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2009年12月20日大陆托福机经回忆阅读1：会飞的恐龙:（这一篇是网友的回忆，转过来了）1.古生物，从前被一个学者在书裏描述过，从外形特徵來看像蝙蝠，然后就开始争論說它到底是什麼。
讨論它以前到底是用 4 只脚走路，还是用 2 只hind legs。
支持兩只脚走路是因为它的尾巴很长可以保持平衡。
后來又拿它和鸟做比较，說鸟尾巴很小，照样用hind legs 走路。
接下來就說因为它体型大，不可能像蝙蝠一样倒挂在树上。
最后提到他的飞行条件。
阅读2：讲的说complexsociety的形成和发展。
说一开始是游牧民族到处游荡，所以对环境没有什么影响（有题），接着，在某地逐渐出现大量的玉M，于是人们开始settle down，开始种植大量玉M，形成对那个village然后举了一个早期部族的例子，说他们几千人住在一个地方，掌握了大量生产食物的技术（这里有个mechanic要你选同义词），并且建造了自己的pyramid之类的建筑。
（有题）阅读3：婴儿听觉，说婴儿出生时对高频和低频声音非常敏感，中频听觉不如成年人，但仍然不错，随后高低频听觉减退，而中频听觉变好，然后提到婴儿能够辨别不同嗓音，不同语言和相似的发音，用几个实验来证明。
最后说婴儿在母亲怀孕期间听到的声音对他的听觉有影响。
听力1：Poetryconversation女生跟教授说，对witman的诗有想法，教授说是这样的，自己最近在写一本书，所以去翻看了很多书评，发现有些书评完全颠覆了他的想法，他觉得这样很好，可以加深关于humanity的理解。
然后女生说了一大堆，好像是觉得witman的诗虽然有很多地方违背科学常识，但是很有意境之类的。
教授说这个观点很好，为什么不上课的时候就提出来，女生说上课的时候大家一边倒，我不敢提，教授说不如下节课就以你的这个观点开头。
听力2：conversation女生到cafeteria问老板能不能下周一晚上请假，因为有一个论文小组的会议，她必须参加。
2011年01月30日大陆托福机经回忆阅读1.speciation 此篇文章听到最多的就是describe the city you live in 于是根本进入不了状态！说speciation是怎么形成的。
两个地方分隔开，然后分别繁殖，很久都不cross-breed，后来就变成了两个species，就算cross-breed也没用了。
第二点忘了。
第三点，自然灾害也会影响，比如河岸两岸的虫子。
抱歉，这一篇唯一记得的就是describe the city you live in 我觉得我能错7个。
2.儿童早期教育不同国家的人对于儿童早期教育的目的是不一样的，中国人为了academically well performance，日本人为了更早进入group，美国人忘了。
所以有一些儿童早教的机构，第二段提了一个H机构。
H机构注重培养whole child，差不多就是全面发展的意思。
研究表明参加了H机构的孩子不可以保证long-term IQ growth，但是还是有好处的，列举了一堆，什么注意身体啊自信啊不犯罪啊什么的。
此处有EXCEP题，问哪一点功能是H早教机构没有的，选教育下一代，好像是A。
而且研究还表明纳税人等到孩子长到27岁的时候，相当于投入的1元钱有7元的回报。
Additionally，其他早教机构也怎么怎么挺好的。
这里提到了，其实参加了早教机构的孩子日后更省钱。
前面说的都是好的，可是也有人说不好。
一个D心理学家，说这样会让小孩很早就有distressed，还有达不到cognitive预想的结果，因为最终perfrom的怎么样和小孩不能控制的因素有关，比如遗传。
这里有一个插入句子的题目，我纠结了很久。
但是各位大牛不会觉得难的。
3.struunm是如何形成的（请勿纠结这个单词，感觉就是一种地质）干旱的地方就可以形成S，但是也有一些S的地方时rain forest根本不干旱，所以还有其他原因。
研究了一下降水量，还有什么sandy land得出原因，形成S地质必须是极端天气，要么是极干旱，要么是极湿润。
09年1月写作1月10日1. 综合部分：Reading说是Jane Austin的全身像因为：1）她family这样声称，2）跟她妹妹画的amateurish画像很像，3）时代是对的;Lecture 反驳：1）她family也没有见到过活的Jane，2）她家很多姊妹，全身像跟她一个外甥女marry很像，3）画上的canvas标的商人在那个时候还没做canvas生意呢。
2. 独立部分：说公共交通该不该收费，我说的不应该。
理由一是免费了，大家就能多用公共交通，可以减少交通堵塞，二是改善环境，三是社会和谐，人们更开心更健康。
People should not pay for the public transportation. Do you agree or disagree?1月18日1.综合写作：easter island的居民是从南美过去的。
三个理由：A 南美居民当年完全可以乘坐raft，借助风力和技巧到达该岛。
B 岛上发现的一个stone wall 和南美wall结构一样，肯定是南美人的技术。
C 一些植物是南美的品种，必为人带来听力一一驳斥：A 没有直接证据 B 岛上的wall中空，其实结构很简单 C 那些植物可以自己随sea water漂过来。
3 F6 I r1 g" r2. 独立写作：agree or disagree: It is important for families to regularly eat their meals together.1月23日北美section 1侏罗纪时代的生物灭绝了，文章说可能是因为彗星撞地球，依据就是一些发现的古老的生物还是什么的碎片，然后它们可以dating back to XXX年以前，并且在中国，日本还有某个国家都有发现，然后发现某个沟壑还是海峡有可能就是那个坑speech说第一那些碎片的化学物质没有因为地壳运动受热而改变，所以时间应该很短，应该没有250-million-old这么老第二碎片只在那三个国家被发现过，如果冲击力那么强的话，那碎片应该是散落在全世界的，第三，类似那个坑的坑到处都是，火山运动也会是造成沟壑的原因，该是地球内部地质活动形成的section2 Do you think that young people should take several different kinds of job before they take a career in a long term?[独立作文另一版本:young people should try different job before they decide which job or career they will do in the long term ]2009年2月之写作2月14日1.综合写作：一种现象叫做colony collapse disorder（CCD），就是bee忽然死掉很多，然后找不到尸体。
09年托福独立写作机经总结1ps: 红色的部分是重复以往的，黄色部分是在中国考试的题目，剩余部分是在北美考试的题目。
1月10日（U.S）Improving schools is the most important factor in successful development of country.1月10日(重复2008.12.20&2007.12.1)People should pay to use public transport facilities.1月17日(U.S)The advertising is the main cause of unhealthy eating habits.1月18日It is important for families to regularly eat their meals together.1月23日Young people should try different jobs before they decide which job orcareer they will do in the long term.2月14日（U.S）Don't teach an old dog new tricks. Becoming well-informed must get information from different news sources.2月21日（U.S）Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.分论点：报纸和杂志是以文字的形式传递信息，所以并非是最高效或生动的传递信息的方式。
+过渡句：通过报纸或杂志了解信息有时候略显枯燥，不利于信息的传递。
论证：采用网络而不是报纸或杂志可以更生动、直观、形象地了解一个国家的文化，是因为网络不光有文字还有图像，声音，更有趣味性。
2009年托福考试机经汇总1月10号阅读：和大家一样，看到题目之后就有回家的冲动，我之前考过两次，第一次认真考的28，第二次乱考的26，这次估计能上18就不错了。
阅读难度相当地大。
第一篇：functionism(忘了是这个词还是functional) culture第一段先举了生物学的例子，这里有题，问为什么要举生物学的例子。
大概就是典型的结构主义思想，每一个器官都是有功能的。
引出文化，文化也一样，不是无缘无故的。
然后给出了两个人的观点。
第一个人的意思是每一个文化主要取决于大众的需要，并且大众的需要分两层，第一是basic demand，衣食住行，第二层是宗教，政治还是什么的。
但是这个理论有缺陷，就是他不能解释为什么每个文化都需要解决基本需求问题，但是文化和文化之间不一样呢。
另一个人的观点是文化是用来消除亲家之间的conflict的，后面记得不是很清楚，不敢乱说了。
最后貌似说了这两个观点都不是完美的第二篇：更想抓狂了……讲古代人的畜牧史，貌似就是说古代人掌握了动物什么时候来喝水，然后就趁机下手逮动物。
其中两个概念很混乱，breeding和domestication，想死的感觉啊……记得比较清楚的是说，他们并不是每种动物都养，经过了很多代人的，才放弃了一些不好养的动物。
第三篇：终于看到点希望了……美国觉得污染会杀死鱼，于是设立了sanctum，但是在这里面可以捕鱼。
所以造成了过度捕捞，过度捕捞比起污染什么的对鱼的数量下降来说更致命。
鱼随之会变得更少，并且更小。
有的**把大鱼抓走，让小鱼存活。
外界环境也会影响鱼，温度，气候什么的。
鱼类有丰富营养，比如鳗鱼什么的，每年增长速度貌似才5%，但是每年增加的需求量就有15%。
然后说了中国养了很多鱼。
最后说了海藻，海藻繁殖快，营养高，相比之下，农产品生产过程很慢。
日本就养海藻。
加试：电报电话在欧洲和美国的发展鸟类学说话听力：1. 学生放假忘了cancel电话服务，暑假的时候貌似他的宿舍有人住，电话打爆了，她的电话费就奇高无比。
2009年10月25日大陆托福机经回忆听力1 哲学课老师第一次留的任务是关于post-modern的，学生很崩溃跟不上，想drop，说是academic advisor建议选的，他以后想学法律。
教授说学法律也需要哲学的思维训练，这个课以后不以post-modern的为主，后面可以去图书馆，分组学习，研究生参与，而且以后讲的就是一些真正哲学的东西了(罗素等几个大牛的名字)。
题：教授觉得自己哪一点做得不好了；谁让可怜的学生选的这门课；学生为什么跟不上2 group work 成员中有两种，一种introductive，一种expressive，前一种着重于提建议看法，写报告，作切实工作；后一种人总是表态和开玩笑，比如这个主意好，那个主意不行等。
教授设问了一下，你们觉得两种人如何组成的小组效率最高。
他以开始觉得是第一种人组成的高，但研究表明是各50%的最高。
(有题目问教授开始是怎么想的)第一种人组成的小组纠结于各自的细节，互相argue，所以进度慢。
第二种人组成的小组可能会互相说不好，没有建设性。
然后又说leader应该做什么，首先提出整个的目标计划，然后让I的人们提出计划，再讨论，但是不能总让I的人们在这个阶段讨论，没完，影响进度。
有个题目让把不同类型人的表现分类。
3 天文学先说了超新星，代表星星快死了的状态。
然后讲galaxy互相meet时候可能发生什么，根据相遇时候交叠的情况分为三种（有一道提问根据什么分这三种情况，应该选距离的那个。
我都做完了才明白过来，哭），一种是融合merge成一个新的galaxy；一种是***，有一张图是解释这个事情的，分不清两个小的galaxy各自是干什么的，因为一个有光环，一个有尘埃，都是发生这个事情的标志；最后一种是interaction，就是各自的尘埃什么的连在一起了，但是核心的部分没有影响，举了一个例子，然后问为什么是interaction。
学生问了一个问题，教授说我们讨论这些问题的时候时间是billion years的尺度，空间是**光年的尺度，很大。
口语第二题机经汇总2008-01✓Dis/agree Having a relaxed or unhurried life is most important for a person.✓small class or large class大lecture和小class喜欢哪个✓Do you agree or disagree: People should always tell the truth?✓The people celebrating, such as musician, actors, athlete, could give a good example to young people.✓是问电视节目娱乐的和教育的你喜欢哪一个;2008-02✓第2题是185题目里的some people think childhood is the most significant period for one people.问你是否agree。
我没准备。
一时懵了。
然后就说不是。
因为我觉得大学时光才最重要。
然后把准备的大学好处说出来了…后面的题目也是JJ有过的。
✓选择喜欢冒险和不喜欢冒险✓同意或不同意,为了过的快乐,去做喜欢的的工作✓和家人朋友联系用letter & e-mail还是telephone.✓与朋友、家人联系用letter or E-mail,还是telephone?✓do you think that university student is wasting time to take others course in other school that beyond their major.✓有些人评价别人用short-term,有些用long-term,你prefer哪个2008-03✓你是闲着的时候随波逐流还是有计划?✓飞来横财,是用来do practical thing还是用来只do leisure thing✓数学科学 VS 艺术历史更应该学哪个?✓学习maths&science是否应该多过art&literature?这是我最囧的口语题。
2009年大陆机经作文部分完整稿---北京新东方学校收集整理2009-01-10/2007-12-01Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for public transportation.Intro AgreeSP1 First, It is the responsibility of the government to run the public transportation.SP2 Besides, individuals don‟t have extra money for such kind of public welfare.SP3 Thirdly, problems will be appear, such as the anger of people.Intro DisagreeSP1 First, It is beneficial for the government to reduce the financial burden.SP2 Besides, It will reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide, bringing benefits for the environment protection.SP3 Admittedly, even though it will add the burden of the individuals, it brings more benefits than disadvantages, when the whole society is taken into consideration.2009-01-18Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important for families to regularly have their meals together.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, Eating together provide a chance for family members to reinforce their relationships.SP2 Besides, While having meals together, family members can share depressions which can help relievestress.SP3 Thirdly, Family members‟ can share dilemma with others, which can find solutions.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, nowadays, family members normally live at different places and it is a kind of suffering that having meals regularly.SP2 Besides, people are busy and family members don not have enough time to have dinner together.SP3 Admittedly, having meals together are beneficial for the communicating of the family members, people can communicate through many ways much better than chatting on the same table.2009-01-24Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is possible for people with no common interests and personalities to become friends.AgreeIntroSP1 First, Admittedly, people generally make friends with those who share similar interests with them.However, some people do like to get different experiences from others, so they prefer to choose friends who are different from them.SP2 Besides, having different friends brings a broaden horizon, and unlocks your potential.SP3 Thirdly, making friends with different characteristic cultivates new interests.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, There are no common topics for the different friends.SP2 Besides, the different friends holding different views toward issues argue all the time.SP3 Admittedly, having a friend who is different from you can bring some new ideas, you two will torture each other for most of the time.2009-02-14In order to be well-informed, one should get to know all the information from different news sources.AgreeIntroSP1 First, Admittedly, people generally make friends with those who share similar interests with them.However, some people do like to get different experiences from others, so they prefer to choose friends who are different from them.SP2 Besides, having different friends brings a broaden horizon, and unlocks your potential.SP3 Thirdly, making friends with different characteristic cultivates new interests.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, There are no common topics for the different friends.SP2 Besides, the different friends holding different views toward issues argue all the time.SP3 Admittedly, having a friend who is different from you can bring some new ideas, you will be tortured for the arguments at the most of the time.2009-02-22/2007-10-05Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The major purpose of television is to educate rather than to entertain.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, most of the programs are to inform rather than to entertain.SP2 Besides, most of the audiences watching TV for learning and information.SP3 Thirdly, watching TV is the main way for us to learn what the world is .IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, most of the TV programs are talk shows and TV serious, which is entertaining.SP2 Besides, Most of the audiences watch TV to kill the time for fun by watching entertainment shows.SP3 Admittedly, watching TV brings information and news of knowledge, the main purpose of it is to entertain.2009-02-28/2007-05-19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers, or business leaders.AgreeIntroSP1 First, teachers function as important as the lawyer for they are the undeniable part of a country…s development.SP2 Besides, teachers educate the future of a country, which is even more important than doctors and lawyers.SP3 Thirdly, the pressure of teachers has increased, as much as these of lawyers and doctors, business leaders.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, compared with lawyers, doctors, business leaders, teachers take fewer risks.SP2 Besides, compared with the work of lawyers, doctors, business leaders, teachers …s work is easy for only teaching and communicating at most of the time.SP3 Admittedly, teachers‟importance has jumped for the education function, they can not compete with lawyers and doctors ,when the risk and burdensome is taken into consideration.2009-03-07/2007-08-17Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to use our personalknowledge and experiences to solve problems, rather than to ask other people for advice.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, what people have in their minds is the best for themselves for understanding the exact details. SP2 Besides, personal experiences and knowledge is true, definitely, while the advice from others is not certain.SP3 Admittedly, the advices of other people work sometimes, they can not compete with the personal knowledge and experience when effectiveness is taken into account.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, compared with people‟s personal knowledge and experiences, the advices from others are broader. SP2 Besides, compared with people‟s personal knowledge and experiences, the advices from others are comprehensive.SP3 Admittedly, the personal knowledge and experiences are important; they can not compete with the advices from the others, when comprehensiveness is taken into account.2009-03-14Do you prefer to spend money on traveling or to save money for future use?prefer to spend money on travelingIntroSP1 To begin with, while I am tired of invariable life, travelling provides me with continuous new things and experience.SP2 Besides, travelling can give me more precious wealth than money itself.SP3 Admittedly, some people may doubt that if I do not have substantial savings, how can I deal with emergencies like a sudden illness? However, I would always save some money on insurance. Besides, I know my limitation on money, so I do not ask for more than I can afford.2009-03-22/2008-01-12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Government should focus more on natural environment and less on economic development.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, compared with economic development, natural environment is more important for being the foundation of all developments.SP2 Besides, natural environment is facing many problems that risk future developments.SP3 Admittedly, the economic development is important. It can not compete with the importance of natural resources.IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, economic leads all the developments of a country, which the natural resource can not accomplish.SP2 Besides, economic problems lead to crisis that can destroy a country. Whereas, natural resources will not risk a country to such a degree.SP3 Even though the nature resources are important, it is less important than the economic developments. 2009-03-29/2007-08-04Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In twenty years from now printed books will no longer exist.AgreeIntroSP1 First, compared with the heavy weight of books, electric books are much more convenient.SP2 Second, compared with the destroying of the woods that be used for making books, the electric articles are environmental friendly.SP3 Even though some still prefer to read books, the most of people will choose new information platforms to instead books.IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, compared with electric media, printed books are healthy.SP2 Besides, compared with the pictures from TV, the words on a book speak louder for intriguing people‟s thinking.SP3 Admittedly, there is harsh competition from the emerging media. Books will not disappear for it‟s special functions and platform.2009-04-03The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salary.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, the teachers with more salaries will focus on work without worrying about their personal life.SP2 Second, teacher with more salaries have more enthusiastic to work.SP3 Even though there are other ways to enhance the quality of education, they can not compete with increasing teachers‟ salaries.IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, increasing salary would not increase the teaching ability, which plays the key role for education. SP2 Besides, compared with increasing the salary, the training of the teachers is better to improve the quality of education.SP3 Admittedly, a higher salary encourage the teacher to work better, it is not the best way.2009-05-09Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for parents to let children manage their pocket money when they were young.IntrAgreeoSP1 The management of pocket money can help children understand the value of money and develop the ability of personal financial management.SP2 Children can learn the good habit of saving.SP3 Admittedly, some children may go astray when managing their pocket money. Nevertheless, under the supervision and guidance from parents, such negative situations can be avoided.IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, children have less self-control to manage money.SP2 Besides, bad habits of using money are detrimental for the development of the children.SP3 Admittedly, managing the pocket money increase the experiences of finance ,to some degree. The disadvantages are far outweigh the minor advantages.2009-05-30Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger school children ages 5 to10 should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science, and history.AgreeIntroSP1 First, learning art and music are beneficial to the development of children‟s brain and mind.SP2 Second, learning art and music teach children important values and principles.SP3 Thirdly, Art and music provide a temporary escape from boring and stressful day-to-day life, helping students to relax.SP4 Music and art can improve the academic performance of adolescents.SP5 Music and art are useful tools to improve personal relationship.SP6 Admitted, asking children of all backgrounds and talents to have art and music classes might meet opposition. However, if the courses are appropriately arranged, such oppositions and worries can be eliminated.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, learning art and music is a burden for the children at the age.SP2 Secondly, the children at the age are too young to learn art and music for they can not understand the skills completely.SP3 Considerable though the advantages of learning art and music at the age are, they can not compete with the disadvantages that it brings.2009-06-05/2008-06-22Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important thing a government can do to improve health care is to provide a clean environment.AgreeIntroSP1 First, clean environment brings fresh air, which is fundamental for people‟s health.SP2 Second, compared with other measures, such as increase the fund for health care, providing a clean environment works directly.SP3 Thirdly, even though other measures are important, supplying a clean environment is the key.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, compared with a clean environment, a well-organized mechanism for health care is needed eagerly. SP2 Secondly, It takes a long time to provide a clean environment, which is not practical for the people to enjoy the welfare of the health care.SP3 Considerable though the benefits of providing a clean environment are, they can not compete with the benefits that other measures bring.2009-06-07Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In twenty years, people will have more leisure time.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, as science and technology developed, people will work more efficiently.SP2 Second, as the population increase rate declined to some degree 20 years later, the market become small with requiring people working less.SP3 Thirdly, even though some people will still be busy 20 years later, for most of the people ,more leisure time will appear .IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, as economic developing, the competition grows harsh little by little. People have to work hard and be busier than today 20 years later in order to survive.SP2 Secondly, as the population increase rate declined to some degree 20 years later, one person has to do more work.SP3 Admittedly, people work more efficiently than before. It is not, definitely, to bring more leisure time.2009-06-12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. Students should work at part-time jobs when attending university.IntrAgreeoSP1 First, Working at part-time jobs can impart students knowledge and abilities they cannot gain from school, which help them adapt to the society quickly.SP2 Second, Working at part-time jobs can give students character education on some important values and principles like hard work, independence, and responsibility.SP3 Thirdly, As long as the time and form of part-time job are reasonably arranged by students and supervised by parents or teacher, its possible negative effects can be avoided.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, taking part-time jobs is dangerous, to some degree.SP2 Secondly, taking part-time jobs wastes the time should be used for studying.SP3 Admittedly, taking part-time jobs increase the social and working experiences for the students. All the benefits can not compete with the problems that taking part time jobs brings about.2009-06-13/2007-07-28Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. All university students should be required to take history course no matter what field they study in.AgreeIntroSP1 First, learning history better the students minds because history is a mirror reflecting all the wisdom of human beings.SP2 Second, learning history teaches the students the law of developing, how a problem can be resolved. SP3 Thirdly, even learning history needs some time, in the long run, the amount of time brings benefits for all the students.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, It is a waste of time that learning history for all the students.SP2 Secondly, history, the pasted stories, has nothing to do with the present.SP3 Admittedly, learning history brings knowledge to some degree. The amount time used to learn it could bring more benefits when it was used for other subjects, such as music and sport.2009-06-21Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology makes people’s lives simpler in turn to make people’s lives more complicated.AgreeIntroSP1 First, technology brings electric appliances: microwave oven, washing machine,SP2 Second, technology is contributing to communication: cell-phones, email, instant message software, socializing websiteSP3 Thirdly, technology help people acquire information easily: search engines, online encyclopedia, news websiteSP4 In addition, technology brings benefits for travel and transportation: automobile, subway, airplaneSP5 Admittedly, technology development does create some problems sometimes. For example, universal remote controller. Some designs go too far to become complicated. However, as long as designers and researchers are keep improving and changing such technological bugs, people‟s lives will move toward a simpler direction.IntrDisagreeoSP1 First, too much information appearing everywhere wastes people‟s time.SP2 Secondly, too much communication tools trouble people with junky emails and calls.SP3 Considerable though the advantages of technology are, they can not compete with the disadvantages that it brings.2009-06-27Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? For further career success, is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school?AgreeIntroSP1 First, good relationship with other people can help us get opportunities and boost career.SP2 Second, communicating with different people open the horizon.SP3 Thirdly, how well one understands the others determine how well they will treat the person.DisagreeIntroSP1 First, studying hard at school will lay a solid foundation for our future success.SP2 Secondly, without knowledge, everything is a zero even with good relationships with all the people.SP3 Admittedly, good relationships are beneficial. Compared with the basic knowledge, they are just additional.2009-07-25Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Being creative, rather than planning carefully, will come up with best solution to a problem. Intro DisagreeSP1 To begin with, let‟s look at the importance of being creative.On the one hand, before we develop a plan we need to have creative thinking to generate as many new and innovative ideas as we can. On the other hand, being creative can help people think out of the box and find effective solutions.SP2 However, creativity alone cannot guarantee a best solution. Creative ideas need to be organized and planned carefully to be effective, especially when we solve multiple problems.For one thing, planning is leveraged time. Several minutes planning before tackling a problem can improve our productivity and efficiency greatly.For another thing, detailed planning can reduce crisis during our action. Even with a practicable solution in mind, we may go wrong.2009-08-01Some people think that making sure that others influential people or potential employersknow about your strength and achievements can help you succeed. If you do not do this, you will not have a successful life.Intro agreeSP1 Firstly, Letting others know about our strength can provide us potential opportunities leading to success. E.g. Positions, tasks, business, performanceSP2 Also, Showing our strength and achievements can win trust and respect from others, which can in turn give us confidence and inspiration.SP3 Finally, showing potential to others will guarantee the continued growth.Intro disagreeSP1 Firstly, real talented people can demonstrate them in the long run.SP2 Also, Showing off oneself may annoy co-workers and leave negative impressions on the bosses.Their relationship with other people in the company may worsen.SP3 Finally, the practice will make people feel too proud of oneself.2009-08-02Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People will feel happier when they finish a difficult and challenging work than they finish an easy work.Intro agreeSP1 Firstly, difficult and challenging work can fully utilized one‟s own potential and realize individual‟s value e.g. Newton scientific research.SP2 Also, difficult and challenging work can help to train a person as a well rounded individual. They can cultivate the character of persistency and hard work.SP3 Finally, difficult and challenging work can make a big difference to the world. People‟s can attain the sense of achievement.Intro disagreeSP1 Firstly, difficult and challenging work can make people feel strained. E.g. cause health problem.SP2 Also, difficult and challenging work will not necessarily turn out to be influential and worth. Thus people will feel unsatisfied.SP3 Finally, difficult and challenging work is always completed by a team. An individual‟s contribution may not be mentioned. So he may be unsatisfied.2009-08-07Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents should not help determine the future of their children. Children should be allowed making their own choices.Intro agreeSP1 Firstly, when pursuing things they are interested in, Children will be more motivated, inspired, and thus more easily to achieve success.SP2 Also, allowing children to make their own choices helps them grow into independent and responsible adults.SP3 Finally, making choices by the children themselves will let them have a good knowledge of the real society.Intro disagreeSP1 Firstly, parents are more mature and they can help children make right choices by their experience. SP2 Also, children‟s choices are easily influenced by their peers, which may not be rational.SP3 Finally, it is parents‟ responsibility and obligations to guide their children.2009-08-08Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.Intro agreeSP1 Firstly, being paid according to how well their students perform will motivate teachers to improve their teaching.SP2 Also, this practice enables students‟ to be the master of the teaching process. Their real needs can be satisfied.SP3 Finally, it facilitates the school boards to evaluate the performance of the teachers. Thus it gives every teacher the equal chance to be promoted.Intro disagreeSP1 Firstly, some students will demonstrate their talent in a long run. The short time performance will not be the real reflection of the students‟ talent.SP2 Also, this practice is unfair as the quality of students differs dramatically in different classes.SP3 Finally, it will alienate the relationship between the students and teachers, teachers may just reach students how to get a high score rather than real knowledge.2009-08-22Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important to work quickly and risk making mistakes than to work slowly and make sure everything is correct.Intro agreeSP1 Firstly, when people are working on the multiple choices questions, it is necessary that they make decisions quickly even though they make some mistakes. Or they will lose the chance to get the correct answer.SP2 Also, in some emergency situation, we must work quickly to avoid disaster happen. E.g. fire, disaster-relief.SP3 Finally, for some professions, such as painters or writers, they must finish their work quickly if they have inspiration. Or they may not find such feelings any longer.Intro disagreeSP1 Firstly, for may work, the accuracy is very important. E.g. physicians s in a surgery.SP2 Also, slow work can make sure people will not need to head back to repair the work they havedone. So time can be saved. And efficiency is improved.SP3 Finally, slow work can guarantee quality. E.g. watch making.2009-08-30/2009-06-05Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important thing a government can do to improve health care is to provide a clean environment.Intro disagreeSP1 First, raising doctors‟salary can motivate them considerably, which is important for the improvement of the health care.SP2 Also, building hospitals can offer people more medical treatment opportunities.SP3 Admittedly, a clean environment is vital to people‟s health. However, there are other factors which are at least of the same importance for the health care.2009-09-12Should children help with household chores?Intro agreeSP1 First, By doing housework children can develop various useful skills.SP2 Also, By doing housework children can teach children some important values and principles. E.g.independent, no pains no gain.SP3 Admittedly, too much housework will have negative effects on children. However, as long as parents make children help with appropriate amount and forms of household, I do not see there is any problem.2009-09-12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Past people are friendlier than they are today.Intro agreeSP1 First, people‟s living space was much smaller before. So the people they mainly dealt with are our acquaintancesSP2 Also, people were not as materialistic as modern people are. E.g. from the poetries written before we know they desired for being back to nature. Thus they are more sincere.SP3 The modern communication tools always invite some impolite practice even crimes, such as the private information leakingIntro disagreeSP1 First, people today have more chances to get education. E.g. people receive moral education when they are very young.SP2 Also, the basic value remained the same from past to today. E.g. the standard of good manners.SP3 People‟s parents today lay more emphasis on manners than before in order to help their children set up good relationship with others.2009-09-26Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Government should pay more attention on medical care issue than on environment issueIntro agreeSP1 First, raising doctors‟salary can motivate them considerably, which is important for the improvement of the health care.SP2 Also, solving the medical problem can truly relieve the ordinary people‟s burden.Intro disagreeSP1 First, environment problem is the cause of many health problems.SP2 Also, environment protection is more urgent. It can cause many disasters. Irregular weather, rising sea levels, which may cause more problems.2009-10-10Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier to success nowadays than in the past.Intro agreeSP1 First, modern days have far more jobs than before (pilots, astronauts) , and people have more chance to achieve career success.SP2 Also, modern people have much easier access to information. E.g. internet and the spread of printing technology.SP3 People today are connected with each other, and they are easier to get support from others.Intro disagreeSP1 First, modern people face much more fierce competition than previous generations.SP2 Also, modern people are immersed in the information sea, it is hard to find real useful information.(2009-10-18) Some people think to watch a movie in a cinema theatre is better, but others think at home is better. Which do you prefer?Intro CinemaSP1 Watching movies in cinema can bring audience spectacular experience: sound, images. (3D)SP2 This actions can also show support to the movie makers and players. Thus improve the development of movie industry.Intro At homeSP1 Watching movies at home, people can arrange the time freely (Pause at anywhere we want)SP2 It can also save a lot of money.SP3 We do not need to worry about disturbing other viewers. (Eating, smoking, going to washrooms)2009-10-24Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One of the best ways for parents to help their teenage children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take the part-time job.Intro agreeSP1 First, working at part-time jobs can impart students knowledge and abilities they cannot gain from school, which help them adapt to the society quickly.SP2 Also, working at part-time jobs can give students character education on some important values and principles like hard work, independence, and responsibility.SP3 As long as the time and form of part-time job are reasonably arranged by students and supervised by parents or teacher, its possible negative effects can be avoided.Intro DisagreeSP1 First, taking part-time will bring negative effects to the students‟ academic performance. E.g. when they take a final exam.SP2 Also, the jobs they do when they are students are always in the low rank, thus they can learn little from it.SP3 Some jobs may be dangerous or have potential risks. E.g. being a tutor in a stranger‟s house.2009-10-25Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.Intro Disagree。
2009年IBT听说读写机经2009年1月10日托福机经阅读：和大家一样，看到题目之后就有回家的冲动，我之前考过两次，第一次认真考的28，第二次乱考的26，这次估计能上18就不错了。
阅读难度相当地大。
第一篇：functionism(忘了是这个词还是functional) culture第一段先举了生物学的例子，这里有题，问为什么要举生物学的例子。
大概就是典型的结构主义思想，每一个器官都是有功能的。
引出文化，文化也一样，不是无缘无故的。
然后给出了两个人的观点。
第一个人的意思是每一个文化主要取决于大众的需要，并且大众的需要分两层，第一是basic demand，衣食住行，第二层是宗教，政治还是什么的。
但是这个理论有缺陷，就是他不能解释为什么每个文化都需要解决基本需求问题，但是文化和文化之间不一样呢。
另一个人的观点是文化是用来消除亲家之间的conflict的，后面记得不是很清楚，不敢乱说了。
最后貌似说了这两个观点都不是完美的第二篇：更想抓狂了……讲古代人的畜牧史，貌似就是说古代人掌握了动物什么时候来喝水，然后就趁机下手逮动物。
其中两个概念很混乱，breeding和domestication，想死的感觉啊……记得比较清楚的是说，他们并不是每种动物都养，经过了很多代人的，才放弃了一些不好养的动物。
第三篇：终于看到点希望了……美国觉得污染会杀死鱼，于是设立了sanctum，但是在这里面可以捕鱼。
所以造成了过度捕捞，过度捕捞比起污染什么的对鱼的数量下降来说更致命。
鱼随之会变得更少，并且更小。
有的**把大鱼抓走，让小鱼存活。
外界环境也会影响鱼，温度，气候什么的。
鱼类有丰富营养，比如鳗鱼什么的，每年增长速度貌似才5%，但是每年增加的需求量就有15%。
然后说了中国养了很多鱼。
最后说了海藻，海藻繁殖快，营养高，相比之下，农产品生产过程很慢。
日本就养海藻。
加试：电报电话在欧洲和美国的发展鸟类学说话听力：1. 学生放假忘了cancel电话服务，暑假的时候貌似他的宿舍有人住，电话打爆了，她的电话费就奇高无比。
2009年08月22日大陆托福机经回忆阅读：1.热岛效应Urban Heat说城市的温度要比农村高，因为城市的建筑是用混凝土做的，白天吸热，晚上放热；另外，城市还有汽车什么的，可以给城市加热。
另外，在一个城市里，不同的地区热量也不同，比如主要干线的马路就比支线空闲的马路温度高，因为车多。
最后还说了城市的高楼，能造成风减速什么的。
M题目：有一题问农村的情况，我选的是农村地里的蔬菜把热量留住了，因此农村温度低。
还有一题问哪一个是情况能让城市温度升高，我选的是堵车或者车行缓慢。
其它的记不住了，有人提醒一下？/热导效应。
城市温度和郊区温度有差别，城市温度比较高点，原因有：燃料燃烧（这里说了一个交通灯处也容易形成热岛，因为汽车都行动比较缓慢，这个地方有题），建筑材料影响（吸热和导热快），来自太阳的辐射？会trapped，因为城市的建筑的vertical？（这里不是很清楚了,然后说了城市建筑的一些影响：屋顶不再可以保存水分，水被直接给排掉了，所以减少了蒸发，温度更加高了。
增加空气摩擦，因为建筑原因)Skyscraper产生了一些气流"2.荷兰农民Netherland modern agriculture.讲得是17世纪荷兰的agriculture对其经济的影响说荷兰在17世纪的时候农业，由于那个时候荷兰能低价进口大量的粮食，因此荷兰的农产品很便宜。
荷兰的农民还改进了技术，从国外进口奶牛，开始搞畜牧业，让大家都能吃上奶酪。
另外，农村开始种水果，以前的水果只在有钱人家的院子里种，现在已经商业化了，可以从农村运到城里，大家都能吃得起了。
还提到一个p什么的过程，那个词不认识，我猜是填湖造田，许多富人投资这个东西，然后把土地以高价租给农民种，开始土地价格一直上升，，后来也下降了，因为收益不高了。
最后说经济危机席卷了整个欧洲，但开始没有影响到荷兰，但后来荷兰农业还是没逃过去，也被经济危机影响了。
题目不太记得住了。
Dutch这个地方从外地import inexpensive 的crop。
所以本地可以开展更加specialized的农业，比如说畜牧业和牛奶产业，还说了可以种植经济作物。
为了增加产量，发展了比较高级的养殖方法，好像是室内蓄养可以产生更多的牛奶后来Dutch的农民开始种植fruit，原来fruit只是有钱人才能重的，现在大家都能够吃的到了农业的这么多的好处，大家开始抢着要地，但是地有限，所以就开始了reclaimation（填海），中间提到了windmill，不记得是做什么用了最后说农业会受到冲击，但是Dutch的不会那么快受到影响（有题，问为什么）3澳洲岩石画说澳洲有一种刻在石头上的画，开始没人注意，直到20世纪才被越来越多的人知道。
大家对这个画有很多疑问，比如不知道它的起源什么的。
然后有一个人提出一种理论，说这个画是P什么style。
后来的没记住了，做到这篇的时候时间来不及了，而且中间有一大段只出了一个词汇题，我就给跳过去了，结果一跳就把文章的脉络跳乱了。
题目我记得有一个问提到一个小岛，很早就和澳洲分离了，但那个岛上也有这种类型的画，问为什么提这个小岛，我选的是说明这个画年代很久远。
其余的也记不大清了先说了大家有3个问题：什么时候产生的？是否可以总结出sequence？还一个不记得了先说产生时间不断的被修改，reviesed（词汇题），直到最近一个研究确定了真是的起源时间。
再说sequence不那么容易确定，总共经历了几个过程吧，从几何图形到有一定意义的figure pic，再到比较复杂的pic。
貌似提到了一个great age（有题）有几个特征吧:最后一段说了一些不同的观点，提及到了有些作家认为从几何图形转换到figure pic不好，因为几何图形可以表达比较复杂的意思，然后最后一句（有题）貌似是说某某不同意这个观点，用的是一个反问句说的，没有看明白。
词汇题configuration的，形状 shapeenormous=very largerevise 答案是change好像。
modified=weakened ??modified=changedsurpass, 答案应该是be higher than，这个是讲17世纪荷兰农业的阅读的astonishing=incredible 吃惊的.consumption 消耗消费 sale ?? utilizationlegendary 传奇的著名的 famousdisfigure 损毁...外形听力：CONVER,1。
学生去找老师问什么东西，LITERA TURE 的什么什么，学生恭维老师一翻，然后就讨论选课的问题，这个老师有个比较强大也比较难的课，男生就说他下学期想选，老师说不行，你学的还太少，给他建议了另外一个课。
学生先不情愿，让教授开恩，但最后还是被说服了. 老师和学生对话，学生想向老师咨询一下下学期可以选些什么和文学有关的课程。
老师先讲了一下自己这个学期的文学课，为什么选择。
书，某个作家的一个系列中的一本，因为简单，是按照时间顺序写的。
然后说了自己的下个学期会开的课，叫Master Student Seminar，是高级课程，需要有。
的基础才行。
然后学生想学这个课，但是老师说他还没有相应的基础。
但学生觉得他在这学期老师的课上表现很好，还是想学，但老师说那是因为这学期讲的都是最简单的内容，然后推荐他上另一个老师的文学课，那个课正好可以接着这学期的课上。
修完那个课之后，学生才qualified for the Master Student Seminar.2. 学生找。
她的announcement没有在学校网上公布。
她请了一个很有名的法国作者，想通过announcment的发布吸引很多同学。
她的社团并不是正式的，但有学院的资金支持。
那个Advisor建议她可以把这个信息挂在学院的网站上或者挂在其他相关院系的网站上。
学校的网站空间有限，不是所有的announcement能挂上去，能否挂上去取决于editor的决定.lecture1。
舞蹈：讲的是screen和live两种不同的舞蹈的区别，好像是教授给舞蹈系的学生布置的作业（此处有题，我选的是作业，大家都怎么选的？），让他们拍个舞蹈。
说有电影系的学生可以帮他们（此处有双选题，问教授如何安慰学生吧，我选的是有技术支持和技术部分不算分）。
还介绍说screen舞蹈可以用一些电影技术，比如在舞台上，演员必须进进出出一个门，并越来越快，但在电影舞蹈里，可以用特技创造出很多个舞蹈者一起跳舞。
还可以用特技表现一个人在着火的房子前跳舞，但实际房子并没着火。
舞台舞蹈可以和观众互动，但不注重面部表情，因为后排的观众根本看不见（此处有题），但电影舞蹈注重表情，因为可以给特写。
最后，讲了电影舞蹈可以很方便的观看，比如在电视或者网络上（此处有题，问screen舞蹈的优势，我选的是available那个），但电影舞蹈不会替代舞台舞蹈，会有人看了电影舞蹈之后更想看舞台舞蹈，因此会增加舞台舞蹈的门票销售（此处有题，我选的是screen 促进live舞蹈）关于舞蹈，话说那题目的词汇挺变态，GRE词汇，第一眼还没认出来……关于舞台舞蹈，和SCREEN 舞蹈得问题的区别……具体记得的有什么技术问题啦，效果问题啦，面部表情了，观看方便了，气氛啦，发展啦……人们通过屏幕喜欢上舞蹈"因此会有兴趣去看现场2。
希腊仪器：说考古学家发现了一个希腊的仪器，是公元前100年的，他们很惊讶，因为记得最早的这个东西是在此之后1000年以后才有的，这个把发明的时间给提前了1000年（此处有题，我选的是改变了历史学家的看法）。
这个仪器能预测月亮的运动，还能计算太阳历和月亮历，反正很牛的一个东西。
这个东西是用青铜做的（此处有题，我选的是那个时候的艺术家不愿意用青铜做东西），青铜在那个时候可以做钱币，因此考古学家又很惊讶。
最后还说这个东西能预测月亮的不规则运动（此处有题，具体的忘了）。
好像还有一题问这个东西的作用，我当时不太拿的准，选的什么忘了，记得排除了几个选项，有一个是光线什么的，被我排除了，还有一个是驱动另一个大的计算系统，也被我排除了，有人给提醒一下？记得一个考古学，就是发现个什么古代盒子，跟天体，日历，BLABLA 有关，然后就是很先进啊，貌似还分阴阳例，然后改变人们的认识啊，总之就是很强大。
我好象觉的以前JJ 见过……有一个考古发现对人类对历史的认识有很重大的影响。
那个是用铜做的，很少见，因为大多是铜会被人们用来打造其他东西。
之所以这个可以保存下来是由于它在水底。
科学家通过ray透视，发现它的构造很精致，可以用来模拟太阳和月亮的运动。
这说明那时候就有很高的数学和化学知识了。
3。
海豚，觉的比较难，主要讲MELON组织，还有什么发声音和收声音的结构，然后根据这些来判断，SURROUNDING 的情况。
海豚传声，从空气到水下。
有一个。
的器官帮助它实现这样的能力。
一般声音很难在不同的介质中传播，因为多是的sound waves会被反射。
但有这个海豚可以过度性的最大限度的实现这种声波的传递。
海豚通过这种声音click的反射来勘探周围的物体。
它有一个。
接收反射的声波。
教授讲海豚能用声音定位和定向，说能发出两种声波，大家开始都研究第一种，教授着重讲的是第二种。
开始补充了点物理知识，说声波从空气入水，一部分进入水中，但速度发生变化，但绝大部分被反射掉了，因此声波能量减少，就比较弱了。
海豚的声波是从海豚上面那个什么地方发出来的，海豚那个里边有个什么区域（娘的，单词都不认识，不过教授给写了，有图都标着呢），是fat组成的，能使声波不被减小。
然后海豚就用这个东西定向。
题目有一个问海豚下颚是干什么的，我选的是接收声波，不太确定，有高人指点一下？4.云彩：讲气候和云彩，云彩可以把太阳光反射出去，让地球cooler，也可以把地球散发的热量再反射给地球，让地球warmer。
然后讲了两种云彩，一种是high thicker，一种是low thinner（不知道我有没有搭配错？），反正有一个比较多的反射太阳光，让地球更冷。
题目有一个问budget什么的（我选的是热量收入和热量支出的平衡），还有一个问提到一种微生物，我选的是产生化学物质，促使lower那种云彩（就是让地球更冷的那个）的形成。
其余的忘了.听力加试是霸王花...听力比较变态的是海豚题，还有个图听力加试浪漫主义 MM丢饭卡听力加试题，关于写鸟类迁徙的conversation, 和大王花还有segtime的..今天加试了听力，都是经典加试里的内容：神经元，id卡和浪漫主义加试：Gap Music和乐器-piano大王花口语一一个去其他国家生活的优势1 One of the advantages of living abroad二free time是喜欢独处还是和他人在一起是喜欢自己呆着还是和别人一起活动空闲时候是愿意做reading, thinking and studing alone 还是参加集体活动和朋友们在一起;三取消国际新闻校报要取消international news ,MM同意 1、确实没什么人看，大家都知道的news而且学生们可以剪下这部分新闻随身携带，这样他们就会知道What is going on in the campus and when and where.reading(reasons):1那个international section上的东西大家可以从other resources得到,比如网上create a new section of calendar of new events happening on campuslistening(reasons):1那个international版的东西没人看,早就都知道了,谁还看啊.2反问那个男的:你现在知道on campus 上到底发生什么了么?男的说不是很清楚.女的:对嘛! 我们现在的通知都是从各个楼下的海报上看到的,有必要开这么个板块介绍校园发生什么事, 我们可以cut off 这个版,拿着它到出走,就可以知道the place where events are and when.Model:1. The school has implemented a new policy (校报要取消international news…)that….And the woman holds a positive/negative view towards the announcement.2.The 1st reason she offers is …The 2nd reason is …According to the dialogue, the man/woman completely agrees with the school announcement. . That is to say, the school decides四REFERENCE GROUPpeople's behavior will be influenced by others教授举例他大学时有很多学艺术的朋友，都很cool and creative, 穿T-shirt，jeans之类的很casual的衣服，他也这样后来去芝加哥工作，co-workers 穿的很classical nice formal，pants,nice shoes什么的。
