不定积分、定积分与反常积分及定积分的应用

不定积分、定积分与反常积分及定积分的应⽤

不定积分、定积分与反常积分

不定积分

⼀、不定积分概念

1.定义

\begin{align} &原函数：设对于区间I上的任意⼀点x均有F'(x)=f(x),则称F(x)为f(x)在区间I上的⼀个原函数\\ &不定积分：设函数f(x)于区间I上有原函数,则其余原函数的全体称为f(x)于区间I上

的不定积分,记为\int{f(x)dx}\\ &线性：\int[\alpha f(x)+\beta g(x)]dx=\alpha\int f(x)dx+\beta\int g(x)dx\\ \end{align}

2.计算

\begin{align} &计算⽅法\begin{cases}&1.基本公式\\&2.线性\\&3.积分法\begin{cases}&1.换元法\\&2.分部积分法\\\end{cases}\\\end{cases}\\ \end{align}

(1)第⼀换元法(凑微分)

\begin{align} &设F'(u)=f(u),则\int{f(\Phi(x))\Phi'(x)}dx=\int{f(\Phi(x))d(\Phi(x))}=F(\Phi(x))+C\\ &注解：找到合适的凑微分\Phi'(x)dx=d(\Phi(x)) \end{align}

常见凑微分：

\begin{align} &1.\int{f(ax+b)dx=\frac{1}{a}\int{f(ax+b)d(ax+b)}}(a\neq0)\\ &eg1.\int{\sin (2x+3)}dx=\frac{1}{2}\int\sin (2x+3)d(2x+3)=\frac{1}{2}\cos{(2x+3)}+C\\\ &2.\int{f(ax^n+b)x^{n-

1}dx}=\frac{1}{na}\int{f(ax^n+b)d(ax^n+b)}\\ &eg2.\int{\cos(2x^4+3)x^3dx}=\frac{1}{4*2}\int{\cos(2x^4+3)d(2x^4+3)}=\frac{1}{8}\cos{(2x^4+3)}+C\\ &3.\int{f(a^x+c)a^xdx}=\frac{1}

{\ln{a}}\int{f(a^x+c)}d(a^x+c)\\ &eg3.\int{\sin(2^x+3)2^xdx}=\frac{1}{\ln2}\int{\sin{(2^x+3)}d(2^x+3)}=\frac{1}{\ln 2}\cos{(2^x+3)}\\ &4.\int{f(\frac{1}{x})\frac{1}{x^2}}dx=-\int{f(\frac{1}

{x})}d(\frac{1}{x})\\ &eg4.\int{\ln(\frac{1}{x})}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=-\int\ln (\frac{1}{x})d({\frac{1}{x}})+C\\ &5.\int{f(\ln |x|})\frac{1}{x}d(x)=\int{f(\ln{|x|)}}{d(\ln|x|)}\\ &eg5.\int{\sin ({\ln{|x|}}})\frac{1}

{x}dx=\int{\sin(\ln(|x|)d(\ln{|x|})}=\cos(\ln x)+C\\ &6.\int{f(\sqrt x)\frac{1}{\sqrt x}}dx=2\int{f(\sqrt x)}d(\sqrt x)\\ &7.\int f(\sin x)\cos xdx=-\int{(\sin x)}d(\sin x)\\ &8.\int{f(\cos x)\sin dx}=\int{f(\cos

x)d(\cos x)}\\ &9.\int{f(\tan x)\sec^2 xdx}=\int{f(\tan x)d(\tan x)}\\ &10.\int{f(\cot x)\csc^2xdx}=-\int{f(\cot x)d{(\cot x)}}\\ &11.\int{f{(\arcsin x)\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}}}dx=\int{f(\arcsin x)d({\arcsin

x})}\\ &12.\int{f(\arccos x)(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}})dx=\int{f(\arccos x)d(\arccos x)}\\ &13.\int{f(\arctan x)\frac{1}{1+x^2}dx}=\int{f(\arctan x)d(\arctan x)}\\ &14.\int{f(\sqrt{x^2+a})}\frac{x}

{\sqrt{x^2+a}}dx=\int{f(\sqrt{x^2+a})}d(\sqrt{x^2+a})\\ &注解：(\sqrt{x^2\pm a})'=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+a}},(\sqrt{a^2-x^2})'=\frac{-x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\\ \end{align}

(2)第⼆换元法

\begin{align} &设F'(u)=f(\Phi(u))\Phi'(u),则\\ &\int{f(x)dx}\overset{x=\Phi(u)}{=}\int{f(\Phi(u))\Phi'(u)du}=F(u)+C=F(\Phi^{-1}(x))+C\\ &注解：找到合适的x=\Phi(u)\\ \end{align}

1)三⾓换元

\begin{align} &x=a\sin u,x=a\tan u,x=a \sec u\\ &\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\overset{x=a\sin u}{=}a\cos u,u\in[-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2}],x\in[-a,a]\\ &\sqrt{a^2+x^2}\overset{x=a\tan u}{=}a\sec u,u\in{(-

\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})},x\in{(-\infty,\infty)}\\ &\sqrt{x^2-a^2}\overset{x=a\sec u}{=}a\tan u,u\in(\frac{\pi}{2},\pi]\cup(0,\frac{\pi}{2}]\\ \end{align}

2)倒变换

\begin{align} &x=\frac{1}{u}常⽤于含\frac{1}{x}的函数\\ \end{align}

3）指数(或对数)变换

\begin{align} &a^x=u或x=\frac{\ln u}{\ln a}常⽤于含a^x的函数\\ \end{align}

4）⽤于有理化的变换

\begin{align} &\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt[3]{x}}⽤x=u^6\\ &\sqrt[n]{\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}}⽤u=\sqrt[n]{\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}}或x=-\frac{du^n-b}{cu^n-a}\\ \end{align}

(3)分部积分法

\begin{align} &\int{u(x)v'(x)dx}=\int{u(x)d(v(x))}=u(x)v(x)-\int{v(x)u'(x)dx}\\ &注解：找到合适的u(x),v(x)\\ \end{align}

1)降幂法

\begin{align} &\int{x^ne^{ax}dx},\int{x^n\sin axdx},\int{x^n\cos ax dx}\\ &取u(x)=x^n\\ \end{align}

2)升幂法

\begin{align} &\int{x^a\ln xdx},\int{x^a\arcsin xdx},\int{x^a\arccos x dx},\int{x^a\arctan x dx}\\ &取u(x)=\ln x\\ \end{align}

3)循环法

\begin{align} &\int{e^{ax}\sin ax dx},\int{e^{ax}\cos {ax} dx}\\ &取u(x)=e^{ax}或\sin{ax} \end{align}

4)递推公式法

\begin{align} &与n有关的结果I_n，建⽴递推关系I_n=f(I_{n-1})或f(I_{n-2})\\ \end{align}

定积分

⼀、定积分概念

1.定义

\begin{align} &定义:设函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上有定义且有界\\ &(1)分割：将[a,b]分成n个[x_{i-1},x_{i}]⼩区间\\ &(2)求和：[x_{i-1},x_{i}]上取⼀点\xi_{i},\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(\xi_{i})\Delta

x_i},\lambda=\max{\Delta x_{1},\Delta x_{2},...,\Delta x_{n}}\\ &(3)取极限：若\lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(\xi_{i})\Delta x}\exist,且极值不依赖区间[a,b]分发以及点\xi_{i}的

取法,则称f(x)在区间[a,b]上可积,\\ &\int^{b}_{a}{f(x)dx}=\lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}{f(\xi)\Delta x_{i}} &\\ &注解：\\ &(1)\lambda \rightarrow0 \rightarrow \nleftarrow n\rightarrow \infty\\ &(2)定积分表⽰⼀个值,与积分区间[a,b]有关,与积分变化量x⽆关\\ &\int_{a}^{b}{f(x)dx}=\int_{a}^{b}{f(t)dt}\\ &(3)如果积分\int_{0}^{1}{f(x)dx}\exist,将[0,1]n等分，此时\Delta{x_{i}}=\frac{1}{n},

取\xi_{i}=\frac{i}{n},\\ &\int_{0}^{1}f(x)dx=\lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}{\sum_{i=1}{n}{f(\xi_{i})\Delta x_{i}}}=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n}f(\frac{i}{n})\\ \end{align}

\begin{align} &\int^{b}_{a}{f(x)dx}=\lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}\sum^{n}_{i=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta_i=\begin{cases}&\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(a+(i-1)\frac{b-a}{n})\frac{b-a}{n}}},

左侧\\&\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{f(a+i\frac{b-a}{n})\frac{b-a}{n}}},右侧\\\end{cases}\\ &中点：\Phi_i=a+(i-1)\frac{b-a}{n}+\frac{b-a}{2n}\\ \end{align}

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