美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期
Part two: American Literature
Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）
2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。
3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。
4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。
5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。
6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。
7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。
8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。
9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯的社会现实小说。
10. To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。
(I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文
11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。
12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。
13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。
14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。
15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。
16. He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。
17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。
(II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生
18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。
19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。
20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature. 爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。
21. Emerson id affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himse lf to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。
22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。
23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。”
24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。
25. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837.总的说来，爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格，堪称“美国学者”。
26. “Nature”-àthe essay discuss the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment. In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.“论自然”----全书讨论对自然的爱，对自然的利用，对自然的理性主义哲学，物质宇宙里的精神证据，人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。
(III) Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。霍桑
27. The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作，讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事，情节简单，但内容感人。
28. According to Hawthorne, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. ”霍桑认为，人人内心都有邪恶，这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心，但在一定的条件下就表现出来。
29. “The Birthmark” drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。
30. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。
31. Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的，必然向上帝赎罪。
32. Hawthorne is also a grea t allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in “Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅长隐喻，像《小伙子布朗》一样，他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。
33. The scarlet letter A is ambiguous. And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.人们对A 字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。
(IV) Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼
34. His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情，开创一种新的诗歌传统，抒发独特的自我。
35. the poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse” of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself.”诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我，更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。
36. As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼认为，诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。
37. In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时，惠特曼强调自我的物理存在和性爱。
38. Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I”.他的诗总用第一人称。
39. “Song of Myself”-àIn this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰：一是普遍性信仰，二是人类个别性和平等性。
(V) Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔
40. Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。
41. Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.这些有关航海历险的书中，《白鲸》最好，达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。
42. Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic. 《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。
43. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述，而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。
44. The Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然，复杂，深不可测，也很美丽。但对埃哈布，白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙，隐藏着未知和神秘。
45. Melville’s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华，创造才华，心理分析能力，观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。
英美文学美国部分——现实主义时期
Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期
1. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。
2. The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。
3. In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。
4. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。
5. In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。
(I) Mark Twain马克.吐温
6. Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。
7. Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy’s book specially written for the adults, is Twain’s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。
8. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves
to be the mile stone in American literature. 《汤姆.索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。
9. The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world; and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom. 汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。
10. Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.” The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature. 《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。
11. The climax arises with Huck’s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实，对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。
12. Huck’s final decision--- to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后决定：遵循自己内心的良知，而非世俗的道德。
13. Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。
14. Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。
15. Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。
16. Twain’s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。
17. His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。
18. Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply i mpressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization. 《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目，同时，通过马克.吐温对比性的描写，我们还看到了率真与世故，自然与文化，野蛮与文明的对立。
（II）Henry James亨利.詹姆斯
19. While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统，而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。
20. In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes. James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America. The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中，他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化，情感和道德方面的冲突，每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》，《黛西.米勒》，《欧洲人》，《贵妇人的画像》。
21. In his middle period, the works contain “The Bostonians”, “The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期创作包括《波士顿人》，《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。
22. In his last and major period, James returned to his “international theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主题”。
23. These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.（国际主题的小说）这些小说以国际，主要是欧美为大背景，集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。
24. The theme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出，小说的目的是现实生活。
25. The artist should be able to “feel” the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活，理解人性，然后忠实地将这些录入作品。
26. James’s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。
27. One of James’s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative “point of view”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析，以叙述着的视角为线索。
28. As to his language, James is not so easy to understand. He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。
29. “Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象，是美国精神的代表。
(III). Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森
30. Dickinson’s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。
31. Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature. In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects. 在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。
32. Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benev olence. Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽，包括身体，心理和情感三个方面。
33. One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。
34. More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的，诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。
35. her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她对自然的观察敏锐，描写细致，兴趣丰饶。
36. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern. eg. Capital letters as a means of emphasis. The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的诗大多无题，常以首句引用，诗中节奏特别，例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌，不讲规则，为人喜闻乐见。
37. Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. 她用词简洁，直率，平易。
38. Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显，但内容多样化，微妙而又深刻。
(IV) Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞
39. In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his “Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年，Jennie Gerhardt出版，随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》，《巨头》相继出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。
40. In his words, man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的话来说，人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的”。
41. From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be ---materialistic to the core.在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后，德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。
42. For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不够简洁，他的作品包容有余，选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。
43. His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.他的写作风格虽显粗糙，但内容严肃，与表现主题十分相符。
英美文学美国部分——现代时期
Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期
1. The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行，他们不把希望寄托在将来。
2. The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。
3. These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”. (why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”（原因）--由于他
们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。
4. Ezra Pound’s role as a leading spokesma n of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literatu庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。
5. F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德，海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。
6. O’Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。
7. J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’ classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。
8. In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer’s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break w ith the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。
9. A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。
10. There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实，语气上较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。
11. Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character’s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。
(I) Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德
12. Before graduating from university, he had mastered nine language.大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。
13. Pound’s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集，后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》，《人物》的书名出版。
14. Pound’s earlier poetry is sat urated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet’s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art. 庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题：歌颂女性，有关诗人自己的诗，爱情与友谊，死亡，美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。
15. Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example. Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.后来，他更关注现代文化问题：当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例，庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡，现代世界道德和社会的混乱，尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。
16. Pound’s artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement, which flourished from 1909 to 1917.庞德的艺术才华在意象主义运动中得到了充分发挥，这场运动从1909年到1917年发展得如火如荼。
17. This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson’s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.这一运动推动了现代派艺术的发展。在诗歌中，反对精工细琢夸夸其谈的语言，主张改革诗歌的媒体。
18. Pound endorsed the group’s three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则：一。直接处理诗歌主题；二。舍去装饰浮华的词藻；三/诗歌应有有机节奏，不要单词重复。
19. “The point of Imagism” , Pound wrote in 1914, “is that it does not use images as ornaments. The image itself is the speech. The image is the word beyond formulated language”.庞德曾于1914年写道：“意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰，意象本身就是语言。意象是超语言形式的词汇”。
20. The poet, he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must “screen himself” and speak indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a “mask”, that is, a person a.他认为，诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受，必须“把自己笼罩起来”，通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话，那就是神话或文学典故。
(II) Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特
21. Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poem s that investigate the basic themes of man’s life in his long poetic career: the individual’s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人，他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物，但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索，探讨了个人对自己，对别人，对世界以及对上帝的关系。
22. His pomes contains “Mending the Wall”, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown)，and “After Apple-Picking”.他的诗包括《补墙》，《未选择的路》，《雪夜林边停》（作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味）和《摘苹果后》。
(III) Eugene O’N eill尤金.奥尼尔
23. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama”.他被广泛誉为“美国戏剧之父”。
24. O’Neill’s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.奥尼尔第一部全剧〈天外边〉上演，这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。
25. Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg .The Hairy Ape. These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如〈毛猿〉，这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系，阶级冲突，性的束缚，社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。
26. Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.如〈伟大的布朗〉，它将象征主义，诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。
27. The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.〈冰
人来了〉以其复杂，讽刺，对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨，以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨，并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。
28. Of all the plays O’Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.在奥尼尔所有的作品重，多数是悲剧，处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点：生与死，幻觉和幻灭，疏远和交流，梦想和现实，自我和社会，欲望和挫折。
29. “The Hairy Ape”----Yank-brutal, stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines. This is a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity. In his sympathy, he opens the cage and liberates it, only to be killed by the real big hairy ape.“毛猿”----扬克，残忍，愚蠢并且猥亵，被认为是采矿工人的头,他是社会屈从于机器后的最终产物。这部剧本涉及到现代人的归属问题。
(IV) F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲兹杰拉德
30. Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。
31. His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。
32. He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒，并且酒后做出许多出轨的事，但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。
33. Fitzgerald’s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。
34. But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。
35. “The Great Gatsby”----At the en d of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby’s dream and decides to go back home to the West. Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself. Gatsby’s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream. 《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时，尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物，他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。
(V) Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威
36. In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams. 《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。
37. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品，通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造，表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。（迷惘的一代：一群离开祖国，参加战争的美国青年，战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历）
38. Hemingway’s second big success is A Farewell Arms. Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God’s design or his
beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry 在战争中受了伤，对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里，作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点，而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善，表明人类被命运投入了火坑。
39. For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。
40. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用诚实，纪律和控制来实现抗争（海明威式英雄）。
41. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.虽然打败仗，但吃败仗也是有尊严的，人类的肉体可以消亡，但精神永远不可战胜。
42. Hemin gway himself once said, “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾说过“冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面”。
43. No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的：他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。
44. “Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is “Indian Camp.” 《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个，也是很典型的故事。
(VI) William Faulkner威廉.福克纳
45. Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克纳成功的表现了整个南方社会的历史意识。
46. Of Faulkner’s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam! And Go Down, Moses.福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说：《喧嚣与骚动》，《八月之光》，《押沙龙，押沙龙！》和《摩西，走下去》。
47. The best story to highlight Faulkner’s concern is “The Bear,” in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》，在这部小说里，对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。
48. To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他认为，作家的主要职责就是探索并重视人类生活所秉承的各种可能性。
49. The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.现代意识流法也为福克纳所娴熟的运用来强调叙述的反映和内心深思。
50. Moreover，Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克纳还善于从多视角来描述。
51. The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他还运用了象征主义手法，并且大量引用了神话和圣经典故。
52. “A Rose for Emily”----In this story, Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration.《给爱米丽的玫瑰》----在这篇小说里，福克纳充分利用了哥特式的叙述方法。
《美国大学英语写作》课后习题答案(PART 1) ANSWER KEY Part One: Essay Writing 1 An Introduction to Writing Activity (Point and Support in a Paragraph), pages 5–6 Point: There are drawbacks to moviegoing. Support: 1. Inconvenience b. Long time to find parking spot and long walk to theater d. Sticky floor 3. Other moviegoers a. Running kids b. Laughing, shouting teenagers Activity (Introductory Paragraph), 8 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a. Inconvenience of going out b. Temptations of the theater c. Behavior of some patrons Activity (Body: Supporting Paragraphs), 9–10 1. To begin with, I just don’t enjoy the general hassle
of the evening. 2. b. Parking lot is always jammed d. Tickets may sell out, and theater is crowded e. Tickets cost up to $8 each 3. Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really don’t need. 4. b. 2) chocolate bars 3) Milk Duds 5. Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand. 6. a. Little kids race up and down the aisles b. Teenagers talk back to the screen, whistle, make funny noises Activity (Concluding Paragraph), 10 1. a 2. c Review Activities, 18–20 Answers will vary. 2 The Writing Process Activities (Freewriting, Questioning, Making a List, Clustering, Scratch Outline), 25–31
申请美国TOP50名校本科，这些最低申请要求你一定要满足 2017年的美国本科申请马上就要开始了，相信很多同学现在忙得焦头烂额的在准备申请材料中!那么，申请美国TOP50名校，你需要什么准备哪些申请材料呢?你要满足哪些最低要求呢?今天，天道小编就给大家整理了美国前50的名校的申请材料和要求。 申请材料 1.课外活动表格 如何参与这个活动、花多长时间参与以及你担任的角色，根据每个申请学校的要求作答。 2.高中成绩 初三、高一、高二的成绩单;除了提早申请，申请者当年秋季的成绩单也要提交。 3.SAT成绩、托福成绩 根据每个学校要求提供。 4.个人陈述 个人陈述要用细节打动招生官，要连贯性强的全面展示真实的申请人。 5.推荐信 推荐信要确保时间与大学申请截止时间的间隔。推荐信切记少而精，美国名校只看重每封推荐信的质量，一封普通的、平淡的推荐信反而会有负面作用。 推荐信最好是通过实例表达品格，谨记推荐信表达的意思要与个人陈述一致。提前找一个真正了解你、与你关系比较好的老师去写推荐信，班主任、数学老师和英语老师一般是比较好的选择。 6.财力证明 美国大学还会要求学生提供财力证明，以示学生有能力负担其本科教育开支。 申请美本名校硬性指标 三个成绩+AP 1，托福成绩： 申请美国名校，托福成绩最好在108分及以上，且单项不低于26分。国际学生及在美国居住不满3年的学生如果希望申请美国大学需要提供托福成绩;美国名校更看重学生的英语应用能力。
建议可以在高一的暑假开始接触托福考试，暑假结束的时候可以考一次试试看。然后利用高二 上学期空余的时间好好准备取得一个不错的成绩。 2，SAT成绩： SAT是美国高考，分SAT1和SAT2。在招生中首先看重的是SAT成绩(名校更看重SAT阅读成绩)，这个成绩对是否被录取的影响是决定性的。目前国内高中生要去香港或者新加坡等地考试。SAT1的 分数至少要达到1800+、SAT阅读至少650+才有可能被前30名校录取;SAT2大多数学生会选择数学、化学、物理、生物、语言、文学、美国历史、世界历史等科目，美国名校申请需要考2-3门SAT2。 中国学生最差的就是SAT阅读，而SAT阅读是美国名校在三科(阅读、数学、写作)最为看重的。 建议可以在高二寒假的时候可以接触一下SAT考试，然后充分准备后高二结束前的五月可以考 一次SAT1，六月可以考SAT2。这样即使第一次SATI考得不是最理想，也可以十月，十一月的时候 再试。 值得提醒的是SAT考试应该有充分的准备后才去考。因为有些学校的送分政策规定会查阅学生 每次考试成绩，第一次的成绩太差或者考试次数太多都会影响招生官对你的评价。 3，学校成绩： 学校成绩一般包括GPA(平均成绩)、年级排名、各科考试分数。GPA是申请者在高中阶段总成绩的体现，年级排名体现申请者与同学校其他申请人的差距。你需要从九年级也就是国内的初中三年 级开始保持在校成绩优异，高中成绩最好呈现上升趋势。在高中，选课的时候不要太偏科。因为很 多大学在录取学生的时候对学生高中所修的课程也会有一定的要求。比如说加州大学的各个分校要 求申请者在中学阶段必须完成4学年的英文学习，两学年有实验的理科课程，三学年数学课程(包括基础代数，几何和中级代数)等等。 4，AP： AP课程并非是申请美国名校的必考项目。但如果参加AP课程考试并取得好成绩，对申请顶尖 大学是极为有利的。AP课程考试成绩优异的话，可以让大学招生官认为该学生渴望追求知识、学习 非常主动、敢于挑战自己，从而增添获得录取的可能性。另一方面，在进入大学后，如果AP课程考试成绩好，有可能直接申请大学学分，从而免修相应大学课程，缩短学习时间，节省学费。 申请美本名校软性指标 活动 课外活动参加运动队和宗教活动，考古、创办社团、创办杂志、举办活动;培刚多次强调活动在于持久而不在于多，如果申请者三年参与2个活动且都担任主要角色，比泛泛的参加5、6个活动效果强百倍。
●电影学院：所谓电影学院就是指专门为电影理论研究，电影制作以及电影辅助职业 提供教育和实践的学术机构。纯正的电影学院多为学科齐全，分类明细并且有着广泛的职业发展方向。例如我们熟知的北京电影学院，它是一所培养专业电影人才的学术机构。 事实上广义的电影学院包含的更加广阔，类似世界著名的美国南加州大学的电影与电视学院（USC Film School）就是隶属综合研究型大学南加州大学的一所学院，此学院名 为电影与电视学院，包含了电影和电视制作。而一般美国人习惯称呼它为USC film school。诸如此类的大学直属学院的学校很多，加州大学洛杉矶分校UCLA，纽约大学天赤艺术学院NYU-Tisch。 ●电影学位：按照世界范围内的学术标准差异，一般大部分本科阶段学校多提供BA （文学士学位））居多，少部分职业和艺术学院提供BFA(艺术学士学位)，个别艺术学院的设计专业和数字媒体提供的是BS（理学士专业）。研究生阶段分MA和MFA两个方向，一般MA多为1年到两年的Film studies（电影学）方向，主要学习和研究电影理论知识。而提供MFA专业的多为 MFA film production（电影制作），此学位主要从事电影制作，写作，导演和后期工作。美国目前为止只有极个别的学校开设的研究生方向有MFA Directing，大部分多为production。这一点与我国本科就分出导演，制片，摄影专业有很大的区别。目前为止美国暂时很少学校提供研究生以上的表演方向的学位，多为大学和社区学院提供的学士和副学士学位为主，而认证学位的表演更受欢迎。开始Ph.d(博士)的学校很少，因为美国的电影学博士研究多集中在威斯康星麦迪逊大学（UW-Madison），哥伦比亚大学（ColumbiaUniversity）以及德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校（UT-Austin），当然类似UCLA USC NYU这三个主力大学也是高级电影理论培训的主力军。 ●电影专业划分： 电影史学（Film History）：虽然现在美国的1945以前的电影史主要是大卫豹德维尔的妻子学者汤姆森克里斯蒂森的学术研究为主，但实际上这个专业的最早期和比较传统的建设在法国，法国新浪潮时期出了很多“枪手”，他们是电影史学的主要研究者。 所以此专业美国提供的很少，事实上这个方向多包含在电影学（Film studies）之下。 纽约的文理学院沙拉劳伦斯学员（Sarah Lawrence）提供本科的电影史学位。 电影学（Film Studies）：如果说电影的系统理论研究最早出自法国人巴赞之手，那么事实上现在的全世界电影学早已经以美国为中心和重心了。这可能多少与美国电影工业强大有很大的关系。美国大概有300多所大学提供本科阶段的电影学（Film studies）的专业和辅业，开设的课程多为电影理论，电影史，电影/视频制作，电影美学，写作，类型学为主。提供电音制作的学校会开设，灯光，摄影，剪辑，数字制作，特效，制片等课程。 编剧/创意写作（Screenplay/Writing）:剧本写作专业主要培训学生从事创意写作，剧本写作以及写作方面的能力。这个专业目前开设的不多，但是创意写作却又很多大学开设，并且培养了大量的优秀人才为娱乐以及艺术提供写作支持。 电影制作（Film Production）：事实上美国开设的电影制作专业并不完全是为电影培养人才的，这就和美国的传媒学院并不是为电视制作培养人才是一个道理。很多学校都是同一套系统培养交叉。即使在高度分工化的美国，很多情况下电影和电视制作也是
Suggested Answers for The Yellow Ribbon ” -by Pete Hamill (P . 210) 1. Vingo returned from prison to find that his wife still loved him and wanted him back. 2. b 3. a 4. B 5. Two examples: Vingo tells his story slowly and painfully and with great hesitation. Vingo tells his story slowly and painfully and with great hesitation/' 6. Examples of Vingo's being honorable: He doesnrt express any self-pity about being in jail. He owns up to his crime. He offers his wife her freedom. 7. Place names: Fort Lauderdale, New Jersey, Washington, Jacksonville, the 34th Street Other transition: Terminal in New York, Philadelphia, Brunswick 8. But if she didn't... 9. Maybe the author Hamill asked one of the young people in the story about her traveling experience. 10. The author ends this essay by describing how the young people shouted excitedly when they saw the yellow ribbons on the oak tree and how Vingo rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home nervously. We may expect that Vingo would receive an amazing and warm welcome when he walks into his home. The author just wants to leaves some space for the readers to think and imagine freely. P.256--Taming the Anger Monster: by Anne Davidson 1. d 2. Anger has become an increasingly common problem in our society. 3. According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patiencce. 4. Effect: An epidemic of anger Three causes: Lack of time, technology, tension 6. B 7. 7. To begin with Technology is also Tension, the third major culprit 8. D 9. The first paragraph presents a story about a person with anger problems. The last paragraph shows how that story was successfully resolved. Supporting Point 1: Pw 曲 raph(s) SiLipfMP< 2; Psi raj 1 rupb(sl Slipporlirtg IFint 3： Paragruphtsj SupFR/Hr% l\jhU 4； Supporling Pohm W Piimp rnph*i Ctiiicliisiuri: Pumgruph: Mm
2020高考英语作文写作模板：100个英语写作常用句型 整理了《2020高考英语作文复习资料》，希望对同学们的高考作文备考有所帮助。 1. It is important for everyone to learn English well in our rapidly developing world. 在这个迅速发展的世界里，对每个人来说，学好英语是非常重要的。 同样句型包括：It is important/(necessary, difficult, convenient, possible)for sb. to do sth. 2. The harder you work at it, the more progress you will make. 你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。 (1)The+比较级..., the+比较级... (2)比较级+and+比较级(The world is getting smaller and smaller.) 3. If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 如果每个人都为保护环境做出贡献，世界会变得更加美好。 类似的句型还有：If necessary…, they can…
4. The best way to remember new words is to practice them everyday. 记忆新单词最好的方法是每天练习这些单词。 5. The atmosphere in my family is fantastic 我的家庭气氛温馨和睦。 6. The reason why people choose to live in the city is that the life is more convenient and colorful. 人们为什么选择生活在城市的原因是因为城市的生活更方便、更多彩。 7. I had a great first impression of American people. 我对美国人民有了很好的第一印象。 8. We have lots of confidence in our ability to solve any problem. 我们对自己解决问题的能力有足够的信心。 9. With the rapid development of modern technology, the Internet has become a necessary part of our daily life and work. 随着现代科技的迅速发展，互联网已经成为生活和工作中必不可少的一部分。 10. You should read as many books as you possibly can.
说及摄影专业，随之生活的提高，该专业也成了一个热门的学科，而美国的摄影相关专业院校也众多。今天acg小编给大家介绍一下美国大学摄影专业排名，希望对你有帮助。 一、摄影专业介绍 摄影专业留学一般分为三个方向，艺术摄影，商业摄影，新闻纪实摄影。摄影专业主要培养广泛的科学文化和艺术理论知识，使学生具备电影、电视、广告、图片摄影摄像能力，以及在电影厂、电视制作部门、广告宣传部门、音像出版部门等从事摄影艺术创作、教学和研究工作的高级专业人才。 二、美国大学摄影专业排名 1.耶鲁大学(Yale University) 申请难度：4.7;优势专业：建筑设计、平面设计、摄影;院校地址：美国康涅狄格州纽黑文市 摄影专业 耶鲁大学的摄影研究生专业在全美排名第一。两年制，每年录取9名学生。摄影专业设施也是一流的，绝对能满足学生对设备的需求。学生会得到一些黑白和彩色照片拍摄的指导。每周都会有艺术家和评论家小组和大家进行讨论，对大家的作品进行评价。研究生期间，必须修满42个学分。 2.芝加哥艺术学院(School of the Art Institute of Chicago) 申请难度：4.0;优势专业：建筑设计、服装设计、摄影;院校地址：美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市 摄影 SAIC不断在给摄影媒介下定义，老师和学生们也在很大程度上参与到理论实践中。该学院对传统形式的图片创造较为关注，也使得SAIC的摄影相比于其他拥有与众不同的反响。在多种多样的概念结构下进行学习创造，研究生们为他们的工作奠基了理论性，历史性，批判性的基础。摄影学院拥有最为现代化思潮，哲理性、理论研究较为师资，带领学生进行当代摄影实践。在这样自由又富有创造性的氛围里，摄影专业的学生也经常到其他院系旁听，拓宽自己的知识面，寻求艺术灵感。 3.加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California Los Angeles) 申请难度：4.6;优势专业：动画设计、多媒体设计、纯艺术;院校地址：美国洛杉矶 加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)是一所公立研究型大学，坐落于美国加州福尼亚州洛杉矶韦斯特伍德区，是美国最顶尖的公立大学。UCLA是美国商业金融、高科技产业、电影艺术等专业人才的摇篮，是全美培养尖端人才领域最广的大学。它是加利福尼亚大学系统中的第二所大学，与加州大学伯克利分校齐名 4.罗彻斯特理工学院(Rochester Institute of Technology) 申请难度：4.4;优势专业：工业设计、数字媒体、摄影;院校地址：纽约州罗切斯特市 影像艺术专业
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6413581134.html, 立思辰留学360介绍，很多艺术学生选择到美国留学，然而，中国和美国都没有一个完整学术和统一的艺术专业划分，在此特对美国的艺术教育专业划分如下。对大家学习和就业都提供一个参考。 传统艺术(Fine arts) 包括传统绘画雕塑陶瓷等 传播艺术(communication art) 包括一切建筑设计工业产品设计环境设计等 媒体艺术( media art)包括一切媒体影像电影电视数字技术动画等 艺术专业类型分列如下： 艺术理论 ---艺术史 (侧重艺术历史的研究，在中国有些是作考古出生的主要为博物馆，画廊，社会公共机构工作，一般MFA PHD学位都有提供，是艺术教育和艺术领域必不可少的基础学科) ---艺术教育(从事小学，中学的艺术相关教育工作，用艺术美学，教育心理学等交叉学科训练新的教育模式) ---艺术评论分析(与艺术史不同的是此类专业学生侧重理论批评和材料分析，主要是对现代艺术作研究的，毕业多作艺术媒体评论以及分析工作) 艺术写作 ---MFA in writing (侧重写作培养和 workshop的训练毕业后主要从事写作相关的工作也许很多人认为是单纯的作家事实上跟文字艺术化打交道的一切工作都可以) 传统艺术 ---绘画 Drawing ---油画 Painting ---手工 craft (处理木头塑料金属等) ---雕塑 sculpture ---陶瓷 ceramics (有的时候也做珠宝和装饰物设计生产) ---版画 printmaking 互联网留学360介绍：环境设计
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6413581134.html, ---建筑学(从事房屋和建筑物的设计和部分建造，此专业毕业学生多做建筑师和建筑设计师) ---室外设计(从事除建筑主体设计外的外部区域环境设计，例如园林，景观和其他辅助物体的设计，有的时候和建筑学交叉) ---室内设计(传统意义上的给装修队作设计的专业，负责市内和建筑物内的陈列以及装修设计，还有些是作展览布置和陈列设计的) 设计艺术 ---平面/图形设计(从事传统意义上的2D和平面设计，包括对图形和视觉符号的艺术化处理，出来就业非常之广，涉及各个和图形打交道的领域) ——VI设计 (符号形象界面等综合设计) ——网页设计(网页美观化设计) ——出版物设计(出版物整体封面内画排版美术处理) ——包装产品设计(包装产品外部图画和文字设计) --- 工业设计 (从事具体工业产品的设计，上到宇宙飞船，下到螺丝钉，一切和产品或者机械工业品的东西，也是中国目前高温的专业和就业方向) ——交通工具设计(从事飞机，游艇，汽车，摩托车，自行车等交通工具的设计，强调物理和机械领域的基本功) ——产品设计(具体生产产品的外形内部结构，外观设计) ——玩具设计(包括具体形象产物交叉概念设计，玩具的电子与机械化构造) ——CAD模型设计(从事软件交互设计和模型设计) ---插画设计 illustration (图书，杂志，海报等插图画制作设计) 时尚艺术 ---服装设计 (服装的创意设计，加工处理和制造) ---珠宝设计 (装饰物和珠宝的造型以及加工设计处理) ---发型/造型设计 (与化妆所不同的是它更强调作为独特存在物本身的心理与生理上的个体设计) 传媒
Suggested Answers for “The Yellow Ribbon”—by Pete Hamill (P. 210) 1.Vingo returned from prison to find that his wife still loved him and wanted him back. 2. b 3. a 4. B 5.Two examples: Vingo tells his story slowly and painfully and with great hesitation. Vingo tells his story “slowly and painfully and with great hesitation.” 6. Examples of Vingo’s being honorable: He doesn’t express any self-pity about being in jail. He owns up to his crime. He offers his wife her freedom. 7. Place names: Fort Lauderdale, New Jersey, Washington, Jacksonville, the 34th Street Other transition: Terminal in New York, Philadelphia, Brunswick 8.But if she didn’t... 9.Maybe the author Hamill asked one of the young people in the story about her traveling experience. 10.The author ends this essay by describing how the young people shouted excitedly when they saw the yellow ribbons on the oak tree and how Vingo rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home nervously. We may expect that Vingo would receive an amazing and warm welcome when he walks into his home. The author just wants to leaves some space for the readers to think and imagine freely. P.256--Taming the Anger Monster: by Anne Davidson 1. d 2. Anger has become an increasingly common problem in our society. 3. “According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience.” 4. Effect: An epidemic of anger Three causes: Lack of time, technology, tension 6. B 7. 8.To begin with Technology is also Tension, the third major culprit 9.D 10.The first paragraph presents a story about a person with anger problems. The last paragraph shows how that story was successfully resolved. P289.--Born to Be Different?: by Camille Lewis c 2. a 3. D 4. She lists a series of examples where the “empathizing” mindset is evident: female-dominated careers, female reading matter, and female relationships 5. Brain anatomy Ways of interacting with the world
1. 书面表达热点预猜（1） 假设你是李红，你的一位美国笔友Robert写E-mail问及你高考后暑假的安排，请根据以下要点，写一封100词左右的email回复他, 可以适当增加细节。 1. 学开车 2. 参加英语培训课程 3. 去北京看奥运会 4. 游览北京的名胜 注意：1.根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯。 2.要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思； 3. 词数：100个左右。开头已给出，不计词数。 Dear Robert, How time flies! ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 【命题方向与写作提示】 高考英语书面表达写作素材都是与中学生的日常生活相关的话题，会避免出现考生不熟悉的话题，也不会出现农村或城市学生不熟悉的话题，注重考查考生的语言表达能力。本篇素材考查书信体裁的作文，是应用文的写作，话题涉及社会热点：北京奥运会，内容与中学生的实际生活相关：高考后暑假的安排，体裁是书信体的电子邮件。写作要点包括：1）问候；2）引入话题：高考临近，高考后的安排；3）学开车；4）参加英语培训课程；5）去北京看奥运会；6）游览北京的名胜；7）结束语。 【写作提示】 书面表达一定要注意要点齐全，写作中要注意适当增加细节以使上下文连贯，并使用一定数量的句式结构。 范文(One possible version) Dear Robert: How time flies! The happy days we shared often shines in my memory. What about you? As you know, my college entrance exam is approaching, which also announces the end of this sort of pressing study life. However，I intend to have a meaningful summer vacation. First, I will learn to drive to get a driving license, which is a new activity for a high school graduate in China. I will have a good rest, enjoying my hobbies. Then I will take some English courses to improve my English communication ability, With the 2008 Olympics beginning, I will be a participant of it, watching the basketball match between China and the US. I have been dreaming of Kobe’s performance long. After that, I will pay a visit to some tourist attractions to widen my horizon. That is the plan for my vacation. I am looking forward to being told about your arrangements of vacation. Give me your quick reply soon, OK? Best wishes! 2. 书面表达热点预猜（2） 如今世界粮食短缺，价格飞涨，给部分地区造成社会动荡。假设在你校开展的研究性学习中，你们小组以“World Food Crisis”为题进行研究，现在请你代表你们小组向全体同学简要介绍你们的研究成果。主要内容如下：
美国电影专业/大学完全介绍 电影学院：所谓电影学院就是指专门为电影理论研究，电影制作以及电影辅助职业提供教育和实践的学术机构。纯正的电影学院多为学科齐全，分类明细并且有着广泛的职业发展方向。例如我们熟知的北京电影学院，它是一所培养专业电影人才的学术机构。事实上广义的电影学院包含的更加广阔，类似世界著名的美国南加州大学的电影与电视学院（USC Film School）就是隶属综合研究型大学南加州大学的一所学院，此学院名为电影与电视学院，包含了电影和电视制作。而一般美国人习惯称呼它为USC film school。诸如此类的大学直属学院的学校很多，加州大学洛杉矶分校UCLA，纽约大学天赤艺术学院NYU-Tisch。 电影学位：按照世界范围内的学术标准差异，一般大部分本科阶段学校多提供BA（文学士学位））居多，少部分职业和艺术学院提供BFA(艺术学士学位)，个别艺术学院的设计专业和数字媒体提供的是BS（理学士专业）。研究生阶段分MA和MFA两个方向，一般MA多为1年到两年的Film studies（电影学）方向，主要学习和研究电影理论知识。而提供MFA专业的多为MFA film production（电影制作），此学位主要从事电影制作，写作，导演和后期工作。美国目前为止只有极个别的学校开设的研究生方向有MFA Directing，大部分多为production。这一点与我国本科就分出导演，制片，摄影专业有很大的区别。目前为止美国暂时很少学校提供研究生以上的表演方向的学位，多为大学和社区学院提供的学士和副学士学位为主，而认证学位的表演更受欢迎。开始Ph.d(博士)的学校很少，因为美国的电影学博士研究多集中在威斯康星麦迪逊大学（UW-Madison），哥伦比亚大学（Columbia University）以及德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校（UT-Austin），当然类似UCLA USC NYU这三个主力大学也是高级电影理论培训的主力军。 电影专业划分： 电影史学（Film History）：虽然现在美国的1945以前的电影史主要是大卫豹德维尔的妻子学者汤姆森克里斯蒂森的学术研究为主，但实际上这个专业的最早期和比较传统的建设在法国，法国新浪潮时期出了很多“枪手”，他们是电影史学的主要研究者。所以此专业美国提供的很少，事实上这个方向多包含在电影学（Film studies）之下。纽约的文理学院沙拉劳伦斯学员（Sarah Lawrence）提供本科的电影史学位。 电影学（Film Studies）：如果说电影的系统理论研究最早出自法国人巴赞之手，那么事实上现在的全世界电影学早已经以美国为中心和重心了。这可能多少与美国电影工业强大有很大的关系。美国大概有300多所大学提供本科阶段的电影学（Film studies）的专业和辅业，开设的课程多为电影理论，电影史，电影/视频制作，电影美学，写作，类型学为主。提供电音制作的学校会开设，灯光，摄影，剪辑，数字制作，特效，制片等课程。 编剧/创意写作（Screenplay/Writing）剧本写作专业主要培训学生从事创意写作，剧本写作以及写作方面的能力。这个专业目前开设的不多，但是创意写作却又很多大学开设，并且培养了大量的优秀人才为娱乐以及艺术提供写作支持。 电影制作（Film Production）：事实上美国开设的电影制作专业并不完全是为电影培养人才的，这就和美国的传媒学院并不是为电视制作培养人才是一个道理。很多学校都是同一套系统培养交叉。即使在高度分工化的美国，很多情况下电影和电视制作也是交叉的。不过专业的电影学校提供的更多的机会是整套的电影制作的方案和解决方法，这点比一些传统的传媒学院或者艺术学院下的电影制作更专业，更商业。电影制作的学习人员可以选择性的专攻和从事一个方向，分为导演，制片，摄影，剪辑以及艺术指导。 电影摄影（cinematographer）这个专业能提供教学的学校很有限，比较大型的包括职业教育为主的加州布
美国大学专业介绍：广告学专业 1.简介： 广告学专业研究如何创造信息，并且如何在媒体上传递这些信息以说服人们接受，改变态度并购买目标产品。 2.是否适合你 你是否喜欢以下内容：写作，艺术和设计，对于各个领域有广泛的好奇心，紧跟时代潮流。 你是否擅长以下内容: 倾听，创造力，注重细节，批判性思维，定量分析能力，空间思维能力，团队合作。 3.典型课程设置 Principles of advertising Copywriting 广告文案写作 Advertising design Media planning Advertising campaigns Advertising management New media and internet design Creative strategy Market research Account planning 客户计划 Advertising sales Retail advertising Consumer behavior Social and economic aspects of advertising
Mass media law Marketing 侧重点：广告文案写作，广告设计，客户管理。 4.概述 广告学专业通常设置在新闻和大众传媒学院下面。除了专业课程，学生会广泛学习文科课程。典型的设置为四到五门广告学课程，若干门新闻写作和大众媒体法律和道德课程，再加上很多的文科课程。学生将被要求至少上一门市场营销方面的课程。 广告学是理论和实践紧密结合的专业。在很多课程里面，学生都要求做个人陈述和演讲，这也是广告行业内的重要技能。还有就是学生团队合作的能力和写作能力。如果你在艺术上很有天分，那么商业艺术设计专业和平面设计专业应该更适合你。 学生应学会同时在多个项目中工作。你偶尔也会遇到由于某些团队成员负责多个项目，你很难有约他而影响到你的工作。一些媒体策划和研究课程要求学生能够做定量分析，因此学生要有一定的数学能力。 企业非常看重广告学专业学生的实习和工作经验。学生的实习单位包括广告公司，报社，广播机构，以及在大学校园内的报社和广播电台。处在城市内的大学在这方面会有明显优势。广告学所学知识的广泛性，以及在沟通能力，批判性思维能力方面的训练也为学生将来在其他行业的发展做了很有价值的准备。 其他相关专业 Journalism 新闻 Broadcast journalism 广播新闻 Marketing Commercial/advertising arts Public relations Business administration and management Communications English Graphic design 平面设计
ANSWER KEY Part One: Essay Writing 1 An Introduction to Writing Activity (Point and Support in a Paragraph), pages 5–6 Point: There are drawbacks to moviegoing. Support: 1. Inconvenience b. Long time to find parking spot and long walk to theater d. Sticky floor 3. Other moviegoers a. Running kids b. Laughing, shouting teenagers Activity (Introductory Paragraph), 8 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a. Inconvenience of going out b. Temptations of the theater c. Behavior of some patrons Activity (Body: Supporting Paragraphs), 9–10 1. To begin with, I just don’t enjoy the general hassle of the evening. 2. b. Parking lot is always jammed d. Tickets may sell out, and theater is crowded e. Tickets cost up to $8 each 3. Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really don’t need. 4. b. 2) chocolate bars 3) Milk Duds 5. Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand. 6. a. Little kids race up and down the aisles b. Teenagers talk back to the screen, whistle, make funny noises Activity (Concluding Paragraph), 10 1. a 2. c Review Activities, 18–20 Answers will vary. 2 The Writing Process Activities (Freewriting, Questioning, Making a List, Clustering, Scratch Outline), 25–31
如何发表一场精彩的英语演讲(精选多篇) 第一篇：如何发表一场精彩的英语演讲 1.演讲前的准备 准备是搞好演讲的前提。首先是要确立一个题目或一个话题。一般演讲赛都分为命题演讲和即兴演讲。如要进行演讲比赛则必须对各个方面加以准备：政治、经济、文化、教育等，找好立意点，拟定题目，如政治方面的演讲主题：wto、统一、和平与发展、机遇与挑战；经济方面演讲主题：西部大开发、农村经济、再就业；教育方面演讲方题：中西方教育的不同、远程教育、终身教育、枪手；文化方面演讲主题：文化的交流与融合、校园文化；环保方面演讲主题：manandnature；科技方面演讲主题：网络、克隆、基因；卫生方面演讲主题：keepphysicallyandmentallyhealthy；体育方面演讲主题：olympics……有些方面题目太大，可从多角度和多侧面思考，找好切入点，将题目细化和具体化，写出演讲稿的提纲，构思和组织演讲稿结构。 拟定好话题后的第二步就是演讲材料的收集与整理。其中最好的方法就是有计划地阅读大量的英语原文以及各类英语报刊杂志，阅读是一个循序渐进的过程，同时也是培养英语思维的过程，对提高英语的口头表达能力和书面表达能力是至关重要的。利用有关资源与材料（如图书、报刊、杂志或网络资源等）收集所需的内容。然后对材料
加以整理或进行梳理，舍弃不太重要的内容或用不上的材料，准备写演讲稿。 2.演讲稿的写作 演讲稿首先开头要开门见山，既要一下子抓住听众又要提出你的观点，中间要用各种方法和所准备的材料说明、支持你的论点，感染听众，然后在结尾加强说明论点或得出结论，结束演讲。 演讲稿的写作有严格的要求，就内容而言要主题鲜明，表达完整；就文章组织结构而言要思维清晰，逻辑性强；就语言而言要有感染力、形象生动。写作时可根据需要有效、正确地使用英语写作方法和技巧，如恰当地运用明喻、暗喻、夸张等各种修辞方法，用词要准确，尽量避免使用生僻、模糊、晦涩的字词。总之，要考虑听众对象，注意演讲的措辞，但又要简明扼要、有理有力、结构紧凑。许多着名的演说家的不朽之作都有振奋人心、扭转乾坤般的力量。从马丁．路德．金的“ihaveadream”，美国总统林肯所作的着名的盖茨堡演说，到克林顿在北大的演说，不少句子都成为不朽的佳句，值得认真研读。 3.进行演讲 具备演讲的知识和技巧，演讲稿的完成只是演讲的序幕，要进行成功的演讲则要进行严格的训练。训练时，分析演讲要领，训练演讲技巧和姿势语，观看cctv杯和爱立信杯等英语演讲的录像，了解并按