q 〃〈如(〃 =12...)，若级数 与Z 如 均收敛’贝绝对收敛”是“n=ln=ln=l OOZ 如绝对72=1收敛”的()(A)充分必要条件(B)充分不必要条件(C)必要不充分条件(D)既不充分也不必要条件【答案】A) (5)设刀’3为〃阶可逆矩阵’为矩阵肱的伴随矩阵，则(A)-睥、(B)'附-1史1牛*>\O附］(C)-%*、(D)项史<O〔°(6)二次型/(X P X2?X3)=+x2)2+(%!+x3)2-4(x2-x3)2的规范形为()(A)评+计⑻评一W(C)评+k-4乃2(D)y T2+y22-y32【答案】B(7)已知向量OC]=2,oc2u .2],2、15&2=0//若丫既可由a p a2线性表示’也可由p p p2线性表示'则1=().3](A)k3,keR〔Jr-n (C)k1,keR【答案】D"3、(B)k5"J(D)k5,kERk(8)设随机变量X服从参数为1的泊松分布，则E(|X-EX|)=((A)1(B)1(O2(D)1e2e)【答案】C(9)设X"2,…,X〃为来自总体NW’S)的简单随机样本,上匕,…，匕为来自总体N(%2S)的1._1m简单随机样本，且两样本相互独立，记x=-Yx i7尸=_£匕，〃钉m,=i1n___1m*=—r£(x,-》)2,s；=―^(K-r)2测()〃—1钉秫—1旨(A)夺〜F(n,m) (C)气F(n,m)【答案】D(B)§(D)£(10)设X],X2为来自总体N(|1q2)的简单随机样本，其中0(0>0)是未知参数，记o=QX]-犯|,若E(o)=o,则()(A)五2【答案】A(C)声(D)伊二、填空题：11-16小题，每小题5分，共30分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上.(11)limx2X—82-xsinl-coslX X【答案】£3(12)已知函数/('J)满足序(3)='*.气=则/(V3,3)=【答案】-382n(13)5二总(2〃)!【答案]2(14)设某公司在，时刻的资产为f(t),从0时刻到，时刻的平均资产等于业—t,假设/(，)连续且/(0)=0,则/(0=【答案】2®_"1)(15)已知线性方程组ax x+x3=1尸吐+易=0有解，其中点为常数，若邑+2x2+QX3=0ax x+bx2=201a1=4,2aa11\a\则12q=a b0【答案】8(16)设随机变量X与Y相互独立’且X〜3(1,°),y~5(2,77),72g(0,1),则X+Y与X—Y的相关系数为________【答案】-！3三、解答题：17-22小题，共70分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(17)(本题满分10分)已知可导函数V=*3)满足ae x+y2+y-ln(l+x)cos y+b-Q,且贝0)=0,*'(0)=0(1)求的值；(2)判断x=0是否为火、)的极值点【答案】(1)a=l,b=-l(2)x=0是y(x)的极大值点(18)(本题满分12分)已知平面区域D={(x,y)0<y<—l_,x>l}xJl+、2(1) 求。

2023Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read thefollowing text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and moresensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17 Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2 ．[A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3 ．[A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4 ．[A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5 ．[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6 ．[A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7 ．[A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8 ．[A] site9 ．[A] So 10．[A] immediately 11．[A] surprised 12．[A] problem 13．[A] Above all 14．[A] bridge 15．[A] form 16．[A] posts17 ．[A] artificial 18．[A] Finally 19．[A] memories 20．[A] restrict [B] point[B] Yet[B] intentionally[B] annoyed[B]option[B] In contrast[B] avoid[B] through[B] links[B] mysterious[B] Consequently[B] marks[B] adopt[C] way[C] Instead[C]unexpectedly[C] frightened[C] view[C] On average[C] spot[C] beyond[C] shades[C] hidden[C]incidentally[C] notes[C] lead[D] place[D] Besides[D] eventually[D] confused[D] result[D] For example[D] separate[D] under[D] breaks[D] limited[D] Generally[D] belongings[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read thefollowingfour texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text2Communities throughout New England have been attemptingto regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory,there’s an increased urgency in such regulation,particularly among those whoworry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire,where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1percent,housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,”said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“ employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle,CEO of a local association of realter.“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry,and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,”Castle said,“and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn,an expert on affordable housing policy.“I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing.If it’s their vacation home anyway,and it’s just empty,why can’t you make money off it?”Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities— de facto hotels — to bypass taxesand regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel,but disguising it as not a hotel,be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of 2018, governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further,requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26. Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowlyD. Its home prices are under strict control.27. The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended toA. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.28. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to supportA. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29. What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements isA. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones,the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson.Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-offwith Waterstones.The problem began late last year,when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were“ quietly retiring them to their relevant sections” .PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me:“Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock.We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately.Certainly,our shops are exceptionally busy.The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime,PRH authors have been the losers.Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher,Simon &Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,”says literary agent Andrew Lownie.“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to presentA. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways,including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) andthe number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels,where journals,authors,and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.Recently,another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged:so-called support service consultancies that provide languageand other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind.These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.In some instances,there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals.Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?In one example, an individual - acting as author, editor, and consultant - was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities:whenan editor, a reviewer,or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36.According to Paragraph 1,the careers of scientists can be determined by________.[A] how many citations their works contain.[B] how many times their papers are cited.[C] the prestige of the people they work with.[D] the status they have in scientific circles.37. The support service consultancies tend to________.[A] recommend journals to their clients.[B] list citation patterns their clients.[C] ask authors to include extra citations.[D] advise contributors to cite each other.38. The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to________.[A] boost citation counts for certain authors.[B] help scholars publish articles at low cost.[C] instruct First-time contributors in citation.[D] increase the readership of new journals.39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?[A] It Fosters competition among citation providers.[B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.[C] It hinders the growth of “international” journals.[D] It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?[A] Take legal action.[B] Demand an apology.[C] Seek professional advice[D] Reveal their misconduct.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)46.AI can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.47.Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer's roleby reducing creativity and removing jobs,but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.48.Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of those concerns,especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.49.If customers are not willing to share data,AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.50.The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Section III WritingPart A51.Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.Write your answer about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice; use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试农业经济学真题（正文开始）一、选择题1. 下列哪项是衡量农业经济发展的重要指标？A. 国内生产总值（GDP）B. 农村人均可支配收入C. 城乡收入差距D. 农业人口比重2. 农业国际贸易中，以下哪一种贸易模式被视为有效推动农业发展？A. 进口替代模式B. 农产品出口模式C. 农产品进口模式D. 农业合作模式3. 农业企业的市场竞争力主要受以下哪些因素影响？A. 生产成本B. 农产品质量C. 市场需求D. 政策支持4. 市场供求关系决定了农产品的价格形成方式，以下哪种市场形态最符合农产品的价格形成？A. 完全竞争市场B. 寡头垄断市场C. 垄断竞争市场D. 寡头竞争市场5. 哪一项是农业经济发展中具有独特优势的可持续发展模式？A. 现代农业模式B. 传统农业模式C. 生态农业模式D. 工业农业模式二、问答题1. 请简要阐述现代农业发展的特点及其对农业经济的影响。

现代农业发展的特点包括技术先进、高效生产、规模经营和信息化管理。

现代农业通过引入先进技术和科学管理，提高农产品的产量和质量，降低生产成本，提高农业生产的效率和经济效益。

同时，现代农业的发展还促进了农村经济的多元化，带动了相关产业链的发展和农民收入的增加。

2. 农业产业化的优势有哪些？请列举并简要说明。

农业产业化的优势包括提高了农产品的市场竞争力、促进了农民收入增长、推动了农村经济的发展和提高了农业资源的利用效率。

首先，农业产业化通过规模经营和统一管理，提高了农产品的质量和市场竞争力，使农产品能够更好地适应市场需求。

其次，农业产业化带动了相关农产品加工和销售环节的发展，创造了更多的就业机会，促进了农民收入的增长，改善了农村居民的生活水平。

此外，农业产业化还推动了农村经济的多元化发展，促进了农村地区非农产业的兴起，降低了农民对土地的依赖，增加了农业资源的利用效率。

综上所述，农业产业化对于农业经济的发展具有显著的优势和积极的影响。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试自动化真题题目一：控制系统理论与设计一、选择题1. 对于一个稳定控制系统，以下说法正确的是：a) 系统的输入与输出之间存在比例关系b) 系统的输出在整个时间范围内都是周期性的c) 系统的输出在无限时间内趋近于一个固定的值d) 系统的输出不会受到干扰2. 下列关于串级控制系统的说法中，正确的是：a) 主控制器响应速度较快b) 前级控制器响应速度较快c) 只有一个控制回路d) 只适用于特定类型的过程3. 在反馈控制系统中，负反馈具有以下优点：a) 提高系统的稳定性b) 减小系统的带宽c) 提高系统的超调量d) 增加系统的延迟时间二、填空题1. 控制系统中的传递函数是用来描述系统的。

2. 闭环控制系统中，稳态误差可以通过增加来减小。

3. 控制系统的控制对象是指。

4. 控制系统中比例控制器的传递函数为。

5. 控制系统中积分控制器的传递函数为。

三、简答题1. 请解释反馈控制系统与前馈控制系统的区别，并举例说明。

反馈控制系统和前馈控制系统是两种常见的控制系统结构。

它们的区别在于反馈路径的存在与否。

在反馈控制系统中，系统的输出值通过传感器反馈给控制器，控制器根据反馈信号调整控制策略，进而影响系统的输入，以实现对系统输出的控制。

反馈控制系统通过监测系统的实际输出与期望输出之间的差异，来调整控制信号并纠正系统的偏差，从而提高系统的稳定性和鲁棒性。

例如，温度控制系统中的恒温器，通过检测环境温度与设定温度之间的差异，自动调节供暖或制冷设备的输出。

相比之下，前馈控制系统是一种预测性控制方法，它根据事先确定的模型和目标输出，直接计算出控制信号，而不需要通过反馈路径来调整控制器的输出。

前馈控制系统可以在系统受到干扰时提前作出响应，并在前馈路径的作用下减小输出误差。

例如，在飞机自动驾驶系统中，根据预先建立的飞行动力学模型和目标航迹，使用前馈控制来精确控制飞机的姿态和位置。

2. 简述PID控制器的工作原理，并解释每个参数对系统响应的影响。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试社会学真题社会学是研究人类社会生活、社会组织和社会变迁的学科。

作为一门综合性学科，社会学在现代社会中具有重要的地位和作用。

以下是2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试社会学真题，请阅读并根据题目要求回答问题。

第一部分：选择题1. 在社会学中，人是指具有什么特征的个体？A. 只关注自身利益B. 独立行为能力C. 相互依赖关系D. 集体主义意识2. 下列哪个社会学理论主张社会行为是由社会结构和制度，以及宏观环境因素决定的？A. 功能主义B. 符号互动主义C. 结构主义D. 随机行为主义3. 社会学研究范畴包括哪些方面？A. 社会结构B. 社会心理C. 社会变迁D. 以上都是4. 下列哪个方法是社会学研究常用的数据收集方法？A. 访谈调查B. 实验设计C. 文献分析D. 数学模型5. 社会学中的“社会化”是指什么？A. 个体逐渐形成社会态度与行为方式的过程B. 个体由集体中的群体行为逐渐分化与脱离的过程C. 个体在社会中找到自我认同与归属感的过程D. 个体从社会中获得奖励与惩罚的过程第二部分：简答题1. 请简要解释社会学中的“社会结构”概念。

社会结构是指社会中各种相互联系和相互依赖的组织和组织之间的关系。

它包括社会组织、社会关系、社会角色等方面。

社会结构决定了人们在社会中的地位和角色，以及人们之间的互动方式和相互依赖关系。

2. 解释社会学中的“社会变迁”概念，并提供一个例子说明。

社会变迁是指社会结构、社会制度或社会文化在时间和空间维度上发生的根本性改变。

社会变迁涉及社会经济、政治、文化等多个领域。

例如，工业革命引发了农业社会向工业社会的转变，这是社会结构和经济形态的重大变革。

3. 简要介绍社会学中的主要理论流派。

社会学中的主要理论流派包括功能主义、符号互动主义和结构主义。

功能主义将社会看作是一个整体，强调社会结构和制度的功能和稳定性。

符号互动主义关注个体在社会互动中的含义和意义，并强调个体行为和社会交往的构建性。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（二）试题及答案考试时间：180分钟，满分：150分一、选择题：1～10小题，每小题5分，共50分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上．（1）曲线1ln()1yx e x =+−的斜渐近线方程为（ ） （A）y x e =+ （B）1y x e=+（C）y x = （D）1y x e=−【答案】B 【解析】1limlimln()11x x y ke x x →∞→∞==+=−，11lim()lim()lim[ln(]lim [ln(ln ]11x x x x b y kx y x x e x x e e x x →∞→∞→∞→∞=−==−=+−=+−−−111lim ln(1lim (1)(1)x x x x e x e x e→∞→∞=+==−−，所以渐进线方程为1y x e =+，答案为B（2）设0()(1)cos ,0x f x x x x ≤=+>⎩的一个原函数为（ ）（A）),0()(1)cos sin ,0x x F x x x x x ⎧⎪−≤=⎨+−>⎪⎩（B）)1,0()(1)cos sin ,0x x F x x x x x ⎧⎪−+≤=⎨+−>⎪⎩（C）),0()(1)sin cos ,0x x F x x x x x ⎧⎪+≤=⎨++>⎪⎩（D）)1,0()(1)sin cos ,x x F x x x x x ⎧⎪++≤=⎨++>⎪⎩【答案】D【解析】根据原函数的连续性，可排除（A）（C）；再根据原函数的可导性，可排除选项（B），答案为（D） （3）已知{}n x ，{}n y 满足1112x y ==，1sin n n x x +=，21(1,2,)n n y y n +== ，则当n →∞时（ ）（A）n x 是n y 的高阶无穷小（B）n y 是n x 的高阶无穷小（C）n x 与n y 是等价无穷小（D）n x 与n y 是同阶但不等价的无穷小【答案】B【解析】由已知可得，{}n x ，{}n y 均单调递减，且12n y ≤，又因为sin x x 在(0,2π上单调递减，故2sin 1x x π<<，所以2sin x x π>，所以21112sin sin 24n n n n nn n n n n ny y y y y y x x x x x ππ++==≤=，依次类推可得，111100()444n nn n n n y y y n x x x πππ++⎛⎫⎛⎫≤≤≤≤=→→∞ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，故n y 是n x 的高阶无穷小，答案为B （4）若微分方程0y ay by ′′′++=的解在(,)−∞+∞上有界，则（ ）（A）0,0a b <>（B）0,0a b >>（C）0,0ab =>（D）0,0ab =<【答案】C 【解析】0y ay by ′′′++=的解一共三种情形：①240a b Δ=−>，1212x xy C e C e λλ=+，但此时无论12,λλ取何值，y 在(,)−∞+∞上均无界；②240a b Δ=−=，12()xy C C x eλ=+，但此时无论λ取何值，y 在(,)−∞+∞上均无界；③240a b Δ=−<，12(cos sin )xy e C x C x αββ=+，此时若y 在(,)−∞+∞上有界，则需满足0α=，所以0,0a b =>，答案为（C）（5）设函数()y f x =由2sin x t ty t t⎧=+⎪⎨=⎪⎩确定，则（ ） （A）()f x 连续，(0)f ′不存在（B）(0)f ′不存在，()f x ′在0x =处不连续（C）()f x ′连续，(0)f ′′不存在（D）(0)f ′′存在，()f x ′′在0x =处不连续【答案】C 【解析】当0t =时，有0x y ==①当0t>时，3sin x t y t t=⎧⎨=⎩，可得sin 33x xy =，故()f x 右连续；②当0t<时，sin x ty t t=⎧⎨=−⎩，可得sin y x x =−，故()f x 左连续，所以()f x 连续；因为0sin 033(0)lim 0x x x y x ++→−′==；0sin 0(0)lim 0x x x y x −−→−−′==，所以(0)0f ′=；③当0x >时，1sin sin cos 333393x x x x x y ′⎛⎫′==+ ⎪⎝⎭，所以0lim ()0x y x +→′=，即()f x ′右连续；④当0x <时，()sin sin cos y x x x x x ′′=−=−−，所以0lim ()0x y x −→′=，即()f x ′左连续，所以()f x ′连续；考虑01sin cos 23393(0)lim 9x x x xf x ++→+′′==；0sin cos (0)lim 2x x x x f x −−→−−′′==−，所以(0)f ′′不存在，答案为C（6）若函数121()(ln )f dx x x αα+∞+=⎰在0αα=处取得最小值，则0α=（ ） （A）1ln(ln 2)−（B）ln(ln 2)− （C）1ln 2（D）ln 2【答案】A 【解析】当0α>时，121()(ln )f dx x x αα+∞+=⎰收敛， 此时21122111111()ln (ln )(ln )(ln )(ln 2)f dx d x x x x x ααααααα+∞+∞+∞++===−=⎰⎰，故211111ln ln 2()(ln 2)(ln 2)(ln 2)f ααααααα′⎡⎤−′==−⎢⎥⎣⎦，令()0f α′=，解得0α=1ln(ln 2)−（7）设函数2()()x f x x a e =+，若()f x 没有极值点，但曲线()y f x =有拐点，则a 的取值范围是（ ）（A）[0,1)（B）[1,)+∞（C）[1,2)（D）[2,)+∞【答案】C 【解析】2()()x f x x a e =+，2()(2)x f x x x a e ′=++，2()(42)x f x x x a e ′′=+++，因为()f x 没有极值点，所以440a −≤；又因为曲线()y f x =有拐点，所以164(2)0a −+>，联立求解得：[1,2)a ∈（8）设A ，B 为n 阶可逆矩阵，*M 为矩阵M 的伴随矩阵，则*A E OB ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭（ ） （A）****A B B A O B A ⎛⎫−⎪⎝⎭（B）****B A A B O A B ⎛⎫−⎪⎝⎭（C）****B A B A OA B ⎛⎫−⎪⎝⎭（D）****A B A B OB A ⎛⎫−⎪⎝⎭【答案】B【解析】*11111A E A E A E A AB A B O B O B O B O B −−−−−⎛⎫−⎛⎫⎛⎫== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭111***1*A B A A B A B B A A B O A B B OA B −−−−⎛⎫⎛⎫−−== ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，答案为B （9）二次型222123121323(,,)()()4()f x x x x x x x x x =+++−−的规范形为（ ）（A）2212y y +（B）2212y y −（C）2221234y y y +−（D）222123y y y +−【答案】B 【解析】222123121323(,,)()()4()f x x x x x x x x x =+++−−222123121323233228x x x x x x x x x =−−+++二次型矩阵为211134143A ⎛⎫⎪=− ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭,211134(7)(3)143E A λλλλλλλ−−−−=−+−=+−−−+ 故答案为B（10）已知向量1123α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，2211α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，1259β⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，2101β⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪⎪⎝⎭，若γ既可由12,αα线性表示，也可由12,ββ线性表示，则γ=（ ）（A）33,4k k R ⎛⎫⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ （B）35,10k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ （C）11,2k k R −⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（D）15,8k k R ⎛⎫⎪∈ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭【答案】D 【解析】令γ11221122k k l l ααββ=+=+，则有112211220k k l l ααββ+−−=，即12121212(,)0k k l l ααββ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪−−= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭而121212211003(,)2150010131910011ααββ−−⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪−−=−→− ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪−−⎝⎭⎝⎭所以1212(,,,)(3,1,1,1),TT k k l l c c R =−−∈，所以12(1,5,8)(1,5,8),T T c c c k k R γββ=−+=−=∈，答案为D二、填空题：11～16小题，每小题5分，共30分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上． （11）当0x →时，函数2()ln(1)f x ax bx x =+++与2()cos x g x e x =−是等价无穷小，则ab =________【答案】2−【解析】由已知可得：2222200022221(())()ln(1)2lim lim lim 1()cos (1())(1())2x x x x ax bx x x o x f x ax bx x g x e x x o x x o x →→→++−++++==−++−−+220221(1)(()2lim 13()2x a x b x o x x o x →++−+==+所以1310,22a b +=−=，即1,2a b =−=,所以2ab =−（12）曲线y =⎰的弧长为________43π【解析】由题意可得函数定义域为[x ∈，根据公式可得：2302sin 24cos L x t tdtπ====⎰304(1cos 2)t dt π=+=⎰43π+（13）设函数(,)z z x y =由2ze xz x y +=−确定，则2(1,1)2zx∂=∂_________【答案】32−【解析】代入(1,1)点可得，0z =，先代入1y =，可得21z e xz x +=−，两边对x 求导，2z e z z xz ′′++=，得(1)1z ′=两边再对x 求导，20z ze z e z z z xz ′′′′′′′++++=，代入(1,1)及0z =，(1)1z ′=得2(1,1)232zx∂=−∂（14）曲线35332x y y =+在1x =对应点处的法线斜率为________【答案】119−【解析】代入1x =得到1y =，两边对x 求导，242956x y y y y ′′=+，代入1x =，1y =可得：911y ′=，故1x =对应点处的法线斜率为1119y −=−′（15）设连续函数()f x 满足：(2)()f x f x x +−=，2()0f x dx =⎰，则31()f x dx =⎰_______【答案】12【解析】323211121()()()()(2)f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx=+=++⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰[]2121111()()()022f x dx f x x dx f x dx xdx =++=+=+=⎰⎰⎰⎰（16）已知线性方程组13123123121202ax x x ax x x x ax ax bx +=⎧⎪++=⎪⎨++=⎪⎪+=⎩有解，其中,a b 为常数，若0111412a a a =，则11120a a ab =_______【答案】8【解析】由题意可得：方程组系数矩阵秩为3，可得增广矩阵的秩也为3，即011110012002a a a ab =按照第四列进行行列式展开可得：144411011(1)122(1)11012a a a a a b a ++⋅−+⋅−⋅=所以111280a a ab =三、解答题：17～22小题，共70分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（17）（本题满分10分）设曲线:()()L y y x x e =>经过点2(,0)e ，L 上任一点(,)P x y 到y 轴的距离等于该点处的切线在y 轴上的截距（1）求()y x ；（2）在L 上求一点，使得该点处的切线与两坐标轴所围三角形的面积最小，并求此最小面积【答案】（1）()(2ln )y x x x =− （2）33221(,)2e e ，最小面积是3e 【解析】（1）曲线L 上任一点(,)P x y 处的切线方程为()Y y y X x ′−=−，令0X =，则y 轴上的截距为Y y xy ′=−，则有x y xy ′=−，即11y y x′−=−，解得(ln )y x C x =−，其中C 为任意常数，代入2(,0)e 可得2C =，故()(2ln )y x x x =−（2）该点设为000(,(2ln ))x x x −，切线方程为0000(2ln )(1ln )()Y x x x X x −−=−− 令0X =，解得0Y x =；令0Y =，解得00ln 1x X x =−；所以该点处的切线与两坐标轴所围三角形的面积为：200011()22ln 1x S x XY x ==−求导00020(2ln 3)()2(ln 1)x x S x x −′=−，令0()0S x ′=，解得320x e =且为最小值点，最小面积为332()S e e =（18）（本题满分12分） 求函数2cos (,)2yx f x y xe=+的极值【答案】极小值为21(,2)2f e k e π−=−（k Z ∈） 【解析】先求驻点cos cos 0(sin )0y xy y f e x f xe y ⎧′=+=⎪⎨′=−=⎪⎩，解得驻点为1(,(21))e k π−−+和(,2)e k π−，其中k Z∈下求二阶偏导数，cos cos 2cos 1(sin )sin cos xx yxy y y yy f f e y f xe y xe y ⎧′′=⎪⎪′′=−⎨⎪′′=−⎪⎩代入1(,(21))e k π−−+（k Z ∈），解得210xxxy yy A f B f C f e −⎧′′==⎪⎪′′==⎨⎪′′==−⎪⎩，20AC B −<,故1(,(21))e k π−−+不是极值点； 代入(,2)e k π−（k Z ∈），解得210xxxy yy A f B f C f e ⎧′′==⎪⎪′′==⎨⎪′′==⎪⎩，20AC B −>且0A >,故(,2)e k π−是极小值点，其极小值为21(,2)2f e k e π−=−（k Z ∈） （19）（本题满分12分）已知平面区域{(,)01}D x y y x =≤≤≥（1）求D 的面积（2）求D 绕x 轴旋转所成旋转体的体积【答案】（1）ln(1S = （2）24V ππ=−【解析】（1）222214441tan sec csc ln csc cot tan sec D S x t tdt tdt t tt t ππππππ+∞====−⎰⎰⎰ln(1=+;（2）22222111111(1)1x V dx dx dx x x x x πππ+∞+∞+∞⎛⎫===− ⎪++⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰11arctan x x π+∞⎛⎫=−− ⎪⎝⎭24ππ=−（20）（本题满分12分）设平面有界区域D 位于第一象限，由曲线221x y xy +−=，222x y xy +−=与直线y =，0y =围成，计算2213Ddxdy x y +⎰⎰【解析】本题采用极坐标计算，322013Ddxdy d x y πθ=+⎰⎰⎰333222222000111ln 3cos sin 3cos sin 3cos sin d r d d πππθθθθθθθθθ===+++⎰⎰332220011111ln 2ln 2tan ln 22(3tan )cos 23tan 2d d ππθθθθθ=⋅=⋅==++⎰⎰（21）（本题满分12分） 设函数()f x 在[,]a a −上具有2阶连续导数，证明： （1）若(0)0f =，则存在(,)a a ξ∈−，使得21()[()()]f f a f a aξ′′=+−（2）若()f x 在(,)a a −内取得极值，则存在(,)a a η∈−，使得21()()()2f f a f a aη′′≥−−【答案】（1）利用泰勒公式在0x =处展开，再利用介值性定理； （2）利用泰勒公式在极值点处展开，再利用基本不等式进行放缩；【解析】（1）在0x =处泰勒展开，22()()()(0)(0)(0)2!2!f c f c f x f f x x f x x ′′′′′′=++=+， 其中c 介于0与x 之间；代入两个端点有：211()()(0),(0,)2!f f a f a a a ξξ′′′=+∈222()()(0)(),(,0)2!f f a f a a a ξξ′′′−=−+∈−两式相加可得：212()()()()2f f f a f a a ξξ′′′′++−=即122()()1[()()]2f f f a f a a ξξ′′′′++−=因为()f x 在[,]a a −上具有2阶连续导数，所以()f x ′′存在最大值M 与最小值m ， 根据连续函数的介值性定理可得，12()()2f f m M ξξ′′′′+≤≤，所以存在(,)a a ξ∈−，使得12()()()2f f f ξξξ′′′′+′′=，即21()[()()]f f a f a aξ′′=+−成立；（2）若()f x 在(,)a a −内取得极值，不妨设0x 为其极值点，则由费马引理可得，0()0f x ′=将()f x 在0x 处泰勒展开，22000000()()()()()()()()()2!2!f d f d f x f x f x x x x x f x x x ′′′′′=+−+−=+−其中d 介于0x 与x 之间；代入两个端点有：210010()()()(),(,)2!f f a f x a x x a ηη′′=+−∈ 220020()()()(),(,)2!f f a f x a x a x ηη′′−=+−−∈−两式相减可得：221200()()()()()()22f f f a f a a x a x ηη′′′′−−=−−−−所以22120022()()11()()()()2222f f f a f a a x a x a a ηη′′′′−−=−−−− 22102021[()()()()]4f a x f a x aηη′′′′≤−++，记112()max[(),()]f f f ηηη′′′′′′=， 又因为22220000()()[()()]4a x a x a x a x a −++≤−++=，所以21()()()2f a f a f aη′′−−≤成立 （22）（本题满分12分）设矩阵A 满足对任意123,,x x x 均有112321233232x x x x A x x x x x x x ++⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=−+ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭（1）求A（2）求可逆矩阵P 与对角矩阵Λ，使得1P AP −=Λ【答案】（1）111211011A ⎛⎫⎪=− ⎪⎪−⎝⎭11 /11 （2）401310112P −⎛⎫ ⎪=− ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，1221P AP −⎛⎫ ⎪=Λ=− ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭【解析】（1）因为任意123,,x x x 均有112321233232x x x x A x x x x x x x ++⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=−+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭，即112233*********x x A x x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎪=− ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭故可分别取单位向量100010001⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭，，，可得100111100010211010001011001A ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎪=− ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪−⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭所以111211011A ⎛⎫ ⎪=− ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭（2）111101101211221(2)2110110(2)1011E A λλλλλλλλλλλ−−−−−−−−=−+−=−+−=+−−−+−++−+101(2)211(2)(2)(1)20λλλλλλ−−=+−−=+−+− 所以A 的特征值为21,2−−，，下求特征向量： 当2λ=−时，解方程组(2)0E A x −−=，可得基础解系为1(0,1,1)T ξ=−;当1λ=−时，解方程组()0E A x −−=，可得基础解系为2(1,0,2)Tξ=−当2λ=时，解方程组(2)0E A x −=，可得基础解系为3(4,3,1)T ξ=令401310112P −⎛⎫ ⎪=− ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，有1221P AP −⎛⎫ ⎪=Λ=− ⎪ ⎪−⎝⎭成立。

Se1:tion I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word ( s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B , C or D on th� ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically _1_ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments or 2This word " Caravanserais" is 3a of the Persian word " karv:an" , which means a group of ltravellers or a caravan , and " seray " , a palace or enclosed building. The term caravan was used to _4_ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons , 5merchants, travellers or pillgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed, the _6 __ of the caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to :rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road 7 possibility of being attacked by thieves or being 8 to extreme weather conditions. For this reason, caravanserais were strategically placed 9 they could be reached in a day's travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal 10 point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. _.!l_ , these structures became important centers for cultural 12 and interaction, with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, 13 taking knowledge with them, greatly _l!_ the development of several civilisations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and _!Lin the trade of goods along the Silk Road. 16 , it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and __11_ supplies for their own journeys. It is 18 that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, _ __!2_ only about 3 , 000 are known to remain today , many of which are in _1Q__.2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题1.A. displayedB.occupiedC.located 2.A. privatelyB.regularlyC.respectively 3.A. definitionB.transitionC.substitution 4.A. classifyB.recordC.describe 5.A. apart fromB.instead ofC.such as 6.A. constructionB.restorationC.impression 7.A. doubtedB.facedC.accepted 8.A. assignedB.subjectedC.accustomed 9.A. so thatB.even ifC.now that 10.A. talkingB.startingC.breaking 11.A., By the wayB.On occasionC.In comparison 12.A. heritageB.revivalC.exchange 1'3. A. with regard toB. in spite ofC.as well as 14.A. completingB.influencingC.resuming 15.A. aidedB.investedC.failed 16.A. RatherB.IndeedC.Otherwise 17.A. go in forB.stand up forC.close in on 18.A. believedB.predictedC.recalled 19.A. untilB.becauseC.unless 20.A. ruins B.debt C.fashion Section IlReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: D.equipped D.permanently bination D.connect D.along with D.evaluation D.reduced D.opposed D.in case D.meeting D.As a result D.status D.in line with D.pioneering peted D.However D.stock up on D.implied D.although D.seriesRead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by .choosing A, B , C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 40 points)Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes 1to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy's views. "They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion. " says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. "What millions of Texas kids leam in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members ,rather than facts and sound scholarship. "Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world , as researchers ,policymakers ,teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non­profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a gradeB +or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas ,which was given the lowest grade ( F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centre's deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school bo.ards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, "that does not mean it will be taught" , he says.Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages-·such as earth and space sciences in high schools-it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies cour�es.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change ,unofficial educational materials that convey mo:re slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21.In Paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to ___A.forecast a policy shift in Texas schoolsB.stress the consequences of climate changeC .. i ndjcate the atmosphere at the board meetingD.draw the public's attention to energy shortages ·22.What does Quinn think of Hardy?A.She exaggerates the existing panic.B.She denies the value of scientific work.C.She shows no concern for pre-teens.D.She expresses self-contradictory views.23.The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 shows that __ _A.climate education is insufficient at state public schoolsB.policymakers have little drive for science educationC.Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooksD.environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision24.According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US ___A.call for regular revisionB.require urgent applicationC.have limited influenceD.cater to local needs25.It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in someschools---A.agrees to major public demandsB.reflects teachers' personal biasesC.may misrepresent the energy sectorD.can be swayed by external forcesText2Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there's an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped :b elow 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently ·voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals."We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing , " said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, "employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live, " Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realtor. "A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry ,and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term, " Castle said, " a nd so it's a cyclical effect. "Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Hom ,an expert on affordable housing policy. " I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it's their vacation home anyway, and it's just empty, why c:an't you make money off it?" Hom said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities-de facto hotels--to bypass taxes and regulations. " I think the question is, shouldn't a dev,e loper who's really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?" Hom said.At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state ,mandates they carry insurance ,and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city's Inspectional Services Department.Hom said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns ,but " i f we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more. "26.Which of the following is true of New Englan�?,,A.Its housing supply is at a very low level.B.Its communities are in need of funding.C.Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly.D.Its home prices are under strict control.27.The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to ___A.curb short-term rental speculationB.ensure the supply of cheap housingC.punish illegal dealings in housingD.allow a free short-term rental marketpared with Castle, Taylor is more likely :t o support ___A.further investment in local tourismB.an increase in affordable housingC.strict management of real estate agentsD.a favorable policy for short-term workers29.What does Hom_ emphasize in Paragraph 5?A.The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B.The efficient operation of the local housing market.C.The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D.The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30.Hom holds that imposing registration requirements is -�-A.an irrational decisionB.an unfeasible proposalC.an unnecessary measureD.an inadequate solutionText 3If you' r e heading for your nearest branch of W a terstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK ,in search of the Duchess of Sussex's new children's book The Bench, you might have to be· prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin R.a ndom House ( PRH) , a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began ]late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit �1ith Waterstones " at a very significant level" .The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables ,display spaces and windows, and were " quietly retiring them to their relevant sections".PRH declined to comment on the issue ,but a spokesperson for W a terstones told me : " W a terstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018. "In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it's those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff's passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time .w hen authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher ,Simon & Schuster-the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars,,lower advances, and more conformity in .terms of what is published." T his is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon, " .says Lownie. "The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers. "We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31.The author mentions two books in Paragraph ;1 to present ___A.an ongoing conflictB.an intellectual conceptC.a prevailing sentimentD.a literary phenomenon32.Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A.To make them easily noticeable.B.To comply with PRH's requirement.C.To respond to PRH's business move.D.To arrange them in a systematic way.33.What message does the spokesperson for Wa:t erstones seem to convey?A.Their customers remain loyal.B.The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D.-The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A.Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B.Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C.Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors' books.D.Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35.Which of the following statements best represents Lownie's view?A.Small publishers ought to stick together.B.Big publishers will lose their dominance.C.The publishing industry is having a hard time.D.The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30, 000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal ( as reflected by the title's impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The carc;ers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce ,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers ,have existed for a long time. In 2016 ,researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns ,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors' need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn't far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all-it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual-acting as author, editor, and consultant-was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem ils rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new "international" journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer ,or a support servke asks you to add inappropriate references ,do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36.According to Paragraph 1 , the careers of scientists can be determinedby __A.how many citations their works containB.how many times their papers are citedC.the prestige of the people they work withD.the status they have in scientific circles37.The support service consultancies tend to ___A.recommend journals to their clientsB.list citation patterns their clientsC.ask authors to include extra citationsD.advise contributors to cite each other38.The function of the "milk cow" journals is to __ _A.boost citation counts for certain authorsB.help scholars publish articles at low costC.instruct first-time contributors in citationD.increase the readership of new journals39.What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?A.It fosters competition among citation providers.B.It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.C It hinders the growth of "international" journals.D.It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40.What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?A.Take legal action.B.Demand an apology.C.Seek professional advice.D.Reveal their misconduct.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H and filHng them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points). Ist year marked the 150th anniversary of a series ·of Yellowstonephotographs by the r1e nowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. He captured the first-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. Jackson snapped them on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the ·head of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.B.Two centuries ago ,the idea of preserving nature ,rather than exploiting it,was a novel one to.many U.S .. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts-and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular-came in the form of vivid photographs.C.As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalizeon the expedition's stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran's paintings, to each member of Congress. " The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected, "says Murphy.D. Throughout the trip ,Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes usingthe " collodion process" that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture ,then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment-several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured doz�ns of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshotof Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.E.The journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8 ,1871. Over nearly four months ,dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.F.Though Native Americans ( and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area's riches, most Americans did not. That's why Hayden's expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.G.The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yell o w s tone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world's first national park. Soon, some locals opposed the designation. Still, the decision was largely accepted-and Jackson's photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. "I don't believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images, " says Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.H.Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team's observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing Senators and Representatives, along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points) There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to 'speak' to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. ( 46) AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, music choices, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media. At the same time AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites. AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs.The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting pei:sonal interactions to machines ,which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections ,but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. ( 47) Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information. By allowing AI to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. ( 48 ) Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions are creating mmy of these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult. ( 49 ) If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication. Therefore ,unless customer:; are prepared to sign release agreements ,the use of AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing content, but it can also provide a non-intrusive way of delivering the content to the target cm,tomers. Data can be gathered on where the customercan be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms ,including emails , social media posts, pop-up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. ( 50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Section m WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith's research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. Use "Li Ming" instead. ( 10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay ,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2 ) interpret the implied meaning ,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 20 points)。