大连海事大学研究生英语听力文本 Unit5

Unit One Life of AspirationPart OneWarm-up ListeningChoose OptimismIf you expect something to turn out badly, it probably will. Pessimism is seldom disappointed. But the same principle also works in reverse. If you expect good things to happen, they usually do! There seems to be a natural cause-and-effect relationship between optimism and success. Optimism and pessimism are both powerful forces, and each of us must choose which we want to shape our outlook and our expectations. There is enough good and bad in everyone‟s life—ample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and pain—to find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism. We can choose to laugh or cry, bless or curse, and it‟s our decision.I choose to highlight the positive and slip right over the negative. I am an optimist by choice as much as by nature. Sure, I know that sorrow exists. I am in my 70s now, and I‟ve lived through more than one crisis. But when all is said and done, I find that the good in life far outweighs the bad.An optimi stic attitude is not a luxury; it‟s a necessity. The way you look at life will determine how you feel, how you perform, and how well you will get along with other people. Conversely, negative thoughts, attitudes, and expectations feed on themselves; they become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Pessimism creates a dismal place where no one wants to live.Optimism doesn‟t need to be naive. We can be an optimist and still recognize that problems exist and that some of them are not dealt with easily. But what a difference optimism makes is the attitude of the problem solver! When you‟re an optimist, you‟re more concerned with problem-solving than with useless carping about issues. It‟s your choice.Part TwoFocus-ListeningA Great Communicator in All CircumstancesMany American presidents have made an impact on our country as great communicators. John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln come to mind as outstanding examples. But only one president in our lifetime was called the Great Communicator, and that was Ronald Reagan.Flashes of Reagan‟s talent for communication revealed themselves early in his career. He started out in radio. In his early twenties, Reagan quickly became one of the best-known announcers in the Midwest. Throughout his career, Reagan displayed an uncommon ability to connect and communicate with people. Nowhere was that more evident than during his time leading up to and in the White House. While announcing his run for the presidency in 1980, he cast the vision for his campaign clearly and simply, saying, “At the heart of our message should be five simple familiar words. No big economic theories. No sermons on political philosophy. Just five short words: family, work, neighborhood, freedom, peace.”During his campaign, Reagan successfully debated incumbent Jimmy Carter. The former California governor came across as a relaxed, likable, competent middle American. He won easily. Afterward when asked if he had been nervous debating the president, Reagan answered, “No, not at all. I‟ve been on the same stage with John Wayne.”Whether he was speaking to a group, looking into a camera, or connecting with someone one-on-one, Reagan was able to communicate with maximum effectiveness. Even when he was being wheeled into the operating room, his goal was to put others at ease. His comment to the surgeons was, “Please assure me that you are all Republicans.”Reagan was a good executive because he possessed a clear vision, made decisions easily, and delegated very effectively. But he was a great leader because of his uncanny ability to communicate. When it came to leading the country, people knew who he was, where he stood, and what he wanted, and they couldn‟t wait to get on board with him. Communication made him the kind of leader that people wanted to follow. (Words: 337)Part ThreeHome ListeningDream vs. GoalWe all want to believe that we are capable of great feats, of reaching our fullest potential. We need dreams. They give us a vision of a better future. They nourish our spirit; they represent possibility even when we are dragged down by reality. They keep us going. Most successful people are dreamers, ordinary people who are not afraid to think big and dare to be great. Dreamers are not content with being merely mediocre, because no one ever dreams of going halfway.In order to make real steps toward fulfilling our ultimate, big, splashy dreams, we have to start with concrete objectives. These are our goals.Dreams are where we want to end up. Goals are how we get there. Dreams are our visions of where we are after our struggle, the prize at the end of the journey. Goals are the individual steps we take to ultimately deserve the prize.Our dreams are our master plan. Goals are our day-by-day blueprints that provide achievable targets for incremental improvement, but dreams and goals are interrelated. Goals provide our daily routine. They show us where to start and they establish our priorities. They make us organized and create the discipline in our lives. Getting yourself to establish your goals is paramount, one of the key building blocks in achieving success.Let‟s say you‟re trying to climb the corporate ladder in a large company, and you are not optimistic about your chances because there seems to be too many people competing for too few jobs at the top. Your dreams are that promotion. What you have to do is to break down the dream into components you can work on individually and then make a list. After studying the “dream” position, you determine that what they‟re looking for is a hardworking, driven person who can manage a team well and improve productivity. Perfecting each of these characteristics then becomes goals you can shoot for.The first thing you do is show your boss that you are eager to work hard, begin to seek out more long-term projects to show you can maintain a certain energy level over a period of time. Then you have to show our boss that you‟re a team player, that you take the time to pitch in for th e group and that you‟re the kind of person who makes the people around you perform better.The point is that you must establish specific goals and clearly define them. Goals are not merely fuzzy wishes, or hastily made New Year‟s resolutions. They are t angible action items to be written down and followed. ( Words: 434)Unit Two EducationPart OneWarm-up ListeningComing to America as a FulbrighterThe Fulbright program gives an American a chance to study, teach or do research in other countries. And it gives people in other countries a chance to do the same in America. Fulbright grants are given to graduate students, scholars and professionals. There is also a Fulbright exchange program just for teachers and administrators.Each year, about 6000 people receive Fulbright grants. The United States pays most of the costs. Foreign governments and schools help by sharing costs and providing other support.The Fulbright program operates in about 150 countries. Around 270,000 Fulbrighters have taken part over the years.Legislation by Senator William Fulbright established the program in 1946. He saw educational exchange as a way to help people understand other ideas and ways of life. Senator Fulbright also believed the program could educate future world leader.In 1968, the Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Program began. This Fulbright program brings foreign teachers to the United States to work with high school or college students. Two other Fulbright programs that offer ways to come to the United States are the foreign student and visiting scholar programs. The Foreign Student Program brings graduate students to study and do research at a college or university. The Visiting Scholar Program brings foreign experts to speak and do research for up to a year.The list of countries in the Fulbright program changes each year. And the requirements may differ from country to country. (Words: 238)Part TwoFocus ListeningDeveloping CreativityOne of the most exciting findings about creativity is that it may be picked up at almost any stage of the life cycle and developed. Many programs that work with elderly or retired people have known this for a long time. Researchers are continually trying to understand what creativity is and how it can be nurtured throughout childhood and adulthood. It is thought that developmental characteristics of creative aspects vary to the extreme; some things may show up early, other aspects later on in life. Creative behaviors such as curiosity may actually be evident early during infancy and increase during the “magic years” of early childhood. Unfortunately, during middle and late childhood there may be a decrease in creativity as children become more conforming and inhibited as well as liable to fall into sex-role stereotypes. With care, creativity can be sustained throughout childhood and adulthood. Following are highlights of several characteristics of creative people and suggested ways to develop creativity.Characteristics that signal creativity include intense absorption, curiosity, ability to put together seemingly unrelated things or ideas, sense of humor, unusual vocabulary, eagerness to share new discoveries, spontaneity, and willingness to consider new ideas.Creative people are often either interested in ongoing experiments and need time to pursue ideas in depth, or they may jump from idea to idea very quickly. They may show fluency and flexibilityin their thinking. They may ask surprising questions. They may be more independent than others in their approach to doing things. They get excited about new solutions and ideas. Creative people need time to entertain ideas, prepare materials, and let their ideas simmer for a while. They need privacy and tolerance for ambiguity. They need to be allowed to try things out in different ways until they are satisfied with their own work. They also need to be able to select and discard efforts of their choosing—pressure to produce may stifle their creative efforts. Creativity thrives in an environment that allows questions, exploring, observing, skill-building, communicating, and self-expression. To develop creativity, the home or classroom environment should contain a variety of materials and encourage lots of different experiences.Developing a childhood interest—being “in love” with something and sticking with it for some time—is related significantly to adult creative achievement. Building anticipation before a trip or lesson, digging deeply into material during the lesson, and keeping the ideas alive for some time after the lesson are also ways to keep the creative processes going. Children and adults need to be introduced to examples of creative excellence. Their own work should be recognized and truly appreciated. If possible, creative efforts should be put to work and not simply acknowledged and then shelved.Adults who experience creativity programs tend to experience dramatic improvements in the quality of their lives. Self-expression, the zest of discovery, the pleasure of creating something, and freedom to try new things are all aspects of the creative process. Children can be encouraged to grow creatively, and this does not interfere with other kinds of educational achievement. We can all grow with the further development of creativity. (Words: 521)Part ThreeHome ListeningThe University of the FutureThe American research university is a remarkable institution, long a source of admiration and wonder. The wooded campuses, the diversity and energy of the student populations, and, most of all, the sheer volume of public and private resources available to run them, have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside, however, everything is not quite so encouraging. Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools, which have separate healthcare and finance issues, the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent. The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments. The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions. One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done. Many argue that in a host of areas—ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science—much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature. And there is a sense that, notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system. In a country where most things are highly fluid, the fields covered by departments, as well as the pecking order between them, have remained largely unchanged for many years. As people andmoney have flowed, particularly over the past twenty years, to the south and the southwest, the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California. League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order, even over several decades.Another, perhaps more contentious issue concerns the relevance of the modern research university to the community it serves. The established model, whatever else its strengths and weaknesses, reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career. But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives? (Words: 363)Unit Three Economy and GlobalizationPart OneWarm-up ListeningThe Great DepressionThe Great Depression was the longest and most severe period of economic depression ever experienced by the United States. It began with a collapse of prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929, and did not end until the United States entered World War II in late 1941. At its worst point—in early 1933—the American economy seemed on the verge of total collapse. National income had declined by almost one-half in a little over 3 years; capital investment had dropped to the point where net investment was negative; and one out of three people in the labor force was out of work. The most protracted period of economic stagnation in American history was finally ended by the war mobilization efforts in 1942. Obviously, no single event or factor was responsible for the decline.First, the stock-market crash which began on October 24, 1929, was not confined to a single day; the decline in asset prices was a process of continual erosion for almost 3 years. This enormous fall in the value of assets not only wiped out countless individual fortunes and savings, it also placed serious pressures on the stability of financial institutions, particularly banks. In addition, the interrelationship of income, consumption, and investment, together with the pessimistic expectations following the financial collapse, acted to discourage spending and thus to hinder the recovery of income. Finally, both the spending thesis and the monetarist thesis acknowledge the importance of serious flaws in the institutional framework of the American economy which contributed to the problems of 1929 to 1941. Even more significant was the absence of any institutional arrangements to cushion the effect that loss of income due to unemployment had on aggregate spending.The Great Depression marked, in a sense, the coming of age of the United States as a mature industrial economy. The events of the 1930s demonstrated the need for changes in the economic reform which was to continue for the next 40 years. Finally, the experience of the Great Depression serves as a continual reminder of the potential instability of our market economy, a memory which spurs a continued search for economic stability. (Words: 359)Part TwoFocus ListeningWhat to Expect at DavosFor more than 35 years, the Swiss businessman, economist, and philanthropist Klaus Schwab has been the driving force behind the World Economic Forum in Davos, where thinkers gather to ponder the problems of the planet. And with the world beset by more ills than job, there is no shortage of issues for CEOs, prime ministers, and academics to wrestle at this year‟s “Annual Meeting” from Jan. 24-28. I talked with Schwab about what will be on the table.What are the most important issues facing the world economy?The World Economic Forum did some research, together with Citigroup and Marsh＆McLennan, to keep track of major global risks, and we have identified 23 different risks, such as global warming, terrorism, oil price shocks, a hard landing for China, and so on. All of those issues will be on the agenda. Davos has one special function: It looks at all the issues on the global agenda, trying to see priorities and find solutions. There will be 2,400 people—half business, half other stakeholders in the global society, including 25 heads of state. You have practically every major government represented.Last year, India was a big focus, as was innovation. What will the hot topics be this year? Priorities evolve during the meeting itself. But a general issue will be the changing power equation, which means that everywhere in society and business, the power is moving from the center to the periphery. Vertical command-and-control structures are being eroded and replaced by communities and different platforms. We are moving into the Web 2.0 world, and this has tremendous implications on the national level and on business models. Also, three countries could be in the limelight: Russia, because the whole issue of energy security is at the top of the agenda; Vietnam, which is a new preferred place of investment; and Mexico, with the new President coming. And even if we are moving more and more into a multi-country world, the U.S. is still the key actor. We will have a delegation of 12 senators, and issues will be the sustainability of U.S. economic growth and the risk of the falling dollar.Your thoughts on Iraq and the Middle East today?It‟s not just an American challenge. It‟s a challenge for the world, because if Iraq goes into chaos and tribalism, the repercussions for the Middle East, for the energy supply will be tremendous. We believe Davos is a platform for positive interaction between the different factions in Iraq.How does the rest of the world view the U.S. today?In my opinion, anti-Americanism has decreased. One reason is that in the U.S. there is a much more vibrant discussion about the future. Americans are asking themselves a lot of questions.Is Davos a bit more of a celebrity fest than you originally intended?Of course, Davos is a place for business and political celebrities, and we have invited Hollywood celebrities because they have been very associated with some social causes. We didn‟t invite them because they were famous. This has brought us more reports, in the popular media. This year we made the decision that with the exception of one or two people, we were not inviting any Hollywood celebrities. (Words: 538)Part ThreeHome ListeningEconomic Conditions: Trying to Read the FutureEconomics and weather have a lot in common. Knowing what conditions will be like weeks or months in the future is not easy. One thing that helps economists predict the future is the index of leading economic indicators.An index is a way to measure changes in a group of numbers over time. In financial markets, for example, an index of stocks will rise or fall with changes in the wider market. The changes measured by an index can be represented with a single percentage.The index may start at a base period of time with a value of one hundred. Now say that a month later the value is recorded as one hundred one. That means it gained one percent. If the index lost one percent, however, the value would be ninety-nine.The leading economic indicators are really ten indexes. Four deal with manufacturing activity. One deals with unemployment claims. Another measures people‟s expectations of the economy. Still others involve financial information like the money supply and interest rates.The index of leading indicators is just one of the tools used to measure the business cycle. Business cycles are the normal changes that happen in economic growth over time.A measure called the coincident index provides information about current conditions. Employment rates are an important part of it. There is also a lagging index. It helps confirm economic changes that currently appear to be taking place. Interest rates are an important lagging indicator.The Conference Board publishes economic indicators for the United States. The Conference Board is a non-profit organization based in New York. It brings together business leaders to learn new ideas from one another. It has member companies around the world.The Conference Board also does economic research. Its work helps show business and government leaders what conditions might be ahead.But this group did not always produce the index of leading economic indicators. It took over the job in nineteen ninety-five from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, part of the Commerce Department.The Conference Board also publishes economic indicators for Australia, France, Germany and Japan. Others are Britain, Mexico, South Korea and Spain. (Words: 357)Unit Four Business and ManagementPart OneWarm-up ListeningTaylor‟s Scientific ManagementF.W. Taylor was the first man to study human beings at work. He published Taylor‟s Scientific Management in 1911 and it has since then multiplied labour productivity by a factor of one hundred.Taylor‟s god was efficiency and the highest ever productivity. Even as a young man he designed a spoon-shaped tennis racket and went on to win the national championship. He always aimed at the highest level efficiency in whatever he attempted.Taylor w as determined to stop all laziness on the shopfloor, “soldiering” as he called it. When he became the gang boss, the workers were frightened that he would increase the workload. A regular battle ensued between Taylor and his workers. There were planned breakdowns in the factory. Taylor‟s life was in danger. But he was a courageous person. He imposed fines and restored discipline. He emerged victorious.Taylor thought that he was a friend of the workers but workers considered him their arch enemy. They called him Speedy Taylor. They thought that his efficiency drive was pure slavery for them. It would impair their health, undermine their freedom and lead to large-scale unemployment.Taylor equated men with machines. Machines worked best when well-maintained and lubricated. Workers should likewise be provided with good working conditions, they should be well-trained and properly paid. They would, Taylor thought, then automatically work best. His concept of man was defective. Man is creative. He has feelings and emotions: he has intelligence. Taylor lost sight of these essentials. (Words: 245)Part TwoFocus ListeningA VOA Special English Economics ReportI‟m Steve Ember with the VOA Special English Economics Report.Peter Drucker was a voice for change and new ways of thinking about social and business relations. He died in Claremont, California, on November 11 at the age of ninety-five.Peter Drucker was born in Austria in 1909. In the late 1920s, he worked as a reporter in Frankfurt, Germany. He also studied international law.He fled Germany as Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Peter Drucker spent four years in aaaaBritain as an adviser to investment banks. He then came to the United States. Mister Drucker used his knowledge of international law to advise American businesses. He developed this advice into books on businesses methods and management.In the middle of the 1940s, Peter Drucker argued that the desire for profit was central to business efforts. He also warned that rising wages were harming American business. Mister Drucker was later invited to study General Motors. He wrote about his experiences in the book “The Concept of the Corporation”. In it, he said that workers at all levels should take part in dec ision-making, not just top managers.Critics of Peter Drucker have said that he often included only information that supported his arguments. But even his critics praised his clear reasoning and simple writing. He was called a management guru.Peter Drucker changed his thinking as times changed. In 1993, he warned that seeking too much profit helped a business‟ competitors. That was almost fifty years after he had argued the importance of profits.Mister Drucker taught at the Claremont Graduate School of Management for more than thirty years. He also advised companies. And he wrote for the Wall Street Journal opinion page for twenty years, until 1995. He commented on many economic and management issues.Peter Drucker may be most famous not for answering questions but for asking them. He once said that business people must ask themselves not “what do we want to sell” but “what do people want to buy”.Mister Drucker used terms like “knowledge workers” and “management goals”. Many of his ideas have grown to be highly valued in business training and politics.This VOA Special English Economics Report was written by Mario Ritter. Our reports are online at . (Words: 381)Part ThreeHome ListeningManaging the Global WorkforceBy Jena McGregor and Steve HammThe war for talent never ends. Middle managers in China? Good luck finding them, let alone keeping them. Assembly line workers in Central Europe? They‟re well-educated and hard-working. Trouble is, every company wants them. For corporations, managing this widely scattered, talented, restive, multicultural workforce has never been harder.These facts make a simple but powerful point: The old way of managing across borders is fading fast. In the first half of the 20th century, the globalization of business was based on the British colonial model. Headquarters, functions, and capital were in one place, with managers dispatched to run regional operations like colonies. In the second half of the 1900s, companies adopted the multinational model, replicating their home country operations in other places where they did business. Country units rarely dealt with other divisions in other markets.Today, global corporations are transforming themselve s into “transnationals,” moving work to the places with the talent to handle the job and the time to do it at the right cost. The threat of a U.S. recession only makes such efforts at lowering expenses and grabbing the best talent even more urgent. William J. Amelio, the CEO of Lenovo, the world‟s third-largest computer maker, calls his global workforce strategy “worldsourcing.” Lenovo has executive offices in five cities worldwide and organizes its workforce around hubs of expertise, such as hardware designers in Japan and marketers in India. “You operate as if there's just one time zone,” Amelio says. “And you're always on.”If anything, companies are devising new strategies to reach global scale faster. To retain workers in China, for example, PepsiCo‟s snacks unit funneled nearly 300 extra people into its talent assessment program last year and promoted three times as many managers as it did in 2006. In mid-2007 storage equipment maker EMC started a global innovation network for research and development workers at six labs around the globe. EMC set up a wiki Web site for scientists and engineers to develop technologies and product concepts together. (Words: 453)Unit Five Language and CulturePart OneWarm-up listeningDifferences Between Western Language Styles and Japanese Language StyleAfter I was married and had lived in Japan for a while, my Japanese gradually improved to the point where I could take part in simple conversations with my husband, his friends and family. And I began to notice that often, when I joined in, the others would look startled and the conversation would come to a halt. After this happened several times, it became clear to me that I was doing something wrong. But for a long time, I didn‟t know what it is. Finally, after listening carefully to many Japanese conversations, I discovered what my problem was. Even though I was speaking Japanese, I was handling the conversation in a Western way.Japanese-style conversations develop quite differently from western-style conversations. And the difference isn‟t only in the languages. I realized that just as I kept trying to hold western-style conversations even when I was speaking Japanese, so were my English students trying to hold Japanese-style conversations even when they were speaking English. We were unconsciously playing entirely different conversational ballgames.A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a。

Unit 5Task 2Carmen: Lots of people.Pat: Yeah, there are. Nice party.Carmen: Very nice. The food’s wonderful.Pat: Have you tried the shrimp? It’s great.Carmen: By the way, I’m Carmen. Carmen Lopez.Pat: Nice to meet you, Carmen. I’m Pat Brooks.Carmen: What do you do, Pat?Pat: I work at the university. I’m in the business office. Actually, I’m the office manager. And you?Carmen: I work at a book store.Rob: I’m going to get something to drink. Would you like something?Amy: Ah, yeah. Just a mineral water, I guess.Rob: Ok. Just a minute. Here you are.Amy: Thanks.Rob: So Jim said you’re new in town.Amy: Yeah. I just moved here last month. I’m from Toronto originally.Rob: Toronto? So how do you like it here?Amy: Oh. I like it a lot.Greg: Great weather.Mary: Yeah, it’s so warm. I was worried it would rain.Greg: We were lucky, I guess.Mary: Um, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m Mary Chang.Greg: I’m Greg Rogers.Mary: So, how do you like this music?Greg: Well, it’s ok, I guess. Actually, I wish they’d put on something to dance to. Mary: That’d be niceTask 3(R=Rachel; A=Alyson; G=Geoff)R: What do you think makes a good party then?A: Um…I think the place is really important. It should be big enough but not too big. G: Yes, it needs to be quite crowded to make an atmosphere…and dark.R: Oh, I don’t like it when you can’t see who you’re talking to.G: No…no, I mean soft lighting. I like it when there are some decorations too. You know, a few balloons and things, just to make it special.A: What, like a children’s party?G: Yeah, I suppose so---or candles and things on the wall.R: Candles make a nice atmosphere, but you have to be careful the house doesn’tcatch fire.G: W…well, you can get those candle-holders. But the most important thing is the food and drink.A: Oh, yes. There must be lots of drink and enough food. It’s terrible when there isn’t enough food.R: What sort of food do you think is good for parents?A: Um, the sort of thing you can eat with your fingers, I mean, you don’t want to have loads of washing-up at the end of the party.R: Actually, I think the music is the most important thing. Loud, but not too loud, and the sort of music you can dance to.G: I think the best thing is to prepare party tapes with all the best dance tracks, then you don’t have to worry about it.A: But what about people? That’s quite important, isn’t it?G: Um, yes, you do need people for a party!A: No, I…I mean the right people. You need some party animals who get up and start the dancing. R: And you need a mix of men and women. I went to a party recently where there were five women for every man.G: Sounds all right to me.A: Oh, shut up. So what do we think are the three most important things?R: Food and drink, music and the right mix of people.G: Right.Task 5Ana: Hi. My name’s Ana.John: Nice to meet you, Ana. I’m John. Where are you from?Ana: I’m from Peru. Are you from the United States?John: Yes, from Florida. Where in Peru are you？I was an exchange student in Arequipa. How did you like Peru?John: Oh, I loved it. It was a wonderful experience for me.Ana: That’s great to hear. Did you have any trouble with language?John: Well, I didn’t really have any problems with the language. I understand Spanish OK,…but sometimes I had trouble with the meaning.Ana: What do you mean?John: There were some things I didn’t know about…like time.Ana: Yeah, that’s often a problem for people from the US and Canada.John: Actually, it was pretty funny! I was invited to a friend’s house for a party. He said the party would begin at seven. You know, I didn’t want to be too early, so I arrived about 15 minutes after 7. I knocked on the door, and no one answered. “That’s strange,” I thought. “I’m sure today’s right day.” I knocked again, louder. Soon the door opened. It was my friend, but his hair was dripping wet. He was in the shower, I was going to say I was sorry to be late, but he asked me why I was so early! I later learned that you should add two hours to a party invitation. He was expecting me at nine.Ana: Nine o’clock? That’s when we often meet people for dinner in Peru. I made that kind og mistake when I first came to the USA friend invited me for dinner. She didn’t say an exacttime, she just said, “Come over around dinner time.” So I got there about nine. She thought that I had had forgotten about dinner. I was really late, and so embarrassed.Ken: Hi, John. I couldn’t help but hear your stories.John: Hi, Ken. Do you know Ana? She’s from Peru. Ken’s from Japan.Ana: Hi, Kn. Nice to meet you.Ken: Nice to meet you, too, Ana. You know, John, I had a similar problem here in the US.Ken: Compared to Latin Americans maybe, but not compared to Asians. When a Japanese says “seven o’clock,” it means a little before seven. We usually have parties at restaurants, and they start at a set time. Anyway I was invited to a professor’s house for a party at eight o’clock. I arrived at a little before eight and rang the bell. After several minutes, the door opened, and the professor was wearing his bathrobe! He had been in the shower, too. He was really surprised to see me. And I was really embarrassed to see him!John: I guess you are right. Americans don’t really show up at parties until round fifteen or twenty minutes late.Ana: So I’ll be two hours late for a Japanese party---but only an hour and 45 minutes late a an American party.Task 6Bill: Well, well, don’t believe it. It’s Kathy, isn’t it? Kathy Wallis?Kathy: Bill Jordan. How lovely to see you. I haven’t seen you since---oh, when was it? ---Sam and Laura’s wedding.Bill: Yes, that’s right. That must be nearly fifteen years now. Good heavens! Doesn’t time fly? Kathy: You’ve put on weight!Bill: Yes, well you know how it is. Too much easy living. Anyway, what are you up to these days?Are you still working for that bank?Kathy: Bank?Bill: Didn’t you use to work for a bank?Kathy: Oh, yes, the bank. Well, it was a building society actually. No. I left there ages ago. I wanted to see the world.Bill: And did you? See the world, I mean.Kathy: I was teaching English. But then I came back to England and I worked in a shop for a while and then did a few other jobs.Bill: So what are you doing now?Kathy: I’m a singer.Bill: Wow, that sounds exciting.Kathy: Well I had all those jobs but I just got bored and well, I’d always wanted to be a singer so I finally decided I’m going to go for it. So I got a job on a cruise ship and I’m really enjoying it.I’m doing what I enjoy and I see the world too.Bill: Good for you!Kathy: What about you? You used to talk about becoming a teacher, as I recall.Bill: Well, yes, I thought about it for a long time, but while I was still thinking, I got married and we bought a house and then the kids came along and I was promoted. So I’m still there at the glass factory. Still, that’s the way it goes.Kathy: How many children have you got?Bill: Two---John’s five and Clara’s three, and there’s another one on the way.Kathy: Oh, how lovely!Bill: Are you married?Kathy: No… I was, but, well, things didn’t work out and we split up.Bill: I’m sorry to hear that.Kathy: Oh, these things happen, but well, it was very unpleasant at the time, the divorce, and it took me a long time to get over it, but I suppose it was just one of those things. You know. Bill: Yes, I see. So where are t\you living now? Are you still in Birmingham?Kathy: No, we sold that house. I’ve got a flat in London now--- Docklands with a view over the river.Bill: Sounds great.Kathy: Yes, it’s not bad. I’ve been there about two years now, though I don’t spend a lot of time there, because I’m away with my job.Bill: Yes, I suppose you must be. Hey, do you remember old Harry Clarkson?Kathy: Yes, of course. I used to work with him.Bill: Oh yes, I remember. Well, I saw him a few months ago. It’s amazing.。

Unit 5 Student LifeListeningAudio Track 3-5-1A: Y ou’re majoring in international business law, is that correct?B: That’s correct.A: And what made you choose this university?B: Well, I want to be a lawyer and this university has one of the most respected law departments in the country. It was an easy choice. What about you?A: My major is international business. I researched several universities but decided on this one because it has strong links with many multinational businesses. I hope that will help when I graduate and start looking for jobs.B: How did you find the application process?A: Well, I had to take an entrance examination, of course. Then, I submitted an application form along with my official high school transcripts and a letter of recommendation.B: And did you get accepted immediately?A: No, I had to attend an interview. I remember I was very nervous.B: It was exactly the same for me. But we must have interviewed well as we’re here now. Listening Activity 1: Audio Track 3-5-2/Audio Track 3-5-3C=Counselor, K=KaiC: Hello, Kai. Have a seat.K: Hi, Ms. Danielson.C: How’s it going? Are you excited about graduating?K: I guess so. But there’s so much to do between now and then.C: Well, let’s talk about that … Let me check your file here. So, what’s new? Have you researched any colleges or universities?K: Well, I researched three … like you told me to.C: Good, good. Which ones?K: Let’s see … California State University, Harvard University, and City College.C: And?K: Well, I applied to two: Harvard and City College. Cal State is just too far away.C: Sounds like you’ve been thinking about this seriously. That’s good.K: Y ep.C: Any news yet?K: Well, I got accepted to City College. I haven’t heard anything from Harvard. I probably won’t get accepted there.C: Why do you say that?K: Y ou know … it’s so competitive. I don’t think my grades are good enough.C: Well, let’s wait and see.K: I’ll probably go to City College. My brother went there. I visited the campus and I like it.Listening Activity 2: Audio Track 3-5-4/Audio Track 3-5-5Lucia: And finally today, we have a report about graduating seniors. Jason Kim is standing by. …Jason, are you there?Jason: Hi, Lucia.Lucia: The Metro Times newspaper asked college seniors, “What are you going to do after you graduate?”Jason: That’s right, Lucia. The students gave some surprising answers, too.Lucia: For example …?Jason: Well, more than 50 percent of the students say that they aren’t going to start a new job right away.Lucia: Well, what are their future plans?Jason: Let’s ask some of them. … Excuse me.Mizuki: Y es?Jason: I’m Jason Kim from XCA-TV. Y our name, please?Mizuki: Mizuki.Jason: And what are you studying?Mizuki: Art.Jason: OK, Mizuki, what are you going to do after you graduate?Mizuki: I don’t know. I’ll probably just chill out for a while.Jason: Chill out?Mizuki: Y ou know, relax.Jason: OK, Mizuki. Thanks for your comments. … Hello, I’m Jason Kim and we’re doing a live report. What’s your name and major?Ro bert: My name is Robert and I’m studying law.Jason: What are you going to do after you graduate?Robert: I don’t know … maybe I’ll take a long trip.Jason: What about a job?Robert: Work? Maybe one of these days. But first I’d like to take a trip.Jason: Thank you, Robert, and good luck. Well, that’s all for now. This has been Jason Kim, with my report on college seniors. Now, back to you, Lucia …Listening Activity 3: Audio Track 3-5-61. Hi, I’m Eduardo. I got accepted to college recently. Since the s chool is just in my neighborhood, I’m going to live at home. I will not apply for a scholarship because it is too hard to get it. I think I’ll be able to support myself by working part-time. In my view, money is veryimportant though it is not everything.So most probably I’ll study business. I hope I can make it big after graduation.2. I’m Jill. I’m going to join a sorority. I want to make more friends of the same sex. I think that women should be united and should always help each other. I’m going to d o volunteer work in my spare time to help those elderly ladies in the community with their errands. I’m not going to a large university since I can’t afford it.3. I’m Max and this is Sara. We love each other. We’re not going to live in student housing. We plan to live in a medium-size apartment not far away from the university. We’re going to study together and work part-time.Audio Track 3-5-7I’m Mary and I’m twenty. I’m studying Lifelong Education at the University of Tokyo. I think it’s important f or everyone to keep learning all their lives. That’s why I chose to major in Lifelong Education. Personally, I’m planning to further my education in an American university after graduation. So right now, I’m taking an English class. I want to improve my English. I’m working part-time at a video store because I need to save money for my studies abroad.I have a boyfriend and he wants to go and study in the United States too. We have similar interests and personalities. I’m going to get married and live in a house by the ocean. Sooner or later, I’ll have my own children. I will most probably stay at home to be a full-time mother before my children are sixteen years old. To witness their growth would be the most valuable thing in my life.Listening Activity 4: Audio Track 3-5-8/Audio Track 3-5-9New graduates talk about the futureAfter the City College graduation ceremony yesterday, we talked to three students about their plans and their dreams.Here is what Jameela Brown had to say about her future:I worked so hard for four years. I need a break now! I majored in biology and chemistry, and I hada summer job in a day care center. I’m going to take a year off before I start medical school. My plan is to travel and do volunteer work in West Africa. I’ll be a doctor someday but I’m not sure what kind of doctor I’ll be.Jennie Min talked about her plans:I studied business, and it was easy for me to find a job. Next month I’ll move to New Y ork to start work at Giant Corporation. But I don’t really want to spend my whole life working for a company.I hope I can start my own business. Maybe something with food. I love cooking! In college, I cooked dinner for my roommates every night.Shane Peterson told us about his big dream:Wow! Four years really went fast. I c an’t believe it’s graduation day! My major was computer science, but I spent all my free time playing music. I played guitar in two different bands. I also play electronic music, using computers. I have job interviews with three software companies nextwee k. I’m not worried about getting a job, but I really want to play music, too. That’s my biggest dream.Listening Activity 5: Audio Track 3-5-10/Audio Track 3-5-11Interviewer: We now have a winner! Stephanie Lee from V ancouver, Canada answered our ques tions and won the top prize: She will be our youth travel reporter in Europe! She’s going to travel for three months and write about her experiences for our website. Do you have any international travel experience?Stephanie: Y es, I do. Two years ago, I spent the summer in Hong Kong, China. I stayed with my grandmother and worked in the family business. I also visited Africa last year.Interviewer: What do your travel experiences tell us about you?Stephanie: I stayed in Hong Kong for about two months. I think that shows I can stay away from home for a long time. I don’t get homesick at all. In Africa, I went to Tanzania. The highlight was climbing Mount Kilimanjaro. It’s the highest mountain in Africa. The climb was very hard. Two people turned back before they reached the top. I made it all the way! Once I start something, I never give up.Interviewer: This job gives you a digital camera and pays your travel expenses. It doesn’t pay a salary. How will you get your spending money?Stephanie: I had a part-time job in a restaurant. I had worked there for two years. Fortunately, I saved a lot of money, so I won’t have to worry about money for my trip to Europe. Interviewer: Why should we choose you?Stephanie: Because I love to travel! I’m a hard worker a nd will have no trouble filing reports on time — and I have a lot of energy!Speaking & CommunicationAudio Track 3-5-121. I’m gonna apply to three colleges.2. He’s gonna clean the house next week.3. We’re gonna study together for the big exam.4. T hey’re not gonna finish in time.Audio Track 3-5-131. I’m not gonna meet them before 3:00.2. We’re not gonna take a vacation this summer.3. She’s gonna call us tomorrow.4. He’s not gonna attend Harvard University.Audio Track 3-5-14Hans: Hi, Tom. What’s new?Tom: Well, I’m going to start at a new high school this fall.Hans: Which one?Tom: Essex Academy. It’s a boarding school. It’s a five-hour drive from my parents’ house. Hans: Does boarding school mean you live there? On campus?Tom: Exactly.Hans: That sounds awesome!Tom: Y eah. I think it’s going to be cool.Audio Track 3-5-15A: I study hard and get good grades. I’m usually on the honor roll.B: What does honor roll mean?A: It’s a special list for students with very good grades.B: Oh, I see. Well, I like study hall. I can do my homework and prepare for exams.A: I don't understand. What do you mean by study hall?B: It’s a time that is reserved for quiet study.Audio Track 3-5-16A: Are you free at noon tomorrow?B: No, I’m not. I’m goi ng to eat lunch with my friends then. How about 2:00 p.m.?A: Sorry, but that doesn’t suit me. I’m going to get a flu shot at 2:15.B: Oh, really?A: Y eah. The doctor strongly advised me to do it.B: Then how about 7:30 p.m.?A: That’s all right for me. Se e you then.Video CourseVideo Track 3-5-1Agnes: After I finish my Ph.D. I would like to go back to Senegal and start my own business in agriculture.Brad: After I graduate I will move to Washington, D.C., to work for National Geographic. Calum: After I graduate I’d like to have a good job that pays a lot of money, and to travel and see the world.Dave: After I graduate from college I will go to graduate school and I’m going to study art. Alex: After graduation I plan to find a good job. I also plan to start a family and buy a house. Julianna: I want to start my own business, an import-export business.Alejandra: My students work very hard and get good grades to get into university.After finishing their degrees in the United States they will go home and either work with their families or open a business.Video Track 3-5-2Dave: Five years from now I will still be studying and I don’t know where I’m going to live. Calvin: I’d like to become a lawyer and I’d like to specialize in cyberlaw. I think c yberlaw will be pretty big within five, six years or so.Woo Sung: I’ll probably be married. I want about three kids, a dog, my own house, and a job that I enjoy. And you know most of all I just want to be … just I guess … enjoy my life.Video Track 3-5-3Mike: Do you think he was accepted?Sun-hee: I don’t know …Mike: Any news from Harvard?Sun-hee: He was rejected. He also applied to the University of Southern California, and they didn’t accept him either. It’s too bad. He studied so hard in film schoo l. And he got really good grades …Mike: I know. And he researched all those schools and applied for all those scholarships … I hope he gets in. Hey, do you know what he’s going to do if he doesn’t get into grad school?Sun-hee: No, what?Mike: He’s going to hit the road.Sun-hee: I don’t understand. What do you mean?Mike: He’s going to buy a nice camera and travel around Europe taking photos for his brother’s website.Sun-hee: Now that would be an experience, but it’ll be sad if he goes.Mike: He’ll get in … I just know it!Takeshi: (enters front door) Hi!Sun-hee: Takeshi!Mike: There’s a letter for you from the Columbia graduate school.Sun-hee: (takes letter from Mike) Uh, uh, uh! Now let’s think about this for a moment. What are you going to do if you aren’t accepted?Takeshi: Well, like I said, I’m going to travel around Europe for a while. And then I’ll apply to graduate school in a few years …and I will get in!Mike: (takes letter from Sun-hee) What will you do if you are accepted?Takeshi: Oh, that’s easy. I’m going to become a film director.Mike: (gives letter to Takeshi) All right then … here. (waits for Takeshi to open letter) Well! What are you waiting for? Open it!Takeshi: Here goes … (opens letter)Sun-hee: Well?Mike: Were you accepted?Tak eshi: I’m going to grad school!Video Track 3-5-4Mike: Do you think he was accepted?Sun-hee: I don’t know …Mike: Any news from Harvard?Sun-hee: He was rejected. He also applied to the University of Southern California, and they didn’t accept him either. It’s too bad. He studied so hard in film school. And he got really good grades …Mike: I know. And he researched all those schools and applied for all those scholarships … I hope he gets in. Hey, do you know what he’s going to do if he doesn’t get in to grad school?Sun-hee: No, what?Video Track 3-5-5Mike: He’s going to hit the road.Sun-hee: I don’t understand. What do you mean?Mike: He’s going to buy a nice camera and travel around Europe taking photos for his brother’s website.Sun-hee: Now that would be an experience, but it’ll be sad if he goes.Mike: He’ll get in … I just know it!Takeshi: (enters front door) Hi!Sun-hee: Takeshi!Mike: There’s a letter for you from the Columbia graduate school.Video Track 3-5-6Sun-hee: (takes lett er from Mike) Uh, uh, uh! Now let’s think about this for a moment. What are you going to do if you aren’t accepted?Takeshi: Well, like I said, I’m going to travel around Europe for a while. And then I’ll apply to graduate school in a few years … and I wil l get in!Mike: (takes letter from Sun-hee) What will you do if you are accepted?Takeshi: Oh, that’s easy. I’m going to become a film director.Mike: (gives letter to Takeshi) All right then … here. (waits for Takeshi to open letter) Well! What are you waiting for? Open it!Takeshi: Here goes … (opens letter)Sun-hee: Well?Mike: Were you accepted?Takeshi: I’m going to grad school!Audio Track 3-5-17Takeshi got a letter from the Columbia Graduate School. While Sun-hee and Mike were waiting for him to c ome home, they talked about Takeshi’s plans for grad school. Takeshi had applied to several graduate programs, but two schools had already rejected him! Mike said that Takeshi was going to hit the road if he didn’t get accepted. When Takeshi got home, he e xplained that if he didn’t get accepted he was going to travel for a while and then he would apply to graduate school again. He also said that if he was accepted, he was going to become a film director. Takeshi finally opened the letter — and it was good news! Takeshi was going to go to grad school at Columbia!。

tpo5听力原文TPO 5 Lecture 1SociologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a sociology class.Professor:Have you ever heard the one about alligators living in New York sewers? The story goes like this: a family went on vacation in Florida and bought a couple of baby alligators as presents for their children, then returned from vacation to New York bringing the alligators home with them as pets.But the alligators would escape and find their way into the New York sewer system where they started reproducing, grew to huge sizes and now strike fear into sewer workers. Have you heard this story?Well, it isn’t true and it never happened.But despite that, the story has been around since the 1930s.Or how about the song 'twinkle, twinkle little star', you know,'twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are' .Well we’ve all heard this song. Where am I going with this?Well, both the song and the story are examples of memes.And that' s what we would talk about, the theory of memes.A meme is defined as a piece of information copied fromperson to person. By this definition, most of what you know,ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes.All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes that have been passed on from person to person.So what? You may say.Passing on ideas from one person to another is nothing new. Well, the whole point of defining this familiar process as transmission of memes is so that we can explore its analogy with the transmission of genes.As you know,all living organisms pass on biological information through the genes.What's a gene? A gene is a piece of biological information that gets copied or replicated, and the copy or replica is passed on to the new generation. So genes are defined as replicators.Genes are replicators that pass on information about properties and characteristics of organisms. By analogy,memes also get replicated and in the process pass on cultural information from person to person, generation to generation. So memes are also replicators.To be a successful replicator, there are three key characteristics: longevity, fecundity and fidelity. Let's take a closer look.First, longevity. A replicator must exist long enough tobe able to get copied, and transfer its information.Clearly, the longer a replicator survives, the better its chances of getting its message copied and passed on. So longevity is a key characteristic of a replicator. If you take the alligator story, it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, my memory. I can tell you the story now or ten years from now, the same with the twinkle, twinkle song. So these memes have longevity because they are memorable for one reason or another.Next, fecundity.Fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers.For example, the common housefly reproduces by laying several thousand eggs, so each fly gene gets copied thousands of times. Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well. How many times have you sung the ‘twinkle, twinkle song' to someone? Each time you replicated that song, and maybe passed it along to so who did not know it yet, a small child maybe.And finally, fidelity.Fidelity means accuracy of the copying process. We know fidelity is an essential principle of genetic transmission. If a copy of a gene is a bit different from the original, that's called a genetic mutation.And mutations are usually bad news.An organism often cannot survive with a mutated gene.And so a gene usually cannot be passedon,unless it’ s an exact copy. For memes however, fidelity is not always so important. For example, if you tell someone the alligator story I told you today, it probably won't be word for word exactly as I said it. Still, it will be basically the same story,and the person who hears the story will be able to pass it along.Other memes are replicated with higher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now. Well, that's because we see songs as something that has to be performed accurately each time. If you change a word, the others will usually bring you in line. They'll say,‘that' s not how you sing it'’, right?So, you can see how looking at pieces of cultural information as replicators, as memes, and analyzing them in terms of longevity, fecundity and fidelity, we can gain some insight about how they spread, persist or change.《社会学》独白︰请听一段社会学课上的演讲教授︰你是否有听过生活于纽约下水道的短吻鳄的故事?内容是这样的︰有一家人在佛罗里达度假之后，给家里的小孩儿带回了几只短吻鳄作为礼物，回到纽约后，把这几只小短吻鳄当做宠物养着。

Unit 5 A Global WarningThe North Pole has been frozen for 100,000 years. But according to scientists, that won't be true by the end of this century. The top of the world is melting.There's been a debate burning for years about the causes of global warming. But the scientists you're about to meet say the debate is over. New evidence shows man is contributing to the warming of the planet, pumping out greenhouse gases that trap solar heat.Much of this new evidence was compiled by American scientist Bob Corell. He led a study called the "Arctic Climate Impact Assessment." It's an awkward name —but consider the findings: the seas are rising, hurricanes will be more powerful, like Katrina, and polar bears may be headed toward extinction.Clip OneWhat does the melting arctic look like? We went north to see what Bob Corell calls a "global warning."Towers of ice the height of 10-story buildings rise on the coast of Greenland. It's the biggest ice sheet in the Northern Hemisphere, measuring some 700,000 square miles. But temperatures in the arctic are rising twice as fast as the rest of the world, so a lot of Greenland's ice is running to the sea.Corell: "Right now the entire planet is out of balance."Bob Corell is among the world's top authorities on climate change. He led 300 scientists from eight nations in the "Arctic Climate Impact Assessment."And he believes he has seen the future.Corell: "This is a bellwether, a barometer. Some people call it the canary in the mine. The warning that things are coming. In 10 years here in the arctic, we see what the rest of the planet will see in 25 or 35 years from now."Look at what‟s happened in 26 years. That‟s the North Pole in September 1979, this is six month ago. Have another look at that, 26 years ago and now.Corell: “The glaciers there have been receding for the last 50 years.”Back in 1987, President Reagan asked Corell to look into climate change. He's been at it ever since.In Iceland, he showed 60 Minutes glaciers that were growing until the 1990s and are now melting. In fact, 98 percent of the world's mountain glaciers are melting.Corell says all that water will push sea levels three feet higher all around the world in 100 years.Corell:"You and I sit here, another foot. Your children, another foot. Your grandchildren, another foot. And it won't take long for sea level to inundate. This lake will go all the way back to there.”What I‟m standing on is a huge block of ice that had split off from the glacierrecently and dropped into the sea. It‟s a big iceberg at this point. This part of Greenland is melting faster than just about any other. And to get a sense of the enormity of what‟s happening, consider this: The ice that is melting here is the equivalent of all of the ice in the Alps.That's more than 105 million acres of melted ice in 15 years. And just four minutes after we cleared off this berg, our ice joined in.We saw how unstable the ice is becoming on a flight with glaciologist Carl Boggild. Boggild anchored 10 research stations to the ice. But every time he comes to visit, the ice and his stations have moved.Correspondent:“One of the really impressive things you see from the air is all these fissures, these crevices are breaking through the ice everywhere. What causes this?”Boggild: "This is actually the ice flow, where you have so much tension in the ice that it cannot stick together. And it breaks and opens a crevice which goes about 150, 200 feet down."Correspondent:“And it‟s melting.”Boggild:“It‟s also melting on the sides. Yes.”Correspondent: “I think you can hear it down there. It‟s a little river.”Boggild: “It‟s like a small river.”A leading theory says those little rivers are lubricating the bottom of the ice sheet, helping it move off the bedrock and out to sea.Correspondent: “There goes Greenland.”Boggild:“Yeah, that‟s true.”And there may be no stopping it. Arctic warming is accelerating. It's a chain reaction. As snow and ice melt they reveal dark land and water that absorb solar heat. That melts more snow and ice, and around it goes.Clip TwoThere's long been a debate about how much of this is earth's naturally changing climate and how much is man's doing. Paul Mayewski, at the University of Maine, says the answer to that question is frozen right here.Mayewski:“Let‟s go over here and take a look at an ice core that we got from Greenland.”With funding from the National Science Foundation, Mayewski has led 35 expeditions collecting deep ice cores from glaciers. The ice captures everything in the air, laying down a record covering half a million years.Mayewski:"We can go to any section of the ice core, to tell, basically, what the greenhouse gas levels were; we can tell whether or not it was stormy, what the temperatures were like."We brought Mayewski back to Greenland, where he says his research has proven that the ice and the atmosphere have man's fingerprints all over them. Correspondent:“Looking back through these records frozen in time, we haven‟t seen temperature changes like this in how long?”Mayewski: “We haven't seen a temperature rise to this level going back at least2,000 years, and arguably several thousand years.”Correspondent:“We haven‟t seen CO2 levels like this in how long?”Mayewski: "We haven't seen CO2 levels like this in hundreds of thousands of years, if not millions of years."Correspondent: “What does that tell you?”Mayewski:"It all points to something that has changed and something that has impacted the system which wasn't doing it more than 100 years ago. And we know exactly what it is. It's human activity."Activity like burning fossil fuels, releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The U.S. is by far the largest polluter. Corell says there's so much greenhouse gas in the air already that more temperature rise is inevitable.Correspondent: “Are you saying that if twomorrow, we stopped every car, truck, and power plant —stopping all greenhouse gas emissions —the planet would continue to warm anyway? "Mayewski: “Absolutely. It will continue to warm for another, about an other degree." Clip ThreeThat's enough to melt the Arctic — and if greenhouse gases continue to increase, the temperature will rise even more. The ice that's melting already is changing the weather by disrupting ocean currents.Corell points to floods in the U.S., heat waves in Europe; and we wanted to know about this past catastrophic hurricane season.Corell: "The one thing I think we can say with a fairly high degree of confidence is the severity of the storms, how strong the storms, these cyclonic events like hurricanes and cyclones in the Pacific, are going to get —they're gonna be more severe. Now one thing that is in doubt is whether there'll be more of them." Correspondent: “But the intensity is going to be worse?”Corell:“The oceans of the Nor thern Hemisphere are the warmest they've been on record. When they get up in that temperature, they spin off hurricanes. Well, if it goes up another degree, it's going to spawn these with more intensity." Correspondent:“So when people say …where is the harm in global warming?‟, you say…?”Corell: “Here is one of them.”Clip FourThe name "arctic" comes from ancient Greek meaning "Land of the Great Bear."But the warming climate is threatening this icon of the arctic, the polar bear. Flying above the sub-arctic region of Hudson Bay, Canadian scientist Nick Lunn is hunting polar bears in a 30-year study that tracks their health. It's the job of his assistant Evan Richardson to take them down with a tranquilizer dart. Correspondent:“Don‟t tell me you are going to touch him with a ten-foot pole.”Lunn:“ This bear has got a little bit of head movement, so we are just going to usethe pole, just to, just to check without having to get necessarily too close. Hey bear! Hey!”It‟s only when a polar bear is essentially paralyzed for certain and for hours…Correspondent: “You just grab, grab him by the fur and…”Lunn: “Just like this.”Correspondent:“And pull it?”Lunn: “One, two, three.”…that doing this is recommended.The polar bear is the largest predator on land. And native people here say he'll even hunt humans, but not today.Correspondent:“He just can‟t move his legs at all, can he?”Lunn: “No.”With the tranquilizer, the bear remains awake but immobile.They knew his bear by his tattoo.Lunn:“This is Bear X19788.”His history is written chapter and verse in the "bear bible."Lunn: "This is the record book of all the bears that have been handled by us or Manitoba Conservation."The study began at the Wapusk National Park, because the bear population was thought to be the healthiest in the world.Correspondent:“These paws and claws are really amazing.”Lunn's annual checkup records changes in fat…Lunn: “We get a measure of the bear‟s straight-line length.”…dimensions…Lunn:“From the nose to the tip of the tail.”…and an inventory of weapons. The polar bear uses its teeth to hunt primarily one thing — seal. And that's where arctic warming comes in.The polar bear can only hunt on the ice. And Lunn says the ice is breaking up three weeks earlier than it did 30 years go. He's now finding female bears 55 pounds lighter — weaker mothers with fewer cubs.Correspondent:“How big was the population a couple of decades ago when you started this? And how big is it now?”Lunn:"When we first started doing this research, we've done inventories in the mid-80s, in the mid-90s. Both times we came out with an estimate of approximately 1,200 animals for what is known as the western Hudson Bay population. The numbers now suggest that the population has declined to below 1,000."The bears are unlikely to survive as a species if there's a complete loss of ice in summer, which the arctic study projects will happen by the end of this century.Clip 5There are skeptics who question climate change projections like that, saying they're no more reliable than your local weatherman. But Mayewski says arctic projections done decades ago are proving accurate.Mayewski: "The skeptics have brought up some very, very interesting issues over the last few years. And they've forced us to think more and more about the data that we collect. We can owe the skeptics a vote of thanks for making our science as precise as it is today."One big supporter of climate science research is the Bush administration, spending $5 billion a year. But Mr. Bush refuses to sign a treaty forcing cuts in greenhouse gases.The White House also declined 60 Minutes' request for an interview. Corell, who first studied the issue for President Reagan, believes the climate change facts are in, even if President Bush does not.Correspondent:"When you look at the American government, which is saying essentially, 'Wait a minute. We need to study this some more. We can't flip our energy use overnight. It would hurt the economy.' When you hear that, what do you think?" Corell: "Well, what I do then is, I try to tell them exactly what we know scientifically. The science is, I believe, unassailable. I'm not arguing their policy, that's their business, how they deal with policy. But my job is to say, scientifically, shorten that time scale so that if you don't push out the effects of climate change into the long, long distant future. Because even under the best of circumstances, this natural system of a climate will continue to warm the planet for literally hundreds of years, no matter what we do."。

研究生公共英语听说（下）原文LESSON5（B）LESSON FIVEPlaces to See in Britain1. W: How is your paper coming along?M: My typewriter's broken.Q: What does the man mean?2. W: Have you tried Susan's apple pie?M: I got the last piece and it was out of this world.Q: What does the man mean?3.W: If you're staying late, Will you be sure to lock up the officewhen you leave?M: OK. I hope I won't be more than an hour.Q: What does the man mean?4. W: Nancy really wants to ski on Thursday.M: Yes. But she can't, can she?Q: What does the man say about Nancy?5. M: Let me help you with those packages.W: Thanks. But it's only three quarters of a block.Q: What does the woman tell the man?6. W: You know, Sally was supposed to meet us here an hour ago.Maybe we should give her a ring. After all, she is the onewho organized the study session.M: You're right. I'll do it.Q: What will the man probably do?7. M: Forgive the mess in here. You see, we had a party last night.There were a lot of people. They all brought food, and theleftovers were all over the place.W: Yeah, I can tell. Well I guess it's pretty obvious what you'll be doing most of today.Q: What does the woman imply?8. W: I'm worried about my jewelry business, I really thought Icould do better.M: At least, you broke even. That’s better than most people do in their first year.Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?9. W: I need to get in touch with Bill about tomorrow's presentation,but his phone has been busy for the longest time.M: I usually have dinner with him in the cafeteria. Why don't I ask him to give you a call later?Q: What will the man probably do?10. M: Care for some more dessert? There's plenty of cake left.W: If I had any more, I'd be overdoing it.Q: What does the woman mean?11. M: This scarf is nice, but Debbie really wanted a sweater forher birthday.W: I know, but I didn't know her size.Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?12. M: Think you'll be able to finish sketching out the plans for theelection campaign by tomorrow or do you need some help?W: Well, there's so quite a bit to do but I'll be able to pull everything together.Q: What does the woman mean?13. W: About the concert tonight, it's unlikely I'll be able to pickyou up before seven.M: Well, we could just get together there instead.Q: What does the man suggest they do?14. M: Ah-oh, l burned your toast. I'll put in a couple more slices.W: No, don't waste the bread. Just scrape off the burned part.It'll be fine.Q: What does the woman mean?15. M: Weren't you going to find out from the registrar if you haveenough credits to graduate next semester?W: You're right. I'd better get over there. Their hours are limited and they can get pretty busy.Q: What will the woman probably do?Passage I:The drive from England to Scotland provides the traveler with many pleasant changes of scenery. As it is a fairly long journey, it is good to be able to travel with a friend who can take turns with you at the wheel.A patriotic Scotsman traveling with English friends may tellthem they are going to see, in the Highlands, the finest scenery in the world. This may sound exaggerated, but on arriving in the Highlands most people readily agree that the scenery is indeed magnificent.The Highlands are, as the name implies, the hilly or mountainous region of the country; they form the greater part of the western half of Scotland.On the first night in Scotland tourists may choose to put up at a hotel in the little town of Callander, which is known as one of "the Gateways to the Highlands". On the following day they can set out to see the various lakes, or rather "lochs", in the neighborhood, and will be delighted with the wild and romantic aspect of the countryside. When they return to their hotels they will be glad to eat a copious "high tea". This is a meal which, in Scotland and many parts of northern England, takes the place of tea and dinner: It consists of one substantial course, such as one would have at dinner, followed by bread and butter, with jam or honey, and some kind of cake or cakes; tea is drunk with the meal, which is taken at about six o’clock in the evening. One has a light supper late in the evening.The next morning many tourists journey on to the west coast.The road twists and turns, dips and climbs, but is not dangerous. The greatest hazard is the black-faced sheep: these animals are as active and impudent as goats, and frequently wander recklessly into the road. The tourists may also see a herd of long-haired Highland cattle, which look savage but are no more so than ordinary cattle. Eventually the road runs parallel with the sea, along a coastline fringed with little islands and made ragged with rocky bays and the deep inlets that are also called "lochs".1.What kind of region are the Highlands?2. Where might tourists stay on their first night in Scotland?3. What is meant by "high tea"?4. What is the road to the west coast like?5. What other animals does a tourist see on the way to the west coast?Passage Ⅱ:On the western side of Britain lies one of the most beautiful parts of the British Isles: the Principality of Wales. The Welsh mountains have a beauty which is rugged and forbidding, but the slopes are as green and fertile as the valleys and provide rich pasture for sheep and cows.In central and north Wales, farming is the main occupation, but the valleys of south Wales are very heavily industrialized. Here the wealth of the land lies below the surface in rich coal seams, and the mining villages grew into busy towns around iron and steel foundries, chemical works and oil refineries.Wales is very popular for holidays. Every year, thousands of people spend their summer holidays at the seaside resorts on the North Wales coast or, if they prefer it, enjoy undisturbed peace and quiet in isolated villages remote from town life. Those who like to be energetic will probably choose Snowdonia. This part of the country round Snowdon, the highest peak in the Welsh mountains (and the second highest in Britain), is ideal for climbing and walking holidays.Wales has been called "The Land of Song". The Welsh people are famous for their good voices and it is rare to find a village without at least one choir competing in an "eisteddfod" or arts festival. The biggest festival of all is the International Eisteddfod held every year in Llangollen in Clwyd. Singers, dancers, musicians and poets come from all over the world to compete for the awards, often wearing colorful national costume. The Welsh girls contribute to the festival gaiety with their national dress-a tall black hat, a scarlet skirt and a starched white apron. Thestreets of this small country town bustle with the comings and goings of visitors speaking many languages, One of theforeign languages heard will be English, for in North Wales many of the local people speak Welsh as their native tongue. Today, only about a quarter of the Welsh population speak this ancient language as their first language, although many more who use English can understand Welsh as well, and encourage their children to learn it at school. The Welsh people are proud of being Celtic, with an ancient language and a heritage of their own.1. Where does Wales lie?2. Which of the following can describe the Welsh mountains?3. Which place is ideal for a climbing and walking holiday?4. Why is Wales often called "The Land of Song"?5. What percentage of the population of Wales speaks Welsh?Part D1) state, 2)the will, 3)imagination, 4)freshness,5)courage over timidity, 6) deserting, 7) wrinkle the skin, 8) enthusiasm, 9) soul, 10)heart, 11)spirit 12)wonders, 13)what's next, 14)game of living, 15)beauty, 16)infinite, 17)down, 18)pessimism, 19) optimism,20) young。

Unit 5 听力材料及参考答案（Text 1）W: You seem to have a lot of work to do at your office.M: That’s true, but the work is interesting. I don’t mind extra hours at all.（Text 2）W: I want to ask the Johnsons to come to the party. Do you know their address?M: No, but I’d like them to come. I think Tom can give you their address.（Text 3）M: Is Jane looking forward to coming home for the summer?W: She’s counting the days.（Text 4）W: I’m so excited that I couldn’t sleep the whole night.M: I’d be excited too if I had my passport, visa and boat ticket.（Text 5）M: How do you like these paintings in the museum?W: Not too bad.M: In my opinion, Picasso is the greatest Spanish painter. Do you think so?W: Well, I’m not sure.（Text 6）W: Hello. Sunnyside Inn. May I help you?M: Yes, I’d like to book a room for two on the 21st of March.W: Okay. Let me check. Well, would you like a smoking or non-smoking room?M: Well, how much is the non-smoking room on the 20th?W: 80 dollars, plus the 10% room tax.M: Okay, that’ll b e fine.W: All right. We look forward to seeing you on March 20th. Oh, by the way, could I have your name, please?（Text 7）M: Mum, I don’t feel well.W: Oh, dear! What’s wrong?M: I don’t know. I’ve got a headache and a cough. And my back aches, too.W: You’d better stay in bed until tomorrow. If you’re not better by then, I’ll take you to see the doctor. Drink plenty of water, and take this medicine three times a day.M: OK. Could I watch the basketball match on TV, Mum?W: No, you must lie down and have a rest.（Text 8）W: What are you going to do tonight?M: Oh, I’m going to stay home and study. My final exam is com ing up next week. W: Is it going to be difficult?M: It will be harder than the mid-term exam, I’m sure.W: Was that one difficult?M: It was the most difficult exam that I’ve ever had.W: Then maybe this one will be easier.M: Well, I’m going to spend more time studying for it than I did for the mid-term exam.W: What are you going to do after the exam?M: I don’t know. Maybe I’ll look for a better job.W: What’s the matter with this job?M: It isn’t the worst job in the world, but it isn’t the best job, e ither.W: Do you want to work for a bigger company?M: I want to get ahead. I want to make more money.（Text 9）W: Did you write your address on the envelope?M: Yes, I did.W: Where are you going to post it?M: To England.W: How do you want to send it?M: I guess I will send it by air mail.W: Does it have anything valuable inside?M: Yes, I enclosed a check and some photographs.W: Then you’d better send it by registered mail.M: That’s a good idea. Will you take care of that for me?W: I’m sorry, sir. You’ll have to take your letter to the next window.（Text 10）Mr Hill was a chicken farmer. He had hundreds of chickens, and sold the eggs and the meat and got quite a lot of money from them, but he lived in a very hot part of the country, and he found that his hens laid hardly any eggs in the summer. So he decided to put air conditioning into his chicken house so that his hens would lay well all through the year and he could get more eggs and in that way earn more money. The owner of the company which sold the air conditioning came to see him, and when he saw Mr Hill’s house, he thought that he might be able to persuade him to buy some air conditioning for it too. “Your wife would be much happier and more comfortable then,” he said to Mr Hill. But Mr Hill was not interested. “My wife doesn’t lay eggs,” he said.参考答案：1-5 BBCCA 6-10 ABABA11-15 BCBAB 16-20 ABCAB21-25 CACAD 26-30 DBCDA31-35 ACADB 36-40 CADBD41-45 ACABB 46-50 BCDDA51-55 CBCDB 56-60 CADBB61-65 DCEAD 66. equipment67. brand 68. test69. sneakers 70. experiments71. fantasies 72. athletic73. various 74. volunteers75. souvenirs 76. a variety of77. amused myself by 78. the minority79. not only / just; but also80. nor / neither does he like81. theme 82. creature83. various 84. advance85. minority 86. get close to87. jungle 88. equipment89. amuse 90. profit91. Life will seem very quiet after the excitements of our holidays.92. There is very little profit in selling land at present.93. This is the up-to-date information about the development of agriculture.94. a. Many people find her advanced idea difficult to accept.b. Many people find it difficult to accept her advanced idea.95. I often go hiking because I like getting close to nature.One possible version:Xinhua Stamp Printing Works is in the west of the city. It’s just 15 miles away from the center of the city. It’s 2.3 square miles in area.When you enter the Stamp Printing Works, you may see two beautiful gardens on both your sides and an office building in front of you. Behind it, there lies a meeting hall between the garage in the north and the two shower rooms for men and women workers in the south. Then there stands a big and wide playground. Across it, you can see four workshops, behind which there are four dorms for the workers.。