机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
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•Types of Materials 材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。
2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。
如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。
有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。
负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。
(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。
这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。
(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。
振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。
(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。
(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。
上面已经提到,作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。
因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩,也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载 P /压力 A,因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。
如果一个杆受到轴向载荷,即是应力,那么杆的长度会改变。
如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知,产生的应力定义如下:应力==改变长△L /初始长 L因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。
一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。
从某种意义上说,拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。
压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。
因此负应力使长度减小。
当负载移除时,如果材料回复到初始的,无负载时的尺寸时,我们就说它是具有弹性的。
Basic Concept in MechanicsThe branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions , time , and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts , statics and dynamics , Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems , i.e. , those in which time is not a factor , and dynamics deals with systems which change with time .对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。
它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。
静力学对静止系统进行分析,即在其中不考虑时间这个因素,动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。
When a number of bodies are connected together to form a group or system , the forces of action and reaction between any two of the connecting bodies are called constraint forces . These forces constrain the bodies to behave in a specific manner . Forces external to this system of bodies are called applied forces .当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合体或者系统时,任何两个相连接的物体之间的作用力和反作用力被称为约束力。
这些力约束着各个物体,使其处于特定的状态。
从外部施加到这个物体的系统的力被称为外力。
Unit 8 Flexible Manufacturing Systems What Is FMS?FMS是什么?Definitions of FMS, or Flexible Manufacturing Systems, are plentiful and in many respects are dependent on the ultimate user's point of view as to what the FMS consists of and how it will be used. However, the following represent a collection of FMS definitions, some traceable and some not traceable to their originating source.关于柔性制造系统,有很多不同的定义,多数情况下,如何对其定义依赖于其使用者对其组成部分和使用方法的个人看法。
然而,接下来的描述是对FMS 定义的概括,那就是有缘可循和无源可寻的资源。
1) United States Government. A series of automatic machine tools or items of fabrication equipment linked together with an automatic material handling system, a common hierarchical digital pre-programmed computer control, and provision for random fabrication of parts or assemblies that fall within predetermined families.美国政府,一系列自动机床或自动材料处理系统,一个共同的分层预先设定的数字电脑控制,并随机制造的零件或装配,在预定的家庭内的条文,一并与设备制造项目。
机械工程专业英语》参考译文高等学校机械设计制造及其自动化专业新编系列教材(供教师及学生使用)黄运尧黄威司徒忠李翠琼武汉理工大学出版社目录编译者的话………………………………第1章材料和热加工…………………第1课机械学的基本概念…………第2课塑性理论的基本假设………第3课有限元优化的应用…………第4课金属…………………………第5课金属和非金属材料…………第6课塑料和其他材料……………第7课模具的寿命和失效…………第8踩冷加工和热加工……………第9踩铸造…………………………第10课制造中的金属成形工艺…第11课缎选………………………第12课锻造的优点和工作原理…第13课焊接………………………第14课热处理……………………第二章机构和机器原理……………。
第15课机构介绍…………………。
第16课运动分析………………….第l7课运动的综合………………—第18课凸轮和齿轮………………—第19课螺纹件,紧固件和联接件—第20课减(耐)摩擦轴承…………*第2l课斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮第22课轴、离合器和制动器……—第三章机床………第23课机床基础第24课车床……第25课牛头刨、钻床和铣床…………第36课磨床和特种金属加工工艺……第四章切削技术和液压“………………第27课加工基础………………………第28课基本的机械加工参数…………第29课切削参数的改变对温度的影响第30课刀具的磨损…………第31课表面稍整加工机理…第32课极限和公差…………“第33课尺寸控制和表面桔整”第34课自动央具设计………“第36课变速液压装置……………—…………—策37课电液伺服系统…………。
……………。
第五章机械电子技术………………………………第38课专家系统……。
…………………………第3D课建筑机器人………………………………第40课微机为基础的机器人模拟………………第41课机器人学的定义和机器入系统…………第42课微型计算机基础(1)……………………第43课微型计算机基础(x)……………………第44课可编程控制器……………………………第45课CAD/CAM计算机辅助设计与制造…第46课计算机数控和直接数控,CNC和DNC第47课加工过程的数控—………………………第48课柔性制造系统……………—……………第仍课交互式编程系统…………………………第50课在振动分析方面的计算机技术…………策51课压力传感器………………………………第52课反馈元件…………………—……………第53课现代按制理论概述………………………第54课管理上采取了新的措施—来自福持汽第六章英文科技文献和专利文献的查阅…………6.1 常见科技文献及其查阅………………………6.2 专利文献概述…………………………………第七章英文科拉论文写作…………………………7.1 标题与摘要写法………………………………7.2 正文(body)的组织与写法…………………7.3 致谢、附录及参考文献………………—……参考文献………………………………………………第1章材料和热加工机械学的基本概念功是力乘以该力作用在物体上佼物体移动的距离。
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.(P5)用低能机器或传力工具,操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。
大多数情况,然而,用一个详细(复杂)的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)(P5)相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体,通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
机械工程英语——叶邦彦第一单元•Types of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。
Spur GearsGears , defined as toothed members transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another , are among the oldest devices and inventions of man . In about 2600 B.C. , the Chinese are known to have used a chariot incorporating a complex series of gears . Aristotle , in the fourth century B.C. , wrote of gears as if they were commonplace . In the fifteenth century A.D. , Leonardo da Vinci designed a multitude of devices incorporating many kinds of gears .齿轮,在最古老的设备和发明人中,被定义为通过轮齿将旋转运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴,大约在公元前2600年,中国人就知道用战车组成一系列复杂的齿轮系。
西元前四世纪,亚里士多德记述了齿轮就好像是他们司空见惯的一样。
在十五世纪,达芬奇设计了大量的包含各种各样齿轮的设备。
Among the various means of mechanical power transmission (including primarily gears , belts , and chains ) , gears are generally the most rugged and durable . Their power transmission efficiency is as high as 98 percent . On the other hand , gears are usually more costly than chains and belts . As would be expected , gear manufacturing costs increase sharply with increased precision -- as required for the combination of high speeds and heavy loads , and for low noise levels . ( Standard tolerances for various degrees of manufacturing precision have been established by the AGMA , American Gear Manufacturers Association. )在众多的机械传动方式中(包括齿轮传动,带传动,链传动),一般来说,齿轮是最经久耐用的,它的能量传递效率高达98%。
机械工程专业英语翻译Introduction机械工程是一门涵盖机械原理、设计、制造以及维护的综合性学科,其中涉及许多专业术语和英语翻译。
良好的英语翻译能力对机械工程师在国际合作和成果交流中至关重要。
本文将介绍机械工程专业中常见的英语单词和短语,并提供中文翻译和相关注释。
Mechanical Principles 机械原理对于机械原理,下面是一些常见的英语单词和短语。
1.Mechanism(机构):A mechanism is a device designedto transform input forces and movement into a desiredoutput force and movement.2.Kinematics(运动学):Kinematics is the study ofmotion, without regard to the cause of the motion.3.Statics(静力学):Statics is the study of thebehavior of structures, under the action of forceswithout producing motion.4.Dynamics(动力学):Dynamics is the study of thebehavior of motion of objects under the action of forces.5.Thermodynamics(热力学):Thermodynamics deals withthe relationships between heat, work, and energy.6.Fluid Mechanics(流体力学):Fluid mechanics is thestudy of the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion. Mechanical Design 机械设计对于机械设计,下面是一些常见的英语单词和短语。
1、With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake、In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system、(P5) 用低能机器或传力工具,操作者通过向踏板或把手得一个简单机械连接构件作用足够得力量到车闸固定得部分。
大多数情况,然而,用一个详细(复杂)得车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2、The fundamental principle involved is the use of pressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels、The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train、The pressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer、(Braking Systems)(P5)相关得基本原理就是使用压缩气体,通过气缸内得活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
列车得所有车厢上得车轮同时动作。
压缩气体通过一个坚固得管道在由联轴器连接得车厢之间传输;工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立得闸块单元。
3、When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder、The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum、(Braking Systems)(P5)当踩下汽车刹车得踏板,在主汽缸中得活塞上施加一个力。
活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸,在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。
4、Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power、pared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry、Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics、(Mechatronics System) (P7)机械体包括机架、机械联接与机械传动,它就是机电一体化得基础,作用就是支撑系统其她功能单元,传递运动与动力。
与纯机械产品相比,一体化技术得性能与功能在机电系统中大幅提高,它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中得几何学下得新环境。
相应得,新得一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻与美学得令人赏心悦目得特征。
5、Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit、Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator、(Mechatronics System) (P7)检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路,它得功能就是检测机电系统自身工作得工程,在外部环境下得相关参数得改变,将其信息传给电子控制单元。
电子控制单元通过检查信息,送出相应得指令到执行机构。
6、Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external mands and the signals output by sensors、It centralizes stores, putes and analyzes the information、Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system、(Mechatronics System) (P7)电子控制单元,也被称为控制单元(ECU)控制,就是机电系统得核心,负责外部命令与传感器得信号输出。
它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。
基于信息处理得结果,按照一定得范围与步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统得目标。
7、It is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had position sensing and motors on the control knobs installed、This is basically just a robot machinist、You use a rotating cutting toolto cut away all the metal that isn’t your crank、3D metal etch-a-sketch, with the puter interpolating, so the circles e out to be pretty smooth、(CNC Machining) (P9)将数控系统装入一个非常标准得机床,它在控制手柄上有位置感应与马达。
这基本上就是一个机械师。
您能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不就是您设计得所有金属。
具有计算内插得三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。
8、They (CNC machine) are plicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to 0、005mm (0、0001”) while covered in oil、A CNC machine has a minimum of 6 motors (including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places)、This translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute、(The puter is not a significant part of the cost any more、) (CNC Machining) (P10)数控机床就是复杂得机器,具有伺服机构与检测技术,它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0、005mm。
数控机床至少有6个马达(包括一些用来换刀具,一个或多个用来泵油与冷却液得各地方)。
这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。
(电脑不再就是成本得一个重要部分、)9.Systems that can assess if the car is behaving safely can be used to warn drivers that their behavior is unsafe、In more extreme cases,the systems could override the driver and cause the car to stop or slow down、While this would on doubt save lives,it may provide a problem for the makers of films that include car chase---some of the impact may be lost when we live in a word where our cars simply refuse to do anything unsafe、10.Another feature of the work of Dr、Ljubo Vlacic’s team is to have the machines municate with each other、Since messages can goat the speed of light,it is possible for there to be an exchange of information on the intentions of several machines approaching an intersection、With this knowledge it should be possible to ensure that traffic flows far more smoothly、11. Factory assembly line machinery is activated and monitored by a single PLC, where in the past hundreds of timers and relays would have been required to do the task、 The machine or system user rarely, if ever, inte racts directly with the PLCs program、 When it is necessary to either edit or create the PLC program, a person al puter is usually (but not always) connected to it、 (What is aPLC?)用一个 PLC 就能操纵与监控工厂得装配线机械,过去完成同样得工作需要成千得定时器与继电器。