《英国历史与文化》期末复习范围

《外国文学史》第二章期末复习资料第二章中古文学第一节概述欧洲历史上的“中世纪”起点：西罗马帝国灭亡(公元467年)；终点：英国资产阶级革命前夕的17世纪中叶。

初期：公元5—11世纪中期：公元12—15世纪 (中古文学)末期：公元15—17世纪 (文艺复兴时期)一历史文化背景（略）二中古文学概况中古文学突出特征：宗教色彩、民间文学色彩、开创性中古文学最杰出的代表——意大利诗人但丁1、教会文学（正统文学）：又称僧侣文学，文学题材大多取材于《圣经》。

体裁：圣经故事、圣徒传、祷告文、赞美诗、圣徒言行录、梦幻故事、宗教剧等。

作者：教士和修士主要内容（创作目的）：赞美上帝的权威和歌颂圣徒的德行，宣扬禁欲主义和来世主义思想。

主要手法：梦幻、寓言、象征。

2、骑士文学（世俗封建主文学）：盛行于11-13世纪西欧封建制度巩固繁荣时期，法国成就最高。

内容：描写骑士爱情和冒险故事、宣扬和美化骑士精神。

宣传骑士道“忠君、护教、行侠”的骑士精神，反映大量骑士与贵妇间的“典雅的爱情”肯定对现世生活和幸福的追求，这是对基督教禁欲主义、来世主义极大的冲击。

体裁：有骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。

骑士抒情诗：中心是法国的南部普罗旺斯。

以“破晓歌”最著名。

骑士叙事诗：又称骑士传奇，中心在法国北部。

按题材分3个系统：古代系统；不列颠系统；拜占庭系统。

古代系统：根据古希腊罗马文学作品改写。

著名的作品：《亚历山大传奇》、《特洛伊传奇》和《埃涅阿斯传奇》不列颠系统：主要写不列颠王亚瑟和他的圆桌骑士的故事。

作品：《特里斯和伊瑟》拜占庭系统：《奥卡森和尼柯莱特》3、英雄史诗：前期英雄史诗（中世纪初期）日耳曼人：《希尔德布兰特之歌》芬兰：《卡勒瓦拉》（又译《英雄国》）冰岛：《埃达》《萨迦》《贝奥武甫》：上篇《鹿厅》下篇《屠龙》。

日耳曼人盎格鲁·萨克逊人的史诗《贝奥武甫》——流传至今最完整的一部早期英雄史诗。

中心主题：爱国主义、英雄主义、诗中的英雄具有忠君爱国、英勇善战的高尚情操。

British Culture and Society(key points)Chapter I An Introduction of the United Kingdom⏹GeographyNational flag and national emblemFull nameCompositionTerritoryTopography: highland and lowlandWeather⏹PopulationMajority: whites⏹Conurbations and MetropolisesCapitals and major citiesMain information of each part:London: cultural, business and financial centerScotland: most confident of its identityWelsh language; the Prince of Wales;Partition of Northern IrelandChapter II People and History•National formationCelts;Romans;Anglo-Saxons: forefathers of the EnglishVikings;Other races.• A history of memory1. The prehistoric period: Stonehenge2. The Romans55BC--- the Roman general Julius Caesar invaded Britain43AD --- The Roman emperor Claudius Caesar conquered Britain (except Scotland and Northern Ireland)Building roads, plumbing, buildingsRoman BathsThe first written records of British societyChristianity3. The Anglo-Saxons ( After 410 AD)Angles; Saxons; JutesKing Alfred the Great (the kingdom of Wessex)---the first king to rule most of EnglandChristianity since 597 ADOld EnglishCeltic languages3. The Anglo-Saxons ( After 410 AD)In 865, a Great Army of Danish Vikings invaded England with fierce battles for several years5. The NormansThe Normans:the descendents of the VikingsWilliam, Duke of Normandy(William the Conqueror) (1066)6. The Middle Ages (1066---1485)“The dark ages”---scarcity of reliable historical informationKing John --- Magna Carta in 1215The Hundred Years War (1337---1453)The Wars of the Roses (1455---1485)FeudalismThe Black Death---a plague halving the population in Europe7. The Tudor Monarchy (1485---1603)Henry VIII --- Reformation of the ChurchQueen Mary I --- Persecuting Protestants--- “Bloody Mary”Elizabeth I ---“The Golden Age”Enclosure Movement8. The StuartsKing James I ( King James VI of Scotland)--- the first king of the whole of Great Britain--- The Gunpowder Plot in 1605 ( Bonfire Night)---“Pilgrims Fathers”in Mayflower--- the King James Bible /Authorized Version--- The Divine Right of KingsKing Charles IOliver CromwellKing Charles II ( The Merry Monarch)9. The Hanover (Georgian age)George I ---the ruler of Hanover in GermanyGeorge III---The American War of Independence (1775-1783)A Calm and Stable societyQueen Victoria (1819---1901)10. The Windsor (Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha) (1910---) Edward VII ---the World War IGeorge V --- changed the name of the house into Windsor Edward VIII---Abdicated the throne for Wallis Simpson George VIElizabeth II11. The 20th Century---World War I and World War II---The first Labour government came into power in 1924 --- Prime Minister Winston Churchill--- Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher(The first-ever woman Prime Minister in Britain)--- losing an Empire。

英美文学史期末复习笔记英国美国1.伊丽莎白时期的文学 1.殖民地时期文学2.17世纪和18世纪的文学 2.浪漫主义文学3.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义文学4.维多利亚时期 4.自然主义文学5.20世纪的小说与诗歌 5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6.二战后的诗歌 6.二战后的诗歌与小说7.二战后的小说7.美国戏剧梳理8.少数族裔文学1.Definition of epicAn epic is a long narrative poem.2.Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。

乔叟the father of English poetry(literature) 英国文学之父the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE代表作:The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）文艺复兴时期The Renaissance(1500-1660)1.the definition of RenaissanceRenaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.核心：humanism ：admire human beauty and human achievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)He is actor, playwright;totally 37 playsFour great tragedies:Hamlet (哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗)King Lear(李尔王)Macbeth(麦克白)Four great comedies:The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth night 《第十二夜》Ben Johson dedicated a poem in praise of him:“…Soul of the age.He was not of an age, but for all time”.3.Sonnet(十四行诗）Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic(抑扬格的) pentameters（五步格诗）in English. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost practitinoner) comprises three quatrains (四行诗)and a final couplet（对句），rhyming ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the turn comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.4.metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌）The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious (精致的)use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits(幻想), strange paradoxes, and far-reaching imagery, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor.Its main features:①the diction is simple②The imagery is drawn from the actual life③The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.John Donne(1572-1631)View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or "wit".The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Special features: Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational style.代表作：the flea《跳蚤》6.Francis Bacon(1561-1626)He is the precursor of materialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；also the founder of modern science；the first British essayist.作品：Essays《随笔》(of studies is the most famous one of them)7.John MiltonDefense for the English People为英国人辩护;blank verse 素体诗作品：Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1.the definition of enlightenmentA general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that develop in Western Europe from the late 17th Century to the late 18th century.(the period is often called the Age of Reason), especially in France and Switzerland.The enlightenment culminated(使达到顶峰) with the writings of Jeans-Jacques Rousseau and the Encyclopedia（百科全书）, the philosophy of Immanuel(以马内利，基督的别称) Kant, and the political ideas of the American and French Revolutions while the forerunners in science and philosophy included Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke. Its central idea was the need and the capacity of human reason to clearaway ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.Literary features:①Classicism: As a critical term, classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greek and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. ②Neoclassicism:it emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.③Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.4 Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism.Gothic novel is its most manifest expression.2.John Locke(1632-1704)one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers ;considered one of the first of the British empiricists经验主义者, following the tradition of Francis Bacon; best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer《荷马史诗》;He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations,after Shakespeare and Tennyson.3.Daniel Defoe(1661-1731)代表作：The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (英国文学史第一部小说)Moll Flanders《摩尔. 佛兰德斯》Robinson Crusoe celebrates the 18th-century Western civilization’s material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson, apparently, is cast as a typical 18th-century middle-class tradesman, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.The hero is practical, diligent, shrewd, courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman struggling to master nature.This novel is the representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.4.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》A Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》The Battle of Books 《书战》A Modest Proposal 《一个小小的建议》His writing features : Swift defines a good style as “proper words in proper places”. His language is always precise, simple, clear, vigorous as well as economical and concise.He is also a master satirist.5.Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)代表作：《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Joseph Andrews《汤姆·琼斯》Tom Jones6.Oliver Goldsmith’s(1730-1774)代表作：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师The Deserted Village 荒村浪漫主义时期English Romanticism(1798-1830)1.the definition of RomanticismIt is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》in the Parliament. English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revol t against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.two schools of Romanticism①The lake poets湖畔派诗人（escapist romanticists）：William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治and Robert Southey骚塞.They three were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.②The Satanic school撒旦派（active romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.3.William Blake(1757-1827)十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品：Songs of Experience《经验之歌》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The Lamb《羊羔》4.Robert Burns（1759-1796）（苏格兰著名农民诗人）作品：“A Red, Red Rose”《红红的玫瑰》5.William Wordsworth(1770-1850)He focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, in his poem, he aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate)称号代表作：The Daffodils《水仙花》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割者》6.George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）Influence:(to world)Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe.(to china)His revolutionary zeal and democratic ideals, as shown in his stirring lyricThe Isles of Greece and Childe Harold, strongly impressed the Chinese youth who were then waging struggles to overthrow the old feudal system.代表作Don Juan《唐璜》, 1818-1823When we two parted《当我们分手》She walks in beauty《她走在美的光彩中》Byronic hero：a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers,unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(fiery passions unbending will, ideal of freedom, against tyranny(专制统治)and injustice, lonely fighters individualistic ends)7.Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）代表作：Ode To The West Wind《西风颂》Queen Mab 《麦布女王》8.John Keats（1795—1821）代表作：Ode to An Nightingale《夜莺颂》(“美即是真，真即是美”Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.是他的著名诗句。

2024年统编版历史初二上学期期末复习试卷(答案在后面)一、单项选择题（本大题有12小题，每小题4分，共48分）1、下列哪一项不是19世纪末至20世纪初列强在中国划分的势力范围？A. 德国在山东B. 英国在长江流域C. 法国在云南D. 日本在蒙古2、辛亥革命爆发的主要原因是？A. 民族资本主义的发展B. 清政府的腐败无能C. 西方思想的影响D. 以上都是3、以下关于春秋战国时期“百家争鸣”的描述，不正确的是：A. 孔子主张“仁政”，提倡“礼治”B. 墨子主张“兼爱”、“非攻”，反对战争C. 韩非子主张“法不阿贵”，强调法律的权威D. 庄子主张“无为而治”，追求自然与自由4、下列关于秦朝统一六国的影响，说法错误的是：A. 建立了中央集权制度B. 推行了郡县制，加强了中央对地方的控制C. 实行了焚书坑儒政策，严重阻碍了文化的发展D. 促进了经济文化的繁荣，为后世奠定了基础5、题干：在中国古代，下列哪个朝代流行壁画艺术，尤其在墓室内的壁画尤为精美？A. 秦朝B. 汉朝C. 隋朝D. 唐朝6、题干：以下哪个事件标志着中国封建社会的开始？A. 春秋战国时期B. 秦始皇统一六国C. 汉武帝时期D. 曹魏建立7、下列哪一项不是19世纪末至20世纪初中国近代化运动的主要内容？A. 洋务运动B. 戊戌变法C. 辛亥革命D. 大跃进8、抗日战争期间，中国共产党领导下的敌后抗日根据地发挥了重要作用，以下哪个选项不属于敌后抗日根据地的特点？A. 以农村包围城市的战略思想为基础B. 广泛发动群众，实行全面抗战C. 建立了人民军队，开展游击战D. 主要依靠外国援助进行物资供应9、以下哪位历史人物被誉为“近代中国睁眼看世界的第一人”？A. 林则徐B. 魏源C. 洪秀全D. 谭嗣同 10、下列关于辛亥革命的说法，不正确的是：A. 辛亥革命推翻了清朝的统治，结束了中国两千多年的封建君主专制制度。

B. 辛亥革命后，孙中山被推举为临时大总统。

英美国家社会与文化期末复习资料汇总：判断题：1. 英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。

君主政体实际已无实权。

它的权力受限于法律和议会。

君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。

2. 1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失”。

3. 严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。

英国共有5家严肃日报（《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》）和4家严肃周日报（《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》）4. 许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神上迷惘或漫无目标的时期。

5. 英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和轻音乐。

20世纪60年代，一种新的流行文化—披头士，出现在英国的利物浦。

这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐队，又称甲壳虫乐队。

6. 大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。

7. 殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。

8. 《独立宣言》是由托马斯。

杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。

洛克。

9.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。

首府：爱丁堡。

10. 辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。

辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。

辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。

托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。

托利党是保守党的前身。

名词解释1.诺曼征服 --1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。

I. Multiple Choice – 2 points eachII. Matching – 1 point eachIII. Literary Terms – 4 points eachAllegory (寓言p64)is aliterary device that uses symbols, characters, and actions to represent truths about human existence. When these symbols, characters, or actions are used together, it creates an extended comparison that gives a message about the real world. Pilgrim’s Progress is an example.是一种文学手段，它使用符号、人物和行为来代表关于人类存在的真理。

当这些符号、字符或动作一起使用时，它会创建一个扩展的比较，提供关于真实世界的信息。

《天路历程》就是一个例子。

Sonnet (十四行诗 p27)A 14-line poem with a definite rhyme scheme and meter. Shakespeare wrote 154 of these kinds of poems.一首十四行诗，有明确的韵脚和韵律。

莎士比亚写了154首这样的诗。

Soliloquy (独白)An extended speech by one person that reveals their inner thoughts, feelings, or intentions. The character is usually alone, and the purpose is to reveal inner thoughts to the audience.一个人的演说，揭示他们内心的想法、感情或意图。

-------------精选文档-----------------一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。

（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ）《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）SONNET18三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。

新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。

亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。

•乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift《格列佛•丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）•亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）•乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels•亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）-------------精选文档-----------------托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）•罗伯特·彭斯Robert Burns•威廉·布莱克William Blake•威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth•塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485)<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

大一英国历史与文化知识点英国历史与文化是广大大一学生学习的重要课程之一，对于了解英国的发展、文化传统以及社会背景都具有重要意义。

本文将介绍一些大一英国历史与文化的知识点。

1. 古代历史英国古代历史可以追溯到史前时代，直到罗马帝国统治时期。

其中著名的凯尔特人文化对英国的形成产生了重要影响。

罗马帝国结束后，英国成为盎格鲁-撒克逊人的家园，这对英国文化和语言发展产生了深远的影响。

2. 中世纪历史中世纪是英国历史的一个重要时期，包括了诺曼底入侵、英格兰国王约翰签署《大宪章》等重大事件。

在这一时期，英国的封建体制得到了巩固，基督教的影响也日益加深。

3. 文艺复兴与宗教改革16世纪的英国经历了文艺复兴与宗教改革的双重冲击。

亨利八世成立了英国国教，废除了罗马天主教的统治，这对英国的宗教、政治和文化产生了深远的影响。

此外，伊丽莎白一世时期的文艺复兴是英国文学与戏剧的鼎盛时期。

4. 英国霸权时期17世纪后期至18世纪，英国逐渐崛起为世界上最强大的帝国之一。

在这一时期，英国的殖民地帝国迅速扩张，并发展了强大的海军力量。

英国文化在全球范围内传播，对世界文化产生了重要影响。

5. 工业革命与维多利亚时代工业革命使英国成为世界上第一个工业化国家，对英国社会和经济发展产生了巨大影响。

维多利亚时代的英国是一个强大的帝国，同时也是文学、艺术和科技创新的黄金时代。

6. 两次世界大战20世纪，英国经历了两次世界大战。

第一次世界大战结束后，英国进入了所谓的“伊士鲁忒年代”，并于二战中发挥了重要作用。

这两次战争对英国国内外政治格局和社会变革产生了深远的影响。

7. 英国当代社会与文化英国当代社会与文化呈现多元化的特点。

伦敦作为英国的政治、经济和文化中心，拥有丰富多样的博物馆、艺术机构和历史建筑。

英国音乐、文学、戏剧和电影在全球都享有盛誉。

总结：大一英国历史与文化涵盖了广泛的内容，包括古代历史、中世纪历史、文艺复兴与宗教改革、英国霸权时期、工业革命与维多利亚时代、两次世界大战以及英国当代社会与文化等。