2019年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）
SectionⅠUse of English
Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that(1)____does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less(2)____then, however,were the new,positive(3)____that work against the digital divide.(4)____,there are reasons to be(5)____.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more(6)____,it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online,the more potential(7)____there are.More and more(8)____,afraid their countries will be left(9)____,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be(10)____together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide will(11)____rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for(12)___world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isn't the only way to(13)___poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has(14)___potential.
To(15)____advantage of this tool,some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices(16)____respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an(17)____of their sovereignty might well study the history of(18)____(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is(19)____America’s Second Wave infrastructure-(20)____roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.
1.[A]divide
[B]information
[C]world
[D]lecture
2.[A]obscure
[B]visible
[C]invisible
[D]indistinct
3.[A]forces
[B]obstacles
[C]events
[D]surprises
4.[A]Seriously
[B]Entirely
[C]Actually
[D]Continuously
[B]optimistic
[C]pleasant
[D]disappointed
6.[A]developed
[B]centralized
[C]realized
[D]commercialized
7.[A]users
[B]producers
[C]customers
[D]citizens
8.[A]enterprises
[B]governments
[C]officials
[D]customers
9.[A]away
[B]for
[C]aside
[D]behind
10.[A]netted
[B]worked
[C]put
[D]organized
11.[A]decrease
[B]narrow
[C]neglect
[D]low
12.[A]containing
[B]preventing
[C]keeping
[D]combating
13.[A]win
[B]detail
[C]defeat
[D]fear
14.[A]enormous
[B]countless
[C]numerical
[D]big
15.[A]bring
[B]keep
[C]hold
[D]take
[B]with
[C]of
[D]for
17.[A]offence
[B]investment
[C]invasion
[D]insult
18.[A]construction
[B]facility
[C]infrastructure
[D]institution
19.[A]why
[B]where
[C]when
[D]how
20.[A]concerning
[B]concluding
[C]according
[D]including
【答案与解析】
1.A文章第一句开门见山指出目前存在的信息贫富差距（divide），第三句也“this looming
danger”指代的就是这种信息差距，因此可以推断第二句介绍的是这种贫富差距仍存在，选A项。
2.B首先注意这句话的时态是过去时，其中提到了“new,positive(3)____that work against
the digital divide”，所以可以推断出作者想说明过去和现在的区别，这种新的对抗力量势必在过去不明显。而visible的意思就是明显的；能注意到的，故选B。obscure和indistinct都有“模糊不清的”的含义，在此处和less搭配在一起与想表达的意思相反了。
3.A第二段主要介绍新的信息获取方式，即英特网，它就属于对抗信息不对等的新的力量
之一。故选A项。
4.C从下文第二段中可以推断作者想表达要相信现在的对抗信息差距的手段和力量。此空
格需要填副词，用来承上启下，选项A、B、D的意思都不符，可以排除，故选C，意思是“事实上”。
5.B从下文第二段第一句提到“There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will
narrow”，暗示的确有依据可以对缩小这种信息差距抱有乐观态度。因此选B项。
6.D后半句提到企业为了利益普及互联网，所以说互联网也变得越来越商业化。因此选D
项。
7.C该句提到“the more people online”，随着互联网商业化，这些人也就变成潜在的
（potential）消费者了。因此选C项。
8.B上文讲完企业，随即就引出另一个主体，即政府。出于国家利益，它们也支持互联网
普及。因此选B项。
9.D这题可和上一题一起考虑，政府担心的无非就是在竞争中自己的国家落后。这里考察
词组leave somebody behind，把某人落在后面。
10.A随着互联网普及，人们的联系更加紧密，A选项可以很形象地描绘出这种互联网人际
关系，因为net本身有“网”的含义。而文中没有提及人们一起工作，所以B选项不适合。
11.B本句中“rather than widen”提示我们要选一个widen的反义词。本文主要介绍互联网
缩小信息差距，因此选B。
12.D本句意思是互联网是对抗贫穷的最有效方式，故选D，combat在这里作及物动词，意
思是“对抗，缓解不良现象”。句中poverty后面的定语从句“that we’ve ever had”说明贫穷已经存在，因此选B不太合适。
13.C重复12题中的对抗解决贫穷，所以选择C选项。而选项A，win一般表示赢得某样东
西，所以用在这里不合适。
14.A此句强调互联网有巨大潜力。在这里需要选择一个形容词，A符合题意。B选项意思是
“数不尽的”，文中没有提及互联网其他的用处。C选项意思是“数字的；用数字表示的”，如numerical data（数字数据）。
15.D前文明确互联网的作用，那么这一段就讨论如何利用好它，提出建议。此处考察固定
搭配take advantage of something，意思是“利用好某物”，故选D。
16.B此处考察介词搭配。with respect to something意思是“关于，至于”，这里指落后国家
应该就外资问题上抛弃他们的偏见。
17.C这里的定语从句修饰countries，这些国家把外资视为对其主权的侵犯，所以选C，
(invasion of something)。而选项D一般不跟介词of，常见为insult to sb/sth。
18.C此句中括号部分“basic structural foundations of a society”其实就是空格所填单词的释
义，而下一句中又有industrial infrastructure出现，可以推知选C。
19.A前文提到美国没有建设基础设施的资金，所以最后利用外资进行建设。这和上文就是
一个因果关系，所以选A。
20.D此处考察“roads,harbors,highways,ports”和infrastructure的关系，很明显后者包括
前者，故选D。
SectionⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:ad the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
When musing on cities over time and in our time,from the first(whenever it was)to today, we must always remember that cities are artifacts.Forests,jungles,deserts,plains,oceans—the organic environment is born and dies and is reborn endlessly,beautifully,and completely without moral constraint or ethical control.But cities—despite the metaphors that we apply to them from biology or nature(“The city dies when industry flees”;“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”),despite the sentimental or anthropomorphic devices we used to describe cities—are artificial.Nature has never made a city,and what Nature makes that may seem like a city—an anthill,for instance—only seems like one.It is not a city.
human beings do both—make cities and unmake them—by the same means:by acts of choice. We enjoy deluding ourselves in this as in other things.We enjoy believing that there are forces out there completely determining our fate,natural forces—or forces so strong and overwhelming as to be like natural forces—that send cities through organic or biological phases of birth,growth,and decay.We avoid the knowledge that cities are at best works of art,and at worst ungainly artifacts—but never flowers or even weeds—and that we,not some mysterious force or cosmic biological system,control the creation and life of a city.
We control the creation and life of a city by the choices and agreements we make—the basic choice being,for instance,not to live alone,the basic agreement being to live together. When people choose to settle,like the starts,not wander like the moon,they create cities as sites and symbols of their choice to stop and their agreement not to separate.Now stasis and proximity,not movement and distance,define human relationships.Mutual defense,control of a river or harbor,shelter from natural forces—all these and other reasons may lead people to aggregate,but once congregated,they then live differently and become different.
A city is not an extended family.That is a tribe or clan.A city is a collection of disparate families who agree to function:They agree to live as if they were as close in blood or ties of kinship as they are in physical proximity.Choosing life in an artifact,people agree to live in a state of similitude.A city is a place where ties of considerable pact,a city.If a family is an expression of continuity through biology,a city is an expression of continuity through will and imagination—through mental choices making artifice,not through physical reproduction.
21.The author’s purpose is primarily to
[A]identify the sources of popular discontent with cities
[B]define the city as growing out of a social contract
[C]illustrate the difference between cities and villages
[D]compare cities with blood families
22.The author cites the sentence“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”(Paragraph1)as
[A]an example of one type of figurative languages
[B]a simple statement of scientific fact
[C]a momentary digression from his central thesis
[D]a paradox with ironic implications
23.The author’s attitude toward the statements quoted in“The city dies when industry flees”;
“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”in Paragraph1is
[A]respectful
[B]ambivalent
[C]skeptical
[D]approving
24.According to this passage,why is an anthill by definition unlike a city?
[A]It can be casually destroyed by human beings.
[B]Its inhabitants outnumber the inhabitants of even the largest city.
[C]It is a work of instinct rather than of imagination.
[D]It exists on a far smaller scale than any city does.
25.Mutual defense,control of waterways,and shelter from the forces of nature are presented
2016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷完整版 注：本答案非旭晨考博网出，完整参考答案请及时关注《2017年旭晨医学考博英语一本通第11版》后续更新，将免费提供。 Listening Comprehension (30%) Section A 1. B. At three next Wednesday. 2. B. A piercing pain. 3. A. He is going to get married. 4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more. 5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him. 6. B. It's wise to be prepared. 7. B. He is a trouble-maker. 8. D. $30 9. C. Work out in the gym. 10. B. 232 11. A. Mary isn't his type. 12. A. Play tennis. 13. C. In the hospital. 14. A. She is seriously ill. 15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady. Section B Dialogue 16. A. A duodenal ulcer. 17. B. Try medical means. 18. A. Overweight. 19. C. He is a heavy smoker. 20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks. Passage One 21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity. 22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men. 23. B. In their 60s and 70s. 24. D. Iron. 25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity. Passage Two 26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty. 27. B. He is an investment advisor. 28. D. Fear. 29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing. 30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way. Part II Vocabulary (10%) Section A Directions: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C
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华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
2012年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解 科目代码：1101 科目名称：英语 考生须知：所有答案（包括选择题、填空题)均必须写在答题纸：在试题纸上作答的内容均不予评阅、判分，后果考生自负。 Part I.Vocabulary and Structure(15%) Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1.The weather wasn’t favorable and both teams had to______icy rain and a strong wind during the match. A.pin down B.get stuck in C.take control of D.contend with 【答案】D 【解析】句意：天气不太好，比赛过程中两支球队还不得不应对冰冷的雨水和狂风。contend with对付；与…作斗争。pin down确定；使受约束；阻止。get stuck in陷入了…；加紧进行。take control of控制。 2.People planning to travel by car to North Dakota in the winter are advised to______their cars with snow tires and warm clothing. A.install B.purchase C.provide D.equip 【答案】D 【解析】句意：计划冬季开车去北达科他州旅行的人们应当给车安雪地轮胎并备上保暖衣物。equip…with为惯用搭配，意为“装备；以…装备”。install安装；任命；安顿。
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案 第一篇 There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival. 1.Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps? A) Their lives are brief. B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.
考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age