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考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-Unit 8-9【圣才出品】

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Unit 8 生态环境类Passage 1（华东师范大学2008年考博试题）Since there is such an abundance of food in the sea, it is understandable that some of the efficient, highly adaptable, warm-blooded mammals that evolved on land should have returned to the sea. Those that did do that have flourished. Within about 50 million years—no time at all, geologically speaking—one of the four kinds of mammals that has returned to a marine environment has developed into the largest of all animal forms, the whale. A second kind, the seal, has produced what is probably the greatest population of large carnivorous mammals on Earth. This suggests that these “top dogs” of the ocean are prospering and multiplying. However, such has not been the case, at least not for the last 150 years. Trouble has closed in on these mammals in the form of equally warm-blooded and even more efficient and adaptable predators, humans. At sea, as on land, humans have now positioned themselves on top of the whole great pyramid of life, and they have caused serious problems for the mammals of the sea.There is a simple reason for this. Marine mammals have the misfortune to be swimming aggregates of commodities that humans want: fur, oil, and meat. Even so, they might not be so vulnerable to human depredation if they did not, like humans, reproduce so slowly. Every year humans take more than 50 million tons of fish from the oceans without critically depleting the population of any species. But the slow-breeding mammals of the sea have been all but wiped out by humans seekingto satisfy their wants and whims.1. Which of the following statements about marine mammals best expresses themain idea of the passage?A. They have their origins on land.B. They have evolved successfully but are now threatened by humans.C. they compete with one anoth er for the ocean’s food supply.D. They have many of the biological traits of humans.2. What advantage did some land mammals gain by returning to the sea?A. Fewer predators exist in the sea.B. More space is available in the sea.C. There is a greater supply of food in the sea.D. The climate is more hospitable in the sea.3. It can be inferred from the passage that during the last 150 years humans have ______.A. constructed submarinesB. learned how to swimC. threatened the existence of some marine mammalsD. begun to harvest certain plants from the ocean as food4. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A. The whale’s ancestors were driven into the sea by humans.B. The food supply of seals is being depleted by humans.C. The whale evolved from a species of land-dwelling mammal.D. Whales are a more efficient and adaptable species than humans.5. It can be inferred from the passage that marine mammals are like humans inwhich of the following ways?A. They survive despite changes in their metabolic rates.B. They reproduce slowly.C. They are prospering and multiplying.D. They are depleting the vegetation of the seas.【答案与解析】1.B 本文主要讲了一些原本在陆地生存的高效率的，适应性强的暖血型动物返回海洋生存并在那里种族繁荣。

但在近150年以来，人类成为这些哺乳动物的日益迫近的威胁。

人类从它们身上获取自己所需的皮毛、油和肉等。

某些繁殖缓慢的海洋哺乳动物濒临灭绝。

文章第一句话提到哺乳动物returned to the sea，return（返回）表明了他们的origins在海洋而不在陆地。

C、D两项在文中没有提及。

2.C 文章第一句提到Since there is such an abundance of food in the sea, … some ofthe…mammals that ev olved on land should have returned to the sea. 既然海洋中有如此丰富的食物，一些原本在陆地生存的高效率的，适应性强的暖血型动物返回海洋生存是不难理解的。

即，这些动物返回海洋的有利之处是海洋中有丰富的食物。

3.C 文章最后一句提到But the slow-breeding mammals of the sea have been all butwiped out by humans seeking to satisfy their wants and whims.但繁殖缓慢的海洋哺乳动物却因为有了一心只想满足一已私欲的人类而几乎灭绝。

即在近150年以来，人类已经威胁到某些海洋哺乳动物的生存。

4.C 文章第三句话提到鲸是返回海洋的4种浦乳动物之一，即鲸原先是生活在陆地上的。

A、B两项文章并未提及。

第一段倒数第二句话提到Trouble has closed…even moreefficient and adaptable predators, humans. 同样是暖血动物而且效率更高、适应性更强的捕食者，人类，成为这些哺乳动物的日益迫近的威胁。

因此D项说法错误。

5.B 最后一段提到Even so, they might not be so vulnerable to human depredationif they did not, like humans, reproduce so slowly.尽管如此，如果它们不像人类一样繁殖如此缓慢，它们对人类的掠夺也不会如此无能为力。

即，海洋哺乳动物和人类一样繁殖缓慢。

【题海拾贝】（1）mammal哺乳动物（2）carnivorous食肉类的（3）pyramid角锥，金字塔（4）depredation掠夺，破坏Passage 2（北京航空航天大学2007年考博试题）It didn’t happen over night. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries.Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.Today’s air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization.Civilized man desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases，and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences.Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree’s stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short，whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death oftenfollows.Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.1. The author attributes today’s air pollution to ______.A. the growth of civilizationB. ma n’s carelessnessC. environmental imbalanceD. some mysterious cause2. The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to ______.A. protective foliageB. thick barkC. genetic makeupD. tainted air3. Air pollution causes the most damage to ______.A. hardwoodsB. conifersC. fruit treesD. fluorides4. The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is ______.A. heavy industryB. chemical processing plants。

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考博士英语试题及答案

考博士英语试题及答案

考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。

（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-阅读理解分类解析-Unit 9 文化教育类【圣才出品】

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-阅读理解分类解析-Unit 9 文化教育类【圣才出品】

Unit 9 文化教育类Passage 1（清华大学2008年考博试题）In a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions Dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra stops this year to woo admitted student, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It’s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the majority of the humane season,” La rkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosed a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among app licants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, ‘I want to be a part of the action,’” says Stieffel, nothing that Loyola’s transfer applications were up30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are apply ing, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.1. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students willcommit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC. many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to maketheir choices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions2. The following statements are all false other than ______.A. Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind therecruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes toenroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due toreceiving fewer applications of students3. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ______.A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline4. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of ______.A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanes【答案与解析】1.B 根据第二段“In typical years, most college admissions official s can predictfairly by this point…Many of the most selective schools require student…to make their choices by May 1.”（通常情况下，大学的招生机构可以预测招收学生的数量，但是今年不同往年。

精编【考博英语】考博英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧讲义

精编【考博英语】考博英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧讲义

第五部分阅读理解第一章阅读理解题型及解题技巧一、主旨大意题主旨大意题是全局性的问题，也就是说只有读完全文，了解文章的大意才能做。

因此我们建议这类问题最好在做完这篇阅读理解所有问题后再去做，因为你在做完三、四题局部性的、细节辨认性的问题后，自然会对文章大意有一定的了解。

这时再去做主题大意题，就可省去读全文。

(一)常见的表述方式·What is the main topic of the p assage?·With what topic is the p assage primarily concerned?·The central idea conveyed in the above p assage is that______．·Which of the following best sums up the p assag e?·The main idea of this p assage is______．·The p assage tells us______．·Which of the following statements best expresses／summarizes the main idea of the p assage?·What is the main idea of the p assage?·This article is mainly about______．·This p assage deals mainly with______．·What does the p assage mainly discuss?·Which of the following best states the theme of the p assage?·In this p assag e the author／writer mainly argues that______．·The purpose of the author in writing the article is to______．·What does the author intend to convey thr ough the p assage?(二)解题方法1．重要位置解题法任何一篇阅读理解文章都有一个中心思想。

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧【圣才出品】

考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧【圣才出品】

第一部分考试要求、命题形式与解题技巧一、考试要求阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）是博士生入学英语考试的重要组成部分，该题型一直是各院校考查的重点，为每年必考题型而且比重最大（个别院校除外），分值比重一般为30%或40%（电子科技大学达到50%）。

为了顺利通过博士生入学英语考试，考生必须高度重视阅读理解能力的训练和提高。

（一）测试要求在国家教育部颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》中关于“读”的能力要求为：掌握并能运用各项阅读技能（如概括中心思想，猜词悟意，预见，推理和推论等），具有语法水平上的分析能力。

能较顺利地阅读并正确理解有相当难度的一般性题材文章和其他读物，达到每分钟60-70个词，读后能够理解中心思想及内容。

计时阅读难度略低，生词不超过总词数2%的材料，速度达到每分钟100-120个词，读后能理解中心思想及主要内容。

总阅读量：精读30000个词左右，泛读80000个词左右。

原国家教委发布的《非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲》（试行稿）明确指出，阅读理解的测试目的主要是考查学生通过阅读材料获取信息的能力，要求考生在快速阅读材料的同时，能够正确地理解材料的意思。

具体而言，阅读理解主要测试考生如下几方面的能力：（1）所掌握词汇量的深度和广度，准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中特定含义的能力；（2）迅速总结所读材料的中心思想和段落大意，并找出一些表露作者观点的关键句子的能力；（3）对所读材料各段落之间的逻辑意义进行判断、推理和引申的能力；（4）注意一些对理解全文或某个关键句子起着重要的作用的细节问题的能力；（5）领会作者的观点和判断作者的态度，或者从阅读材料所隐含的意思中推断出作者的观点和态度的能力。

总之，阅读理解部分不但要求掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想，而且要求考生注意文中细节；不但要求对具体事实情节的理解，而且要求对其抽象含义的理解，既要理解字面意思，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等；既要求理解文中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系，又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理；既要求考生能够运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题，又要求考生能运用应有的常识去分析、理解问题。