托福阅读机经(5)

2019年3月31日托福阅读机经1.树的branch掉了Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches2.Biomass Energy生物燃料的使用什么的3.美国urban和rural的改变,美国的汽车影响经济以前都是在市中心有streetcar。

后来太堵车就去郊区了。

4.是关于粟特人和中国5.金字塔怎么建造的Understanding the Construction of the EgyptianPyramids6.可持续的杀虫剂（害虫产生了resistance）7.Tree Species Identification in Tropical Rain Forests植物鉴定种类为什么难18.丝绸之路的一个国家很会做生意，后来来到甘肃省敦煌，后来又被迫害就毁灭了9.美国的汽车影响经济。

以前都是市中心有streetcar，后来太堵车就去了郊区10.Viviparity versus Oviparity in Reptiles and Birds;卵生胎生；Viviparity 这种动物是不是会下蛋的和不会下蛋的动物，举了鸟蛇和蜥蜴。

11.孔鸟生前捕食特点研究，有一种叫c的树会抵抗孔鸟12.关于一种带刺的植物，他们的捕食者如何吃他们13.The Origin of Flight昆虫腮和还有什么帮助飞行的两种理论14.Soil Fertilization15.Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous216.The Dvaravati Civilization；6-9世纪形成17.怀孕的鸟类和不怀孕的鸟的对比。

32019年3月31日托福听力机经Conversation1.学生问论文的事情。

自己的论文写的不行，因为focus范围太大了，老师给他举了例子用xxx来写，这篇论文分数低没事，因为期未可以去掉最低分2.学生落了一节戏剧课，找教授问一些她搞不懂的地方；有的时候戏剧会结合科学科学给realistic戏剧提供了审视人的生活的方法然后观众刚开始不接受后来发现这些戏剧更能反映他们的生活后来学生又举了一个那种电视真人秀来说明realistic戏剧对现在的影响3.学生想自己选宿舍但是不允许然后还想只申请一个学期但是如果不是交换生只能申请一年然后还要交押金这个押金不能退除非在今年年底之前毕业但是这个学生还有两年毕业然后学生想提前7天入住需要多交140美元但是她现在卡里好像没那么多钱4.学生的广播站因为广告的减少出现了经济困难，来寻求解决办法；学校只提供广播的地方但是不管学生如何运营，然后老师给了解决办法，说他可以让喜欢听广播的人捐助，然后说另外一个department有人特别懂fund可以问他；5.学生写艺术课的paper去找教授，说了写实和抽象的两种表现方法46.学生去问recycle bin的location，因为宿舍没有，跟老师举了自己朋友学校关于做循环的的例子，老师建议他自己提出这个相关的program7.讲家具放在hall里Lecture1.关于停车难2.关于天文学astronomy，讲的是nebula(星云)的，星云是由气体和尘埃组成的云，分布在银河系和星际空间的各处。

2013年5月托福阅读预测阅读plan1阅读1Egypt选都问题，为什么选择了一个叫做Ma的城市。

第一段讲的是地理位置上可以control可以控制全国，因为位置靠上，对比旧首都。

此处有题，细节题，问为什么新首都比旧首都好。

第二段讲的是从经济贸易上讲，新首都可以使统治者控制经济，因为新首都M是经济运输的必经之地。

第三段讲的是这个首都可以提供pasture为陆路贸易提供便利。

第四段讲的是河道的问题。

阅读2农药的使用问题。

农药开始使用，可以减少虫害，但是由于害虫的繁殖速度快和可大量繁殖造成自然选择，同时农药还大量杀死的predator，但是predator就没这么幸运了，他们不能大量繁殖，而且毒素通过实物量可以传递到他们身体里，这一点造成了害虫数量的增加。

最后一段提到了California的一种吃cotton害虫很难控制，因为他们的竞争对手和天敌被农药弄死了，所以农民不能不加大用农药的量。

阅读3上石器时代。

阅读4讲sea grass适合什么情况下的海水环境，吸收沉淀物为养分什么的。

版本2:讲egg的进化，一开始是软的外壳，后来因为种种原因壳变硬了。

阅读plan 2阅读1在大河与海洋的交汇处，那里的动物有的器官能忍受高的含盐度，有的能保持自身的含盐度。

还有一些生物有根，attach水底神马的，防止被水冲走(有题)。

阅读2讲美国公园的，商人看到有利润，就搞什么旅社，做广告吸引游人，从而获利。

然后发展发展，黄石公园，悠闲每地，就是这样发展起来的。

然后越来越多的人想旅游，就要求高速公路的发展，然后政府就发展，政府也成立什么浮云般的部门，去监控这些公园神马的（有题），然后这些公园的发展就更趋向于保护环境什么的。

里面提到大神对美国东部的人对保护环境的意识的提高有突出贡献，有转述题和原因题，两个啊，同学们注意。

阅读314世纪欧洲遇到什么经济危机什么，原因是温度下降，有个例子关于全球变暖的，这个是用来强调这个温度下价的对自然的影响，全球变暖和这个比起来，都是各种弱爆了。

第一篇，蝴蝶的颜色鲜艳，作为一种保护色。

因为鲜艳容易一开始被注意和捕食。

但正由于是这样，鸟也容易辨别。

发现不好吃了之后，就不吃了。

于是有人做实验，发现改变蝴蝶的翅膀，确实鸟就不认识了。

还有蝴蝶的幼虫吃一种野草，里面有毒素。

幼虫吸收了，变成蝴蝶，如果鸟吃了，就会呕吐。

其他几篇，顺序不记得了。

1、地震波。

一种是p，一种是s。

p传播是直线，且穿过各种物质。

s走s路线，所以慢，液体和气体不穿过。

还有一种地面波，给地表造成巨大影响。

2、中产阶级和音乐的复兴。

主要讲由于经济的发展，中产阶级发展起来，先进的音乐创作工具产生。

城市人口的增长等，促进了对音乐的消费。

使得音乐在这一阶段得到了巨大的发展。

表现为音乐家可以过上上流生活，更多的音乐推向了大众。

3、讲鸟类的声音。

鸟类是如何学习声音，为什么同一族群的鸟的声音大致一样。

然后举了两种鸟的例子。

(阅读的时候，请区分是哪种鸟，最后一题。

我根本就来不及回原文找，瞎填)通过把幼鸟隔离等试验，发现鸟类出生后前三个月不发声，但是声音就是在这个时候听族群里面的声音，而学会的。

后来也很难再发展了。

还有一个试验，是把鸟隔离，还让它听不到自己的声音，最后这鸟只发出不连续的声音。

听力(干扰太厉害。

最强项没考好。

然后提醒，声音不要开太大，我反正第一题声音太大没听好，失败)1、对话。

一个学生做presentation，用了幻灯片，提高了效率。

老师建议她多点总结和说明，以帮助大家理解。

她接受老师的建议，打算尽早写好。

其中讲到她的presentation是关于学生对打工的满意程度。

这里注意一点。

大三学生满意程度超过大四。

2、飞机动力学。

飞机本来要克服一个问题，叫做drag。

但是，通过研究蜻蜓，发现蜻蜓很好的利用了drag，所以有效的节约能源，可以立在半空中。

后来提到了蜜蜂，说蜜蜂的原理和直升飞机比较类似。

3、一个部落，用水牛的皮来记录一年的历史，举例上面画了一个流星，说明那时出现了流星。

这种牛皮很多，为什么呢?有3点。

一、2015年1月托福考试回忆 (4)2015年1月10日托福考试回忆 (4)2015年1月11日托福考试回忆 (7)2015年1月25日托福考试回忆 (16)2015年1月31日托福考试回忆 (22)二、2015年2月托福考试回忆 (28)2015年2月1日托福考试回忆 (28)三、2015年3月托福考试回忆 (34)2015年3月7日托福考试回忆 (34)2015年3月14日托福考试回忆 (44)2015年3月28日托福考试回忆 (50)四、2015年4月托福考试回忆 (56)2015年4月12日托福考试回忆 (56)2015年4月18日托福考试回忆 (62)五、2015年5月托福考试回忆 (68)2015年5月9日托福考试回忆 (68)2015年5月16日托福考试回忆 (74)2015年5月24日托福考试回忆 (80)2015年5月30日托福考试回忆 (86)六、2015年6月托福考试回忆 (92)2015年6月13日托福考试回忆 (92)2015年6月14日托福考试回忆 (100)七、2015年7月托福考试回忆 (112)2015年7月4日托福考试回忆 (112)2015年7月11日托福考试回忆 (118)2015年7月12日托福考试回忆 (124)八、2015年8月托福考试回忆 (131)2015年8月22日托福考试回忆 (131)2015年8月30日托福考试回忆 (137)九、2015年9月托福考试回忆 (143)2015年9月5日托福考试回忆 (143)2015年9月12日托福考试回忆 (149)2015年9月13日托福考试回忆 (155)2015年9月19日托福考试回忆 (161)十、2015年10月托福考试回忆 (167)2015年10月10日托福考试回忆 (167)2015年10月11日托福考试回忆 (173)2015年10月24日托福考试回忆 (179)2015年10月25日托福考试回忆 (185)2015年10月31日托福考试回忆 (191)十一、2015年11月托福考试回忆 (197)2015年11月8日托福考试回忆 (197)2015年11月14日托福考试回忆 (204)2015年11月21日托福考试回忆 (216)2015年11月28日托福考试回忆 (224)2015年11月29日托福考试回忆 (230)十二、2015年12月托福考试回忆 (236)2015年12月5日托福考试回忆 (236)2015年12月12日托福考试回忆 (243)2015年12月13日托福考试回忆 (249)2015年12月19日托福考试回忆 (255)2015年12月20日托福考试回忆 (261)一、2015年1月托福考试回忆2015年1月10日托福考试回忆V20150110点重合（有句子插入题）。

2013年5月托福阅读预测阅读plan1阅读1Egypt选都问题，为什么选择了一个叫做Ma的城市。

第一段讲的是地理位置上可以control 可以控制全国，因为位置靠上，对比旧首都。

此处有题，细节题，问为什么新首都比旧首都好。

第二段讲的是从经济贸易上讲，新首都可以使统治者控制经济，因为新首都M是经济运输的必经之地。

第三段讲的是这个首都可以提供pasture为陆路贸易提供便利。

第四段讲的是河道的问题。

阅读2农药的使用问题。

农药开始使用，可以减少虫害，但是由于害虫的繁殖速度快和可大量繁殖造成自然选择，同时农药还大量杀死的predator，但是predator就没这么幸运了，他们不能大量繁殖，而且毒素通过实物量可以传递到他们身体里，这一点造成了害虫数量的增加。

最后一段提到了California的一种吃cotton害虫很难控制，因为他们的竞争对手和天敌被农药弄死了，所以农民不能不加大用农药的量。

阅读3上石器时代。

阅读4讲sea grass适合什么情况下的海水环境，吸收沉淀物为养分什么的。

版本2: 讲egg的进化，一开始是软的外壳，后来因为种种原因壳变硬了。

阅读plan 2阅读1在大河与海洋的交汇处，那里的动物有的器官能忍受高的含盐度，有的能保持自身的含盐度。

还有一些生物有根，attach水底神马的，防止被水冲走(有题)。

阅读2讲美国公园的，商人看到有利润，就搞什么旅社，做广告吸引游人，从而获利。

然后发展发展，黄石公园，悠闲每地，就是这样发展起来的。

然后越来越多的人想旅游，就要求高速公路的发展，然后政府就发展，政府也成立什么浮云般的部门，去监控这些公园神马的（有题），然后这些公园的发展就更趋向于保护环境什么的。

里面提到大神对美国东部的人对保护环境的意识的提高有突出贡献，有转述题和原因题，两个啊，同学们注意。

阅读314 世纪欧洲遇到什么经济危机什么，原因是温度下降，有个例子关于全球变暖的，这个是用来强调这个温度下价的对自然的影响，全球变暖和这个比起来，都是各种弱爆了。

2019年5月26日托福阅读机经1.石头和风化作用weathering2.猛犸象的灭绝3.3.19世纪末到20世纪的欧洲中产阶级4.北极熊生存危机5.人变老的原因6.不会飞的鸟7.欧洲东部和北部的土地8.佛罗伦萨的商业发展，一些贸易方式的改变和企业家银行的出现19.热带雨林物种的多样性10.熔岩11.塑料在海洋里的降解和影响12.magma（地核，地幔等）13.大型哺乳动物的灭绝原因探讨14.欧洲手工业的发展15.The chemical and biological weathering岩石会经历化学和生物的weathering16.二战后社会等级组成的改变217.The Rise of Florence18.Characteristics of Tropical Rain Forests19.Artisans in Sixteenth-Century Europe20.Extinction and the Mammoth Steppe21.Urban Development in the United States in the Nineteenth Century32019年5月26日托福听力机经Conversation1.一女生要做一个assignment，结果学生休息室要大改造，教授建议用另一种艺术形式2.教授建议男生辅修法语，导师建议英语，然后写论文是用英语写法语3.女生建议做一个能让孩子知道食物营养成分的APP4.学生问教授关于写作中要用到的一本书的理解5.老师鼓励学生参加一个音乐表演，鼓励她把握机会多参加这种活动6.女生找教授或天文学课题内容7.学生想rent a bike locker48.学生长廊上想要在墙上装东西，所以学生不能在墙上画画，但是一个教授说可以9.教授让学生判断天花板高度引起一个学科概念，然后这个概念和大脑构造的关系，并且说了一个实验用于阐明。

Lecture1.埃菲尔铁塔一开始不被认可不受欢迎，因为不是传统建筑，后来年轻艺术家追求打破传统后逐渐被接受2.童话的结构主题3.在缺水地区收集雾里的水4.水星的核心是液态的5.利用鸟巢中的毛发来判断一个地区的动物56.fairy tales，oral-formulate的讲motif，是magic person或object 7.visual perception，讲到了两种认知能力（cognitive和meta-cognitive）。

托福强化班阅读精讲班第5讲讲义阅读训练一（下）12. Look at the four squares，A，B，C，andD，which indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus，theater is a shared event，an experience that includes both those who perform and those who observe., it is not surprising that the impulse toward theater is universal. A The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed：in Europe，Asia，Africa，Australia，and the Americas. In every，we find rituals，ceremonies，and celebrations that include elements of theater B At various times，these ceremoniesand stories developed into a separate realm of theater. In Greece，a fully developed theater emerged years ago. In India，theater became well-establishedcertain essential qualities：a story—the —is presented by one group—theperformers--to another group—13-14. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the阅读训练二定位词训练强化阅读教材92页40. Look at the four squares，A，B，C，andD，which indicate where the following sentenceThey suspected this was because the offshore draggers were taking so many cod that the fish did not have a chance to migrate inshore to reproduce.However，while the offshore fishery was prospering，the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. A In 1992 the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. B Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to vanishing stocks recover. C The moratorium was extended in l994，when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia，and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. D Canada’s codfishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work.4l-42. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries.●●●。

2015年5月16日托福机经2015年5月16日托福机经下载地址：/tuofujijing/20150413/tfjj-lhy-516jjntb.html?seo=wenku4.901 2015年5月16日托福机经已经推出了，建议正在备考2015年5月16日托福机经的考生可以进入链接免费索取下载使用。

2015年5月16日托福机经部分内容：1. If you were given an empty pieces of land, would you rather using it to builda garden ora playground for children?2. Agree or disagree:students should do part-time job before attending college. 有⼈认为，在上⼈学之前应该有 work experience， such as doing a part-time job。

你是否同意这个观点?3.【阅读】学校要把学校的⼈个 theater 租给⼈个 local group 当地剧团排练。

(1)因为暑假theater 没有学⼈⼈,如果租给剧团排练,那么有 summer class 的学⼈就可以有娱乐活动了;(2)可以赚钱修设施【听⼈】学⼈同意 (1)bring entertainment to students, 能丰富学⼈课余⼈活。

提到去年暑假在学校没有体育艺术活动,很⼈聊;(2)the rental fees 能⼈来改善剧院的设施。

seats areuncomfortable and old4.文章说用电子记录医学record好因为1省钱(减少storage和运输费用)2减少错误3 提供research data。

speaker反驳1医生即使有电子记录仍然会留一份paper record 2 医生喜欢用paper记录，然后让别的人把记录输入进电脑，这样更容易出错。

0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteurconstructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed thatwhich of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(c)Heat(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than togrowing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) nor alkaline(higher insalt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back toward neutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as onecrosses the(25) border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward the Southeast,broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) eliminate(C) protect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) modification(C) opening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) increased(C) indicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) patterns of natural vegetation(C) human modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 Th e word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) change(C) advantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grassprairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type, the metal(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignited spontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission of visible light. Thesmoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C) The technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) generation of artificial light(C) creation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) intensities colors in photographs(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) cut into(C) opened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) adoption(C) development(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) magnify the light produced by the flash(C) protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) battery(C) wire(D) current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) effortlessly(B) briefly(C) electronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) bright illumination(C) electrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s.The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solidsurfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewed through hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) The differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) deform(C) represent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) The focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) They preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) acceptance(C) arrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) encouragement(C) return(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) was consistently praised by art critics(C) described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) fellow artists(C) individual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABA CACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。

5月30日托福阅读机经(新东方版)2015年5月30日托福阅读机经(新东方版)第一篇：考生回忆: 本文主要讨论的是戏剧（theatre）和电影（movie）的区别。

首先是演电影的演员是无法得到观众的即时反馈，而戏剧演员则可以。

所以有很多电影演员会时不时地去演一下戏剧。

其次是看戏剧的观众会因为喜欢同一台戏和同一个演员而形成一个圈子，有相互交流的经验，但是电影观众通常是独自观赏，也不会与别人交流。

再次，戏剧演出由于是现场演出，所以每次的演出都会有细微的差异。

戏剧演员也会根据前一次的表演改进和提高自己下一次的表演。

第二篇：考生回忆：文章主要讨论的是影响海洋生态环境的诸多因素。

首先是太阳辐射。

99%的太阳辐射在离地50~100米被云层吸收，其中红色长波辐射被大量吸收，而蓝色的短波辐射会到海洋深处，这就是海洋是蓝色的原因。

有了光，水上的浮游生物就可以进行光合作用，举了一个K生物的例子。

尽管有生物存在，但是这些生物大部分都是单细胞的。

而在海洋深处的缺乏氧气的阴暗的地方，会沉淀一些金属元素，这也是海底动物的养分。

季风也是影响海洋生态的元素，它有助于水体的垂直流动，表层的氧气下沉而底层的营养上升，从而能支持更多生物的生长。

但热带地区的湖泊缺乏交换，需要依靠流入的径流带来表层营养。

第三篇：考生回忆：文章讲的是地震的预测方法。

一共有两种，一种是长期的方法，依据是分析以往的数据，根据过去存在的可以预测的规律以及在历史中出现的频率来预测地震；另外一种是短期的方法，预测的依据是分别是某些气体、水位和地表的变化。

根据这些不同的变量一共建立了五个不同的模型。

更多推荐：2015年托福机经(全年)更多推荐：2015年托福考试时间安排表(全年) 更多推荐：2015年托福报名时间安排表(全年) 更多推荐：2015年托福成绩查询时间表(全年)。

托福模拟题：托福考试经典阅读模拟题2（五）-托福模拟题托福考试经典阅读模拟题2（五）Questions 41-50;The healing power of maggots is not new. Human beings have discovered it several times. The Maya are said to have used maggotsfor therapeutic purposes a thousand years ago. As early as the sixteenth century, European doctors noticed that soldiers withmaggot-infested wounds healed well. More recently, doctors have realized that maggots can be cheaper and more effective than drugs in some respects, and these squirming larvae have, at times, enjoyed a quiet medical renaissance. The problem may have more to do with the weak stomachs of those using them than with good science. The modern heydey of maggot therapy began during World War I, when an American doctor named William Baer was shocked to notice that two soldiers who had lain on a battlefield for a week while their abdominal wounds became infested with thousands of maggots, had recovered better than wounded men treated in the military hospital. After the war, Baer proved to the medical establishment that maggots could cure some of the toughest infections.In the 1930s hundreds of hospitals used maggot therapy. Maggot therapy requires the right kind of larvae. Only the maggotsof blowflies (a family that includes common bluebottles and greenbottles) will do the job; they devour dead tissue, whether in an open wound or in a corpse. Some other maggots, on the other hand,such as those of the screw-worm eat live tissue. They must be avoided. When blowfly eggs hatch in a patient's wound, the maggots eat thedead flesh where gangrene-causing bacteria thrive. They also excrete compounds that are lethal to bacteria they don't happen to swallow. Meanwhile, they ignore live flesh, and in fact, give it a gentle growth-stimulating massage simply by crawling over it. When they metamorphose into flies, they leave without a trace - although in the process, they might upset the hospital staff as they squirm around ina live patient. When sulfa drugs, the first antibiotics, emerged around the time of World War II, maggot therapy quickly faded into obscurity.41. Why did the author write the passage?(a) because of the resistance to using the benefits of maggots(b) to demonstrate; the important contribution of William Baer(c) to outline the healing power of maggots(d) to explain treatment used before the first antibiotics42. The word "renaissance" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(a) revival(b) resistance(c) support(d) condemnation43. According to the passage, William Bayer was shocked because(a) two soldiers had lain on the battlefield for a week(b) the medical establishment refused to accept his findings(c) the soldiers abdominal wounds had become infested with maggots(d) the soldiers had recovered better than those in a military hospital44. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?(a) sulfa drugs have been developed from maggots(b) maggots only eat dead tissue(c) bluebottles and greenbottles produce maggots(d) blowfly maggots only eat dead tissue45. The word "devour" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(a) chew(b) clean(c) change(d) consume46. The word "thrive" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a) prosper(b) eat(c) move(d) grow47. The word "metamorphose" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(a) disappear(b) grow(c) change(d) move48. The word "they" in line 23 refers to(a) flies(b) maggots(c) gangrene-causing bacteria(d) live patients49. All of the following are true EXCEPT(a) maggots come from eggs(b) maggots eat bacteria(c) maggots are larvae(d) William Bayer discovered a new type of maggot50. What can be inferred from the passage about maggots?(a) modern science might be able to develop new drugs from maggots that would fight infection(b) maggot therapy would have been more popular if antibiotics had not been discovered(c) William Baer later changed his mind about the value of using maggot therapy(d) sulfa drugs were developed from maggotsTest 3- Answer Key1.b2.d3.b4.c5.a6.c7.c8.d9.d 10.b11.a 12.c 13.c 14.a 15.d 16.d 17.a 18.c 19.b 20.d21.a 22.d 23.c 24.a 25.c 26.b 27.b 28.d 29.a 30.b31.a 32.c 33.b 34.a 35.c 36.d 37.b 38.c 39.b 40.a41.c 42.a 43.d 44.d 45.d 46.d 47.c 48.b 49.a 50.b。

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全真TOEFL试题集内容速览文件大小:1.77 MB (1,856,971 字节)文件类型:pdf全真TOEFL试题集部分内容：Reading Test 51 Lasers are often the preferred tools of surgeons in the modern operating room.A. sole C. favoredB. best D. required2 In 1981 presidential adviser Virginia Knauer was selected to be director of the office ofConsumer Affairs.A. rumored C. chosenB. supposed D. willing3 People fishing on a lake must wait calmly so as not to scare the fish away.A. considerately C. alertlyB. hungrily D. quietly4 When department stores have an oversupply of good, they frequently cut prices toencourage sales.A. conceal C. damageB. review D. reduce以上就是关于全真TOEFL试题集的部分内容，托福阅读做题量不在多，关键在于你所选择的材料和你是否把这些真题真正弄懂，好资料我们已经上传，供大家下载，接下来就靠大家努力啊!相关字搜索：全真TOEFL试题集-阅读。

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天文类Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth参考阅读：A fluid is a substance， such as a liquid or gas， in which the component particles （usually molecules） can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet’s surface can completely resurface a pla net many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials，they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere， only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth， both terrestrial planets with atmosphere.Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size， are composed of roughly the same mix of materials，and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However， the twins evolved differently， largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat， Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes， rifting， and folding. However， it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system （water circulation and distribution）：there are no streams，lakes，oceans，orglaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth， but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun，water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun’s ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space，and Venus lost its water. Without water， Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket，creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth，liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium， from rock weathering，to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere， the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remainshigh.Origin of the Solar SystemComets文化艺术类The Origins of WritingLive PerformanceThe Origins of TheaterThe Development of Printing地质类Early Theories of Continental DriftAttempts at Determining Earth’s AgeHow Soil is FormedEarth’s Energy CycleThermal Stratification环境类The Climate of JapanThe Role of the Ocean in Controlling Climate经济类Effects of the Commercial RevolutionSeventeenth-Century European Economic Growth考古类Environmental Impact of the AnasaziThe Collapse of the MaysThe Chaco Phenomenon科学类The Birth of PhotographyEarly American Printing Industry农业类Agricultural Society in Eighteenth- Century British America Water Management in Early Agriculture社会类Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe Hunting and the Setting of Inner Eurasia生物类Extinctions at the End of the CretaceousThe Cambrian ExplosionThe Extinction of the DinosaursHow Animals in Rain Forests Make Themselves Heard Sociality in AnimalsDinosaurs and Parental CareHabitat SelectionTemperature Regulation in Marine OrganismsCell TheoryPoikilothermsForest SuccessionThe Role of DiapauseThe Identification of the Genetic MaterialHow Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands Constraints on Natural Selection。

【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO6-1阅读文本TPO6TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George 111(1760-1820), available sources of powe r for work and travel had not increased since theMiddle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.2. Which of the following best describes the relation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1?A. Paragraph 2 shows how the problem discussed in paragraph 1 arose.B. Paragraph 2 explains how the problem presented in paragraph 1 came to be solved.C. Paragraph 2 provides a more technical discussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1.D. Paragraph 2 shows why the problem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.3. The word “exploited” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. utilizedB. recognizedC. examinedD. fully understood4. The word “vastly” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. quicklyB. ultimatelyC. greatlyD. initially5. According to paragraph 2, the “atmospheric engine was slow becauseA. it had been designed to be used in coal minesB. the cylinder had to cool between each strokeC. it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinderD. it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available6. According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following ways EXCEPT:A. It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder.B. It worked with greater speed.C. It was more efficient in its use of fuel.D. It could be used in many different ways.The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had e into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “ atmospheric engine, ”invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.7.In paragraph 3, the author mentions W illiam Murdoch’ s invention ofa new form of nighttime illumination in order toA. indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engineB. make the point that Watt's steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial RevolutionC. illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial RevolutionD. provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source8. The phrase “grew accustomed to” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. began to preferB. wanted to haveC. became used toD. insisted onWatt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.9. The w ord “retained” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. gainedB. establishedC. profited fromD. maintained10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?A. They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.B. By 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.C. They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.D. They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.11. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involved bining which two previously separate ingredients?A. Turnpikes and canalsB. Stationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheelsC. Metal rails in roadbeds and wagons capable of carrying heavy loadsD. Canal boats and heavily laden wagonsBy 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in bining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.I Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do.| It liberated industry from dependence on running water. (The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deepermining. (The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new formof nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.12. Look at the four squares [(] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could e to the factories.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.A. In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder.B. Watt’ s steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.C. Until the 1830s, Britain was the world’ s major producer of steam engines.D. In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.E. In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.F. The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.。

2015年5月8日北美托福阅读机经2015年5月8日北美托福阅读机经下载地址：/tuofujijing/20150423/tfjj-lhy-58bmyd.html?seo=wenku5.040为了参加2015年5月8日北美托福考试的考生能够成功备考2015年5月8日托福阅读考试，小马老师精心给考生准备了2015年5月8日北美托福阅读机经，考生可以进入链接免费索取下载参考使用。

2015年5月8日北美托福阅读机经部分内容：1.【阅读】学校准备下学期举⾏⾏个 library training day,帮助刚⾏学的⾏学⾏学会使⾏图书馆查找资料。

培训完了还要布置作业(training 后需要交⾏个 assignment),确保学⾏们都学会了2.【阅读】学校要把学校的⾏个 theater 租给⾏个 local group 当地剧团排练。

(1)因为暑假theater 没有学⾏⾏,如果租给剧团排练,那么有 summer class 的学⾏就可以有娱乐活动了;(2)可以赚钱修设施4.教授布置了 a special assignment, 是让学⾏们去 museum 看 ancient Egyptian sculpture, 然后写paper。

托福阅读原文1：Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political stylethat was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech.Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable picturesrather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in aword in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, calledpseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see ontelevision news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relationsadvisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debatesincreasingly sound like advertisements.托福阅读原文2：Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both creatures and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were private, business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventionspossible. The first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other early national political conventions were held there.2015年5月8日北美托福阅读机经下载地址：/tuofujijing/20150423/tfjj-lhy-58bmyd.html?seo=wenku5.040。

托福阅读机经训练：拉斯科岩洞画Lascaux Cave PaintingsIn Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied: some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.Shamans: holy people who act as healers and divinersParagraph 1: In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied: some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.1. The word “others”in the passage refers to(3)○chambers○paintings○beasts○parades2. The word “Methods”in the passage is closest in meaning to(1)○Ways○Shades○Stages○Rules3. What are the bones found in the Lascaux caves believed to indicate? (4)○Wild animals sometimes lived in the cave chambers.○Artists painted pictures on both walls and bones.○Artists ground them into a fine powder to make paint.○Artists developed special techniques for painting the walls.Paragraph 2: One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.4. Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2? (2)○To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks○To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux○To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces○To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations5. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about cave painters in France and Spain? (3)○They also painted rocks outside caves.○They did not live close to the cave entrances.○They developed their own sources of light to use while painting.○Their painting practices did not last for many years.Paragraph 3: Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.6. Why does the author mention secret ceremonies?(3)○To present a common opinion held by many scholars○To suggest a similarity between two opinions held by scholars○To suggest a possible explanation for a weakness in an opinion expressed in the passage○To give evidence that contradicts a major opinion expressed in the passageParagraph 4: Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.7. The word “accompanied”in the passage is closest in meaning to(3)○represented○developed into○were associated with○came after8. According to paragraph 4, why do some scholars believe that the paintings were related to hunting? (3)○Because some tools used for painting were also used for hunting○Because cave inhabitants were known to prefer animal food rather than plant food○Because some of the animals are shown wounded by weapons○Because many hunters were also typically paintersParagraph 5: A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.9. According to paragraph 5, why do some scholars refer to a trance state to help understand the cave paintings? (4)○To explain the state of consciousness the artists were in when they painted their pictures○To demonstrate the mythical significance of the strange geometric shapes○To indicate that trance states were often associated with activities that took place inside caves○To give a possible reason for the strange appearance of the men painted on the cave walls10. According to paragraph 5, if the man pictured with the birdlike head is not a shaman, he may have worn the headmask (1)○to look like an animal while a hunt took place○to frighten off other hunters competing for food○to prove that he is not a shaman○to resist forces of nature thought to be present in animalsParagraph 6: Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?(3)○Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.○The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.○Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.○Answering the question is not very important to scholars.Paragraph 2: One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. █Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. █This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. █It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. █Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.(1)This made it easy for the artists to paint and display them for the rest of the cave dwellers.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Scholars have wondered about the meaning of the subjects, location, and overpainting of Lascaux cave images.●The paintings may have…●It is possible that the animals…●Some scholars believe that…Answer Choices○The paintings may have recorded information about animal migrations, and may only have been useful for one migration at a time.○The human figures represented in the paintings appear to be less carefully shaped than those of animals.○It is possible that the animals in the paintings were of mythical significance to the tribe, and the paintings reflected an important spiritual practice.○Unlike painters of the recently discovered paintings, other Lascaux cave painters usually painted on rocks near cave entrances or in open spaces outside the caves.○Some scholars believe that the paintings motivated hunters by allowing them to picture a successful hunt.○Scientific analysis suggests that paintings were sprayed onto the rock walls with tubes made from animal bones.参考答案：1. ○32. ○13. ○44. ○25. ○36. ○37. ○38. ○39. ○410. ○111. ○312. ○113. The paintings may have…It is possible that the animals…Some scholars believe that…参考译文：拉斯科岩洞画在二十世纪四十年代的法国的西南部，玩耍中的孩子们发现了拉斯科岩洞，一系列狭窄的洞穴室内含有庞大的史前动物题材绘画。