2019最新1高层建筑结构设计英语

建筑结构英文作文英文：When it comes to building structures, there are many factors to consider. The structural design must be able to withstand the forces that will be exerted upon it, such as wind, rain, and earthquakes. Additionally, the materials used must be strong and durable enough to support the weight of the structure and resist deterioration over time.One important aspect of building structures is the use of beams and columns. These elements are used to distribute the weight of the structure evenly across the foundation and provide support for the floors and walls. The type of beam and column used will depend on the size and shape of the structure, as well as the materials being used.Another important factor in building structures is the use of joints and connections. These are the points where different elements of the structure come together, and theymust be designed to withstand the forces and stresses that will be placed upon them. There are many different types of joints and connections, each with their own strengths and weaknesses.In addition to the design and materials used, the construction process itself is also important. Thestructure must be built according to the plans and specifications, and the workers must be skilled and experienced in order to ensure that the structure is built to the highest standards.Overall, building structures is a complex and challenging process that requires careful planning, attention to detail, and a deep understanding of the principles of structural engineering.中文：谈到建筑结构，有很多因素需要考虑。

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑结构High-Rise Building StructureAbstract:High-rise buildings have become common in modern cities across the world. Structural considerations play a crucial role in the planning and design of these buildings. The structural system of a high-rise building must be able to support its own weight as well as any additional loads imposed by occupancy and natural forces such as wind and earthquakes. This paper provides an overview of the structural systems commonly used in high-rise buildings, including reinforced concrete, steel, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the factors that affect their selection based on the specific requirements of a building.Introduction:In modern cities, high-rise buildings have become an increasingly popular option for meeting the growing need for office and residential space. High-rise buildings have several advantages, including the efficient use of land, the ability to accommodate large numbers of people, and the provision of spectacular views. To achieve these benefits, it is important to develop a safe and efficient structural system for high-rise buildings.Structural Considerations for High-Rise Buildings:Structural considerations are critical for high-rise buildings. Such structures must be able to support their own weight, as well as resist loads imposed by occupancy and natural forces such as wind and earthquakes. The structural system must also be able to maintain stability throughout the building's lifespan, while providing adequate safety for its occupants.Common Structural Systems for High-Rise Buildings:Reinforced Concrete System:One of the most commonly used structural systems for high-rise buildings is reinforced concrete. This system is desirable because of its strength, durability, and fire resistance. Concrete is also easily moldable, which allows for various shapes and sizes to be used in the building design.Steel System:The steel structural system is another popular choice for high-rise buildings. Steel structures have a high strength-to-weight ratio, which makes them a good choice for taller and lighter buildings. They are also easily adaptable and have high ductility, making them more resistant to earthquake damage.Hybrid System:Hybrid structural systems, which combine the advantages of reinforced concrete and steel, have become increasingly popular in recent years. These systems include concrete encased steel frames, concrete-filled steel tubes, and steel reinforced concrete.Factors Affecting Selection:The selection of a structural system for a high-rise building depends on several factors, including the building height, location, climate, design requirements, and budget. For example, in areas with high wind loads, a steel or hybrid system may be preferable due to its high strength and ductility. In areas with high seismic activity, a reinforced concrete system may be more appropriate because of its superior resistance to earthquake damage.Advantages and Disadvantages of Structural Systems:Each structural system has its advantages and disadvantages. The reinforced concrete system is strong, durable, and fire resistant, but is also heavy and requires a longer construction period. The steel system is adaptable and has a high strength-to-weight ratio, but is also susceptible to corrosion and may require regular maintenance. The hybrid system combines the benefits of both systems but may be more expensive than either system alone.Conclusion:Structural considerations are critical for the planning and design of high-rise buildings. Reinforced concrete, steel, and hybrid systems are the most commonly used structural systems for high-rise buildings. The selection of a system depends on several factors, including the building height, location, climate, design requirements, and budget. Each system has its advantages and disadvantages, and careful consideration of these factors is necessary to develop a safe and efficient structural system for high-rise buildings.。

建筑结构是啥英语作文Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It is a complex and multifaceted discipline that involves a wide range of skills and knowledge, including engineering, design, aesthetics, and construction. The structure of a building is a fundamental aspect of architecture, as it forms the basis for the overall design and functionality of the building.The structure of a building refers to the arrangement and organization of its various components, including the walls, floors, columns, beams, and other structural elements. These elements work together to support the building and distribute its weight, ensuring its stability and safety. The structure also plays a crucial role in determining the building's form and appearance, as it influences the layout, spatial organization, and overall aesthetic of the building.From an engineering perspective, the structure of a building is designed to withstand various forces and loads, such as gravity, wind, and seismic activity. Engineers use principles of physics and mathematics to analyze and predict the behavior of the building under different conditions, ensuring that it remains stable and secure. This involves careful consideration of materials, structural systems, and construction techniques to achieve the desired performance and safety standards.In addition to its technical aspects, the structure of a building also has a significant impact on its architectural design and aesthetic qualities. The arrangement of structural elements can create unique spatial experiences, define interior and exterior spaces, and contribute to the overall character and identity of the building. Architects often integrate the structure into the overall design, using it as a means of expression and creativity to enhance the building's visual appeal and cultural significance.Furthermore, the structure of a building can influence its sustainability and environmental performance. By optimizing the use of materials, minimizing waste, and incorporating energy-efficient systems, architects and engineers can design buildings that are more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient. This holistic approach to building design considers the long-term impact of the structure on the environment and the community, promoting sustainable development and responsible construction practices.Moreover, the structure of a building also affects its functionality and usability. A well-designed structure can facilitate efficient circulation, provide flexible and adaptable spaces, and accommodate the diverse needs of its users. Whether it's a residential, commercial, or institutional building, the structural design plays a crucial role in creating a comfortable, safe, and functional environment for occupants.In conclusion, the structure of a building is a fundamental aspect of architecture that encompasses technical, aesthetic, environmental, and functional considerations. It is a reflection of the collaborative effort between architects, engineers, and other professionals to create buildings that are not only visually striking but also safe, sustainable, and functional. As we continue to advance in technology and design innovation, the structure of buildings will continue to evolve, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the built environment.。

2019年高层建筑结构设计规范.doc高层建筑结构设计规范高层建筑结序号术语涵义1 高层建筑10层及10层以上或房屋高度大于28M的建筑物。

2 房屋高度自室外地面至房屋主要屋面的高度。

3 框架结构由梁和柱为主要构件组成的承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

4 剪力墙结构由剪力墙组成的承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

5 框架-剪力墙结构由框架和剪力墙共同承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

6 板柱-剪力墙结构由无梁楼板与柱组成的板柱框架和剪力墙共同承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

7 筒体结构由竖向筒体为主组成的承受竖向和水平作用的高层建筑结构。

筒体结构的筒体分剪力墙围成的薄壁筒和由密柱框架或壁式框架围成的框筒等。

本规程涉及的筒体结构主要包含以下两种：1框架-核心筒结构：由核心筒与外围的稀柱框架组成的高层建筑结构。

2筒中筒结构：由核心筒与外围框筒组成的高层建筑结构。

8 混合结构本规程涉及的混合结构是指由钢框架或型钢混凝土框架与钢筋混凝土筒体(或剪力墙)所组成的共同承受竖向和水平作用的高层建筑结构。

9 转换结构构件完成上部楼层到下部楼层的结构型式转变或上部楼层到下部楼层结构布置改变而设置的结构构件，包括转换梁、转换桁架、转换板等。

10 转换层转换结构构件所在的楼层。

11 加强层设置连接内筒与外围结构的水平外伸臂(梁或桁架)结构的楼层，必要时还可沿该楼层外围结构周边设置带状水平梁或桁架。

高规2.2 符号高规3 荷载和地震作用高规3.1 竖向荷载极限状态：当整个结构或结构的一部分超过某一特定状态，而不能满足设计规定的某一功能要求时，则称此特定状态为结构对该功能的极限状态。

设计中的极限状态往往以结构的某种荷载效应，如内力、应力、变形、裂缝等超过相应规定的标志为依据。

极限状态分类：结构的极限状态在总体上可分为两大类，即承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态。

对承载能力极限状态，一般是以结构的内力超过其承载能力为依据；对正常使用极限状态，一般是以结构的变形、裂缝、振动参数超过设计允许的限值为依据。

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING ROOFING & CEILINGf. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件i. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业a. LOAD 荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书 planning proposals设计任务书 design order标准规范standards and codes条件图 information drawing设计基础资料basic data for design工艺流程图 process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料 original data设计进度schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案 scheme, draft草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究 feasibility study初步设计 preliminary design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design询价图 enquiry drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing竣工图as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照 sunshine风玫瑰 wind rose主导风向 prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载 wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量 annual rainfall湿球温度 wet bulb temperature干球温度 dry bulb temperature冰冻期 frost period冰冻线 frost line冰冻区 frost zone室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度 relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房 service room换班室 shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室 living room浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室 locker room厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房lift motor room车库 garage清洁间 cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室 meeting room衣柜间 ward robe暖风间 H.V.A.C room饭店 restaurant餐厅 canteen, dining room厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处 reception area会计室 accountant room秘书室 secretary room电气室 electrical room控制室 control room工长室 foreman office开关柜室 switch gear前室 antecabinet (Ante.)生产区 production area马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房 utility room化验室 laboratory room经理室 manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室 guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊 roof ridge坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐 overhanging eave檐沟 eave gutter平屋面 flat roof坡屋面 pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe (R.W.P)汇水面积 catchment area泛水 flashing内排水 interior drainage外排水 exterior drainage滴水 drip屋面排水 roof drainage找平层 leveling course卷材屋面 built-up roofing天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板 roofing board天花板 ceiling board防水层 water-proof course检查孔 inspection hole人孔 manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙 brick wall砌块墙 block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering抹灰墙 rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙hollow brick wall承重墙 bearing wall非承重墙 non-bearing wall纵墙 longitudinal wall横墙 transverse wall外墙 external (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙 filler wall防火墙 fire wall窗间墙 wall between window空心墙 cavity wall压顶 coping圈梁 gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断 glazed wall防潮层 damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony伸缩缝 expansion joint沉降缝 settlement joint抗震缝 seismic joint复合夹心板 sandwich board压型单板corrugated single steel plate外墙板 cladding panel复合板 composite panel轻质隔断 light-weight partition牛腿 bracket砖烟囱 brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实 rammed earth炉渣夯实 tamped cinder填土 filled earth回填土夯实 tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding面层 covering, finish结合层 bonding (binding) course找平层 leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面 concrete floor水泥地面 cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor 水磨石地面 terrazzo flooring马赛克地面 mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面 linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面 precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面 hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅 joist硬木毛地面 hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面 acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面 vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟 drainage trench沟盖板 trench cover活动盖板removable cover plate集水坑 sump pit孔翻边 hole up stand电缆沟 cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden (steel) door镶板门 panelled door夹板门 plywood door铝合金门aluminum alloy door卷帘门roller shutter door弹簧门 swing door推拉门 sliding door平开门 side-hung door折叠门 folding door旋转门 revolving door玻璃门 glazed door密闭门 air-Tight door保温门thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门 fire door(大门上的)小门 wicket门框 door frame门扇 door leaf门洞 door opening结构开洞 structural opening单扇门 single door双扇门 double door疏散门 emergency door纱门 screen door门槛 door sill门过梁 door lintel上冒头 top rail下冒头 bottom rail门边木 stile门樘侧料 side jumb槽口 notch木窗 wooden window钢窗 steel window铝合金窗aluminum alloy window百叶窗(通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗plastic steel window空腹钢窗 hollow steel window固定窗 fixed window平开窗 side-hung window推拉窗 sliding window气窗 transom上悬窗 top-hung window中悬窗 center-pivoted window下悬窗 hopper window活动百叶窗 adjustable louver天窗 skylight老虎窗 dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁 reinforced brick lintel窗扇 casement sash窗台 window sill窗台板 window board窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条 cover mould窗帘盒 curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链 parliament hinge闭门器 door closer地弹簧 floor closer插销 bolt门锁 door lock拉手 pull链条 chain门钩 door hanger碰球 ball latch窗钩 window catch暗插销 insert bolt电动开关器 electric opener平板玻璃 plate glass夹丝玻璃 wire glass透明玻璃 clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃 bullet-proof glass石英玻璃 quartz glass吸热玻璃 heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃 polished glass着色玻璃 pigmented glass玻璃瓦 glass tile玻璃砖 glass block有机玻璃 organic glassi. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯 emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯 crane ladder直爬梯 vertical ladder踏步 step扇形踏步 winder (wheel step)踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度 tread width防滑条 non-slip insert (strips)栏杆 railing (balustrade)平台栏杆 platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手 handrail梯段高度 height of flight防护梯笼protecting cage (safety cage)平台 landing (platform)操作平台 operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台 stair landing客梯 passenger lift货梯 goods lift客/货两用梯 goods/passenger lift液压电梯 hydraulic lift自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯 observation elevator电梯机房lift mortar room电梯坑 lift pit电梯井道 lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】红砖 red brick粘土砖 clay brick瓷砖glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖 fire brick空心砖 hollow brick面砖 facing brick地板砖 flooring tile缸砖 clinkery brick马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土 ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦 glazed tile脊瓦 ridge tile石棉瓦asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉 white marble花岗岩 granite碎石 crushed stone毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂 course sand中砂 medium sand细砂 fine sand【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥 silicate cement火山灰水泥 pozzolana cement白水泥 white cement水泥砂浆 cement mortar石灰砂浆 lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆 thermal mortar防水砂浆 water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆 acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆 alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆 bituminous mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰hemp cut lime mortar灰缝 mortar joint素混凝土 plain concrete钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete轻质混凝土 lightweight concrete细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土 foamed concrete炉渣混凝土 cinder concrete【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】水刷石 granitic plaster斩假石 artificial stone刷浆 lime wash可赛银 casein大白浆 white wash麻刀灰打底hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned板条抹灰lath and plaster【Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】沥青卷材 asphalt felt沥青填料 asphalt filler沥青胶泥 asphalt grout冷底子油 adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂 asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝 bitumastic oakum石棉板 asbestos sheet石棉纤维 asbestos fiber【Timber 木材】裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木 round timber方木 square timber板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松 red pine白松 white pine落叶松 deciduous pine云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨 white poplar桦木 birch冷杉 fir栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木 camphor wood防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板tongued and grooved board层夹板 laminated plank胶合层夹木材 glue-laminated lumber纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo【Metallic Materials 金属材料】黑色金属 ferrous metal圆钢 steelbBar方钢 square steel扁钢 steel atrap型钢 steel section (shape)槽钢 channel角钢 angle steel等边角钢 equal-leg angle不等边角钢 unequal-leg angle工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢 T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢 alloy steel钛合金 titanium alloy不锈钢 stainless steel竹节钢筋 corrugated steel bar变形钢筋 deformed bar光圆钢筋 plain round bar钢板 steel plate薄钢板 thin steel plate低碳钢low carbon steel冷弯 cold bending钢管 steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管seamless steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe黑铁管 iron pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe铸铁 cast iron生铁 pig iron熟铁 wrought iron镀锌铁皮galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝galvanized steel wire钢丝网steel wire mesh多孔金属网 expanded metal锰钢 managanese steel高强度合金钢high strength alloy steel【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】聚乙烯 polythene, polyethylene尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯PVC (polyvinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯 acrylic resin乙烯基酯 vinyl ester橡胶内衬 rubber lining氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆 bitumen paint环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆 zinc oxide primer防锈漆 anti-rust paint耐酸漆 acid-resistant paint耐碱漆 alkali-resistant paint水玻璃 sodium silicate树脂砂浆 resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂 epoxy resin【 Building Hardware 建筑五金】钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝 flat-head screw螺栓 bolt普通螺栓 commercial bolt高强螺栓 high strength bolt预埋螺栓 insert bolt胀锚螺栓 cinch bolt垫片 washer【Paint 油漆】底漆 primer防锈底漆 rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆 anti-corrosion paint调和漆 mixed paint无光漆 flat paint透明漆 varnish银粉漆 aluminum paint磁漆 enamel paint干性油 drying oil稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆 asphalt paint桐油tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹 red lead铅油 lead oil腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水water supply and drainage总图 plot plan采暖通风 H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应electric power supply电气照明 electric lighting电讯 telecommunication仪表 instrument热力供应 heat power supply动力 mechanical power工艺 process technology管道 piping【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式 architectural style民用建筑 civil architecture城市建筑 urban architecture农村建筑 rural architecture农业建筑 farm building工业建筑 industrial building重工业的 heavy industrial轻工业的 light industrial古代建筑 ancient architecture现代建筑 modern architecture标准化建筑 standardized buildings附属建筑 auxiliary buildings城市规划 city planning厂区内 within site厂区外 offsite封闭式 closed type开敞式 open type半开敞式 semi-open type模数制 modular system单位造价 unit cost概算 preliminary estimate承包商 constructor, contractor现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震 aseismatic, quake-proof防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量 traffic volume货流量 freight traffic volume人流量 pedestrian volume透视图 perspective drawing建筑模型 building model【 Architectural Physics 建筑物理】照明 illumination照度 degree of illumination亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光 natural lighting光强 light intensity侧光 side light顶光 top light眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温 thermal insulation恒温 constant temperature恒湿 constant humidity噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音 sound absorption露点 dew point隔汽 vapor-proof【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】项目经理project manager (PM)设计经理 design manager首席建筑师 principal architect总工程师 chief engineer土木工程师 civil engineer工艺工程师 process engineer电气工程师 electrical engineer机械工程师 mechanical engineer计划工程师 planning engineer助理工程师 assistant engineer实习生 probationer专家 specialist, expert制图员 draftsman技术员 technician【Drafting 制图】总说明 general specification工程说明 project specification采用标准规范目录list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录list of drawings平面图 plan局部放大图detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图 schematic plan of...．．．平剖面图sectional plan of...留孔平面图plan of provision of holes剖面 section纵剖面 longitudinal section横剖面cross (transverse) section立面 elevation正立面 front elevation透视图 perspective drawing侧立面 side elevation背立面 back elevation详图 detail drawings典型节点 typical detail节点号 detail No.首页 front page图纸目录及说明list of contents and description图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图 load diagram流程示意图 flow diagram标准图 standard drawing．．．布置图 layout of ...地形图 topographical map土方工程图 earth-work drawing展开图 developed drawing模板图 formwork drawing配筋arrangement of reinforcement表格 tables工程进度表 working schedule技术经济指标technical and economical index 建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号 serial No.行和栏 rows and columns备注 remarks等级 grade直线 straight Line曲线 curves曲折线 zigzag line虚线 dotted line实线 solid line影线 hatching line点划线dot and dash line轴线 axis等高线 contour Line中心线 center Line双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola切线 tangent Line尺寸线 dimension Line园形 round环形 annular方形 square矩形 rectangle平行四边形 parallelogram三角形 triangle五角形 pentagon六角形 hexagon八角形 octagon梯形 trapezoid圆圈 circle弓形 sagment扇形 sector球形的 spherical抛物面 paraboloid圆锥形 cone椭圆形 ellipse, oblong面积 area体积 volume容量 capacity重量 weight质量 mass力 force米 meter厘米 centimeter毫米 millimeter公顷 hectate牛顿/平方米 Newton/square meter 千克/立方米 kilogram/cubic meter 英尺 foot英寸 inch磅 pound吨 ton加仑 gallon千磅 kip平均尺寸 average dimension变尺寸 variable dimension外形尺寸 overall dimension展开尺寸 developed dimension内径 inside diameter外径 outside diameter净重 net weight毛重 gross weight数量 quantity百分比 percentage净空 clearance净高 headroom净距 clear distance净跨 clear span截面尺寸 sectional dimension开间 bay进深 depth单跨 single span双跨 double span多跨 multi-span标高 elevation, level绝对标高 absolute elevation设计标高 designed elevation室外地面标高 ground elevation 室内地面标高 floor elevation柱网 column grid坐标 coordinate厂区占地 site area使用面积 usable area辅助面积 service area通道面积 passage area管架 pipe rack管廊 pipeline gallery架空管线 overhead pipeline排水沟 drain ditch集水坑 sump pit喷泉 fountain地漏 floor drain消火栓 fire hydrant灭火器 fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher 卤代烷灭火器 halon extinguisher2. STRUCTURE 结构专业a. Load 荷载拔力 pulling force标准值 standard value残余应力 residual stress冲击荷载impact load, punch load残余变形 residual deflection承压 bearing承载能力 bearing capacity承重bearing, load bearing承重结构 bearing structure脆性材料 brittle material脆性破坏 brittle failure抵抗力 resisting power, resistance吊车荷载 crane load分布荷载 distributed load风荷载 wind load风速wind velocity, wind speed风压 wind pressure风振 wind vibration浮力 buoyance, floatage符号 symbol, mark负弯矩negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载 additional load附加应力 additional stress副作用 side effect, by-effect刚度 rigidity刚度比ratio of rigidity刚度系数 rigidity factor刚接 rigid connection刚性节点 rigid joint恒载 dead load荷载传递transmission of load固端弯矩 fixed-end moment活荷载 live load积灰荷载 dust load集中荷载 concentrated load加载, 加荷 loading剪力shear, shearing force剪切破坏 shear failure剪应变 shear strain剪应力 shear stress简支 simple support静定结构statically determinate structure截面模量modulus of section,section modulus静力 static force静力分析 static analysis局部压力local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈 local bulkling绝对值 absolute value均布荷载uniformly distributed load抗拔力 pulling resistance抗剪刚度 shear rigidity抗剪强度shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度 tensile strength抗扭 torsion resistance抗扭刚度 torsional rigidity抗弯 bending resistance抗弯刚度 bending rigidity抗压强度compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design拉力 tensile force拉应力tensile stress, tension stress拉应变tensile strain, tension strain临界点 critical point临界荷载 critical load临界应力 critical stress密度 density离心力 centrifugal force摩擦力 friction force摩擦系数 frictional factor挠度 deflection内力internal force, inner force扭矩moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度 fatigue strength偏心荷载eccentric load, non-central load偏心距 eccentric distance, eccentricity偏心受拉 eccentric tension偏心受压 eccentric compression屈服强度 yield strength使用荷载 working load水平力 horizontal force水平推力 horizontal thrust弹塑性变形 elastoplastic deformation弹性elasticity, resilience, spring塑限 plastic limit弹性变形 elastic deformation塑性变形 plastic deformation弹性模量modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积volume, bulk, cubature, cubage土压力earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩 bending moment, moment弯曲半径radius at bent, radius of curve位移 displacement温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action系数 coefficient, factor雪荷载 snow load压应变 compression strain压应力 compression stress应力集中concentration of stress预应力prestressing force, prestress振动荷载vibrating load, racking load支座反力 support reaction自重 own weight作用 action, effect作用点point of application,application joint b. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础板桩sheet pile, sheeting pile板桩基础sheet pile foundation饱和粘土 saturation clay冰冻线frost line, freezing level不均匀沉降unequal settlement, differential settlement 残积土 residual soil沉积物 deposit, sediment沉降 settlement沉降差difference in settlement沉降缝 settlement joint沉井sinking well, sunk well沉箱 caisson持力层 bearing stratum冲积 alluviation锤夯 hammer tamping档土墙retaining wall, breast wall底板base slab, base plate, bed plate地板 floor board地基ground base, ground地基承载力 ground bearing capacity地基处理ground treatment, soil treatment地基稳定 base stabilization地梁ground beam, ground sill地漏 floor drain地下工程 substructure work,地下室 basement, cellar地下水 ground water地下水位groundwater level, water table地下水压力ground water pressure地质报告 geologic report垫层 bedding, blinding独立基础isolated foundation, individual foundation 端承桩 end-bearing pile筏式基础 raft foundation粉砂silt, rock flour粉质粘土 silty clay粉质土 silty soil扶壁式档土墙buttressed retaining wall腐蚀 corrosion覆土 earth covering刚性基础 rigid foundation沟盖板 trench cover固结 consolidation灌注桩cast-in-place pile, cast in site pile护坡slope protection, revetment护桩 guard pile环墙 ring wall灰土 lime earth回填 backfill, backfilling回填土 backfill, backfill soil混凝土找平层 concrete screed火山灰水泥 trass cement基槽 foundation trench基础 foundation, base基础底板 foundation slab基础埋深embedded depth of foundation基础平面图 foundation plan地基勘探site exploration, site investigation 基坑 foundation pit集水坑 collecting sump阶形基础 stepped foundation结合层binding course, bonding course井点 well point井点排水 well point unwatering开挖 excavation, cutting勘测exploration and survey勘测资料 exploration data沥青 bitumen, asphalt, pitch联合基础 combined foundation卵石 cobble, pebble埋置 embedment毛石基础 rubble foundation锚筋 anchor bar锚桩 anchor pile密实度 compactness, density, denseness摩擦桩friction pile, floating pile粘土 clay粘质粉土 clay silt碾压roller compaction, rolling排水 drainage, dewatering排水沟 drainage ditch排水孔weep hole, drain hole排水设备 dewatering equipment普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary Portland cement 群桩 grouped piles容许沉降 permissible settlement容许承载力 allowable bearing软土 soft soil砂垫层sand bedding course, sand cushion 砂土sandy soil, sands砂质粉土 sandy silt设备基础 equipment foundation水泥搅拌桩 cement injection素土夯实rammed earth, packed soil碎石桩 stone columns弹性地基 elastic foundation弹性地基梁beam on elastic foundation填方 fill, filling填土earth-fill, earth filling, filling条形基础 strip foundation土方工程 earthwork挖方 excavation work, excavation箱形基础 box foundation压实 compaction, compacting压实系数 compacting factor验槽check of foundation subsoil预制混凝土桩 precast concrete pile中砂 medium sand重力式档土墙 gravity retaining wall桩承台 pile cap钻孔桩 bored pile钻探exploration drilling, drilling,最终沉降 final settlementc.Reinforcement Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构板缝 slab joint板厚thickness of slab板式楼梯 cranked slab stairs板跨度span of slab薄壁结构 thin-walled structure薄腹梁thin wedded girder保护层 protective coating臂式吊车boom crane, boom hoist边梁edge beam, boundary beam变截面 variable cross-section变形缝 movement joint变形钢筋 deformed bar初凝 initial setting, pre-setting次梁 secondary beam大型屋面板precast ribbed roof slab单层厂房 one-storied factory单筋梁beam with single reinforcement单跨 single span单向板 one-way slab垫块 cushion block垫梁 template beam吊车梁crane beam, crane girder顶棚抹灰 ceiling plastering端跨end span, tail bay多跨连续梁 multi-span beam翻边 upstand反梁 upstand beam分布钢筋 distribution-bar封闭式箍筋 closed stirrup附加钢筋 additional bar刚架rigid frame, stiff frame钢筋reinforcement, steel bar, bar钢筋表 Bar Schedules钢筋笼steel reinforcement cage钢筋间距spacing of bars, bar spacing钢筋网 bar-mat reinforcement,钢筋砖 reinforced brick勾缝 joint pointing构架 frame, gallows构件 member, structural member构造 construction构造钢筋 constructional reinforcement构造柱onstructional column, tie column构筑物 structure箍筋 hoop reinforcement, hooping箍筋间距 stirrup spacing固定端fixed end, retained end固端梁fixed-end beam, fixed beam过梁lintel, breast summer混凝土强度等级 grade of concrete机制砖 machine-made brick剪力墙 shear wall简支梁 simply supported beam经济跨度 economic span经济配筋率economic ratio of reinforcement劲性钢筋 stiff reinforcement劲性钢筋混凝土结构steel composite construction 径向钢筋 radial reinforcement抗剪钢筋 shear reinforcement抗拉钢筋 tension reinforcement受压钢筋 compression reinforcement可见裂缝 visible crack刻痕钢丝indented steel wire坑pit, hollow, delve空斗墙rowlock cavity wall, rolock wall空心板 hollow slab空心砖隔墙 hollow tile partition跨度 span框架 frame框架剪力墙结构 frame-shear wall structure 拉接钢筋 tie bar栏杆 railing, banister栏杆立柱 railing post老化 aging累积误差 accumulated error肋形楼板 ribbed floor slab冷拔低碳钢丝cold-drawn low-carbon wire 冷脆性cold shortness, cooling brittleness冷弯 cold bending冷轧 cold rolling离析 segregation梁垫beam pad, template, pad梁挠度 beam deflection楼梯斜梁 string, stringer螺旋楼梯spiral stair, winding staircase马鞍形壳 saddle shell锚固 anchoring门框, 门樘 door frame门式刚架 portal frame面砖, 墙面砖facing tile, wall tile耐火混凝土 fire-resisting concrete排架bent, bent frame女儿墙parapet wall, parapet配筋率 reinforcement ratio配箍率 stirrup ratio砌块 block圈梁ring beam, tie beam, bond beam山墙 gable深梁 deep beam伸缩缝 expansion joint实腹梁 solid web girder实腹柱 solid web column竖向钢筋 vertical reinforcement双向配筋 two-way reinforcement素混凝土 plain concrete筒中筒结构 tube-in-tube structure网状钢筋steel mesh reinforcement围堰 cofferdam, coffer无梁楼盖flat slab, flat plate系梁 tie beam预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete预应力构件 prestressed component预制 prefabrication预制板 precast slab预制构件 prefabrication component预制装配式结构 prefabricated construction折板folded plate, folded slab折板结构 folded-plate structure主筋main reinforcement, main bar主梁 main beam, girder柱距column spacing, post spacing装配式结构 fabricated structure纵梁 longitudinal beam纵剖面 longitudinal section纵向钢筋 longitudinal bard. Steel Structure 钢结构薄壁型钢light-gauge steel section, hollow steel section不等肢角钢unequal angle steel槽钢channel, channel steel背对背角钢组合angles back to back不锈钢 stainless steel除锈 rust-removal粗制螺栓rough bolt, black bolt带钢strip steel, band iron单面焊single weld, one-side welding地脚螺栓foundation bolt, anchor bolt,holding down bolt 点焊spot welding, point welding电动葫芦 electric hoist等边角钢equal angle, equal leg angle对接焊, 对焊 butt welding腹板 web plate, web腹杆 web member腹板加劲件 web stiffener杆 rod, bar钢板 steel plate钢管steel tube, steel pipe钢桁架 steel truss钢框架 steel frame钢梯, 爬梯 steel ladder高强度螺栓high strength bolt格构柱 lattice column工字梁 I-girder, I-beam工字钢 I-steel工字形截面 I-shaped cross-section焊缝 welding seam焊接 welding焊接长度 weld length焊条 welding rod桁架 truss红丹底漆 red lead primer红丹漆red lead paint加劲肋stiffening rib, rib stiffener加劲板 stiffening plate角钢 angle steel节点 joint, node节点板 gusset plate, gusset节点位移 joint displacement节间长度 panel length紧固螺栓clamp bolt, fastening bolt精制螺栓 turned bolt可焊性 weldability空腹桁架 open-web truss空间桁架 space truss肋板ribbed panel, ribbed slab连接板connecting plate, joint plate檩条 purline螺母 screw nut, nut螺栓 bolt螺栓孔 bolt hole螺纹screw thread, thread螺纹长度 length of thread螺纹钢screw-threaded steel, twisted steel 拉杆tie rod, tension rod满焊 full weld铆钉 rivet锰钢 manganese steel喷砂 sand blasting轻钢结构lightweight steel construction 三角架 tripod上弦top chord, upper chord上弦横向水平支撑 upper lateral bracing。

建筑土木毕业设计中英文翻译--建筑及高层建筑的组成英文原文Components of A Building and Tall BuildingsAndre1. AbstractMaterials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers.Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour.2. Load-Carrying FrameUntil the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required；for instance, the 16-s tory Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was firstused in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of buildings continued to increase rapidly.All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ. After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall building being built of reinforced concrete. Marina Tower (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States；its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers.A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962,has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1.5meter) wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube；the World Trade Center building is another example of this tube approach. In contrast, rigid frames or vertical trusses are usually provided to give lateral stability.3. SkinThe skin of a building consists of both transparent elements (windows) and opaque elements (walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it, are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is used mainly in house construction；it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or public building because of the fire hazard.4. FloorsThe construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugated steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions toppedwith a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. The kind of floor that is used depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function of the space. In an apartment building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3.7 to 5.5 meters), the most popular construction is a solid concrete slab with no beams. The underside of the slab serves as the ceiling for the space below it. Corrugated steel decks are often used in office buildings because the corrugations, when enclosed by another sheet of metal, form ducts for telephone and electrical lines.5. Mechanical and Electrical SystemsA modern building not only contains the space for which it is intended (office, classroom, apartment) but also contains ancillary space for mechanical and electrical systems that help to provide a comfortable environment. These ancillary spaces in a skyscraper office building may constitute 25% of the total building area. The importance of heating, ventilating, electrical, and plumbing systems in an office building is shown by the fact that 40% of the construction budget is allocated to them. Because of the increased use of sealed building with windows that cannot be opened, elaborate mechanical systems are provided for ventilation and air conditioning. Ducts and pipes carry fresh air from central fan rooms and air conditioning machinery. The ceiling, which is suspended below the upper floor construction, conceals the ductwork and contains the lighting units. Electrical wiring for power and for telephone communication may also be located in this ceiling space or may be buried in the floor construction in pipes or conduits.There have been attempts to incorporate the mechanical and electrical systems into the architecture of building by frankly expressing them；for example, the American Republic Insurance Company Building(1965) in Des Moines, Iowa, exposes both the ducts and the floor structure in an organized and elegant pattern and dispenses with the suspended ceiling. This type of approach makes it possible to reduce the cost of the building and permits innovations, such as in the span of the structure.6. Soils and FoundationsAll building are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. The design of a foundation dependson many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soillavers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. Soils rarely have a single composition；they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. For evaluation, soils are graded according to particle size, which increases from silt to clay to sand to gravel to rock. In general, the larger particle soils will support heavier loads than the smaller ones. The hardest rock can support loads up to 100 tons per square foot(976.5 metric tons/sq meter), but the softest silt can support a load of only 0.25 ton per square foot(2.44 metric tons/sq meter). All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction；that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it. Many soils (except for most sands and gavels) exhibit elastic properties—they deform when compressed under load and rebound when the load is removed. The elasticity of soils is often time-dependent, that is, deformations of the soil occur over a length of time which may vary from minutes to years after a load is imposed. Over a period of time, a building may settle if it imposes a load on the soil greater than the natural compaction weight of the soil. Conversely, a building may heave if it imposes loads on the soil smaller than the natural compaction weight. The soil may also flow under the weight of a building；that is, it tends to be squeezed out.Due to both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend settle. Uneven settlements, exemplified by the leaning towers in Pisa and Bologna, can have damaging effects—the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack, windows and doors may become inoperative, and, in the extreme, a building may collapse. Uniform settlements are not so serious, although extreme conditions, such as those in Mexico City, can have serious consequences. Over the past 100 years, a change in the groundwater level there has caused some buildings to settle more than 10 feet (3 meters). Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.The great variability of soils has led to a variety of solutions to the foundation problem. Wherefirm soil exists close to the surface, the simplest solution is to rest columns on a small slab of concrete(spread footing). Where the soil is softer, it is necessary to spread the column load over a greater area；in this case, a continuous slab of concrete(raft or mat) under the whole building is used. In cases where the soil near the surface is unable to support the weight of the building, piles of wood, steel, or concrete are driven down to firm soil.The construction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure. The design process, however, proceeds from the roof down to the foundation (in the direction of gravity). In the past, the foundation was not subject to systematic investigation. A scientific approach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century. Karl Terzaghi of the United States pioneered studies that made it possible to make accurate predictions of the behavior of foundations, using the science of soil mechanics coupled with exploration and testing procedures. Foundation failures of the past, such as the classical example of the leaning tower in Pisa, have become almost nonexistent. Foundations still are a hidden but costly part of many buildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may causeserious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.中文译文建筑及高层建筑的组成安得烈1 摘要材料和结构类型是构成建筑物各方面的组成部分，这些部分包括承重结构、围护结构、楼地面和隔墙。

外文翻译<Journal of Constructional Concrete Research 55 (2000) 289–303>Frame Structure Anti-earthquake Design Way ofThinkingTheodore V. GalambosUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USAAbstractCurrently, the anti-earthquake norms all round the world almost adopt to a kind of way of thinking: The adoption presses the earthquake strong or weak of possible situation to divide the line earthquake cent area; According to everyplace the history occurrence of the area earthquake of covariance result or to geology structure of the history investigate to have to explicit statistics the meaning establish the sport peak in waterproof and quasi-ground value acceleration; Make use of again the reaction acceleration that the acceleration reaction composes different period; Get a design to use acceleration level through earthquake dint adjust met coefficient R. In the meantime, most nations all approve such point，establishing to defend the earthquake intensity level can take to use a different value, choosing to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and highly, the ductility request of the structure also more low, choose to use to establish to defend earthquake intensity levelmore and lowly, structure of ductility request more high. The structure ductility guarantee of precondition is the ductility of the member, pass again an effectively reasonable conjunction in adopting a series of measure guarantee member the foundation of the ductility, the structure system choice is reasonable in the meantime, the degree just distributes reasonable of under condition ability basic assurance structure of ductility.Keywords: frame structure; anti-earthquake design; design way of thinking1．Simple Review of Anti-earthquake Design Way of ThinkingThe development that constructs the structure anti- earthquake is along with people all the earthquake move with the structure characteristic of the understanding is continuously thorough but develop gradually, however, from is born up to now the history of a hundred years, have mostly several to develop a stage as follows:(1) Quiet dint stage: It first from a Japanese professor passed to harm to prognosticate the anti- earthquake design theories that put forward with the theories understanding at that time to the limited earthquake, being applicable to only just rigid body structure. It didn't think characteristic and the place difference to consider structure to the influence that constructs structure.(2) Respond the table stage: Along with vibrate to record of obtain and the development of the structure dynamics theories, the Biota professor of the United States put forward flexibility to respond the concept of the table in 1940, respond the table is list the freely flexible system, it was obtain of numerous earthquakes record of encourage, the structure period or respond of the relation, include the acceleration reaction table, the speed responded a table, moved to respond a table. It consider the motive characteristic of the structure, it still is the foundation that all countries norm design earthquake dint takes a value up to now. The calculation of the earthquake function dint usually use shears with the bottom and flaps a decomposition to respond a table a method, flapping a decomposition to respond a table a method of basic define: Suppose the building structure is the line flexibility more freedom degree system, making use principle of flap a decomposition and flap a type, it will solve a freedom degree the earthquake ofthe flexible system to respond to resolve for solve an independence of etc. the effect single freedom degree flexible system most the heavy earthquake respond. Then begging should in each function affect that flaps a type. At this time, according to consider the way dissimilarity of the earthquake function, adopt a different array, group method, order flexible system to many qualities of the flat surface vibration, it can use a SRSS method, it is according to suppose the importation earthquake as steady random process, each of a flap reaction is independent mutually but deduce to get; For consider even-twists many qualities that the lotus connect to order flexible system, the adoption CQC method, it lies in with the main differentiation of the SRSS method: Suppose when flat surface vibrate each flap a type independent mutually, and each contribution that flap a type increased along with the frequency high but lower；But even-twist lotus connect hour each flap a frequency span very small, close together and higher flap the frequency of the type and may near to this relativity that will consider a dissimilarity to flap a very much, also have influence of turn round the weight and not necessarily increase along with the frequency high but lower, sometimes higher flap the influence possibility of the type big in lower flap the influence of the type, it will consider more influences that flap a type while comparing SRSS. The bottom shears the dint method in consideration of the special of the structure system to the simplification that flaps a decomposition to respond to compose a method, be the building height not big, took shearing to slice to transform as the lord and the quality to follow height to distribute more even structure with degree just, the structure vibration moved to respond usually with the first flapped a type for lord, and when the first flapped a type to near to in the straight line, can flap a decomposition method simplification to shear the dint method calculation formula for the basic bottom. The level earthquake function that eachquality that this basic formula calculation get order can better reflection just degree bigger structure, but when structure the basic period was long, the place characteristic period to compare with hour, the calculation income coping earthquake function be partial to small. of course , the Anti-earthquake Norm provision, be the structure basic period more than 1.4 place characteristic period, at coping additional level earthquake function.(3)the motive theories stage: Along with move understanding and comprehend to the earthquake of deepen continuously, know to some shortage of the reaction table, such as to the earthquake move hold of influence consideration not week, and the exaltation of the calculator function, make the motive method develop gradually, its essence solves a square distance of motive directly, but because of earthquake the ground sport acceleration is very irregular, it can't beg for differential calculus square distance, it shuts to match a solution, so adopt number integral calculus method more. Usual way of doing is carry on a continuous cent a segment a processing towards having already record of the earthquake wave, each data all see do the constant, then the function get to structure up, pass an equilibrium and square distance of motive to beg at the moment of the acceleration, speed, move reaction, moving with ex- the acceleration, speed, the segment to carry on folding to add immediately after folding the result for add as the beginning that descends at that time a segment to start a data, pushing according to this kind, end beg structure at the give for low week again and again the earthquake wave under of the acceleration, speed and move the dint reaction variety process.(4) At American Northridge earthquake in 1994 and Japanese Kobe earthquake in 1995 after, the beautiful day scholar put forward again according to the anti- earthquake design method of behavior, it was during the period ofusage to make the building structure satisfy various requests that used function according to the basic thought of behavior. Tradition according to the design method dissimilarity of the dint, adjudicate to the structure function mainly is according to move standard, move index sign to come with the different to the structure function to carry on a different control. But descend structure because of the big earthquake of not- flexible transform hard and accurate estimate of, make to can stay around according to the design method of behavior theoretically. But put forward its aggressive meaning to have 2:00 at least:a. Emphasize the system and the society of the earthquake engineering;b. The part that knows an original anti- earthquake to design norm is unsuited to reasonableness.Conduct and actions according to the foundation of the function anti- earthquake design, should to the particular level earthquake function of a certain covariance meaning under of the structure move, the speed and acceleration carry on accurate valuation, should also have a reasonable of valuation method with available valuation tool. It is exactly because of this purpose, put forward and developed the Pushover method and ability to compose a method. The basic way of thinking of the Pushover method is an adoption the quiet dint add to carry, supposing the side of the some penny cloth form toward lotus to carry a function on the structure, adding to carry gradually until attain the structure control point target to move or the structure break, getting the level side of the control point to move to shear the dint relation curve with substrate thus, evaluating in order to the anti-vibration ability of the structure. The Pushover method depends on to distribute a form and play the plasticity reaction table target to move to really settle in the side force.2．Basic Way of Thinking of Frame Structure Anti-earthquake Design-ductility StandardAfter the flexibility respond table put forward, the people's detection computes to gain from here of the structure respond with the actual earthquake the breakage phenomenon of the structure contain certain antinomy, mainly is press the flexibility reaction table to calculate of the structure responded the acceleration as habitual to design the earthquake dint to take to be worth big quite a few at that time doubly, and took to settle according to the habitual of the function of the design earthquake dint descends the house structure of design, the harm of the structure system wasn't serious in the earthquake.60's last century, the New mark passed to start to the beginning of different period just degree homology of the single freedom degree the system carried on analysis under the situation that many waves input, put forward etc. moved the principle and etc. energy principle, and put forward the concept of the structure ductility. Studied single and free system to accept defeat the level and flexibility thoroughly again from the relation of flapped the biggest not- flexible motive in the period and structure to respond afterward, this be customarily say of the theories of the R-μ-T effect. Passing these researches, announcing to public the ductility ability and plasticity to consume an ability is a structure Be taking to use to accept defeat level under not high circumstance, at big earthquake under the structure doesn't take place severity to break and doesn't don't tumble down of assurance. Arrive here, concerning the design earthquake dint's taking the basic problem of the value size have to arrive understanding definitely, be the anti- earthquake the earthquake dint take a value of the size isn't a number of assurance, but with thestructure ductility function and consume the ability mechanism related quantity value. Here what to need to be explain BE, designed the earthquake dint to take a value to resolve a problem only, but to the structure ductility function guarantee of the measure have to can also promise, this will at underneath a section discuss.Currently, the anti- earthquake norms all round the world almost adopts so a kind of way of thinking: The adoption presses the earthquake strong or weak of possible situation to divide the line earthquake cent area; According to everyplace the history occurrence of the area earthquake of covariance result or to geology structure of the history investigate to have to explicit statistics the meaning establish the sport peak value in waterproof and quasi- ground value acceleration; Make use of again the reaction acceleration that the acceleration reaction composes different period to descend structure to; get a design to use acceleration level through the earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R. In the meantime, most nations all approve such standpoint, establishing to defend the earthquake intensity level can take to use a different value, choosing to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and highly, the ductility request of the structure also more low, choose to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and lowly, structure of ductility request more high. The structure ductility guarantee of precondition is the ductility of the member, pass again an effectively reasonable conjunction in adopting a series of measure guarantee member the foundation of the ductility, the structure system choice is reasonable in the meantime, the degree just distributes reasonable of under condition ability basic assurance structure of ductility.Underneath this kind of discusses the our country anti- earthquake norm mostly way of thinking, the current Chinese norm didn't adopt a variety to establish to defend the earth quake intensity level to take to use, but don’ Ted adda distinction of unify an adoption of the earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R=1/0.35;In the meantime, mostly according to establish a dissimilarity of defend the earthquake intensity, divide the line the different anti- earthquake grade, fix attention on in establish to defend earthquake intensity differently, adopt the anti- earthquake measure of the different assurance ductility. Very obvious here exist a misunderstanding of concept, also be according to the theories of the R-μ-T effect, the little more than earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R=1/0.35, should give the same ductility guarantee measure to the structure, but the Chinese norm adopt the different ductility guarantee measure, along with anti- earthquake the exaltation of the grade, ductility guarantee the ability correspond to strengthen. This kind of usefulness of the way of doing under way and not the line motive respond of verification, can describe so as a result mostly: For the district of 8 degrees 0.3 g and 9 degrees 0.4 g, because of correspond of the anti- earthquake grade is higher, the measure of the guarantee ductility is also stronger, so generally and more safe; And for the district of 6 degrees 0.05 g and 7 degrees 0.1 g, gain from here to of the level earthquake effect be partial to small, the general lotus carries an array, group is carried the control function by the gravity lotus, although to should of the measure of the guarantee ductility isn't very strong, can also guarantee structure generally under the big earthquake of not- flexible transform of function; But to the district of 7 degrees 0.15 g and 8 degrees 0.2 g, circumstance another the person worry, because of at the lotus carry an array, group, the earthquake function can have generally control function, but correspond measure of guarantee the ductility and be partial to weak, so difficult don't need to exist certain potential safety hazard to suffer from. See again other national earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R to choose to use, in order to have kept concrete understanding of view:The earthquake dint adjustment coefficient of all countries norm provision3．Ability Design MethodTop a part emphasized to discuss the design earthquake dint to take the problem of the value, but wanted to promise structure under the big earthquake of function, also need to establish the valid anti- earthquake measure, make the structure really have need of keep vertical loading under the dint condition not- flexible transform an ability, this be the so-called ability design method.Ability design method from New Zealand the reinforced concrete anti- earthquake expert scholars such as the T. Parlay and the R. Park etc. development with initiate, main way of thinking is to the member occasionally member dissimilarity inside the piece is subjected to the dint form of the loading ability differ of control, promise the reinforced concrete structure formation the beam swing joint organization and ductility bigger is cut noodles to be subjected to the dint breakage appearance, make the structure have to play plasticity to transform function enough, promise big earthquake hour have an enough ability to consume to spread function, avoid creation brittleness to break and appeardisadvantageous of organization form. The key of the ability design method is the anti- earthquake design that leads the control concept into structure, there is the leading formation of the purpose to the beneficial breakage mechanism is to the structure and break mode, avoid not reasonable of the structure break appearance, and try assurance to anticipate to break part to play plasticity to transform an ability.The ability design method mainly passes the following three kinds of measure to give assurance:1. Enlarge pillar opposite in the anti- of the beam-curved ability, artificial of leading of the structure swing joint part.2. Raise opposite in is cut the noodles loading dint of the anti- shear ability, avoiding appearing non- ductility to shear to slice breakage.3. To the part that appears the plasticity swing probably, the adoption corresponds of structure measure, assurance necessity of not- flexible transform function.First, the reasonable part of the swing joint carry on a discussion, all countries mostly of the way of thinking inclines toward to make the project that the beam carries first to carry to appear in the pillar about and all. This kind of swing joint project has a following advantage: The ductility of the beam is easy to a control, and under general circumstance compare pillar of the ductility is big; The whole plasticity of the beam swing joint ratio pillar swing joint formation transform small; The plasticity of the beam swing joint organization formation transform more stable. There are also two kinds of different design methods while admit the premise of have the initiative the formation beam swing joint, a kind of from is a representative New Zealand of, incline toward the formation ideal beam swing joint organization, be promise the beam carries to appear theplasticity swing, but in addition to first floor, the post all doesn't appear the plasticity swing, at this time to in addition to the first floor pillar give post opposite compare bigger and super and strong coefficient(probably 2.0) in the beam, the advantage is a post(in addition to first floor) and doesn't need to be carry on to go together with hoop complicatedly at this time, because of adopt such coefficient can promise a swing joint very explicit. But is exactly because this kind of design method pursues the ideal beam swing joint organization to cause the first floor post compare weaker, the possibility for throng will be a swing joint, the plasticity that correspond and then have to adopt the structure measure to promise this part transforms function. In the meantime, such as if the first floor the influence of the swing joint upon the structure will compare greatly, once pressing and mating because structural whole tumble down, this has to be given guarantee up from the structure, increasing a structure of difficulty. Another project includes total body, Chinese etc. in the United States, Europe, this kind of project leading structure pillar swing joint the night appears in the beam swing joint, unlimited make the emergence of the swing joint in the meantime, but request structure and do not become the layer side to move structure, at this time to post of super go together with coefficient to compare with to request New Zealand of want to be small, goes together with the project that the stirrup takes in to control to the post adoption in the meantime. BE super to go together with coefficient to really settle problem comparison complications to the post adoption in fact: The beam carries the super influence for go together with for construct; The beam carries the plasticity swing to appear inside the dint is heavy to distribute of influence; Before accept defeat of the not- flexible characteristic may make the post bending moment physically big get in the flexibility analysis of bending moment ;The indetermination factor that thematerial difference bring; Growth of the structure not- flexible characteristic cause the influence etc. that the structure motive characteristic variety bring. According to the request of the ability design, the plastic hinge that shears the dint wall appears generally in the bottom of the wall limb. The joining beam shear the loading dint and ductility that the loading dint and ductility and entrance to cave of the dint wall connect beam contain very great relation, designing generally and possibly weak connect beam, the leading that has intention to know connects beam at earthquake accept defeat first, then is the bottom wall to accept defeat, also be anticipate the area of plastic hinge to accept defeat.Avoided appearing to shear reason of slice the breakage early easy, be because of shearing to slice to break to belong to the brittleness breakage, disadvantage in promise the ductility of the structure, promise of way be according to the dissimilarity of the anti- earthquake grade to all beams, pillars, wall etc. the adoption is opposite to bend in the anti- of different super go together with coefficient.The basic request that the anti- earthquake anti- shear is before the beam carry plastic hinge that big epicenter need turn to move and don't take place to shear to slice breakage, this sheared concept difference with the non- anti- earthquake anti-.For various different processing methods that the structure anti- of the member shears mechanism and the our country norm, there is the necessity elucidation here once. Beam: When anti- shake because of low week again and again the function made the beam appear to cross an inclined fracture, fissure, the inclined fracture, fissure distributed an anti- of come to a decision the anti- earthquake to shear the ability ratio not an anti- earthquake to have to descend, reason: The anti- shake of shear to slice to break occurrence after the end longtendon accept defeat, the fracture, fissure compare at this time greatly; The harm that crosses the emergence of the fracture, fissure to the concrete is more serious; The enlargement beam carried the number of the negative bending moment when anti- shake, cause bigger sheared the dint value to appear under the beam to carry, sprinkle plank now because of descending to carry to have no, break more easily. But at this time the function and function for non- anti- to shake of the stirrup differ only a few, in the norm to the consideration of this disadvantageous function is to adopt to resist to shear formula in to the concrete item 0.6 of fold to reduce, in the meantime, in order not to non- ductility of inclined break bad, while adopting to shake than the non- anti- more scathing restriction measure, cut noodles to shear the dint design value ratio non- anti- earthquake multiply 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient. Pillar: It resist earthquake in the norm the anti- of the pillar shear the processing principle of the formula similar, also is adopt to the concrete item 0.6 of fold and reduce coefficient, adopt more scathing measure to prevent from equally inclined break bad, cut noodles to shear the dint design value ratio non- anti- earthquake multiply 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient. But because of under general circumstance, the stalk pressure comparison of the pillar is big, this kind of pressure shears function to be partial to the anti- of the member after appearing the plastic hinge to the pillar emollient, according to this kind of way of thinking, pillar the adoption fold to reduce with beam similarly to seem to be not greatly reasonable. Wall: When the anti- shake, there is almost no related on trial data in domestic, is an adoption only the earthquake is to the non- anti- of the anti- sheared formula to adopt to the concrete item and the reinforcing bar items 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient, in the meantime, in bar of and inclined break bad, adoption the restriction shear a way of press the ratio, cut noodles to shear the dint design value ratio non- anti-earthquake multiply 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient. What to need to be explaining BE, under general circumstance, the part that shears the dint wall anti- to shear a problem probably is a lower part are a few floors. Node: The main acceptance shears the dint member, the node shears dint mainly is depend on the truss organization, inclined press pole organization, the stirrup of the stipulation effect three organizations or path to bear. The truss organization mainly is resist the reinforcing bar lord to pull should dint, inclined press the pole organization mainly is the lord that resists the concrete and the reinforcing bar creation to press should dint, the stipulation effect of the stirrup then strengthens the anti- of the concrete to shear ability. Along with the node concrete inside the area not- line development, the truss the function of the structure lets up continuously, and then both of function but be strengthening continuously. Therefore, the main target of the node anti- earthquake is under the situation that be subjected to dint again and again, pass to strengthen inclined press the pole organization and the stirrup to control an effect to avoid the core area concrete inclined to press thus a diplomatic corps to order at attain to anticipate of the big earthquake respond before do not take place to shear to slice breakage.After shearing the discussion of mechanism to the above anti-earthquake, can be do with the function of the beam stirrup to tally up as follows: The first obvious function is to used for an anti- to shear; The second function controls concrete, this to guarantee the structure ductility contain count for much function, can also say literally here the obstacle that once high and strong concrete meet when used for anti- earthquake, this is related with the material of the high and strong concrete first, strength more high concrete more frailty, its should attain in the dint contingency relation biggest press should the contingency of the dint is smaller, this makes the design become the ductility member a difficulty withvery great formation, is more high because of the strength of the concrete in the meantime, the stirrup rises the effect of the stipulation more bad, also can't the extreme limit of the enough valid exaltation concrete press a contingency, so cause to adopt the ductility of the structure member of the high and strong concrete hard get a guarantee; The third function is the stipulation function that carries to the beam lengthways reinforcing bar, prevent forming lengthways reinforcing bar lose steady, this has something to do with the special material of the reinforcing bar.框架结构的抗震设计思路【摘要】目前，世界各国的抗震规范都采用这种思路：按可遇地震的强弱划分地震分区；根据各地区的历史发生地震的统计或对地质构造的考察得出设防水准地面的运动峰值加速度；再利用加速度反应谱给出不同周期下结构的反应加速度；通过地震力调整系数R得到设计加速度水准。

本科毕业设计方案中英文翻译高层建筑1外文资料翻译High-Rise BuildingsIntroductionIt is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more .Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems musttransmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height ,other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily one of shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels > without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additionalstructural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel ,whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire in economy .1.Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems . This is very useful becauseincreasing the width will cut down the overturnforce directly and will reduce deflection by thethird power of the width increase , other thingsremaining cinstant . However , this does requirethat vertical components of the widened subsystembe suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2.Design subsystems such that the components are madeto interact in the most efficient manner . Forexample , use truss systems with chords anddiagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcingfor walls at critical locations , and optimizestiffness ratios for rigid frames .3.Increase the material in the most effectiveresisting components . For example , materialsadded in the lower floors to the flanges of columnsand connecting girders will directly decrease theoverall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4.Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loadsbe carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .5.The local shear in each story can be best resistedby strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem .Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energythan using walls or diagonal members .6.Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should beprovided floor . This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work together instead of separately .。

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING ROOFING & CEILING f. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件i. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT (ELEV A TOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MA TERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语砖和瓦】【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】灰、砂和石】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】饰面及粉刷材料】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】沥青和石棉】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】木材】【Timber 木材】金属材料】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】有色金属】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】防腐蚀材料】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】建筑五金】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】油漆】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语专业】【Discipline 专业】一般通用名词】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】建筑物理】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】职务名称】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】制图】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业结构专业a. LOAD 荷载荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构钢结构钢结构 e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据 计划建议书planning planning proposalsproposals 设计任务书design design orderorder 标准规范standards and codes条件图information information drawingdrawing 设计基础资料设计基础资料 basic data for design工艺流程图process process flowchartflowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original original data data 设计进度设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段设计阶段方案scheme, scheme, draftdraft 草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究feasibility feasibility studystudy 初步设计preliminary preliminary designdesign 基础设计basic basic designdesign 详细设计detail detail designdesign 询价图enquiry enquiry drawingdrawing 施工图施工图 working drawing, construction drawing竣工图竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件气象条件 日照 sunshine风玫瑰wind wind roserose 主导风向prevailing prevailing windwind wind direction direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind wind loadload 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual annual rainfallrainfall 湿球温度wet wet bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 干球温度dry dry bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 冰冻期frost frost periodperiod 冰冻线frost frost lineline 冰冻区frost frost zone zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative relative humidityhumidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房service service roomroom 换班室shift shift roomroom 休息室休息室 rest room (break room)起居室living living roomroom 浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室locker locker room room 厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间cleaning cleaning roomroom 会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting meeting roomroom 衣柜间ward ward roberobe 暖风间 H.V .A.C .A.C roomroom 饭店 restaurant餐厅canteen, canteen, diningdining dining room room 厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处reception reception areaarea 会计室accountant accountant roomroom 秘书室secretary secretary roomroom 电气室electrical electrical roomroom 控制室control control roomroom 工长室foreman foreman officeoffice 开关柜室switch switch geargear 前室antecabinet antecabinet (Ante.)(Ante.) 生产区production production areaarea 马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房utility utility roomroom 化验室laboratory laboratory roomroom 经理室manager manager roomroom 披 屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard guard househouse e. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊roof roof ridgeridge 坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐overhanging overhanging eave eave 檐沟eave eave guttergutter 平屋面flat flat roofroof 坡屋面pitched pitched roofroof 雨水管雨水管 downspout, rain water pipe(R.W.P) 汇水面积catchment catchment areaarea 泛水 flashing内排水interior interior drainagedrainage 外排水exterior exterior drainagedrainage 滴水 drip屋面排水roof roof drainagedrainage 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 卷材屋面built-up built-up roofingroofing 天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板roofing roofing boardboard 天花板ceiling ceiling boardboard 防水层water-proof water-proof coursecourse 检查孔inspection inspection holehole 人孔 manhole吊顶吊顶 suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick brick wallwall 砌块墙block block wallwall 清水砖墙清水砖墙 brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered rendered wallwall 石膏板墙石膏板墙 gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙bearing bearing wallwall 非承重墙non-bearing non-bearing wallwall 纵墙longitudinal longitudinal wallwall 横墙transverse transverse wallwall 外墙external external (exterior)(exterior) (exterior) wall wall 内墙内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙filler filler wallwall 防火墙fire fire wallwall 窗间墙wall wall betweenbetween between window window 空心墙cavity cavity wallwall 压顶 coping圈梁gird, gird, girt,girt, girt, girth girth 玻璃隔断glazed glazed wallwall 防潮层damp-proof damp-proof coursecourse course (D.P.C) (D.P.C) 遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony 伸缩缝expansion expansion jointjoint 沉降缝settlement settlement jointjoint 抗震缝seismic seismic jointjoint 复合夹心板sandwich sandwich boardboard 压型单板压型单板 corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding cladding panelpanel 复合板composite composite panelpanel 轻质隔断light-weight light-weight partitionpartition 牛腿 bracket砖烟囱brick brick chimneychimney 勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实rammed rammed earthearth 炉渣夯实tamped tamped cindercinder 填土filled filled earthearth 回填土夯实tamped tamped backfillbackfill 垫层垫层 bedding course, blinding面层covering, covering, finishfinish 结合层bonding bonding (binding)(binding) (binding) course course 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面concrete concrete floorfloor 水泥地面cement cement floorfloor 机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面terrazzo terrazzo flooringflooring 马赛克地面mosaic mosaic flooringflooring 瓷砖地面瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum linoleum flooringflooring 预制水磨预制水磨 石地面precast precast terrazzoterrazzo terrazzo flooring flooring 硬木花地面hard-wood hard-wood parquetparquet parquet flooring flooring 搁栅 joist硬木毛地面hard-wood hard-wood roughrough rough flooring flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant acid-resistant floorfloor 钢筋混凝土楼板钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl vinyl flooringflooring 水磨石嵌条水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟drainage drainage trenchtrench 沟盖板trench trench cover cover 活动盖板活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑sump sump pitpit 孔翻边hole hole upup up stand stand 电缆沟cable cable trenchtrench h. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件 木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled panelled doordoor 夹板门plywood plywood doordoor 铝合金门铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门swing swing doordoor 推拉门sliding sliding doordoor 平开门side-hung side-hung doordoor 折叠门folding folding doordoor 旋转门revolving revolving doordoor 玻璃门glazed glazed doordoor 密闭门air-Tight air-Tight doordoor 保温门保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire fire doordoor (大门上的)小门 wicket门框door door frameframe 门扇door door leafleaf 门洞door door openingopening 结构开洞structural structural openingopening 单扇门single single doordoor 双扇门double double doordoor 疏散门emergency emergency doordoor 纱门screen screen doordoor 门槛door door sillsill 门过梁door door lintellintel 上冒头top top railrail 下冒头bottom bottom railrail 门边木 stile门樘侧料side side jumbjumb 槽口 notch木窗wooden wooden windowwindow 钢窗steel steel windowwindow 铝合金窗铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow hollow steelsteel steel window window 固定窗fixed fixed windowwindow 平开窗side-hung side-hung window window 推拉窗sliding sliding windowwindow 气窗 transom上悬窗top-hung top-hung windowwindow 中悬窗center-pivoted center-pivoted windowwindow 下悬窗hopper hopper windowwindow 活动百叶窗adjustable adjustable louverlouver 天窗 skylight老虎窗dormer dormer windowwindow 密封双层玻璃密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced reinforced brickbrick brick lintel lintel 窗扇casement casement sashsash 窗台window window sillsill 窗台板window window boardboard 窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条cover cover mouldmould 窗帘盒curtain curtain boxbox 合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链parliament parliament hingehinge 闭门器door door closercloser 地弹簧floor floor closercloser 插销 bolt门锁door door locklock 拉手 pull链条 chain门钩door door hangerhanger 碰球ball ball latchlatch 窗钩window window catchcatch 暗插销insert insert boltbolt 电动开关器electric electric openeropener 平板玻璃plate plate glassglass夹丝玻璃wire wire glassglass 透明玻璃clear clear glassglass 毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃bullet-proof bullet-proof glassglass 石英玻璃quartz quartz glassglass 吸热玻璃heat heat absorbingabsorbing absorbing glass glass 磨光玻璃polished polished glassglass 着色玻璃pigmented pigmented glassglass 玻璃瓦glass glass tiletile 玻璃砖glass glass block block 有机玻璃organic organic glassglass i. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯emergency emergency stairstair 旋转梯旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane crane ladderladder 直爬梯vertical vertical ladderladder 踏步 step扇形踏步winder winder (wheel(wheel (wheel step) step) 踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度tread tread widthwidth 防滑条non-slip non-slip insertinsert insert (strips) (strips) 栏杆railing railing (balustrade)(balustrade) 平台栏杆platform platform railingrailing 吊装孔栏杆吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole 扶手 handrail梯段高度height height ofof of flight flight 防护梯笼防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing landing (platform)(platform) 操作平台operating operating platformplatform 装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair stair landinglanding 客梯passenger passenger liftlift 货梯goods goods liftlift 客/货两用梯goods/passenger goods/passenger liftlift 液压电梯hydraulic hydraulic liftlift 自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯observation observation elevatorelevator 电梯机房电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑lift lift pitpit 电梯井道lift lift shaftshaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦砖和瓦】红砖red red brickbrick 粘土砖clay clay brickbrick 瓷砖瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire fire brickbrick 空心砖hollow hollow brickbrick 面砖facing facing brickbrick 地板砖flooring flooring tiletile 缸砖clinkery clinkery brick brick 马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite ceramsite concreteconcrete 琉璃瓦glazed glazed tiletile 脊瓦ridge ridge tiletile 石棉瓦石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】灰、砂和石】石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉white white marblemarble 花岗岩 granite碎石crushed crushed stonestone 毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂course course sandsand 中砂medium medium sandsand 细砂fine fine sandsand 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥silicate silicate cementcement 火山灰水泥pozzolana pozzolana cementcement 白水泥white white cementcement 水泥砂浆cement cement mortarmortar 石灰砂浆lime lime mortarmortar 水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal thermal mortarmortar 防水砂浆water-proof water-proof mortarmortar 耐酸砂浆acid-resistant acid-resistant mortarmortar 耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant alkaline-resistant mortarmortar沥青砂浆bituminous bituminous mortarmortar 纸筋灰纸筋灰 paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar mortar jointjoint 素混凝土plain plain concreteconcrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced reinforced concreteconcrete 轻质混凝土lightweight lightweight concreteconcrete 细石混凝土细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt asphalt concreteconcrete 泡沫混凝土foamed foamed concrete concrete 炉渣混凝土cinder cinder concreteconcrete【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】饰面及粉刷材料】水刷石granitic granitic plasterplaster 斩假石artificial artificial stonestone 刷浆lime lime washwash 可赛银 casein大白浆white white washwash 麻刀灰打底麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash 分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰板条抹灰 lath and plaster【Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】 沥青卷材asphalt asphalt feltfelt 沥青填料asphalt asphalt fillerfiller 沥青胶泥asphalt asphalt groutgrout 冷底子油adhesive adhesive bitumenbitumen bitumen primer primer 沥青玛啼脂asphaltic asphaltic masticmastic 沥青麻丝bitumastic bitumastic oakumoakum 石棉板asbestos asbestos sheetsheet 石棉纤维asbestos asbestos fiberfiber【Timber 木材】木材】裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木round round timbertimber 方木square square timbertimber 板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松red red pinepine 白松white white pinepine 落叶松deciduous deciduous pinepine 云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨white white poplarpoplar 桦木 birch冷杉 fir 栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木camphor camphor woodwood 防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber 胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板laminated laminated plankplank 胶合层夹木材glue-laminated glue-laminated lumberlumber 纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo【Metallic Materials 金属材料】金属材料】黑色金属ferrous ferrous metalmetal 圆钢 steelbBar方钢square square steelsteel 扁钢steel steel atrapatrap 型钢steel steel sectionsection section (shape) (shape) 槽钢 channel角钢angle angle steelsteel 等边角钢equal-leg equal-leg angleangle 不等边角钢unequal-leg unequal-leg angleangle 工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢T-bar T-bar (Z-bar)(Z-bar) 冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢alloy alloy steelsteel钛合金titanium titanium alloyalloy 不锈钢stainless stainless steelsteel 竹节钢筋corrugated corrugated steelsteel steel bar bar 变形钢筋deformed deformed barbar 光圆钢筋plain plain roundround round bar bar 钢板steel steel plateplate 薄钢板thin thin steelsteel steel plate plate 低碳钢低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯cold cold bendingbending 钢管steel steel pipe pipe pipe (tube) (tube) 无缝钢管无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管welded welded steelsteel steel pipe pipe 黑铁管iron iron pipepipe 镀锌钢管镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast cast ironiron 生铁pig pig ironiron 熟铁wrought wrought ironiron 镀锌铁皮镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire 钢丝网钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网expanded expanded metalmetal 锰钢managanese managanese steelsteel 高强度合金钢高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steel【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】有色金属】 金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】防腐蚀材料】聚乙烯polythene, polythene, polyethylenepolyethylene 尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic acrylic resinresin 乙烯基酯vinyl vinyl esterester 橡胶内衬rubber rubber lininglining 氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆bitumen bitumen paintpaint 环氧树脂漆epoxy epoxy resinresin resin paint paint 氧化锌底漆zinc zinc oxideoxide oxide primer primer 防锈漆anti-rust anti-rust paintpaint 耐酸漆acid-resistant acid-resistant paintpaint 耐碱漆alkali-resistant alkali-resistant paintpaint 水玻璃sodium sodium silicatesilicate 树脂砂浆resin-bonded resin-bonded mortarmortar 环氧树脂epoxy epoxy resinresin【Building Building Hardware Hardware 建筑五金】建筑五金】钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail 环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝flat-head flat-head screwscrew 螺栓 bolt普通螺栓commercial commercial boltbolt 高强螺栓high high strengthstrength strength bolt bolt 预埋螺栓insert insert boltbolt 胀锚螺栓cinch cinch boltbolt 垫片 washer【Paint 油漆】油漆】底漆 primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitive rust-inhibitive primerprimer 防腐漆anti-corrosion anti-corrosion paintpaint 调和漆mixed mixed paintpaint 无光漆flat flat paintpaint 透明漆 varnish银粉漆aluminum aluminum paintpaint 磁漆enamel enamel paintpaint 干性油drying drying oiloil 稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆asphalt asphalt paintpaint 桐油桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹red red leadlead 铅油lead lead oiloil 腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】专业】建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水给排水 water supply and drainage总图plot plot planplan 采暖通风H.V H.V.A.C.A.C .A.C (heating (heating 、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应电力供应 electric power supply电气照明electric electric lightinglighting 电讯 telecommunication 仪表 instrument热力供应heat heat powerpower power supply supply 动力mechanical mechanical powerpower 工艺process process technologytechnology 管道 piping【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】一般通用名词】建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式architectural architectural stylestyle 民用建筑civil civil architecturearchitecture 城市建筑urban urban architecturearchitecture 农村建筑rural rural architecturearchitecture 农业建筑farm farm buildingbuilding 工业建筑industrial industrial buildingbuilding 重工业的heavy heavy industrialindustrial 轻工业的light light industrialindustrial 古代建筑ancient ancient architecturearchitecture 现代建筑modern modern architecturearchitecture 标准化建筑standardized standardized buildingsbuildings 附属建筑auxiliary auxiliary buildingsbuildings 城市规划city city planningplanning 厂区内within within sitesite 厂区外 offsite封闭式closed closed typetype 开敞式open open typetype 半开敞式semi-open semi-open typetype 模数制modular modular systemsystem 单位造价unit unit costcost 概算preliminary preliminary estimateestimate 承包商constructor, constructor, contractorcontractor 现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震aseismatic, aseismatic, quake-proofquake-proof 防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量traffic traffic volumevolume 货流量freight freight traffictraffic traffic volume volume 人流量pedestrian pedestrian volume volume 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 建筑模型building building modelmodel【Architectural Architectural Physics Physics 建筑物理】建筑物理】照明 illumination照度degree degree ofof of illumination illumination 亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光natural natural lightinglighting 光强light light intensityintensity 侧光side side lightlight 顶光top top lightlight 眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温thermal thermal insulationinsulation 恒温constant constant temperaturetemperature 恒湿constant constant humidityhumidity 噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音sound sound absorptionabsorption 露点dew dew pointpoint 隔汽 vapor-proof【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】职务名称】项目经理项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理design design managermanager 首席建筑师principal principal architectarchitect总工程师chief chief engineerengineer 土木工程师civil civil engineerengineer 工艺工程师process process engineerengineer 电气工程师electrical electrical engineerengineer 机械工程师mechanical mechanical engineerengineer 计划工程师planning planning engineerengineer 助理工程师assistant assistant engineerengineer 实习生 probationer专家specialist, specialist, expertexpert 制图员 draftsman 技术员 technician【Drafting 制图】制图】总说明general general specificationspecification 工程说明project project specificationspecification 采用标准规范目录采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录图纸目录 list of drawings 平面图 plan局部放大图局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图schematic schematic planplan plan of... of... ．．．平剖面图．平剖面图 sectional plan of... 留孔平面图留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes 剖面 section纵剖面longitudinal longitudinal sectionsection 横剖面横剖面 cross (transverse) section 立面 elevation正立面front front elevationelevation 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 侧立面side side elevationelevation 背立面back back elevationelevation 详图detail detail drawingsdrawings 典型节点typical typical detaildetail 节点号detail detail No.No. 首页front front pagepage 图纸目录及说明list of contents and description 图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图load load diagramdiagram 流程示意图flow flow diagramdiagram 标准图standard standard drawingdrawing ．．．布置图layout layout ofof of ... ... 地形图topographical topographical mapmap土方工程图earth-work earth-work drawing drawing 展开图developed developed drawing drawing 模板图formwork formwork drawingdrawing 配筋配筋 arrangement of reinforcement 表格 tables工程进度表working working scheduleschedule 技术经济指标technical and economical index 建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号serial serial No. No. 行和栏rows rows andand and columns columns 备注 remarks 等级 grade直线straight straight Line Line 曲线 curves曲折线zigzag zigzag lineline 虚线dotted dotted lineline 实线solid solid lineline 影线hatching hatching line line 点划线点划线 dot and dash line 轴线 axis等高线contour contour Line Line 中心线center center LineLine 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola切线tangent tangent Line Line 尺寸线dimension dimension LineLine 园形 round 环形 annular 方形 square 矩形 rectangle 平行四边形 parallelogram 三角形 triangle 五角形 pentagon 六角形 hexagon 八角形 octagon 梯形 trapezoid 圆圈 circle 弓形 sagment 扇形 sector 球形的 spherical 抛物面 paraboloid 圆锥形 cone椭圆形ellipse, ellipse, oblongoblong面积 area 体积 volume 容量 capacity 重量 weight 质量 mass 力 force 米 meter 厘米 centimeter 毫米 millimeter 公顷 hectate 牛顿/平方米Newton/square Newton/square metermeter 千克/立方米kilogram/cubic kilogram/cubic metermeter 英尺 foot 英寸 inch 磅 pound 吨 ton 加仑 gallon 千磅 kip平均尺寸average average dimension dimension 变尺寸variable variable dimension dimension 外形尺寸overall overall dimension dimension 展开尺寸developed developed dimension dimension 内径inside inside diameter diameter 外径outside outside diameter diameter 净重net net weight weight 毛重gross gross weight weight 数量 quantity 百分比 percentage 净空 clearance 净高 headroom净距clear clear distance distance 净跨clear clear spanspan 截面尺寸sectional sectional dimensiondimension 开间 bay 进深 depth单跨single single span span 双跨double double span span 多跨 multi-span标高elevation, elevation, levellevel 绝对标高absolute absolute elevation elevation 设计标高designed designed elevationelevation 室外地面标高ground ground elevation elevation 室内地面标高floor floor elevation elevation 柱网column column gridgrid坐标 coordinate厂区占地site site areaarea 使用面积usable usable area area 辅助面积service service area area 通道面积passage passage area area 管架pipe pipe rackrack 管廊pipeline pipeline gallerygallery 架空管线overhead overhead pipeline pipeline 排水沟drain drain ditch ditch 集水坑sump sump pit pit 喷泉 fountain地漏floor floor drain drain 消火栓fire fire hydrant hydrant 灭火器fire fire extinguisherextinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher卤代烷灭火器halon halon extinguisherextinguisher2. STRUCTURE 结构专业 a. Load 荷载荷载拔力pulling pulling force force 标准值standard standard value value 残余应力residual residual stressstress 冲击荷载冲击荷载 impact load, punch load残余变形residual residual deflectiondeflection 承压 bearing承载能力bearing bearing capacitycapacity 承重承重 bearing, load bearing承重结构bearing bearing structure structure 脆性材料brittle brittle material material 脆性破坏brittle brittle failure failure 抵抗力resisting resisting power, power, power, resistance resistance 吊车荷载crane crane load load 分布荷载distributed distributed load load 风荷载wind wind loadload 风速风速 wind velocity, wind speed风压wind wind pressure pressure 风振wind wind vibration vibration 浮力buoyance, buoyance, floatage floatage 符号symbol, symbol, mark mark 负弯矩负弯矩 negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载additional additional load load 附加应力additional additional stress stress 副作用side side effect,effect, effect, by-effect by-effect刚度 rigidity 刚度比刚度比 ratio of rigidity刚度系数rigidity rigidity factor factor 刚接rigid rigid connectionconnection 刚性节点rigid rigid joint joint 恒载dead dead load load 荷载传递荷载传递 transmission of load固端弯矩fixed-end fixed-end moment moment 活荷载live live load load 积灰荷载dust dust load load 集中荷载concentrated concentrated loadload 加载, 加荷 loading 剪力剪力 shear, shearing force剪切破坏shear shear failure failure 剪应变shear shear strain strain 剪应力shear shear stress stress 简支simple simple support support 静定结构静定结构 statically determinate structure 截面模量截面模量 modulus of section,section section modulusmodulus 静力static static forceforce 静力分析static static analysisanalysis 局部压力局部压力 local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈local local bulkling bulkling 绝对值absolute absolute valuevalue 均布荷载均布荷载 uniformly distributed load抗拔力pulling pulling resistance resistance 抗剪刚度shear shear rigidityrigidity 抗剪强度抗剪强度 shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度tensile tensile strength strength 抗扭torsion torsion resistanceresistance 抗扭刚度torsional torsional rigidity rigidity 抗弯bending bending resistanceresistance 抗弯刚度bending bending rigidityrigidity 抗压强度抗压强度 compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计reliability reliability design design 拉力tensile tensile force force 拉应力拉应力 tensile stress, tension stress 拉应变拉应变 tensile strain, tension strain临界点critical critical point point 临界荷载critical critical load load 临界应力critical critical stressstress 密度 density离心力centrifugal centrifugal forceforce 摩擦力friction friction forceforce 摩擦系数frictional frictional factorfactor 挠度 deflection内力内力 internal force, inner force 扭矩扭矩 moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度fatigue fatigue strengthstrength 偏心荷载偏心荷载 eccentric load, non-central load偏心距eccentric eccentric distance,distance, distance, eccentricity eccentricity 偏心受拉eccentric eccentric tension tension 偏心受压eccentric eccentric compressioncompression 屈服强度yield yield strengthstrength 使用荷载working working loadload 水平力horizontal horizontal forceforce 水平推力horizontal horizontal thrustthrust 弹塑性变形elastoplastic elastoplastic deformationdeformation 弹性弹性 elasticity, resilience, spring塑限plastic plastic limitlimit 弹性变形elastic elastic deformationdeformation 塑性变形plastic plastic deformationdeformation 弹性模量弹性模量 modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积体积 volume, bulk, cubature, cubage 土压力土压力 earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩bending bending moment,moment, moment, moment moment 弯曲半径弯曲半径 radius at bent, radius of curve 位移 displacement温度应力temperature temperature stressstress 温度作用temperature temperature actionaction 系数coefficient, coefficient, factorfactor 雪荷载snow snow loadload 压应变compression compression strainstrain 压应力compression compression stressstress 应力集中应力集中 concentration of stress 预应力预应力 prestressing force, prestress 振动荷载振动荷载 vibrating load, racking load支座反力support support reactionreaction 自重own own weightweight 作用action, action, effecteffect 作用点作用点 point of application,application jointb. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础地基及基础板桩板桩 sheet pile, sheeting pile 板桩基础板桩基础 sheet pile foundation。

Acrylic[ə'krɪlɪk]亚克力Construction: 指建造的那个建筑, construct对应的名词，如“建筑工程”construction project Architecture: 指具体的建筑物，风格Building: 一般指的是某幢建筑物。

Stage1: Architectural Conceptual design建筑概念设计●Plan 平面图●Reference pictures 参考图片/风格意向图●Presentation document汇报文件Stage2: Architectural Schematic design方案设计●Renders效果图●方案: Elevation立面图, Section剖面图●Construction design 施工设计●Presentation document汇报文件Stage3: Interior Conceptual design室内概念设计●Plan 平面图●Reference pictures 参考图片/风格意向图●Presentation document汇报文件Stage4: Interior Schematic design方案设计●Renders效果图●方案: Elevation立面图, Section剖面图●Construction design 施工设计●Presentation document汇报文件plot ratio/site ratio/floor area ratio(FAR) 容积率:Gross Floor Area总建筑面积: Total covered area on all floors of all buildings on a certain plot area of the plot 建筑用地面积: The size of the piece of land upon which it is builtFloor area ratio = (Gross Floor Area) / (area of the plot) 地上总建筑面积÷建筑用地面积Parcel 地块single-story building 单层建筑multi-story building 多层建筑Schematic design方案设计Site location 场地位置Architectural style建筑风格Analysis of position区位分析 analysis of existing circumstance现状分析analysis of function功能分析analysis of traffic/circulation/streamline交通/流线分析 vehicle circulation车型流线carriageway车道drop off落客点analysis of sunshine日照分析analysis of landscape景观分析landscape sight/view/vision景观视线analysis of space sequence空间序列分析philosophy of design设计理念bubble diagram气泡图architecture conception建筑构思architectural creation建筑创作architectural sketch建筑草图layout建筑布局perspective透视图hand drawing手绘效果图 a birdˊs-eye view鸟瞰图 façade 建筑物正面Preliminary design初步设计Legend图例cover封面content内容design explanation设计说明general layout/master plan/site plan总平面图first floor plan一层平面ground floor plan基础平面图typical floor plan标准层平面图basement plan地下室平面图（B1）first basement floor负一层（G1)garage车库 roof plan屋顶平面图elevation立面section剖面enlarged preliminary design扩大初步设计Licensed architect注册建筑师electrical engineer电机工程师licensed structural engineer注册结构工程师plant engineer设备工程师mechanical engineer机械工程师landscape architect景观设计师licensed planner注册规划师plot plan engineer总图工程师project budget工程预算air-conditioning system空调系统heating and ventilation供暖与通风water supply and drainage给水与排水structure design结构设计acoustic design声学设计lighting/illuminated design照明设计indoor environment design室内环境设计Construction drawing design施工图设计Full-size drawing/Details drawing详图、大样图building code建筑规范working drawing and the specification施工图与施工说明书Technical and economic index技术经济指标Construction site建筑地基boundary line of roads道路红线boundary line of land/property line用地红线/建筑红线building line建筑控制线building density/building coverage ratio建筑密度/建筑密度率greening rate/ratio of green space绿地率Theory理论Eclecticism折衷主义 functionalism功能主义post-modernism后现代主义minimalism极简主义deconstruction/deconstructivism解构主义Italian Renaissance意大利文艺复兴green building绿色建筑Doric order多立克柱式 Ionic order爱奥尼柱式Corinthian order科斯林柱式Gothic Revival哥特复兴greek temple希腊神庙Triumphai arch凯旋门住宅专业词汇总结Sale center售楼中心/售楼部Villahouse/detached house独栋别墅semi-detached house双排别墅row house连排别墅townhouse联体别墅high-grade residential高档住宅duplex apartment跃层住宅tall building of apartment单元式高层住宅apartment of towerbuilding塔式高层住宅gallery tall of apartment通廊式高层住宅houseing cluster/group住宅组团residential community居住区residential density居住密度low-rise medium-density cluster housing低层中密度住宅群business-living building商住楼multiple-use building综合楼multiple-use high-rise building多功能高层住宅dwelling size套型habitable space居住空间bedroom卧室living room起居室family room家庭活动室kitchen厨房bathroom卫生间 balcony阳台terrace露台，平台ramp坡道passage过道gallery（corridor gallery）走廊overhanging corridor挑廊eaves gallery檐廊cloister回廊bridge way架空走廊semi-basement半地下室empty space（open floor）架空层refuge storey避难层mechanical floor设备层cabinet壁柜wall-hung cupboard吊柜view room眺望间overhang骑楼arcade过街楼stair step楼梯踏步stair well楼梯井stair landing楼梯平台stair railing楼梯栏杆envelop enclosure围护结构enclosing curtain wall围护性幕墙decorative faced curtain wall装饰幕墙French windows落地橱窗dormant window天窗dormer window老虎窗bay window凸窗/飘窗sash-window上下推拉窗eaves and gable屋檐与山墙window-blinds百叶窗parapet女儿墙/矮墙plinth勒脚/柱基canopy雨篷masonry structure砖石/砖混结构frame structure框架结构steel-frame structure钢框架结构frame-shear wall structure框架-剪力墙结构megastructure巨型结构bearing wall承重墙bearing strength承载力concrete beam混凝土梁concrete shell混凝土薄壳reinforced concrete slab钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete column钢筋混凝土柱子deformation joint变形缝duration of fire resistance耐火极限safety exit安全出口hang wall挡烟垂壁suspended ceiling吊顶pipe shaft管道井smoke uptake/flue烟道air relief shaft通风道motor repair shop修车库parking area停车场under ground garage地下汽车库high rise garage高层汽车库mechanical and stereoscopic garage机械式立体车库compound garage复式汽车库Minimumturn radius of car汽车最小转弯半径规划Town and county planning（urban and rural planning）城乡规划city and regional planning城市与区域规划urban planning law of PRC中华人民共和国城市规划法城市发展战略层面： comprehensive planning/master plan城市总体规划landuse planning土地利用总体规划建筑控制引导层面：Detailed plan详细规划regulatory plan控制性详细规划site plan修建性详细规划Urban land城市用地R residential land居住用地黄色C pubic facilities公共设施用地红（commercial：商业） M industrial land工业用地熟褐（manufacture：制造) W warehouse land仓储用地紫T intercity transportation land对外交通用地中灰S roads and squares道路广场用地留白U municipal utilities市政公用设施用地蓝灰G green space绿地中草绿D specially-designed land特殊用地深草地色E water and miscellaneous水域和其他城市分区规划：city/district planning城市规模：city size城市发展模式：urban development pattern城市用地评价：urban landuse evaluation城市用地平衡：urban landuse balance城市总体布局：urban（city） layout城市结构：urban structure城市形态：urban morphologyIndustrial/commercial/residential/warehouse/institutes and college/central business/mixed-use district工业/商业/居住/仓储/文教中心/商务/综合区scenic zone风景区公共设施分布：utility distribution快速路：express way步行街：pedestrian street城市给水系统：water supply system城市排水系统：sewerage system城市供电系统：power supply system城市供暖系统：district heating system城市燃气系统：gas supply system城市通信系统：communication system城市绿地系统：urban green space system绿带：green belt防护绿地：green buffer城市生态系统：city ecosystem城市生态平衡：balance of city ecosystem城市环境质量：city environmental quality城市环境评价：city environment assessment可持续发展：sustainable development。

2019年高层建筑结构设计规范.doc 范本一：1. 引言1.1. 编制目的1.2. 参考文件2. 术语和定义2.1. 术语2.2. 定义3. 结构设计基本要求3.1. 载荷要求3.1.1. 永久荷载3.1.2. 可变荷载3.2. 构件材料3.2.1. 截面尺寸3.2.2. 材料强度3.2.3. 预应力钢筋3.3. 结构安全3.3.1. 构件稳定性3.3.2. 破坏状态4. 力学模型4.1. 结构分析方法4.1.1. 弹性分析4.1.2. 弹塑性分析4.2. 荷载组合4.2.1. 概述4.2.2. 荷载组合规则5. 结构设计计算5.1. 截面计算5.1.1. 截面受力分析5.1.2. 最小剪力筋5.1.3. 最小纵向钢筋面积5.2. 端部构造设计5.2.1. 压杆破坏5.2.2. 压杆承载能力5.3. 抗震设计5.3.1. 设计基准地震动5.3.2. 抗震措施6. 工程图纸和计算书6.1. 结构布置图纸6.2. 结构设计计算书7. 监理和验收7.1. 结构施工监理7.2. 结构工程验收7.2.1. 边坡和基础验收7.2.2. 构件和构造物验收8. 附件附件1：结构设计计算示例附件2：结构施工工艺图附件3：结构材料试验报告附件4：结构工程验收记录附件5：结构抗震设计报告本文所涉及的法律名词及注释：1. 执照：指由法律机构颁发的证明某一特定活动合法执行的文件。

2. 权益：指个人或组织在法律上享有的权力或利益。

3. 施工许可证：指政府机构颁发给具备从事特定施工活动的资格的个人或组织的证件。

范本二：1. 引言1.1. 编制目的1.2. 参考文件2. 概述2.1. 建筑结构分类2.2. 结构设计目标3. 载荷计算3.1. 永久荷载3.2. 可变荷载3.3. 风荷载3.4. 地震荷载4. 结构材料4.1. 混凝土4.2. 钢筋4.3. 预应力钢束5. 结构系统设计5.1. 框架结构5.2. 剪力墙结构5.3. 框架-剪力墙结构5.4. 骨架筒结构6. 结构设计计算6.1. 梁、柱的计算6.2. 墙、板的计算6.3. 基础的计算7. 结构施工7.1. 施工工艺7.2. 施工方法7.3. 施工安全措施8. 监理和验收8.1. 施工监理8.2. 结构工程验收9. 附件附件1：结构设计计算案例附件2：结构施工图纸附件3：结构材料试验报告附件4：结构工程验收记录附件5：结构施工规范本文所涉及的法律名词及注释：1. 建筑法：指明确了建设活动的法律地位、建设主体的权利与义务、建设程序与管理、建设行为标准等方面规定的法律。

高层建筑结构设计：多层与高层建筑结构：Mehrgeschossig und vielgeschossig Baustruktur 木结构：f Holzkonstruktion砖结构：m Backsteinbau承载力：Tragfaeigkeit f刚度：f Haerte侧向位移：Seitenrichtung Verschiebung(Verlagerung)限制：etw einschraenken范围：m Rahmen抗侧力：seitenrichtung kraft重要的：wichtig设计：Projektieren抵抗：widersetzen缺点：m Fehler构件：m Bestandteil平面：Flaeche断面：Schnittflaeche f优点：m Vorzug布置：aufstellen灵活：Lebhaft分层：geschichtet分配：verteilen/verteilung系数：koeffizient动荷载：Verkehrslast f动态分析：prozessanalyse注意：aufmerksam achen auf注意事项：punkte zur Beachtung比率：n Verhaeltnis f Rate高强度砼：hochfesterBeton高层建筑：Hochbau结构体系：n Struktur system布置：einrichtung载荷：f Ladung框架结构：m skelettbau框架：m Balkenwerk筒：Tonnengewoelbe n设计：projektieren柱子：Pfeiler方向：Richtung利用：benutzen内应力：Eigenspannung位移：f Verlagerung剪力墙：scherkraft Mauer悬臂： m Ausleger载荷：Traglast合适的：berechtigt转角：f strassenBiegung降低：absinken底面积：unterbauflaeche附加荷载：zusaetzlich Ladung扩大：vergroessern容许：zulaessig容许负载：zulaessige Ladung容许应力：zulaessige Beanspruchung 计算机制图：computergrafik毫米：m Millimeter支撑结构：n Tragwerk厚度：f Staerke主梁：HauptBalken次梁：NebenBalken跨度：Spannweite横墙：Quermauer纵墙：vertikalmauer对称：Symmetrie严谨：gewissenhaft稳定:bestaendig断开：etw abschalten坡道：Steigungsstrecken坡度：Steigung框架结构：Skelettbauweise柱：Saeule梁：Balken素描：Skizze构造：Konstruktion结构：Struktur施工：Bauausfuehrung建筑力学：Baumichanik建筑制图用语：基地：Grundstueck总平面图：Lageplan一层平面：Grundriss Geschoss二层平面：der erste Stock立面图：Ansicht剖面图：der Schnitt透视图：perspektivische Darstellung分析图：Analytisches Bild 比例：Massstab。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Create and comprehensive technology in the structure globaldesign of the buildingThe 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together.The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity andreduce whole expenses of project.The comprehensive new technology is to give full play to the technological specialty of every discipline , create and use the new technology, and with outside space , dimension of the building , working in coordination with in an all-round way the building component, thus reduce equipment investment and operate the expenses.Each success , building of engineering construction condense collective intelligence and strength; It is intelligence and expectation that an architect pays that the building is created; The engineering design of the building is that architecture , structure , equipment speciality compose hardships and strength happenning; It is the diligent and sweat paid in design and operation , installation , management that the construction work is built up .The initial stage of the 1990s, our understanding that the concept of global design is a bit elementary , conscientious to with making some jobs in engineering design unconsciously , make some harvest. This text Hangzhou city industrial and commercial bank financial comprehensive building and Hangzhou city Bank of Communications financial building two building , group of " scientific and technological progress second prize " speak of from person who obtain emphatically, expound the fact global design - comprehensive technology that building create its , for reach global design outstanding architect in two engineering design, have served as the creator and persons who cooperate while every stage design and even building are built completely.Two projects come into operation for more than 4 years formally , run and coordinate , good wholly , reach the anticipated result, accepted and appreciated by the masses, obtain various kinds of honor .outstanding to design award , progress prize in science and technology , project quality bonus , local top ten view , best model image award ,etc., the ones that do not give to the architect and engineers without one are gratified and proud. The building is created Emphasizing the era for global design of the building, the architects' creation idea and design method should be broken through to some extent, creation inspirations is it set up in analysis , building of global design , synthesize more to burst out and at the foundation that appraise, learn and improve the integration capability exactly designed in building , possess the new knowledge system and thinking method , merge multi-disciplinary technology. We have used the new design idea in above-mentioned projects, have emphasized the globality created in building .Is it is it act as so as to explain to conceive to create two design overview and building of construction work these now.1) The financial comprehensive building of industrial and commercial bank of HangZhou,belong to the comprehensive building, with the whole construction area of 39,000 square meters, main building total height 84, 22, skirt 4 of room, some 6 storeys, 2 storeys of basements.Design overall thinking break through of our country bank building traditional design mode - seal , deep and serious , stern , form first-class function, create of multi-functional type , the style of opening , architecture integrated with the mode of the international commercial bank.The model of the building is free and easy, opened, physique was made up by the hyperboloid, the main building presented " the curved surface surrounded southwards ", skirt room presents " the curved surface surrounded northwards ", the two surround but become intension of " gathering the treasure ".Building flourishing upwards, elevation is it adopt large area solid granite wall to design, the belt aluminium alloy curtain wall of the large area and some glass curtain walls, and interweave the three into powerful and vigorous whole , chase through model and entity wall layer bring together , form concise , tall and straight , upward tendency of working up successively, have distinct and unique distinctions.Building level and indoor space are designed into a multi-functional type and style of opening, opening, negotiate , the official working , meeting , receiving , be healthy and blissful , visit combining together. Spacious and bright two storeys open in the hall unifiedly in the Italian marble pale yellow tone , in addition, the escalator , fountain , light set off, make the space seem very magnificent , graceful and sincere. Intelligent computer network center, getting open and intelligent to handle official business space and all related house distribute in all floor reasonably. Top floor round visit layer, lift all of Room visit layer , can have a panoramic view of the scenery of the West Lake , fully enjoy the warmth of the nature. 2) The financial building of Bank of Communications of Hangzhou, belong to the purely financial office block, with the whole construction area of 19,000 square meters, the total height of the building is 39.9 meters, 13 storeys on the ground, the 2nd Floor. Live in building degree high than it around location , designer have unique architectural appearance of style architectural design this specially, its elevation is designed into a new classical form , the building base adopts the rough granite, show rich capability , top is it burn granite and verticality bar and some form aluminum windows make up as the veneer to adopt, represent the building noble and refined , serious personality of the bank.While creating in above-mentioned two items, besides portraying the shape of the building and indoor space and outside environment minister and blending meticulously, in order to achieve the outstanding purpose of global design of the building , the architect , still according to the region and project characteristic, put forward the following requirement to every speciality:(1) Control the total height of the building strictly;(2) It favorable to the intelligent comfortable height of clearances to create; (3) Meet thefloor area of owner's demand;(4)Protect the environment , save the energy , reduce and make the investment;(5) Design meticulously, use and popularize the new technology; (6)Cooperate closely in every speciality, optimization design.Comprehensive technologyThe building should have strong vitality, there must be sustainable development space, there should be abundant intension and comprehensive new technology. Among above-mentioned construction work , have popularized and used the intelligent technology of the building , has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology, baseplate temperature mix hole , technology of muscle and base of basement enclose new technology of protecting, computer control STL ice hold cold air conditioner technology, compounding type keeps warm and insulates against heat the technology of the wall , such new technologies as the sectional electricity distribution room ,etc., give architecture global design to add the new vitality of note undoubtedly.1, the intelligent technology of the buildingIn initial stage of the 1990s, the intelligent building was introduced from foreign countries to China only as a kind of concept , computer network standard is it soon , make information communication skeleton of intelligent building to pursue in the world- comprehensive wiring system becomes a kind of trend because of 10BASE-T. In order to make the bank building adapt to the development of the times, the designer does one's utmost to recommend and design the comprehensive wiring system with the leading eyes , this may well be termed the first modernized building which adopted this technical design at that time.(1) Comprehensive wiring system one communication transmission network, it make between speech and data communication apparatus , exchange equipment and other administrative systems link to each other, make the equipment and outside communication network link to each other too. It include external telecommunication connection piece and inside information speech all cable and relevant wiring position of data terminal of workspace of network. The comprehensive wiring system adopts the products of American AT&T Corp.. Connected up the subsystem among the subsystem , management subsystem , arterial subsystem and equipment to make up by workspace subsystem , level.(2) Automated systems of security personnel The monitoring systems of security personnel of the building divide into the public place and control and control two pieces of systemequipment with the national treasury special-purposly synthetically.The special-purpose monitoring systems of security personnel of national treasury are in the national treasury , manage the storehouse on behalf of another , transporting the paper money garage to control strictly, the track record that personnel come in and go out, have and shake the warning sensor to every wall of national treasury , the camera, infrared microwave detector in every relevant rooms, set up the automation of controlling to control.In order to realize building intellectuality, the architect has finished complete indoor environment design, has created the comfortable , high-efficient working environment , having opened up the room internal and external recreation space not of uniform size, namely the green one hits the front yard and roofing, have offered the world had a rest and regulated to people working before automation is equipped all day , hang a design adopt the special building to construct the node in concrete ground , wall at the same time.2, has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force- dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technologyIn order to meet the requirement with high assurance that the architect puts forward , try to reduce the height of structure component in structure speciality, did not glue and form the flat roof beam of prestressing force concrete - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology after adopting.(1) Adopt prestressing force concrete roof beam board structure save than ordinary roof beam board concrete consumption 15%, steel consumption saves 27%, the roof beam reduces 300mm high.(2) Adopt flat roof beam structure save concrete about 10% consumption than ordinary roof beam board, steel consumption saves 6.6%, the roof beam reduces 200mm high.Under building total situation that height does not change , adopt above-mentioned structure can make the whole building increase floor area of a layer , have good economic benefits and social benefit.3, the temperature of the baseplate matches muscle technologyIn basement design , is it is it is it after calculating , take the perimeter to keep the construction technology measure warm to split to resist to go on to baseplate, arrange temperature stress reinforcing bar the middle cancelling , dispose 2 row receives the strength reinforcing bar up and down only, this has not only save the fabrication cost of the project but also met the basement baseplate impervious and resisting the requirement that splits.4, the foundation of the basement encloses and protects the new technology of design and operationAdopt two technological measures in enclosing and protecting a design:(1) Cantilever is it is it hole strength is it adopt form strengthen and mix muscle technology to design to protect to enclose, save the steel and invite 60t, it invests about 280,000 to save.(2) Is it is it protect of of elevation and keep roof beam technology to enclose , is it protect long to reduce 1.5m to enclose all to reduce, keep roof beam mark level on natural ground 1.5m , is it is it protect of lateral pressure receive strength some height to enclose to change, saving 137.9 cubic meters of concrete, steel 16.08t, reduces and invests 304,000 yuan directly through calculating.5, ice hold cold air conditioner technologyIce hold cold air conditioner technology belong to new technology still in our country , it heavy advantage that the electricity moves the peak and operates the expenses sparingly most. In design, is it ice mode adopt some (weight ) hold mode of icing , is it ice refrigeration to be plane utilization ratio high to hold partly to hold, hold cold capacity little , refrigeration plane capacity 30%-45% little than routine air conditioner equipment, one economic effective operational mode.Hold the implementation of the technology of the cold air conditioner in order to cooperate with the ice , has used intelligent technology, having adopted the computer to control in holding and icing the air conditioner system, the main task has five following respects:(1) According to the demand for user's cold load , according to the characteristic of the structure of the electric rate , set up the ice and hold the best operation way of the cold system automatically, reduce the operation expenses of the whole system;(2) Fully utilize and hold the capacity of the cold device, should try one's best to use up all the cold quantity held basically on the same day;(3) Automatic operation state of detection system, ensure ice hold cold system capital equipment normal , safe operation;(4) Automatic record parameter that system operate, display system operate flow chart and type systematic operation parameter report form;(5) Predict future cooling load, confirm the future optimization operation scheme.Ice hold cold air conditioner system test run for some time, indicate control system to be steady , reliable , easy to operate, the system operates the energy-conserving result remarkably.6, the compounding type keeps in the wall warm and insulates against heat To the area of Hangzhou , want heating , climate characteristic of lowering the temperature in summer in winter, is it protect building this structural design person who compound is it insulate against heat the wall to keep warm to enclose specially, namely: Fit up , keep warm , insulate against heat the three not to equal to the body , realize building energy-conservation better.Person who compound is it insulate against heat wall to combine elevation model characteristic , design aluminium board elevation renovation material to keep warm, its structure is: Fill out and build hollow brick in the frame structure, do to hang the American Fluorine carbon coating inferior mere aluminium board outside the hollow brick wall.Aluminium board spoke hot to have high-efficient adiabatic performance to the sun, under the same hot function of solar radiation, because the nature , color of the surface material are different from coarse degree, whether can absorb heat have great difference very , between surface and solar radiation hot absorption system (α ) and material radiation system (Cλ ) is it say to come beyond the difference this. Adopt α and Cλ value little surface material have remarkable result , board α、Cλ value little aluminium have, its α =0.26, Cλ =0.4, light gray face brick α =0.56, Cλ =4.3.Aluminium board for is it hang with having layer under air by hollow brick to do, because aluminium board is it have better radiation transfer to hot terms to put in layer among the atmosphere and air, this structure is playing high-efficient adiabatic function on indoor heating too in winter, so, no matter or can well realize building energy-conservation in winter in summer.7, popularize the technology of sectional electricity distribution roomConsider one layer paves Taxi " gold " value , the total distribution of the building locates the east, set up voltage transformer and low-voltage distribution in the same room in first try in the design, make up sectional electricity distribution room , save transformer substation area greatly , adopt layer assign up and down, mixing the switchyard system entirely after building up and putting into operation, the function is clear , the overall arrangement compactness is rational , the systematic dispatcher is flexible . The technology have to go to to use and already become the model extensively of the design afterwards.ConclusionThe whole mode designed of the building synthetically can raise the adaptability of the building , it will be the inevitable trend , environmental consciousness and awareness of saving energy especially after strengthening are even more important. Developing with the economy , science and technology constantly in our country, more advanced technology and scientific and technical result will be applied to the building , believe firmly that in the near future , more outstanding building global design will appear on the building stage of our country. We will be summarizing, progressing constantly constantly, this is that history gives the great responsibility of architect and engineer.译文：建筑结构整体设计-建筑创作和综合技术21世纪将是多种学科技术并存的时代，它必将形成推动建筑发展的巨大动力，建筑结构整体设计也就越来越重要，建筑师必须把握时机，充分发挥建筑师的主导作用，主持好各项建筑工程设计。

建筑结构中英文翻译Aacceptable quality：合格质量acceptance lot：验收批量aciera：钢材admixture：外加剂against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection：高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数aggregate：骨料air content：含气量air-dried timber：气干材allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column：砌体墙、柱容许高厚比allowable slenderness ratio of steel member：钢构件容许长细比allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member：受压木构件容许长细比allowable stress range of fatigue：疲劳容许应力幅allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement：钢筋拉应变限值allowable value of crack width：裂缝宽度容许值allowable value of deflection of structural member：构件挠度容许值allowable value of deflection of timber bending member：受弯木构件挠度容许值allowable value of deformation of steel member：钢构件变形容许值allowable value of deformation of structural member：构件变形容许值allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure：抗震结构层间位移角限值amplified coefficient of eccentricity：偏心距增大系数anchorage：锚具anchorage length of steel bar：钢筋锚固长度approval analysis during construction stage：施工阶段验算arch：拱arch with tie rod：拉捍拱arch—shaped roof truss：拱形屋架area of shear plane：剪面面积area of transformed section：换算截面面积aseismic design：建筑抗震设计assembled monolithic concrete structure：装配整体式混凝土结构automatic welding：自动焊接auxiliary steel bar：架立钢筋Bbackfilling plate：垫板balanced depth of compression zone：界限受压区高度balanced eccentricity：界奁木?br>bar splice：钢筋接头bark pocket：夹皮batten plate：缀板beam：次梁bearing plane of notch：齿承压面(67)bearing plate：支承板(52)bearing stiffener：支承加劲肋(52)bent-up steel bar：弯起钢筋(35)block：砌块(43)block masonry：砌块砌体(44)block masonry structure：砌块砌体结构(41)blow hole：气孔(62)board：板材(65)bolt：螺栓(54)bolted connection：(钢结构)螺栓连接(59)bolted joint：(木结构)螺栓连接(69)bolted steel structure：螺栓连接钢结构(50)bonded prestressed concrete structure：有粘结预应力混凝土结构(24)bow：顺弯(71)brake member：制动构件(7)breadth of wall between windows：窗间墙宽度(46)brick masonry：砖砌体(44)brick masonry column：砖砌体柱(42)brick masonry structure：砖砌体结构(41)brick masonry wall：砖砌体墙(42)broad—leaved wood：阔叶树材(65)building structural materials：建筑结构材料(17)building structural unit：建筑结构单元(building structure：建筑结构(2built—up steel column：格构式钢柱(51bundled tube structure：成束筒结构(3burn—through：烧穿(62butt connection：对接(59butt joint：对接(70)butt weld：对接焊缝(60)Ccalculating area of compression member：受压构件计算面积(67)calculating overturning point：计算倾覆点(46)calculation of load-carrying capacity of member：构件承载能力计算(10) camber of structural member：结构构件起拱(22) cantilever beam ：挑梁(42)cap of reinforced concrete column：钢筋混凝土柱帽(27)carbonation of concrete：混凝土碳化(30)cast-in—situ concrete slab column structure ：现浇板柱结构cast-in—situ concrete structure：现浇混凝土结构(25)cavitation：孔洞(39)cavity wall：空斗墙(42)cement：水泥(27)cement content：水泥含量(38)cement mortar：水泥砂浆(43)characteriseic value of live load on floor or roof：楼面、屋面活荷载标准值(14)characteristi c value o fwindload：风荷载标准值(16)characteristic value of concrete compressive strength：混凝土轴心抗压强度标准值(30)characteristic value of concrete tensile strength：混凝土轴心抗拉标准值(30)characteristic value of cubic concrete compressive strength：混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值(29) characteristic value of earthquake action：地震作用标准值(16)characteristic value of horizontal crane load：吊车水平荷载标准值(15)characteristic value of masonry strength：砌体强度标准值(44) characteristic value of permanent action·：永久作用标准值(14) characteristic value of snowload：雪荷载标准值(15)characteristic value of strength of steel：钢材强度标准值(55) characteristic value of strength of steel bar：钢筋强度标准值(31)characteristic value of uniformly distributed live load：均布活标载标准值(14)characteristic value of variable action：可变作用标准值(14)characteristic value of vertical crane load：吊车竖向荷载标准值(15)charaeteristic value of material strength：材料强度标准值(18) checking section of log structural member·，：原木构件计算截面(67)chimney：烟囱(3)circular double—layer suspended cable：圆形双层悬索(6)circular single—layer suspended cable：圆形单层悬索(6)circumferential weld：环形焊缝(60)classfication for earthquake—resistance of buildings·：建筑结构抗震设防类别(9)clear height：净高(21)clincher：扒钉(?0)coefficient of equivalent bending moment of eccentrically loaded steel memher(beam-column) ：钢压弯构件等效弯矩系数(58)cold bend inspection of steelbar：冷弯试验(39)cold drawn bar：冷拉钢筋(28)cold drawn wire：冷拉钢丝(29)cold—formed thin—walled sectionsteel：冷弯薄壁型钢(53) cold-formed thin-walled steel s tructure·…：冷弯薄壁型钢结构(50)cold—rolled deformed bar：冷轧带肋钢筋(28)column bracing：柱间支撑(7)combination value of live load on floor or roof：楼面、屋面活荷载组合值(15)compaction：密实度(37)compliance control：合格控制(23)composite brick masonry member：组合砖砌体构件(42)composite floor system：组合楼盖(8)composite floor with profiled steel sheet：压型钢板楼板(8)composite mortar：混合砂浆(43)composite roof truss：组合屋架(8)compostle member：组合构件(8)compound stirrup：复合箍筋(36)compression member with large eccentricity·：大偏心受压构件(32)compression member with small eccentricity·：小偏心受压构件(32)compressive strength at an angle with slope of grain：斜纹承压强度(66) compressive strength perpendicular to grain：横纹承压强度(66) concentration of plastic deformation：塑性变形集中(9) conceptual earthquake—resistant design：建筑抗震概念设计(9) concrete：混凝土(17)concrete column：混凝土柱(26)concrete consistence：混凝土稠度(37)concrete floded—plate structure：混凝土折板结构(26)concrete foundation：混凝土基础(27)concrete mix ratio：混凝土配合比(38)concrete wall：混凝土墙(27)concrete-filled steel tubular member：钢管混凝土构件(8)conifer：针叶树材(65)coniferous wood：针叶树材(65)connecting plate：连接板(52)connection：连接(21)connections of steel structure：钢结构连接(59)connections of timber structure：木结构连接(68)consistency of mortar：砂浆稠度(48)constant cross—section column：等截面柱(7)construction and examination concentrated load：施工和检修集中荷载(15) continuous weld：连续焊缝(60)core area of section：截面核芯面积(33)core tube supported structure：核心筒悬挂结构(3)corrosion of steel bar：钢筋锈蚀(39)coupled wall：连肢墙(12)coupler：连接器(37)coupling wall—beam ：连梁(12)coupling wall—column...：墙肢(12)coursing degree of mortar：砂浆分层度(48)cover plate：盖板(52)covered electrode：焊条(54)crack：裂缝(?0)crack resistance：抗裂度(31)crack width：裂缝宽度(31)crane girder：吊车梁(?)crane load：吊车荷载(15)creep of concrete：混凝土徐变(30)crook：横弯(71)cross beam：井字梁(6)cup：翘弯curved support：弧形支座(51)cylindrical brick arch：砖筒拱(43)Ddecay：腐朽(71)decay prevention of timber structure：木结构防腐(70)defect in timber：木材缺陷(70)deformation analysis：变形验算(10)degree of gravity vertical for structure or structural member·：结构构件垂直度(40) degree of gravity vertical forwall surface：墙面垂直度(49)degree of plainness for structural memer：构件平整度(40)degree of plainness for wall surface：墙面平整度(49)depth of compression zone：受压区高度(32)depth of neutral axis：中和轴高度(32)depth of notch：齿深(67)design of building structures：建筑结构设计(8)design value of earthquake-resistant strength of materials：材料抗震强度设计值(1 design value of load—carrying capacity of members·：构件承载能力设计值(1 designations 0f steel：钢材牌号(53design value of material strength：材料强度设计值(1destructive test：破损试验(40detailing reintorcement：构造配筋(35detailing requirements：构造要求(22diamonding：菱形变形(71)diaphragm：横隔板(52dimensional errors：尺寸偏差(39)distribution factor of snow pressure：屋面积雪分布系数dogspike：扒钉(70)double component concrete column：双肢柱(26)dowelled joint：销连接(69)down-stayed composite beam：下撑式组合粱(8)ductile frame：延性框架(2)dynamic design：动态设计(8)Eearthquake-resistant design：抗震设计(9：earthquake-resistant detailing requirements：抗震构造要求(22)effective area of fillet weld：角焊缝有效面积(57)effective depth of section：截面有效高度(33)effective diameter of bolt or high-strength bolt·：螺栓(或高强度螺栓)有效直径(57) effective height：计算高度(21)effective length：计算长度(21)effective length of fillet weld：角焊缝有效计算长度(48)effective length of nail：钉有效长度(56)effective span：计算跨度(21)effective supporting length at end of beam：梁端有效支承长度(46)effective thickness of fillet weld：角焊缝有效厚度(48)elastic analysis scheme：弹性方案(46)elastic foundation beam：弹性地基梁(11)elastic foundation plate：弹性地基板(12)elastically supported continuous girder·：弹性支座连续梁(u) elasticity modulus of materials：材料弹性模量(18)elongation rate：伸长率(15)embeded parts：预埋件(30)enhanced coefficient of local bearing strength of materials·：局部抗压强度提高系数(14) entrapped air：含气量(38)equilibrium moisture content：平衡含水率(66)equivalent slenderness ratio：换算长细比(57)equivalent uniformly distributed live load·：等效均布活荷载(14)etlectlve cross—section area of high-strength bolt·：高强度螺栓的有效截面积(58) ettectlve cross—section area of bolt：螺栓有效截面面积(57)euler's critical load：欧拉临界力(56)euler's critical stress：欧拉临界应力(56)excessive penetration：塌陷(62)Ffiber concrete：纤维混凝仁(28)filler plate：填板门2)fillet weld：角焊缝(61)final setting time：终凝时间()finger joint：指接(69)fired common brick：烧结普通砖(43)fish eye：白点(62)fish—belly beam：角腹式梁(7)fissure：裂缝(?0)flexible connection：柔性连接(22)flexural rigidity of section：截面弯曲刚度(19) flexural stiffness of member：构件抗弯刚度(20) floor plate：楼板(6)floor system：楼盖(6)four sides(edges)supported plate：四边支承板(12) frame structure：框架结构(2)frame tube structure：单框筒结构(3)frame tube structure：框架—简体结构(2)frame with sidesway：有侧移框架(12)frame without sidesway：无侧移框架(12)frange plate：翼缘板(52)friction coefficient of masonry：砌体摩擦系数(44) full degree of mortar at bed joint：砂浆饱满度(48) function of acceptance：验收函数(23)Ggang nail plate joint：钉板连接()glue used for structural timberg：木结构用胶glued joint：胶合接头glued laminated timber：层板胶合木(¨)glued laminated timber structure：层板胶合结构…61)grider：主梁((㈠grip：夹具grith weld：环形焊缝(6÷))groove：坡口gusset plate：节点板(52)Hhanger：吊环hanging steel bar：吊筋heartwood ：心材heat tempering bar：热处理钢筋(28)height variation factor of wind pressure：风压高度变化系数(16)heliral weld：螺旋形僻缝high—strength bolt：高强度螺栓high—strength bolt with large hexagon bea：大六角头高强度螺栓high—strength bolted bearing type join：承压型高强度螺栓连接，high—strength bolted connection：高强度螺栓连接high—strength bolted friction—type joint：摩擦型高强度螺栓连接high—strength holted steel slsteel structure：高强螺栓连接钢结构hinge support：铰轴支座(51)hinged connection：铰接(21)hlngeless arch：无铰拱(12)hollow brick：空心砖(43)hollow ratio of masonry unit：块体空心率(46)honeycomb：蜂窝(39)hook：弯钩(37)hoop：箍筋(36)hot—rolled deformed bar：热轧带肋钢筋(28)hot—rolled plain bar：热轧光圆钢筋(28)hot-rolled section steel：热轧型钢(53)hunched beam：加腋梁(?)Iimpact toughness：冲击韧性(18)impermeability：抗渗性(38)inclined section：斜截面(33)inclined stirrup：斜向箍筋(36)incomplete penetration：未焊透(61)incomplete tusion：未溶合(61)incompletely filled groove：未焊满(61)indented wire：刻痕钢丝(29)influence coefficient for load—bearing capacity of compression member：受压构件承载能力影响系数(46) influence coefficient for spacial action ：空间性能影响系数(46)initial control：初步控制(22)insect prevention of timber structure：木结构防虫(?o)inspection for properties of glue used in structural member：结构用胶性能检验(71) inspection for properties of masnory units：块体性能检验(48)inspection for properties of mortar：砂浆性能检验(48)inspection for properties of steelbar：钢筋性能检验(39)integral prefabricated prestressed concrete slab—column structure：整体预应力板柱结构(25) intermediate stiffener：中间加劲肋(53)intermittent weld：断续焊缝(60)Jjoint of reinforcement：钢筋接头(35)Kkey joint：键连接(69)kinetic design：动态设计(8)knot：节子(木节)(70)Llaced of battened compression member：格构式钢柱(51)lacing and batten elements：缀材(缀件)(51)lacing bar：缀条(51)lamellar tearing：层状撕裂(62)lap connectlon：叠接(搭接)(59)lapped length of steel bar：钢筋搭接长度(36)large pannel concrete structure：混凝土大板结构(25)large-form cocrete structure：大模板结构(26)lateral bending：侧向弯曲(40)lateral displacement stiffness of storey：楼层侧移刚度(20)lateral displacement stiffness of structure·：结构侧移刚度(20) lateral force resistant wallstructure：抗侧力墙体结构(12)leg size of fillet weld：角焊缝焊脚尺寸(57)length of shear plane：剪面长度(67)lift—slab structure：升板结构(25)light weight aggregate concrete：轻骨料混凝土(28)limit of acceptance：验收界限(23)limitimg value for local dimension of masonry structure·：砌体结构局部尺寸限值(47) limiting value for sectional dimension：截面尺寸限值(47)limiting value for supporting length：支承长度限值(47)limiting value for total height of ma sonry structure·：砌体结构总高度限值(47)linear expansion coeffcient：线膨胀系数(18)lintel：过梁(7)load bearing wall：承重墙(7)load-carrying capacity per bolt：单个普通螺栓承载能力(56) load—carrying capacity per high—strength holt：单个高强螺桂承载能力(56) load—carrying capacity per rivet：单个铆钉承载能力(55)log：原木(65)log timberstructure：原木结构(64)long term rigidity of member：构件长期刚度(32)longitude horizontal bracing：纵向水平支撑(5)longitudinal steel bar：纵向钢筋(35)longitudinal stiffener：纵向加劲肋(53)longitudinal weld：纵向焊缝(60)losses of prestress：…预应力损失(33)lump material：块体(42)Mmain axis：强轴(56)main beam·：主梁(6)major axis：强轴(56)manual welding：手工焊接(59)manufacture control：生产控制(22)map cracking：龟裂(39)masonry：砌体(17)masonry lintel：砖过梁(43)masonry member：无筋砌体构件(41)masonry units：块体(43)masonry—concrete structure：砖混结构(¨)masonry—timber structure：砖木结构(11)mechanical properties of materials·：材料力学性能(17)melt—thru：烧穿(62)method of sampling：抽样方法(23)minimum strength class of masonry：砌体材料最低强度等级(47)minor axls·：弱轴(56)mix ratio of mortar：砂浆配合比(48)mixing water：拌合水(27)modified coefficient for allowable ratio of height to sectionalthickness of masonry wall ：砌体墙容许高厚比修正系数(47)modified coefficient of flexural strength for timber curved mem—：弧形木构件抗弯强度修正系数(68) modulus of elasticity of concrete：混凝土弹性模量(30)modulus of elasticity parellel to grain：顺纹弹性模量(66)moisture content：含水率(66)moment modified factor：弯矩调幅系数monitor frame：天窗架mortar：砂浆multi—defence system of earthquake—resistant building·：多道设防抗震建筑multi—tube supported suspended structure：多筒悬挂结构Nnailed joint：钉连接，net height：净高lnet span：净跨度net water／cementratio：净水灰比non-destructive inspection of weld：焊缝无损检验non-destructive test：非破损检验non-load—bearingwall：非承重墙non—uniform cross—section beam：变截面粱non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinaltensile reinforcement：纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数normal concrete：普通混凝土normal section：正截面notch and tooth joint：齿连接number of sampling：抽样数量Oobligue section：斜截面oblique—angle fillet weld：斜角角焊缝one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab……：单向板open web roof truss：空腹屋架，ordinary concrete：普通混凝土(28)ordinary steel bar：普通钢筋(29)orthogonal fillet weld：直角角焊缝(61)outstanding width of flange：翼缘板外伸宽度(57)outstanding width of stiffener：加劲肋外伸宽度(57)over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·：钢梁整体稳定系数(58)overlap：焊瘤(62)overturning or slip resistance analysis ：抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) Ppadding plate：垫板(52)partial penetrated butt weld：不焊透对接焊缝(61)partition：非承重墙(7)penetrated butt weld：透焊对接焊缝(60)percentage of reinforcement：配筋率(34)perforated brick：多孔砖(43)pilastered wall：带壁柱墙(42)pi t·：凹坑(62)pith：髓心(?o)plain concrete structure：素混凝土结构(24)plane hypothesis：平截面假定(32)plane structure：平面结构(11)plane trussed lattice grids：平面桁架系网架(5)plank：板材(65)plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section：截面塑性发展系数(58)plastic design of steel structure：钢结构塑性设计(56)plastic hinge·：塑性铰(13)plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone：受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数(34) plate—like space frame：干板型网架(5)plate—like space truss：平板型网架(5)plug weld：塞焊缝(60)plywood：胶合板(65)plywood structure：胶合板结构(64)pockmark：麻面(39)polygonal top-chord roof truss：多边形屋架(4)post—tensioned prestressed concrete structure：后张法预应力混凝土结构(24)precast reinforced concrete member：预制混凝土构件(26)prefabricated concrete structure：装配式混凝土结构(25)presetting time：初凝时间(38)prestressed concrete structure：预应力混凝土结构(24)prestressed steel structure：预应力钢结构(50)prestressed tendon：预应力筋<29)pre—tensioned prestressed concrete structure·：先张法预应力混凝土结构(24)primary control：初步控制(22)production control：生产控制(22)properties of fresh concrete：可塑混凝土性能(37)properties of hardened concrete：硬化混凝土性能(38)property of building structural materials：建筑结构材料性能(17)purlin“—””—：檩条(4)Qqlue timber structurer：胶合木结构(㈠)quality grade of structural timber：木材质量等级(?0)quality grade of weld：焊缝质量级别(61)quality inspection of bolted connection：螺栓连接质量检验(63)quality inspection of masonry：砌体质量检验(48)quality inspection of riveted connection：铆钉连接质量检验(63)quasi—permanent value of live load on floor or roof，：楼面、屋面活荷载准永久值(15)Rradial check：辐裂(70)ratio of axial compressive force to axial compressive ultimate capacity of section：轴压比(35)ratio of height to sectional thickness of wall or column：砌体墙柱高、厚比(48)ratio of reinforcement：配筋率(34)ratio of shear span to effective depth of section：剪跨比(35) redistribution of internal force：内力重分布(13)reducing coefficient of compressive strength in sloping grain for bolted connection：螺栓连接斜纹承压强度降低系数(68) reducing coefficient of liveload：活荷载折减系数(14)reducing coefficient of shearing strength for notch and tooth connection：齿连接抗剪强度降低系数(68) regular earthquake—resistant building：规则抗震建筑(9)reinforced concrete deep beam：混凝土深梁(26)reinforced concrete slender beam：混凝土浅梁(26)reinforced concrete structure：钢筋混凝土结构(24)reinforced masonry structure：配筋砌体结构(41)reinforcement ratio：配筋率(34)reinforcement ratio per unit volume：体积配筋率(35)relaxation of prestressed tendon：预应筋松弛(31) representative value of gravity load：重力荷载代表值(17) resistance to abrasion：耐磨性(38)resistance to freezing and thawing：抗冻融性(39)resistance to water penetration·：抗渗性(38)reveal of reinforcement：露筋(39)right—angle filletweld：直角角焊缝(61)rigid analysis scheme：刚性方案(45)rigid connection：刚接(21)rigid transverse wall：刚性横墙(42)rigid zone：刚域(13)rigid-elastic analysis scheme：刚弹性方案(45)rigidity of section：截面刚度(19)rigidly supported continous girder：刚性支座连续梁(11)ring beam：圈梁(42)rivet：铆钉(55)riveted connecction：铆钉连接(60)riveted steel beam：铆接钢梁(52)riveted steel girder：铆接钢梁(52)riveted steel structure：铆接钢结构(50)rolle rsupport：滚轴支座(51)rolled steel beam：轧制型钢梁(51)roof board：屋面板(3)roof bracing system：屋架支撑系统(4)roof girder：屋面梁(4)roof plate：屋面板(3)roof slab：屋面板(3)roof system：屋盖(3)roof truss：屋架(4)rot：腐朽(71)round wire：光圆钢丝(29)Ssafety classes of building structures：建筑结构安全等级(9) safetybolt：保险螺栓(69)sapwood：边材(65)sawn lumber+A610：方木(65)sawn timber structure：方木结构(64)saw-tooth joint failure：齿缝破坏(45)scarf joint：斜搭接(70)seamless steel pipe：无缝钢管(54)seamless steel tube：无缝钢管(54)second moment of area of tranformed section：换算截面惯性矩(34) second order effect due to displacement：挠曲二阶效应(13) secondary axis：弱轴(56)secondary beam：次粱(6)section modulus of transformed section：换算截面模量(34) section steel：型钢(53)semi-automatic welding：半自动焊接(59)separated steel column：分离式钢柱(51)setting time：凝结时间(38)shake：环裂(70)shaped steel：型钢(53)shapefactorofwindload：风荷载体型系数(16)shear plane：剪面(67)shearing rigidity of section：截面剪变刚度(19)shearing stiffness of member：构件抗剪刚度(20)short stiffener：短加劲肋(53)short term rigidity of member：构件短期刚度(31)shrinkage：干缩(71)shrinkage of concrete：混凝干收缩(30)silos：贮仓(3)skylight truss：天窗架(4)slab：楼板(6)slab—column structure：板柱结构(2)slag inclusion：夹渣(61)sloping grain：…斜纹(70)slump：坍落度(37)snow reference pressure：基本雪压(16)solid—web steel column：实腹式钢柱(space structure：空间结构(11)space suspended cable：悬索(5)spacing of bars：钢筋间距(33)spacing of rigid transverse wall：刚性横墙间距(46)spacing of stirrup legs：箍筋肢距(33)spacing of stirrups：箍筋间距(33)specified concrete：特种混凝上(28)spiral stirrup：螺旋箍筋(36)spiral weld：螺旋形焊缝(60)split ringjoint：裂环连接(69)square pyramid space grids：四角锥体网架(5)stability calculation：稳定计算(10)stability reduction coefficient of axially loaded compression：轴心受压构件稳定系数<13) stair：楼梯(8)static analysis scheme of building：房屋静力汁算方案(45)static design：房屋静力汁算方案(45)statically determinate structure：静定结构(11)statically indeterminate structure：超静定结构(11)sted：钢材(17)steel bar：钢筋(28)steel column component：钢柱分肢(51)steel columnbase：钢柱脚(51)steel fiber reinforced concrete structure·：钢纤维混凝土结构(26)steel hanger：吊筋(37)steel mesh reinforced brick masonry member：方格网配筋砖砌体构件(41) steel pipe：钢管(54)steel plate：钢板(53)steel plateelement：钢板件(52)steel strip：钢带(53)steel support：钢支座(51)steel tie：拉结钢筋(36)steel tie bar for masonry：砌体拉结钢筋(47)steel tube：钢管(54)steel tubular structure：钢管结构(50)steel wire：钢丝(28)stepped column：阶形柱(7)stiffener：加劲肋(52)stiffness of structural member：构件刚度(19)stiffness of transverse wall：横墙刚度(45)stirrup：箍筋(36)stone：石材(44)stone masonry：石砌体(44)stone masonry structure：石砌体结构(41)storev height：层高(21)straight—line joint failure：通缝破坏(45)straightness of structural member：构件乎直度(71)strand：钢绞线(2，)strength classes of masonry units：块体强度等级(44)strength classes of mortar：砂浆强度等级(44)strength classes of structural steel：钢材强度等级(55)strength classes of structural timber：木材强度等级(66)strength classes(grades) of concrete：混凝土强度等级(29)strength classes(grades) of prestressed tendon：预应力筋强度等级(30) strength classes(grades) of steel bar ：普通钢筋强度等级(30)strength of structural timber parallel to grain：木材顺纹强度(66) strongaxis：强轴(56)structural system composed of bar：”杆系结构(11)structural system composed of plate：板系结构(12)structural wall：结构墙(7)superposed reinforced concrete flexural member：叠合式混凝土受弯构件(26) suspended crossed cable net：双向正交索网结构(6)suspended structure：悬挂结构(3)swirl grain：涡纹(?1)Ttensile(compressive) rigidity of section：截面拉伸(压缩)刚度(19)tensile(compressive) stiffness of member：构件抗拉(抗压)刚度(20)tensile(ultimate) strength of steel：钢材(钢筋)抗拉(极限)强度(18)test for properties of concrete structural members：构件性能检验(40)：thickness of concrete cover：混凝土保护层厚度(33)thickness of mortarat bed joint：水平灰缝厚度(49)thin shell：薄壳(6)three hinged arch：三铰拱(n)tie bar：拉结钢筋(36)tie beam，…：系梁(22)tie tod：系杆(5)tied framework：绑扎骨架(35)timber：木材(17)timber roof truss：木屋架(64)tor-shear type high-strength bolt：扭剪型高强度螺栓(54) torsional rigidity of section：截面扭转刚度(19)torsional stiffness of member：构件抗扭刚度(20)total breadth of structure：结构总宽度(21)total height of structure：结构总高度(21)total length of structure：结构总长度(21)transmission length of prestress：预应力传递长度(36)transverse horizontal bracing：横向水平支撑(4)transverse stiffener·：横向加劲肋(53)transverse weld：横向焊缝(60)transversely distributed steelbar：横向分布钢筋(36)trapezoid roof truss：梯形屋架(4)triangular pyramid space grids：三角锥体网架(5)triangular roof truss：三角形屋架(4)trussed arch：椽架(64)trussed rafter：桁架拱(5)tube in tube structure：筒中筒结构(3)tube structure：简体结构(2)twist：扭弯(71)two hinged arch：双铰拱(11)two sides(edges) supported plate：两边支承板(12)two—way reinforced (or prestressed) concrete slab：混凝土双向板(27)Uultimate compressive strain of concrete?”：混凝土极限压应变(31)unbonded prestressed concrete structure：无粘结预应力混凝土结构(25) undercut：咬边(62)uniform cross—section beam：等截面粱(6)unseasoned timber：湿材(65)upper flexible and lower rigid complex multistorey building·：上柔下刚多层房屋(45)upper rigid lower flexible complex multistorey building·：上刚下柔多层房屋(45) V value of decompression prestress ：预应力筋消压预应力值(33)value of effective prestress：预应筋有效预应力值(33)verification of serviceability limit states·”：正常使用极限状态验证(10) verification of ultimate limit states ：承载能极限状态验证(10)vertical bracing：竖向支撑(5)vierendal roof truss：空腹屋架(4)visual examination of structural member：构件外观检查(39)visual examination of structural steel member：钢构件外观检查(63)visual examination of weld：焊缝外观检查(62)Wwall beam：墙梁(42)wall frame：壁式框架(门)wall—slab structure：墙板结构(2)warping：翘曲(40)，(71)warping rigidity of section：截面翘曲刚度(19)water retentivity of mortar：砂浆保水性(48)water tower：水塔(3)water／cement ratio·：水灰比(3g)weak axis·：弱轴(56)weak region of earthquake—resistant building：抗震建筑薄弱部位(9)web plate：腹板(52)weld：焊缝(6[])weld crack：焊接裂纹(62)weld defects：焊接缺陷(61)weld roof：焊根(61)weld toe：焊趾(61)weldability of steel bar：钢筋可焊性(39)welded framework：焊接骨架()welded steel beam：焊接钢梁(welded steel girder：焊接钢梁(52)welded steel pipe：焊接钢管(54)welded steel strueture：焊接钢结构(50)welding connection·：焊缝连接(59)welding flux：焊剂(54)welding rod：焊条(54)welding wire：焊丝(54)wind fluttering factor：风振系数(16)wind reference pressure：基本风压(16)wind—resistant column：抗风柱(?)wood roof decking：屋面木基层(64)Yyield strength (yield point) of steel：钢材(钢筋)屈服强度(屈服点)作者：何伟（现就读于美国加州大学伯克利分校土木工程系）摘要本文主要介绍了现代力学与其它学科间结合的情况，特别是讨论了力学与材料科学、计算机科学、生物工程等学科领域的结合，分别介绍了复合材料力学、细观力学、计算力学、生物力学等交叉学科的基本情况，以及正兴起的微机电工程对力学的新的要求。

工程结构设计英语（Engineering structural design English）A column supporting member, such as a pile, a steel pile, or a concrete pile, that sinks, gets into, or is poured into the foundation of a pile.Sheet pile sheet piles are all or partially into the foundation, and the cross section is supported by rectangular plates, such as steel sheet piles and reinforced concrete sheet piles.Pavement pavement is paved with road material on the road bed, the structural layer for the vehicle, including surface layer (including wear layer), base and cushion.Carriageway lane highway for various vehicle parts in general, including fast lane and slow car lanes.Speed-changelane variable speed lane, acceleration lane and deceleration lane on a highway.A section of a road, especially a pedestrian, divided by a curb, barrier, or other device on a highway. Sidewalk.Lane; a separator strip; a strip of strips along the highway longitudinally separating lanes. In the middle of the road is called the median divider.Bicycle path bike lanes are for bicycles.Road shoulder highway shoulder is located at the edge of the carriageway to the edge of the subgrade, with a certain width of the strip structure. In order to maintain roadway functionand temporary parking, and as a lateral support of the road surface.Subgrade, side and ditch subgrade side ditches are vertical drains arranged on both sides of the subgrade for collecting and excluding the flowing water of the road surface, the shoulder and the slope.Catch ditch; intercepting channel (gutter) when the subgrade drainage ditches excavation slope in the hills above the catchment area is large, set up to intercept surface water to ensure the slope excavation slope is affected by water erosion of water facilities.Drainage ditch will drain ditchesdrainage ditches soil near the pit or subgrade to divert the water, reservoir or low-lying land, natural rivers or Bridge Department facilities.Slope protection; revetment revetment in order to prevent the slope from water erosion, on the slope of all kinds of paving and planting collectively.Retaining, wall retaining walls, mainly to withstand the earth pressure, prevent collapse of the wall of the building.Railway track railway track is located in the rail above the rail, sleeper, connecting parts, ballast, turnout and other ancillary equipment and other parts of the general term.Rail rail steel rolled into a certain length of I-shaped section steel to directly support the railway train load and guide thewheel of the train.The sleeper sleeper supports the rails, keeps the gauge and transfers the train load to the ballast bed.The overall structure of the track skeleton two track rail and sleeper connected with fasteners.The ballast bed is supported and fixed by the bed ballast bed, and the load on it is spread to the track component of the railway subgrade surface.Ballast ballast shall be used as standard graded gravel (or pebble) sand, ore ballast and other loose materials for railway ballast bed.A turnout switch divides a railroad track into two or more than two devices.The railway shunting hump railway shunting hump uses shunting locomotive to push the railway train up to the summit, and uses the vehicle gravity to slip the vehicle into the shunting equipment of each shunting line.The continuous welded rail seamless track consists of several standard long rails welded together.Rail fastening will be fixed on the connecting rail fastening rail sleeper parts or other rail foundation, including spike, plate and fastening parts etc..Guard Rall guard rail, which is used to prevent the wheel from derailing or deviation to one side, the rail on the rail is not covered by the vertical load of the wheel.Rallway shoubder railway shoulder railway subgrade surface road bed covering part.Wharf Breast Wall Wharf in the upper vertical Wharf on the deck, fitted with anti flushing device, blocking wall after backfilling, and the lower part of the structure are connected into a whole component.The relieving slab unloading plate is used to reduce the earth fill pressure at the square pier and caisson wharf wall and to increase the stability of the wall member.The berthing member relies on a ship component to bear on the ship's impact force and force on the pier.Mooring post; the bollard system is used for mooring, berthing and berthing of ships, and for the mooring of the mooring systems with common column and storm column.Mooring ring mooring rings are laid at the front of the wharf or on the chest wall for the steel rings of the ship.Sluice locks the main chamber control flow chamber.Sluice gate; lock gate gate; a hydraulic component in a hydraulic structure that opens and closes the water and controls the flow of discharge.Sluic pier pier in chamber, pier parts supporting the gate, gate hole, connecting the two sides of the partition, that connects the two sides of the pier, said in the middle part of the pier.Apron apron in the discharge structure, the downstream side, to protect from damage or erosion of riverbed scour rigid bottom protection buildings.Apron feeders extension 海漫位于护坦或消力池下游侧, 用以调整流速分布, 继续消耗水流剩余动能, 保护河床免受冲刷的柔性护底建筑物.Stiling basin 消能池 (消力池) 位于泄水建筑物下游侧, 用以形成水跃以消减水流动能的池形建筑物.Roller bucket 消能戽 (消力戽) 位于泄水建筑物下游侧, 以反弧与过流面相接的戽斗形消减水流动能的设施.Apron feeders; impervious blanket 防渗铺盖在挡水建筑物上游侧透水地基表面铺设的延展层状防渗设施.Impervious curtain; cut-off 防渗帷幕在与挡水建筑物相接的地基和岸坡内, 灌注抗渗材料所形成的连续竖向阻截渗流的设施.Sealing; seal; waterstop 止水设置在水工建筑物各相邻部分或分段接缝间, 用以防止接缝而产生渗漏的设施.The connection 连接构件间或杆件间以某种方式的结合.Joint 节点构件或杆件相互连接的部位.Expansion and consraction joint 伸缩缝为减轻材料胀缩变形对建筑物的影响而在建筑物中预先设置的间隙.Settlement joint 沉降缝为减轻地基不均匀变形对建筑物的影响而在建筑物中预先设置的间隙.Asseismic joint 防震缝为减轻或防止相邻结构单元由地震作用引起的碰撞而预先设置的间隙.Construction joint 施工缝当混凝土施工时, 由于技术上或施工组织上的原因, 不能一次连续灌注时, 而在结构的规定位置留置的搭接面或后浇带.Spred foundation 扩展 (扩大) 基础将块石或混凝土砌筑的截面适当扩大, 以适应地基容许承载能力或变形的天然地基基础.Rigid foundation 刚性基础基础底部扩展部分不超过基础材料刚性角的天然地基基础.Single footing 独立基础用于单柱下并按材料和受力状态选定型式的基础.Combined footing 联合基础有两根或两根以上立柱 (筒体) 共用的基础; 或两种不同型式基础共同工作的基础.Strip foundation 条形基础水平长而狭的带状基础.The shell foundation 壳体基础以壳体结构形成的空间薄壁基础.Box foundation 箱形基础由钢筋混凝土底板、顶板、侧墙板和一定数量的内隔墙板组成整体的形似箱形的基础.Raft foundation 筏形基础支承整个建筑物或构筑物的大面积整体钢筋混凝土板式或梁板式基础.Pile foundation 桩基础由桩连接桩顶、桩帽和承台组成的深基础.Open caisson foundation 沉井基础上下敞口带刃脚的空心井筒状结构下沉水中到设计标高处, 以井筒作为结构外壳而建筑成的基础.Cylinder pile foundation; cylinder caisson foundation 管柱基础大直径钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土圆管, 用人工或机械清除管内土、石, 下沉至地基中, 嵌固于岩层或坚实地层的基础.Caisson foundation 沉箱基础用气压排水, 开挖水下土 (岩) 层, 把闭口箱下沉到设计标高所建成的基础.Subgrade of highway (railway) 路基道路路面或铁路轨道下面的基础结构.高于原地面的填方路基称路堤, 低于原地面的挖方路基称路堑.Bed; bedding 基床一般指天然地基上开挖 (或不开挖) 的基槽、基坑, 经回填处理, 形成可以扩散上部结构荷载传给地基的传力层.分明基床和暗基床两类.Reliability 可靠性结构在规定的时间内, 在规定的条件下, 完成预定功能的能力, 它包括结构的安全性、适用性和耐久性.当以概率来度量时, 称可靠度.Safety 安全性结构在正常施工和正常使用条件下, 承受可能出现的各种作用的能力, 以及在偶然事件发生时和发生后, 仍保持必要的整体稳定性的能力.Serviceability 适用性结构在正常使用条件下, 满足预定使用要求的能力.Durability 耐久性结构在正常维护条件下, 随时间变化而仍能满足预定功能要求的能力.Basic variable 基本变量影响结构可靠度的各主要变量.They are generally random variables.In the structural reliability analysis of the design reference period design period, the reference time used for the relationship between the basic variables and time is taken into account.Probability, of, survival probability of a reliable probability structure or component capable of completing a predetermined function.Probability, of, failure probability of failure, structure or the probability that a component can not achieve a predetermined function.Reliability index reliability index, a quantitative index of structural reliability. It is the function value of the standard normal distribution inverse function at the reliable probability, and has a one-to-one relation with the failure probability in the numerical value.Calibration calibration method is used to determine the reliability index of structure or component used in design by back analysis of safety factor of existing structure or component.Decerministic method fixed value design method, basic variable as non random variable design calculation method. Among them, the reliability of the structure is measured by the experience based safety factor.Probabilistic, method, probability design method, basic variable, design method of random variable. Among them, the reliability of the structure is measured by the probability of failure based on probability theory.The permissible (allowable) stresses method allowable stress design method takes the principle that the stress of the structural member section is not greater than the allowable stress of the material specified in the specification, and the design method of the structural members is calculated.Ultimate strength method ultimate strength design method considering damage stage state of structure material calculation method of structure component design, also known as the limit design method, the load factor design method, damage stage design method, limit load design method.Limit states method limit state design method to prevent structure or component from reaching the limit state of certain functional requirements as the basis of structural design calculation method.The critical state of a limit, States, structure, or component that satisfies a functional requirement specified in a design. Beyond this state, the structure or component ceases to satisfy the requirements of the function.Limit state equation limit equation of state, when the structure or component is in the limit state, the relation of the basic variables.Ultimate, limit, states carrying capacity, ultimate state, structure or component to the maximum load capacity, or to reach the limit state of deformation which is not suitable for continued load.Sevceability limit states the serviceability limit state, structure, or component reaching the limit state of a permissible limit applied to the function.Design of limit state method of partial coefficient partial factor safety, in order to ensure that the design of the structure or component reliability is provided, and the model used in the calculation of coefficient, divided into the role of partial coefficient and resistance coefficient of two.Design situation is designed with different design requirements, different structure is affected by the different conditions in the design reference period, as the structural design of selected structural system, design value,reliability requirements and so on.The duration of the persistent siltuation persistence is long, almost the same as the structural design reference period.The short duration of transient situation presents a high probability of design.The occurrence of accidental, situation, contingency, occurrence, or occurrence, with a short duration and a low probability of design.。