2019年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1.分子生物学2.细胞周期检查点3.单倍型不足4.功能克隆5.基因工程6.Structural gene7.Autophagy8.Molecular chaperon9.Ubiquitination10.Gene therapy二、选择题（每题1分，共30分）1.基因的基本概念不包含以下内容A.是核酸分子中贮存遗传信息的基本单位B.是RNA和蛋白质相关遗传信息的基本存在形式C.是指编码RNA和蛋白质多肽链序列信息D.是表达这些信息所必需的全部核苷酸序列E.是蛋白质和核酸的复合体2.真核生物基因的调控序列不包括A.增强子B.OCT-1C.GC盒D.外显子E.TATA盒3.以下哪个不是人类基因组计划的内容A.代谢图B.遗传图C.物理图D.转录图E.序列图4.反式作用因子的活性调节不包括以下方式A.表达式调节B.反馈调节C.配体结合D.蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用E.共价修饰(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学5.细胞周期调控涉及四个检查点，但不包括以下哪一个A.G0期检查点B.S期检查点C.G2期检查点D.G1-S期检查点E.M期检查点6.有关细胞周期蛋白说法，不正确的是A.CDK可以磷酸化cyclinB.cyclin D可与CDK4/6结合，促使RB磷酸化C.cyclin E可与CDK2/3结合，促使细胞通过G1-S检查点D.cyclin A浓度在细胞周期是固定不变的E.cyclin B是M期重要的调节蛋白7.细胞凋亡具有重要作用，以下描述哪点不正确A.凋亡能够清除衰老和损伤的细胞B.胞质蛋白交联使凋亡小体稳定C.凋亡的发生不需要ATP的参与D.核DNA的降解是非随机性的E.免疫细胞可引起凋亡8.视网膜母细胞瘤与以下哪个肿瘤抑制基因突变有关A.BRCAB.TP53C.RCCD.RB1E.APC9.下列有关不同基因组DNA复制的共同机制，说法错误的是A.基因组DNA都有固定的复制起始点B.以复制子为基本单位进行复制C.半保留复制D.半不连续复制E.通过复制中间体完成复制10.端粒酶主要组分包括A.DNAB.蛋白质C.DNA和蛋白质D.RNA和蛋白质E.RNA(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学11.真核生物基因组DNA复制的特点，以下说法错误的是A.需要解开和重新组装核小体B.有多个复制起始点C.全部DNA复制完成后方可启动下一轮复制D.线粒体DNA通过滚环模式复制E.采用特殊的机制来复制端粒12.以下物质不会引起DNA损伤的有A.紫外线B.甲硫氨酸C.硫酸二乙酯D.5-FUE.亚硝酸盐13.不适合选作基因工程药物表达体系的是A.大肠杆菌B.酵母C.线虫D.昆虫杆状病毒E.中国仓鼠卵巢细胞14.能引起应激反应的因素是A.夏天高温B.机械撞击C.紫外线D.蛋白质E.以上全部15.属于细胞水平应激反应的是A.氧化应激B.表达热激蛋白C.急性期应激反应D.凝血蛋白的增加E.血浆白蛋白聚集16.可能引起基因治疗风险的基因导入方法是A.脂质体法B.直接注射C.慢病毒D.受体介导基因转移E.以上全部17.下列哪个是普遍存在于真核基因中的RNA剪接的识别信号A.GC-AT法则B.AG-GT法则C.GT-AG法则D.GT-AC法则E.GG-AA法则18.导致蛋白质合成提前终止的是下列哪种突变A.同义突变B.错义突变C.无义突变D.反义突变E.移码突变19.基因诊断和其它诊断比较，最主要的特点是A.费用低B.周期短C.取材方便D.针对致病基因E.无需设备20.PCR的特异性主要取决于A.循环次数B.模板量C.DNA聚合酶活性D.引物特异性E.扩增温度(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学21.可用于检测单链DNA的分子杂交技术是指A.Eastern印迹B.Northern印迹C.Southern印迹D.Western印迹E.Dot印迹22.RNA的二级结构是指：A.双螺旋结构B.发夹结构C.三维结构D.倒L型结构E.超螺旋23.核酸分子的一级结构是指：A.核苷酸的数目B.核苷酸的排列顺序C.氢键的数目D.磷酸二酯键的位置E.核苷酸的种类24.在原核生物转录起始阶段中，有下列哪类酶发挥作用：A.RNA聚合酶全酶B.RNA聚合酶核心酶C.同工酶D.双功能酶E.异构酶25.在原核细胞操纵子结构中，没有表达产物的DNA序列是：A.调节序列B.结构基因C.操纵序列D.外显子E.以上都对26.在翻译过程中，tRNA把以下哪个（些）分子联系起来：A.氨基酸B.mRNAC.rRNAD.A和BE.A和C27.在转录延长过程中，RNA聚合酶与DNA模板的结合是：A.全酶与模板结合B.核心酶与模板特定位点结合C.结合状态相对牢固稳定D.结合松弛有利于RNA聚合酶向前移动E.通过氢键结合28.电子显微镜下观察到原核生物转录过程的羽毛状图形，说明：A.可见复制叉B.转录产物RNA与模板DNA形成很长的杂化双链C.多聚核糖体生成必须在转录完成后才出现D.转录没终止即开始翻译E.说明有内含子(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学29.关于遗传密码，以下哪点不正确：A.方向性B.简并性C.通用性D.AUU是终止密码子E.无标点符号30.原核生物蛋白质合成的起始阶段与mRNA结合的核糖体小亚基是：A.30SB.40SC.60SD.70SE.80S三、论述题（每题10分，共30分）1.试述真核生物基因组的特点。

2019年宁波大学考博英语真题（A卷）(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that (1)________ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less (2)________ then, however, were the new, positive (3)________ that work against the digital divide. (4)________, there are reasons to be (5)________. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more (6)________, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential (7)________ there are. More and more (8)________, afraid their countries will be left(9)________, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be (10)________ together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will (11)________ rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for (12)________ world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to (13)________ poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has(14)________ potential.To (15)________ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices (16)________ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an (17)________ of their sovereignty might well study the history of (18)________ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is (19)________ America’s Second Wave infrastructure-(20)________ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.（分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.divide （正确答案）rmationC.worldD.lecture解析：文章第一句开门见山指出目前存在的信息贫富差距（divide），第三句也“this looming danger”指代的就是这种信息差距，因此可以推断第二句介绍的是这种贫富差距仍存在，选A项。

2019年宁波大学考博试题3817遗传学（A卷）
宁波大学2019年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码：3817总分值：100科目名称：遗传学
一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）
1、具有DNA的细胞器为（）。

A高尔基复合体B内质网C溶酶体D线粒体
2、人类体细胞染色体数为46条，如果不发生交换，能产生正常生殖细胞的类型有（）
A246B223C462D232
3、如果染色体数目在二倍体的基础上减少一条则形成（）
A单倍体B单体C缺体D三体
4、人类基因组的DNA约有（）碱基对。

A 3.0×1012
B 3.0×1011
C 3.0×1010
D 3.0×109
5、一对有PTC尝味能力的夫妇，生育了一个味盲儿子，他们再生育具有尝味能力的子女的概率
是（）。

A25%B50%C75%D100%
6、某人是一个常染色体基因的杂合子Bb，而他带有一个隐性的X 连锁基因d。

在他的精子中有
多大比例带有b d基因？（）
A0B1/2C1/16D1/4
7、假定等位基因A与a为共显性，Aa自交后代的表现型比例为（）
A1：1B3：1C1：2：1D2：1
8、Western印迹法是用于研究（）转移和鉴定的一种常规技术
A DNA
B RNA C蛋白质D脂类
9、同义突变常发生在密码子的（）碱基。

A任意B第一C第二D第三
10、一个群体初始杂合子频率为0．92，自交2代后，群体中纯合子的频率为()
A46%B23%C77%D54%
第1页共3页。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3824总分值：100科目名称：生物信息学一、名词解释（每题6分，共42分）1.E值2.模体(Motif)3.基因本体(Gene Ontology)4.隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）5.蛋白质组(Proteome)6.KEGG7.基因组二、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.GenBank是()。

A.在线人类孟德尔遗传数据B.国际核酸数据库C.人类基因组计划D.水稻基因组计划2.DDBJ的含义是()。

A.美国国家生物信息中心B.欧洲分子生物学实验室C.日本DNA数据库D.中国基因组研究中心3.NCBI中人类无冗余基因数据库是()。

A.UniGeneB.UniProC.UniRefD.URF4.差异表达主要采用的统计方法是()。

A.卡方检验B.超几何分布检验C.T检验D.正态性分布检验5.ChIP-seq不能用于以下哪种情况的检测()。

A.转录因子DNA结合位点B.基因突变C.H3K4me3组蛋白修饰D.H3K27me3组蛋白修饰6.下列哪种测序方式可以用于DNA甲基化检测？()A.RNA-seqB.BS-seqC.CLIP-seqD.ChIP-seq7.contig的含义是()。

A.基序B.跨叠克隆群C.碱基对D.结构域8.BLAST程序中，哪个方法是不存在的？()A.BLASTPB.BLASTNC.BLASTXD.BLASTQ(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3824总分值：100科目名称：生物信息学9.TCGA的含义是()。

A.基因组研究中心B.核苷酸序列数据库C.疾病基因组数据库D.肿瘤基因组图谱10.Read的含义是()。

A.测序的片段B.测序片段的读长C.碱基D.模体三、简答题(每题8分，共24分)1.简述生物信息学的发展阶段。

2.序列的相似性与同源性有什么区别与联系？3.人类基因组计划的结果显示，蛋白编码基因占整个基因组的不到5%，剩下的都是非编码区域，请您说出常见的非编码RNA类型，并列举几个常用的非编码RNA数据库及其主要内容。

一九年考研英语真题及答案Introduction:The 2019 postgraduate entrance examination English test questions and answers are significant resources for candidates preparing for the exam. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the exam questions, along with the corresponding answers, in order to assist candidates in their preparations.Section 1 - Reading Comprehension:The reading comprehension section of the 2019 postgraduate entrance examination English test focuses on the understanding of long passages. The passages cover a wide range of topics, including literature, social sciences, and natural sciences. The questions are designed to test the candidate's ability to comprehend the main idea of the passage, infer information, and understand the author's tone and purpose.In this section, candidates are required to read the passage carefully and answer the questions accordingly. It is essential to pay attention to keywords, such as "according to the passage," "based on the information given," etc., as they provide important clues for answering the questions correctly.Section 2 - Cloze Test:The cloze test section aims to evaluate a candidate's grasp of English vocabulary and grammar. In this section, a passage is presented with several missing words or phrases. Candidates are required to choose the most appropriate options to fill in the gaps.To excel in this section, candidates should have a good understanding of contextual clues, collocations, and common idiomatic expressions. Additionally, a comprehensive knowledge of grammar rules and vocabulary is crucial for achieving high scores in this section.Section 3 - Error Correction:The error correction section tests a candidate's grammatical accuracy in English writing. The sentences in this section contain grammatical errors that need to be identified and corrected.To perform well in this section, candidates should possess a deep understanding of English grammar rules, including verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, sentence structure, and word usage. Moreover, candidates must develop the ability to identify and correct various types of grammatical errors, such as misused words, punctuation mistakes, and faulty sentence structures.Section 4 - Translation:The translation section evaluates a candidate's ability to translate Chinese sentences into English. The sentences in this section cover a variety of topics and require candidates to demonstrate their understanding of both languages' idiomatic expressions and syntactic structures.To excel in this section, candidates should have a mastery of vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic expressions in both English and Chinese. Moreover, candidates must possess excellent comprehension skills in order to accurately convey the meaning and nuances of the original Chinese sentences in English.Conclusion:The 2019 postgraduate entrance examination English test is a crucial component of the overall examination. By familiarizing themselves with the exam format and practicing with previous years' questions, candidates can enhance their English language skills and improve their performance in the exam. It is important for candidates to develop a consistent study plan, focusing on reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and translation skills in order to achieve success in the exam.Disclaimer: This article is for reference purposes only. The authenticity of the mentioned questions and answers is not guaranteed. Candidates are advised to consult official sources and past year papers for the most accurate and up-to-date information.。

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学一、名词解释（20分；共10题，每题2分）1.肺性脑病2.Kussmaul征3.中毒性巨结肠4.肾小管酸中毒5.希恩综合征6.Somogyi现象7.中间综合征8.狼疮危象9.Graham-Steell杂音10.皮革胃二、单项选择题（30分；共30题，每题1分）1.COPD患者导致肺动脉高压的主要原因是：A.肺气肿时，肺血管床严重减少B.肺泡内压力增高C.缺氧和高碳酸血症D.血容量明显增加E.继发性红细胞增加2.心绞痛发作时可出现：A.房性或室性心动过速B.血沉增快C.心肌酶增高D.乳头肌断裂E.体温升高(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学3.关于肝性脑病，下列哪种说法不正确：A.上消化道出血，肠道产氨增加B.感染可增加氨的产生C.低血糖时大脑去氨活动增加D.低血容量和缺氧可使血氨增高E.高蛋白饮食时，肠道产氨增加4.诊断再障最准确的检查方法是：A.外周血常规B.骨髓活检C.骨髓细胞学检查D.骨髓细胞化学染色检查E.网织红细胞计数5.下列哪项不是Fanconi综合征的常见临床表现：A.肾性糖尿B.蛋白尿C.磷酸盐尿D.血尿E.全氨基酸尿6.肾移植的绝对禁忌证是：A.感染B.顽固性心力衰竭C.慢性呼吸衰竭D.明显的转移性癌症、凝血紊乱和精神病患者E.血管病变7.促使红细胞生成因子分泌增多的主要因素是：A.缺氧B.缺铁C.低蛋白血症D.缺乏维生素CE.以上都不是(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学8.下面哪一种激素不是由腺腺垂体分泌的激素：A.促肾上腺皮质激素B.抗利尿激素C.促甲状腺激素D.泌乳素E.卵泡刺激素9.常导致低血钾、高血压的疾病是：A.抗利尿激素分泌过多B.生长激素分泌过多C.醛固酮分泌过多D.皮质醇分泌过多E.甲状腺激素分泌过多10.特发性血小板减少性紫癜可有：A.骨髓巨核细胞消失B.凝血时间延长C.血小板寿命缩短D.网织红细胞绝对值降低E.Coombs试验(+)11.关于消化性溃疡的临床表现，不正确的是：A.胃溃疡急性穿孔多发生于大弯侧B.十二指肠溃疡多为午夜痛C.球后溃疡易并发出血D.十二指肠急性穿孔多发生于前壁E.胃溃疡多为餐后痛12.扩张型心肌病、心功能Ⅲ级患者，服用ACEI后咳嗽，宜采用下列哪种措施：A.加用镇咳药物B.加强利尿C.停用ACEID.换用ARBE.换用钙拮抗剂(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：3826总分值：100科目名称：内科学13.关于吸入性肺脓肿，下列哪项不正确：A.多属厌氧菌为主的感染，一般细菌培养不易生长B.好发于右上叶后段和左或右下叶的背段C.X线胸片上可见空洞，其内壁凹凸不平，为偏心空洞D.病后10天左右，可咳出大量恶臭脓痰E.有效抗生素治疗不应少于8周14.判断心功能失代偿的主要依据是：A.心率加快B.心肌肥厚与心脏扩大C.心肌收缩力增强D.心排出量明显降低E.心室舒张末期容量增加15.下列哪项检查不用于强直性脊柱炎诊断：A.“4”字试验B.骨盆侧压试验C.Schober试验D.Schirmer试验E.胸廓活动度16.患者，女，24岁，颜面及双下肢水肿1个月。

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2016年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)American cities are(1)_____other cities around the world.In every country,cities reflect the(2)_____of the culture.Cities contain the very(3)_____aspect of a society:opportunities for education,employment,and entertainment.They also contain the very worst parts of a society: violent crime,racial conflict and poverty.American cities are changing,just(4)_____American society.After World War II,the population of(5)_____large American cities decreased;however the population in many Sun Belt cities___(6)____.Los Angeles and Houston are cities(7)_____ population increased.These population shifts to and from the city(8)_____the changing values of American society.During this time,in the(9)_____1940s and early1950s,city residents became wealthier,more prosperous.They had more children.They needed more(10)_____. They moved out their apartments in the city(11)_____their own homes.They bought houses in the(12)_____,areas near a city where people live.These are areas(13)_____many offices or factories.During the1950s the American"dream"was to have a house on the outskirts.Now things are changing.The children of the people who left the cities in the1950s are now (14)_____.They,(15)_____their parents,want to live in the cities.(16)_____continue to move to cities in the Sun Belt.Cities are(17)_____and the population is increasing in such states as Texas,Florida,and California.Others are moving to more(18)_____cities of the North-east and Midwest,such as Boston,Baltimore and Chicago.Many young professionals,doctors,lawyers, and executives are moving back into the city.They prefer the city(19)_____the suburbs because their jobs are there;they are afraid of the fuel shortage;or they just(20)_____the excitement and opportunities which the city offers.A new class is moving into the cities—a wealthier,more mobile class.1.[A]different from[B]similar to[C]better than[D]worse than2.[A]values[B]worth[C]importance[D]expense3.[A]well[B]good[C]better[D]best4.[A]likely[B]as[D]when5.[A]all[B]most[C]few[D]much6.[A]increased[B]changed[C]decreased[D]lowered7.[A]its[B]which[C]where[D]that8.[A]become[B]reflect[C]gain[D]contain9.[A]late[B]later[C]lately[D]latter10.[A]space[B]spots[C]time[D]food11.[A]buying[B]buy[C]to buy[D]bought12.[A]outskirts[B]downtown[C]districts[D]suburbs13.[A]without[B]with[C]within[D]from14.[A]managers[B]adults[C]parents[D]doctors15.[A]likely[B]like[D]unlike16.[A]Some[B]All[C]Several[D]Lots of17.[A]stretching[B]widening[C]expanding[D]prolonging18.[A]organized[B]famous[C]official[D]established19.[A]than[B]better than[C]rather than[D]to20.[A]win[B]enjoy[C]earn[D]acquire【答案与解析】1.B根据文章第二句的提示，在每个国家，城市都反映着各自国家的文化，此句的句意为，美国的城市和世界上其他的城市一样。

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Today,cigarette smoking is a common habit. About forty-three percent of the adult menand thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettesregularly. It is encouraging to see that millions of people have given upsmoking.It is a fact that men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men andwomen the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is 24-44.Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person’ssmoking habit. City people smoke more than people living on farms.Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes thanmen with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if awell-educated man with a higher income smoked at all, he is likely to smokemore packs of cigarettes per day.The situation is somewhat different for women.(80)There are slightly moresmokers among women with higher family income and higher education than amongthe lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated womentend to smoke more heavily.Among teenagers the picture is similar. There are fewer teenaged smokers fromupper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farmareas. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of theirparents smoke.1. What do we know from the first paragraph ?A.More and more people take up the habit of smoking.B. There are more smoking women than smoking men in USA.C. It is good news that more people have given up smoking.D. The U.S. has more smoking people than any other country.2.What factors determine a person’s smokinghabits ?A. Age, income and education.B. Age, *** and income.C. Occupation, income and ***.D. Occupation, income and education.3.Which of the following is true according tothe passage ?A. City people are less likely to smoke.B. People in rural areas are more likely to smoke.C. Men with higher income tend to smoke.D. Well-educated men with high incomes are generally lesslikely to smoke.4.What is the smoking situation for women ?A. The situation is quite the same for women as for men .B. Better-educated women are likely to smoke heavily.C. There are more women smokers with low incomes.D. Women with higher incomes and higher education do nottend to smoke.5.Whatcan we say about teenaged smokers ?A. The picture about the teenage smokers is similar to thatof women smokers.B. The situation among teenagers is quite the same with men.C. High school students are more likely to smoke thancollege students.D. Farmers’ children tend to smoke more.以上信息由学苑教育考博频道编辑整理，请持续关注。