下载文档原格式
美国黑人总统奥巴马自传读后感“一个男人的一生或者是为了实现父亲的期望，或者是为了弥补父亲的错误。
对我而言，则两者都有。
”――奥巴马2021年11月5日中午，美国当地时间11月4日晚上，美国民主党总统候选人贝拉克・奥巴马提前获得并超过总统选举的最低当选票数270张选举人票，当选第56届美国总统，这位47岁的黑人也因此成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统和首位非洲裔总统。
在美国人看来，作为当今世界第一强国的第一强人，奥巴马的当选正是美国梦的体现。
肯尼亚人老奥巴马当年恐怕做梦也没想到自己的儿子有朝一日会成为美国总统。
人生传奇儿时被非洲生父抛弃奥巴马在其自传《我父亲的梦想》中写道：“我的父亲与我身边的人完全不同――他的皮肤像沥青一样黑，我的母亲却像牛奶一样白――我对这一点印象深刻。
”奥巴马具有一半的非洲牧民血统，他的父亲老奥巴马生于肯尼亚西部尼安萨省一个牧民家庭，属于肯尼亚第三大民族卢奥族。
他在肯尼亚时就娶了第一个妻子，并育有两个孩子。
老奥巴马还与另一名肯尼亚妇女生过一个儿子。
后来因为一个很偶然的机会，老奥巴马于1960年去美国夏威夷读书，在那里与奥巴马的母亲斯坦利・安・邓纳姆・苏托罗相遇并结合。
两人结婚时，邓纳姆才18岁。
1961年8月4日，邓纳姆在檀香山生下了奥巴马。
儿子还不满周岁，老奥巴马便赴哈佛攻读经济学博士，为此他放弃了纽约新学院大学提供的优厚奖学金（够全家人到纽约陪读）。
“我怎么能拒绝最好的教育机会呢？”在奥巴马的书中，他父亲这样对母亲说道。
毕业后，老奥巴马带着哈佛同学露丝回到了肯尼亚，抛弃了奥巴马母子。
继承了父亲的智慧邓纳姆后来嫁给了印尼石油公司的经理罗洛・苏托洛，并带着6岁的奥巴马跟苏托洛去了印尼。
奥巴马在那里度过了4年童年时光。
10岁时，母亲与继父离婚，奥巴马回到了夏威夷，大部分的时间他和外祖父、外祖母生活在一起。
邓纳姆带着她与苏托洛生的女儿玛亚又回到印尼。
当时，邓纳姆生活十分困难，她自己在攻读人类学博士学位，还省吃俭用供儿子读书。
基于语料库的功能语篇分析——奥巴马总统2013年就职演说［Abstract］This paper mainly used corpus and Halliday’s three meta-functions theories through the discussions of the transitivity system, modality system and theme system to find out Obama’s discourse strategies and intentions in 2013 inaugural speech. This speech not only adopts so many long sentences to reserve its seriousness and formality but also deploys massive simple words to cater for a large audience. The recurrent emphases on freedom and equality indicate his political stance and incentive strategies. Material process verbs occupy an overwhelming part in the transitivity system, which makes the speech more convincing and practical. The application of numerous first person pronouns, high value model verbs and radialized thematic progression patterns effectively motivate the audience’s passion. Corpus can provide important data support for the study of functional discourse, hence proved an effective approach in discourse analysis.［Key words］systemic-functional grammar,corpus linguistics,discourse analysisI. IntroductionThe year 2013 witnessed some American economic recoveries from the financial crisis, Obama’s inaugural speech once again caught thegeneral public’s attention after his first term as president. In order to generalize the implied discourse strategies and intentions between the lines of the very speech, the author adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods respectively through corpus-based approach and systemic-functional approach. We call the discourse analysis under the systemic functional grammar functional discourse analysis.\[1\] Ⅱ. Theoretical Framework2.1 Corpus linguisticsThe approach to linguistic study based on corpus and corpus linguistics theories can be called corpus linguistic approach, which resorts to modern computer techniques and relies on empirical data-based or data-driven method.\[2\] Compared with the traditional linguistic research methods, the advantages of corpus linguistics analysis methods are reflected in the following aspects: (1) to analyze the pattern of natural discourse in an empirical way; (2) to collect large scale natural language materials as the sources for analysis; (3) to have automatic data analysis with the help of computers; (4) to show a better picture with both quantitative and qualitative analyses.\[3\]2.2 Systemic-functional grammarHalliday gives a discourse analysis through the following threemajor functions of the language, which are called meta-functions: the ideational or content-bearing function; the interpersonal function, indicating the writer’s or speaker’s attitude; and the textual function, enabling a speaker to arrange his or his utterances in such a way that it makes sense in context and delivers messages.\[4\] The ideational function is realized through transitivity system and voice system. The interpersonal function is embodied by mood system and modality system. And the textual function can be represented by the theme system, information system and cohesion system, which can reveal the main point the writer or speaker is arriving at and also the progression of the textual information.\[5\]Ⅲ. Research MethodologyFirst, the author used the Wordlist function of Wordsmith Tool 4.0 to gain the words frequency and the statistics of the whole text. Next, CLAWS (POS tagger) was adopted to tag the parts of speech for all the words in the text for the convenience of abstracting the desirable words later. Then, he put the tagged text into Wordsmith, used its Concond function, and searched for all the verbs. According to Halliday’s transitivity system theory in ideational function theory. The author abstracted the verbs and discussed them within 6 processes: material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioralprocess and existential process. And based on his modality system in interpersonal function theory, the author abstracted all the modal verbs in the text and analyzed them from three levels depending on the degree. Finally, the author randomly selected from the whole text one part which consisted of several sentences for the analysis of rheme system in textual function theory. The thematic progression patten was studied together with the cohesive devices.Ⅳ. Data Analysis and Discussions4.1 OverviewPicture 1Picture 2With the assistance of Wordsmith Tool 4.0, it is found that in Obama’s 2013 inaugural speech there are altogether 2,135 words with 774 types and 85 sentences. The type/token ratio is 36%, which is a relatively low rate, meaning there are not so many unfamiliar words and it is easier for Obama to reach a large audience. The average length of a sentence consists of 25 words, which shows that it is a formal and serious discourse with many long sentences. From picture 2, it is perceived that there mainly exist short words with 2-5 characters, this is also to cater for the large audience.Picture 3The top 50 frequent words are selected out from the original text. From these data it can be concluded that the use of first personal pronouns are frequently used (like “we”, “us”, “our”), creating some effects that the president is just one of the audience, and he will make efforts with all the others in the construction the United States. Likewise, it merits attention on the abundant occurrences of semantic field:“people”, “America”, “country”, “citizens”, “together”, which is for the same purpose as mentioned above, proving that it is a typical provocative speech. In addition, the words like “equal” and “freedom” are highlighted, manifesting Obama’s persistence on the American spirits that would recall the majority of people to support him.4.2 The transitivity systemDiagram 1The data for transitivity systemThe ideational function is embodied by transitivity, which divides people’s activities into 6 different processes: material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioral process and existential process, among which the first three processes are commonly noticed. From this pie chart, it is clear to notice that material process is quite predominant in the whole text with a share of 75%, sufficient use of which makes the discourse sounds more objective and convincing, and which also indicates that Obama is trying to figure out more specificmoves to solve the current problems for the second term other than give a mere emotional inspiration. The process involves at least one participant as an actor (see Table 1). The second main process in this text is the relational process, which shows Obama has a clear mind of what the situations are and what need to be resolved (see Table 2). Some mental processes enable Obama to better reach the audience and make all the listeners feel amiable and natural, such as the uses of “determine”, “believe”, “understand” (see Table 3). A few verbal processes would reinforce Obama’s mood so that the speech sounds more inspiring, such as the use of “say”, “declare”, “tell”, but this does not counter much since Obama’s focus is on the actions. There are no behavioral and existential processes.We, the people,stillbelievethat enduring security and lastingpeace do not require perpetual war4.3 The modality systemModal manifestations are various, such as modal verbs, modaladjuncts and metaphors of modality. This paper mainly discusses the use of modal verbs, which serve different purposes of the speaker and in Halliday’s view they can be classified in to three levels according to intensity (see table 4). Modal verbs have some functions, expressing the following meanings: prediction of future events, personal intension, willingness or wish, ability, permission, hypothesis, possibility, certainty, obligation or requirement, desirability.\[6\]Table 4High valuemust, have toMedium valuewill, would, shouldLow valuemay, might, can, couldDiagram 2The data for the Modality SystemAbundant applications of high value modal verbs like “must” (see e.g.4) and medium value ones like “will” (see e.g.5) indicate Obama’s confidence for the recovery of American economy and determination to address other urgent issues confronting his country.E.g.4: We must act, knowing that our work will be better.E.g.5: We will respond to the threat of climate change.4.4 The theme systemTheme is the starting point of information, and rheme is the explanation of theme and gives unknown information. The relationship between theme and rheme is called thematic progression, the four patterns of which are commonly seen: radialized pattern, centralized pattern, continuous pattern, and crossover pattern. The following paragraph is a randomly chosen one.(1)We ［T1］, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity［R1］.(2)We ［T2］must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit［R2］.(3) But we ［T3］reject the belief ［R3］(4) that America［T4］must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future［R4］.(5) For we ［T5］remember the lessons of our past［R5］,(6) when twilight years ［T6］were spent in poverty ［R6］,(7) and parents ［T7］of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn［R7］.Picture 4Picture 5This paragraph discusses Obama’s attitudes towards the security and dignity of every citizen especially for the care of the old and the young. The cohesive devices are personal repetitions (“we”), references (“that”, “when”), and conjunctives (“but”, “for”). The thematic progression patterns are radialized pattern (see picture 4) and continuous pattern (see picture 5). The radialized thematic progression pattern is obviously noticed throughout the whole discourse, because this is for the purpose to making parallel sentences so that the speech may sounds much more inspiring and affirmative, which conforms to the typical style of Obama’s speech. In this way, the sentences develop fluently and cohesively in the discourse.Ⅴ. ConclusionIt can be concluded that Obama’s inaugural speech in 2013 reveals his some typical speech strategies with the abundant use of first personal references and radialized thematic progression pattern for motivating the masses to support him, the preference for material process verbs to promote his proposals and reinforce the speech effects, the adept use of modal verbs for expressing his authority and determination as a president,and also the application of easy and short words to reach an audience as large as possible. All the speech strategies are to serve for motivating the great masses to support his future policies on some important issues like employment, medical insurance, and economic recovery. Also, the study shows that corpus and system-functional grammar are effective approaches to discourse analysis.【References 】［1］Guo Wen, H. 2001. Discourse Analysis Theory and Practice ［M］.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.\[2\] Shan, S. 2008. Discourse analysis to speeches by American president — a corpus-based study on radio addresses by President George W Bush［D］.Shandong Normal University.\[3\] Biber, D. S. Conrad, R. Reppen. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Structure and Use［M］.Cambridge University Press.\[4\] Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language［M］.London: Edward Arnold.\[5\] Xinhua, K., Jia, X. 2012. A Functional Discourse Analysis of Obama’s speech in Arizona State University［J］.Overseas English, 12.\[6\] Leech, G. 1994. A communicative Grammar of English［M］.London: Longman Group UK Limited.\[7\] Haifeng, L.2012. Functional Discourse Analysis of “U.S. President Barack Obama’s speech at the G20 summit in Cannes press conference”［J］.Overseas English, 15.基于语料库的功能语篇分析——奥巴马总统2013年就职演说［摘要］本文基于语料库的研究方法，主要运用韩礼德的三个元功能理论中的及物性系统、情态系统和主位系统来研究奥巴马2013的就职演说如何实现其演讲策略。
从奥巴马总统竞选演讲看身份建构
张文
【期刊名称】《海外英语》
【年(卷),期】2013(000)014
【摘要】该文运用社会身份理论及后续发展的自我归类理论来探讨奥巴马2012年总统竞选演讲中的身份建构。
文章以奥巴马总统在俄亥俄州的首轮竞选演讲为语料,从文化层面、词汇层面和句法层面来进行探讨说话者的身份建构方式。
【总页数】3页(P262-264)
【作者】张文
【作者单位】湖北大学外国语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H313
【相关文献】
1.从评价理论视角分析美国总统竞选演讲——以2012年奥巴马竞选演讲为例 [J], 宋改荣;房涛
2.基于Fairclough三维框架对米歇尔·奥巴马身份建构的研究--以米歇尔·奥巴马2012年民主党大会演讲为例 [J], 楼毅
3.美国政治演讲中的身份建构策略研究——以米歇尔·奥巴马在民主党全国代表大会上的演讲为例 [J], 杜正学
4.政治演讲中人际意义的身份建构功能分析--以奥巴马在美国海军学院2013届毕业生毕业典礼上的演讲为例 [J], 高春慧;王健坤
5.从奥巴马总统竞选演讲看身份建构 [J], 张文
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马每周电台演讲的语篇分析政治语篇是语片的一种特殊形式，诸如政客的讲演，政府公告，政策条文，议会辩论，政党策略等等都属于政治语篇的范畴。
政治语篇是从社会政治层面对语篇的一种划分，其中大都包含了语篇作者的政见观点。
本研究的研究对象是美国现任总统奥巴马每周电台演讲的转写文本。
此类语篇兼顾了政治语篇和政治演讲的特点，属于政治语篇的一种特殊形式。
因此此研究具有十分重要的研究意义，有助于我们了解此类政治语篇的语言特点和发掘语篇背后隐藏的政治观点。
自20世纪50年代被提出以来，当代话语分析理论得到了长足发展，已成为当代语言学的一个重要分支。
当前，话语分析主要是以系统功能语法，批评语言学，语用学，言语行为理论等为理论基础进行深层次的分析。
然而这种定性分析的分析方法其研究的深度和广度深受研究者的影响，其研究的主观性是不可避免的。
相比之下，建立在数据和定量分析基础上的语料库语言学更加客观，可以在很大程度上弥补话语分析理论的不足。
本研究引入了基于语料库的话语分析方法，根据语料库的建库原则建立了自建语料库CPOWA（包含了奥巴马总统自2010年5月执政至2011年12月31日共83篇每周电台演讲的演讲稿）。
在对其进行观察、检索、分析的基础上，作者尝试回答下列问题：（1）在词汇，短语，句子和衔接层面上此类文本有何特征？（2）文中体现的对某些特定对象的观点和看法是什么？在此研究中基于语料库的话语分析方法被运用在对自建语料库CPOWA中语篇的词汇、短语、句子和衔接层面的分析上。
最后作者对研究的成果，意义及局限性进行了总结。
当然，基于语料库的话语分析方法到目前为止发展还是不成熟的，其对语篇的研究大体还是集中在词汇层面，在索引分析的理论和技术层面还有待进一步的研究和提高。
本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将予以删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可随意编辑修改！ ==美国第一任黑人总统奥巴马获胜演讲全文如果还有人对美国是否凡事都有可能存疑，还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们所处的时代是否依然鲜活，还有人质疑我们的美国民主制度的力量，那么今晚，这些全部问题都有了答案。
这是设在学校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未见的长队给出的答案；是等了三四个小时的选民所给出的答案，其中许多人都是有生以来第一次投票，因为他们认定这一次肯定会不一样，认为自己的声音会是这次大选有别于以往之所在。
这是所有美国人民共同给出的答案－－无论老少贫富，无论是民主党还是共和党，无论是黑人、白人、拉美裔、亚裔、原住民，是同性恋者还是异性恋者、残疾人还是健全人－－我们从来不是“红州”和“蓝州”的对立阵营，我们是美利坚合众国这个整体，永远都是。
长久以来，很多人一再受到告诫，要对我们所能取得的成绩极尽讽刺、担忧和怀疑之能事，但这个答案让这些人伸出手来把握历史，再次让它朝向美好明天的希望延伸。
已经过去了这么长时间，但今晚，由于我们在今天、在这场大选中、在这个具有决定性的时刻所做的，美国已经迎来了变革。
我刚刚接到了麦凯恩参议员极具风度的致电。
他在这场大选中经过了长时间的努力奋斗，而他为自己所深爱的这个国家奋斗的时间更长、过程更艰辛。
他为美国做出了我们大多数人难以想像的牺牲，我们的生活也因这位勇敢无私的领袖所做出的贡献而变得更美好。
我向他和佩林州长所取得的成绩表示祝贺，我也期待着与他们一起在未来的岁月中为复兴这个国家的希望而共同努力。
我要感谢我在这次旅程中的伙伴－－已当选美国副总统的拜登。
他全心参与竞选活动，为普通民众代言，他们是他在斯克兰顿从小到大的伙伴，也是在他回特拉华的火车上遇到的男男女女。
如果没有一个人的坚决支持，我今晚就不会站在这里，她是我过去16年来最好的朋友、是我们一家人的中坚和我一生的挚爱，更是我们国家的下一位第一夫人：米歇尔•奥巴马(michelle obama)。
