Translation of Culturally-loaded Words from Perspe

文化负载词在四级考试汉译英中的翻译【摘要】This article explores the translation of culturally loaded words in the Chinese-English section of the CET-4 exam. It delves into the definition of culturally loaded words, their importance in the exam, the difficulties in their translation, common culturally loaded words and translation strategies, and ways to enhance translation skills. The conclusion discusses the role of culturally loaded words in the CET-4 exam and offers tips on better handling their translation. Overall, this article provides insights and guidance for students preparing for the CET-4 exam to improve their understanding and translation skills of culturally loaded words.【关键词】文化负载词、四级考试、汉译英、翻译、定义、重要性、难点、翻译策略、提升、水平、作用、应对。

1. 引言1.1 文化负载词在四级考试汉译英中的翻译文化负载词在四级考试汉译英中的翻译是考查考生对汉语文化和英语表达的理解能力。

文化负载词是指在汉语中蕴含着特定文化内涵的词汇，如“雅致”、“风雅”、“风度翩翩”等。

文化负载词翻译四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。

最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。

关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded WordsAbstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer, but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chineseculture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe r elation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult ratherthan the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its develop ment.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainlyused as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an examp le. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless,Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisitionmarks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can never disappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s nat ive language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way oflife and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. Th e mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his ownunderstanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively k nown as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical g ap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as achurch mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult p osition. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use“mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the r ecipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and theauspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky”a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in lite ral meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect C hina’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” w hich will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said theexcellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken fro m Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form”with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclu sive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed。

Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2023, 11(9), 3797-3803 Published Online September 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/ml https:///10.12677/ml.2023.119510跨文化视角下《故乡》中文化负载词的俄译 董文璇山东师范大学外国语学院，山东 济南收稿日期：2023年7月19日；录用日期：2023年8月22日；发布日期：2023年9月1日摘要 本文从跨文化视角出发，对《故乡》两个俄译本中的文化负载词进行了分析。

首先将文化负载词分为物质文化负载词、社会文化负载词、生态文化负载词、宗教文化负载词和语言文化负载词五类，然后结合具体词汇从概念意义和文化内涵两方面进行了分析，最后通过《故乡》的两个俄译本分析了造成中俄之间文化差异的外部因素和内部因素，以及《故乡》文化负载词翻译对跨文化交际的启示。

关键词跨文化交际，文化负载词，影响因素，启示The Russian Translation of Culturally Loaded Words in “Hometown” from a Cross-Cultural PerspectiveWenxuan DongSchool of foreign languages, Shandong Normal University, Jinan Shandong Received: Jul. 19th , 2023; accepted: Aug. 22nd , 2023; published: Sep. 1st , 2023AbstractThis article analyzes the culturally loaded words in the two Russian translations of “Hometown” from a cross-cultural perspective. First, culture loaded words are divided into five categories: ma-terial culture loaded words, social culture loaded words, ecological culture loaded words, reli-gious culture loaded words, and language culture loaded words. Then, combining specific words, it analyzes the conceptual meaning and cultural connotation. Finally, it analyzes the external and internal factors that cause cultural differences between China and Russia through the two Russian versions of Hometown, and the inspiration for cross-cultural communication from the translation董文璇of culturally loaded words in “Hometown”.KeywordsCross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Loaded Words, Influencing Factors, EnlightenmentCopyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言近年来，随着全球化的发展，各国间文化交流日益频繁，世界各民族文化呈现出相互交融、相互包容的趋势，中华文化实现真正意义上地走出去这一目标也更加迫切。

I. TitleOn the Translation of Culturally-Loaded Words by Analyzing the Translator’s Notes in Selected Modern Chinese Essays 从译者注释看《英译中国现代散文选》中文化负载词的翻译II. Aim, significance and current researchesSelected Modern Chinese Essays translated in English by Professor Zhang Peiji is a high qualified translation textbook on how to translate from Chinese into English. The second edition of Selected Modern Chinese Essays in three volumes, which almost includes all the famous writers’essays since May Fourth Movement, are the carrier of Chinese culture, and provide abundant culturally-loaded words. In the books, Prof. Zhang gives a lot of notes in detail on linguistic difficulties, translation skills and cultural background followed by every English versions. In the notes, he explains most of the culturally-loaded words. Zhang Peiji, as one of the excellent translators of our time, enjoys a high reputation in literary translation. To study his translation ideas and techniques is of great significance to translation learners.On the other hand, with the development of cross-cultural communication and globalization, it is increasingly important to introduce traditional Chinese culture through translation into other countries. Culturally-loaded words are loaded with specific national culture, reflecting peculiar cultural information directly or indirectly in the structure of words and expressions. Therefore, to study how to deal with culturally-loaded words in Chinese-English translation is an effective way to help foreigners learn Chinese culture. As a result, lots of people do deep researches into the approaches to the translation of culturally-loaded words, and have proposed different translation methods, such as literal translation, transliteration, literal translation (transliteration) plus annotation, liberal translation, borrowing, paraphrasing, substitution, addition, omission, etc.This thesis will study the translation of culturally-loaded words in Selected Modern Chinese Essays on the basis of analyzing the translator’s notes. When discussing the approaches to the translation of culturally-loaded words, the author of this thesis centers on two methods: foreignization and domestication. The study aims at finding out which strategy is principally adopted to deal with culturally-loaded words in Professor Zhang Peiji’s translation and the factors affecting his choice.III. Main IdeasThis thesis studies the culturally-loaded words and the techniques in translating these words in Selected Modern Chinese Essays on the basis of analyzing Zhang Peiji’s notes. And contrastive analysis is employed to study the Chinese version and Zhang Peiji’s English translated version. The author attempts to make a research from the following aspects:The first part is an introduction. It introduces some information about Selected Modern Chinese Essays, the purpose and significance of the study, the methodology used, a review of the relevant researches on the translation of culturally- loaded words and the framework of this paper. The second part gives the definition of culturally-loaded words. The third part classifies the culturally-loaded words in Selected Modern Chinese Essays into five groups based on Nida’s classification of cultural factors, namely, the ecological, material, social, religious, and linguistic culturally-loaded words. The forth part is about the two approaches——domestication (including liberal translation, substitution and omission) and foreignization (including transliteration, literal translation, transliteration and literal translation plus explanation) with many examples. The last part draws a natural conclusion.IV. Outline1. Introduction2. The definition of culturally-loaded words3. The classification of culturally-loaded words in Selected Modern ChineseEssays3.1 Ecological culturally-loaded words3.2 Material culturally-loaded words3.3 Social culturally-loaded words3.4 Religious culturally-loaded words3.5 Linguistic culturally-loaded words4. Approaches to the translation of culturally-loaded words by analyzing thenotes4.1 The application of domestication4.1.1 Liberal translation4.1.2 Substitution4.1.3 Omission4.2 The application of foreignization4.2.1 Transliteration4.2.2 Transliteration plus explanation∕annotation4.2.3 Literal translation4.2.4 Literal translation plus explanation5. ConclusionV. Research MethodsBefore writing this paper, I have made much preparation. I have read the original book of Selected Modern Chinese Essays.By analyzing others’opinions about the translation of culturally-loaded words and the notes I have taken when I read the book, I determined the direction of thesis writing. With comprehensive collection of relevant resources, I search for materials and resources, such as books and journals, by taking advantage of Internet and the resources from library. Recently I step in the procedure of studying, summing and making conclusion all these materials which contributes to my thesis.VI. Bibliography[1] Lian Shuneng. A Coursebook on Enlish-Chinese Translation[M]. Beijing: Higher EducationPress, 2006.[2] Liu Runqing, Wen Xu. Linguistics: A New Coursebook[M]. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching And Research Press, 2006.[3] Nida, E.A. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating[M]. Shanghai: ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2001.[4] Shuttleworth, M. ＆M. Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2004.[5] Tang Xiuqiong. Culturally-loaded Words：On Their Translation From English Into Chinese[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University. 2006, (1): 126-130.[6] Zhang Baoran. Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-loaded Words[D]. Xi’an: XidianUniversity, 2009.[7] 唐述宗, 刘少仙. 文化负载词在《阿Q正传》中的处理[J]. 山东外语教学. 2007, (1):96-99.[8] 王秉钦, 王颉. 20世纪中国翻译思想史[M]. 天津：南开大学出版社, 2009.[9] 王朝晖，贾丽萍. 文化负载词汇的翻译原则与策略—“中国龙”英译风波的解读[J]. 绵阳师范学院学报. 2009, (10): 62-67.[10] 王恩科. 文化负载词翻译技巧选择探讨[J]. 重庆商学院学报. 2002, (4): 83-85.[11] 张培基. 英译中国现代散文选[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2007.[12] 张伟. 翻译过程中文化负载词内涵的失落[J]. 安徽广播电视大学学报. 2001, (2): 61-65.[13] 张秀荣. 论《围城》文化负载词的翻译[J]. 丽水学院学报. 2009, (6): 62-66.[14] 郅婧. 民族文化的承载者与传递者—小议《京华烟云》中文化负载词的翻译[J]. 河南科技大学学报（社会科学版）. 2009, (1): 60-62.[15] 朱曼华. 中国散文翻译的新收获—喜读张培基教授《英译中国现代散文选》[J]. 中国翻译. 2000, (3): 61-63.。

本科生毕业设计（论文）题目On Translation of Culture-Loaded Words In Fortress Besieged from the Perspectiveof Reader’s Response Theory从读者反应论看《围城》中文化负载词的翻译专业英语院部外国语学院学号姓名杨代英指导教师从读者反应论看《围城》中文化负载词的翻译学生：杨代英指导教师：摘要：钱钟书的《围城》在国内外都享有盛名。

其英译本也是文学翻译中的佼佼者。

在《围城》中有大量的文化负载词,它们极大地推动情节深化主题。

因此在翻译时对这些文化负载词的翻译就不容忽视。

本文从读者反应论的角度看《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译,探讨对文化负载词的翻译。

从读者反应论看由珍妮·凯利和茅国权翻译的《围城》比较成功地再现《围城》原文中生态文化、社会文化、物质文化、宗教文化、语言文化。

尽管在某些方面依旧存在着文化缺失,但译文基本上能让目标语读者体会到原文本中那些文化负载词所承载的文化。

关键词：文化负载词；读者反应论；翻译On Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Reader’sResponse TheoryUndergraduate: Yang DaiyingSupervisor:Abstract: Qian Zhongshu‟s Fortress Besieged, a well-known novel, is popular both at home and abroad. The English version of the novel is also great success in the literature translation. In the novel, a great many culture-loaded words are used, and all of these have contributed significantly to developing the plot and deepening the theme. So the translation of those words cannot be ignored. This paper studies on translation of culture-loaded words from reader‟s response theory, and how to cope with those culture-loaded words in translation. From the view of reader‟s response theory, the translation of culture-loaded words show the English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged successfully. To some extent, there are some parts existing culture loss, but the translation can let the target readers fundamentally understand those culture-loaded words carrying abundant culture in the original text.Key Words: Cultured-loaded words; Reader‟s response theory; TranslationContents1. Introduction (1)2. Literature Review (1)2.1 Introduction to Fortress Besieged (1)2.2 Introduction to Reader‟s Response Theory (2)2.3 Previous Studies on the Culture-Loaded Words from Fortress Besieged (3)3. Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (4)3.1 Ecological Culture-loaded Words (4)3. 2 Material culture-loaded words , (4)3.3 Social Culture-Loaded Words (4)3. 4 Religious Culture-loaded Words (5)3. 5 Linguistic Culture-loaded Words (5)4. Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (6)4.1 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Ecological Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (6)4.2 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Material Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (8)4.3 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Social Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (10)4.4 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Religious Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (12)4.5 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Linguistic Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (13)5. Conclusion (15)Bibliography (15)Acknowledgment (16)1. IntroductionJohn Lyons asserts in his Semantics (1969:30), “Language is a part of culture. Differences on the language usage will expose the features of the social culture in terms of the substances, customs and other activities.” Meanwhile language is the carrier of culture, and some particular words are called culture-loaded words, which carry abundant cultural connotations and rich regional character istics. What‟s more, many of the translation errors are not because of grammar but of misunderstanding the source culture. When coping with text, a translator should firstly understand the source language firstly, especially culturally-loaded words. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the proper translation of culture-loaded words in the cross-cultural communication.Qian Zhongshu, a famous scholar, whose novel Fortress Besieged translated into English, French, Japanese, German, and Russian accordingly is popular both at home and abroad. And the English version of the novel is a great success in the literature translation. In the novel, a great many culture-loaded words deepen the plot and theme significantly, which give readers a hint the people‟s eve ry aspect of life during the Anti-Japanese War. Therefore, those words cannot be ignored when translators translate them into other languages. In this paper, studies on the translation culture-loaded words will be performed from the perspective of reader‟s response theory. From the view of reader‟s response theory, the translation of culture-loaded words show the English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged successfully. To some extent, there are some parts existing culture loss, but the translation can let the target readers fundamentally understand those culture-loaded words carrying abundant culture in the original text.First of all, a review of Fortress Besieged,reader‟s response theory, and previous studies on the Culture-Loaded Words from Fortress Besieged are conducted. The following part is culture-loaded words in the original text of Fortress Besieged are classified into five types, and some typical culture-loaded words of each type are demonstrated. And then, the translations of different types of selected culture-loaded words in Fortress Besieged are analyzed from reader‟s response theory accordingly. Then the conclusion of this paper is conducted.2. Literature Review2.1 Introduction to Fortress BesiegedQian Zhongshu is a respected scholar, and his novel Fortress Besiege describing the educated intellectuals living situation during the Anti-Japanese War(1937-1945), and it is also of high literature value. Qian Zhongshu points out very clearly in thepreface of this novel “I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modem China”.The title “fortress besieged” itself stands for a dilemma that everyone may confront in the real world. Fortress Besieged are highly appraised, what‟s more, only people with rich both Chinese and Western culture can they really appreciate the wisdom, irony, and irony of the author because of many classical allusions, metaphors and culture-loaded words in the novel.The English version, one of “the most outstanding academic works”, published at an academic press Indiana University Press in 1979. In the translation, the translators Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao try to explain the cultural allusions and Chinese customs which are employed in the novel by listing many notes. However, there are also many criticisms such as impure English, inadequacies, rigid cultural transplantation. For instance, Dennis T. Hu commented on the first three sections of the version and concluded as the following: some expressions are inadequate and mistranslated; the target language is not pure English but with such a rich Chinese characteristic; and most of idioms are directly translated without any proper adjustment to English culture (Dennis T. Hu，1977)In the introduction written by Nathan K. Mao, he holds that Fortress Besieged is “scholar novel”, and the English version of Fortress Besieged is the most outstanding academic works. At the same time, in order to grasp the excellence of Fortress Besieged, both Chinese readers and target readers are needed to keep Chinese traditional knowledge and western knowledge in the mind. From this, we can assume that most of the target readers are educated people who eager to learn more about Chinese traditional culture through Fortress Besieged. In order to let these people can fully comprehend the irony and humor created by the scholar Qian Zhongshu, it is of importance for Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao to reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged.2.2 Introduction to Reader’s Response TheoryAs one of the contemporary western l iterary criticisms, reader‟s response theory is different from traditional theories focusing on authorial intention in a text and the text itself. Reader-response theory holds it is the readers who play the important role in reading process. Reader‟s respo nse critics (Guerin and others 1999:357) hold that it is the reader who makes a text exist and the reading process is also a process of interpretation. Wolfgang Iser (1978) argues that in the reader‟s response, reader‟s past experiences and background knowledge are the key factors to fill the blank which the writers have created. Meanwhile, readers grasp the meaning according to their own background biases, expectation, need, reading ability, and so on. What‟s more, readers who have different cultural background and values, thus the readers are able to responsedifferently and have various ideas about the same text. Nevertheless, the readers‟ interpretations are not infinite because the text restricts them. During the dynamic reading process, readers do not follow the author‟s the social and cultural values passively but have their own understanding or opinions towards the same issue with their own values at the same time.In The theory and Practice of Translation, special and intense classification of reader‟s response theory and propose evaluating from reader‟s response theory are conducted by Nida. He was the first one to introduce the reader into the field of translation studies. Based on the reader‟s response theory, he put forward his famous “dynamic equivalence theory”. He holds that dynamic equivalence refers to the degree which the target readers‟ response to the translation actually is the same manner as the readers of source language do (Nida 1969:24).Above all, reader‟s response theory is an indi spensable elem ent in Nida‟s translation theory, and the target readers play an important place during the translation process. During the translation, the translator should keep the essence of the source text, what‟s more, the translator should also keep i n mind that the importance of reader‟s response. From reader‟s response theory, the choice of translation strategies is affected by reader‟s expectation and reader‟s reaction is different due to different life experiences, academic background even for the same text. At the same time, with the development of cross-cultural communication and in different time, even for the same text, reader‟s expectation is not the same and readers‟ acceptance var ies from time to time. Therefore, it is significant for translators to take the target readers into consideration while choosing the specific translation strategy.2.3 Previous Studies on the Culture-Loaded Words from FortressBesiegedWang Fang (2008) analyzed Qian Zhongshu and his literary works Fortress Besieged from the perspectives of cultural presupposition on the basis of Skopo‟s theory. Yang Hongying (2011) did a research on how to retain the original‟s grace and charm in the translation of Fortress Besieged, so that the English readers can appreciate Qian‟s linguistic manipulation. Wang Jing, Ma Xiuli, Xiao Ying (2009) gave some translation strategies to translate culture-loaded words from Fortress Besieged. Gao Linxia (2012) analyzed the translation of culture-loaded words from Purpose Theory. Cheng Hui (2012) under the guidance of aesthetics of reception, aimed at analyzing the relationship between translated version of Fortress Besieged and readers‟ expectation, and tried to offer some suggestions on the translation of culture-loaded words.3. Culture-loaded Words in Fortress BesiegedIn this chapter, culture-loaded words are classified into five categories namelyecological culture-loaded words, material culture-loaded words, social culture-loaded words, religious culture-loaded words and linguistic culture-loaded words. Then some of these five types of Culture-loaded words in the Fortress Besieged will be listed accordingly.3.1 Ecological Culture-loaded WordsSeasons, rain, wind, rivers, mountains, and other geographical features makes up the ecological culture. Different nations have formed and developed their own ecological cultures because of their different climates and geographical features. Generally speaking, It is not easy for the people from one country to understand and receipt the ecological culture which is of other countries. There are many words and expressions which show the special ecological culture of China. Therefore, It is necessary for translator to keep in mind that to get a general idea of different ecological culture between English-speaking countries and China, which is the key to let people from different countries to have a access to cross culture to communicate.In Fortress Besieged, there are many ecological cultural-loaded words in Fortress Besieged. For instance, “San-fu”,“the rainy season”,” smile radiantly”, “autumn tiger” and so forth.3. 2 Material culture-loaded Words ,Material culture-loaded words reflect material culture characteristic of a certain country which covers tools of production, daily appliances, food and costumes, etc. On account of people‟s habits and culture background differing from one country to another country, the material culture-loaded words are used to play different roles in different culture. Material Culture-loaded words can be picked up easily in the novel of Fortress Besieged, such as “wedding dinner”, “yamen”, “majhong”, “sedan-chair”, “pack his bedding”, “outlet”, “baked sesame buns, fried puffs and five-spice beans”, “mou”, “li”, “Chinese dress”, etc.3.3 Social Culture-Loaded WordsThose words refer to social culture are named social culture-loaded words. For that different societies own different history background, political features and cultural practice, Social culture is the richest and most complicated. It includes everything non-material. Social culture-loaded words carry their unique social characteristics. And China as one of the most ancient civilizations in the word, there is no doubt that many social culture-loaded words. Moreover, nearly all these social culture-loaded words in Chinese have no counterparts in English. When translators translate those social culture-loaded words they are not just coping with words but two totally different cultures.Social Culture-loaded words can be easily picked up in Fortress Besieged, su ch as “The Flower in the Mirror”, “dowry”, “I”, “father-in-law”,“my wife”,“bowed and genuflected “,“horoscope”, “Chen-yuan times”,“at expert in all eighteen of the military arts”,“pull the empty-town bluff”, “Shaoxing operas”,“sympathy-getting ploy”,“The one installed three days earlier becomes the wife”, etc.3. 4 Religious Culture-loaded WordsIt is Religious culture that plays a crucial role in the process of human culture. Almost in every nation you can find religions. For the most westerners, they have faith in Christianity. And since the ancient times, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have great influences on Chinese culture, the language of Chinese, and people‟s thinking patterns.Those religious culture-loaded words have no equivalence in the target language English due to their unique religious beliefs. In order to transmit the connotations of religious culture, the translators are supposed to use the proper translation strategies to let the target readers react to text just like the readers in the original language do. In Fortress Besieged, there are numerous words which are embedded with religious culture. “choose an auspicious date”, “goddess of Mercy chant”, “a friend read my fortune”, “along the way bad luck will turn to good”, “ultima tely everything came out well, and we reach the Western Paradise [Buddhist heaven]”, “affinity”, “Kitchen God”, and so on.3. 5 Linguistic Culture-loaded WordsLanguage, as a part of culture, itself also make a contribution to human culture. Linguistic culture-loaded words can reflect the linguistic characteristics of a certain language community. It is a common knowledge that Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family while English belongs to Indo-European language family. Since Chinese and English belong to different language family, so they own different language features.Qian Zhongshu who is a master of language applied numerous verbal techniques in Fortress Besieged to make the language humorous and enrich the novel‟s linguistic culture. Under the circumstance, the translation of linguistic culture-loaded words is far more difficult than above four kinds of culture-loaded words.There are a lot of linguistic culture-loaded words in the novel of Fortress Besieged, which show author‟s superb language skills, such as, “after the bitter comes the sweet”, “call him …Granny‟”, “when they were equals”, “chattered”,“as western science moves forward, Chinese scientists move upward”, “this man should have this disease”, “The same manner as the peerless beauty whose one glance could conquer city and second glance could vanquish an empire”, etc.4. Reader’s Response Theory and the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Fortress BesiegedIn the following part, some translations of five types of culture-loaded words in Fortress Besieged are picked up to analyze from reader-response theory. What‟s more, several translation methods are employed in the translation of those culture-loaded words. At last, from the view of reader‟s response theory, the tra nslation of culture-loaded words show the English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged successfully. To some extent, there are some parts existing culture loss, but the translation can let the target readers fundamentally understand those culture-loaded words carrying abundant culture in the original text.4.1 Reader’s Response Theory and the Translation of EcologicalCulture-loaded Words in Fortress BesiegedIn Fortress Besieged, there are many ecological cultural-loaded words. A detailed analysis of some ecological cultural-loaded words in Fortress Besieged from reader‟s response will be given.1. 这是七月下旬,合中国旧历的三伏,一年最热的时候。

无锡职业技术学院学报JOURNAL OF WUXI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY第19卷第6期Vol19 No62020年11月Nov 2020DOI ： 10.13750/j. cnki. issn. 1671-7880. 2020. 06. 013目的论视角下红色旅游外宣文本中文化负载词的英译研究方茜(洛阳理工学院外国语学院，河南洛阳471003)摘要：红色旅游逐渐成为中国新兴的一种小长假特色旅游形式以及研学旅行的热门，甚至吸引 了越来越多的外国游客。

红色旅游外宣翻译对于传播中国文化、增强中国文化软实力具有重要的意义。

文章结合文化负载词的翻译原则和红色旅游外宣文本的特征，以功能语法目的论为指导，采 用直译法、意译法、直译加注法及删减法对红色旅游外宣文本中文化负载词的英译进行了实例 分析。

关键词：红色旅游；文化负载词；目的论中图分类号：H315.9文献标志码：A 文章编号：1671-7880(2020)06-0058-05Study on the Translation of Culture Loaded Words in Red TourismPublicity Texts from the Perspective of Skopos TheoryFANG Qian(ForeignLanguagesSchool ， Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology ， Luoyang471003， China )Abstract ：Inrecentyears ， red tourism has gradua l y become a new type of holiday tourism in China and ahottrendofresearchtrips Ithasevena t ractedmoreandmoreforeigntourists RedtourismtranslationisofgreatsignificanceinspreadingChinesecultureandenhancingitsculturalpower Basedonthetransla- tion principles of culture loaded words and the characteristics of the red tourism publicity texts , it is pro-posedtoadoptliteraltranslation &freetranslation &literaltranslationwithannotationsandreductionundertheguidanceofSkoposTheoryoffunctionalgrammarinthetranslationofcultureloadedwordsinthered tourismpublicitytextsKeywords : Red Tourism ； culture loadedwords ； Skopos Theory自2005年以来，伟人故里游"“重走长征路” 等特色旅游活动受到了越来越多国内外游客的青 睐。