chapter3(简)

Chapter 3答案Morphology1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)morphology: the study of the structure of words.(2)morpheme: the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function.(3)free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4)bound morpheme: a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word, e.g. -ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5)morph: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.(6)allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme. (7)derivation: the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word formation.(8)clipping: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.(9)acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Examples: NATO, radar and yuppy.(10) initialism: Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Such words are calledinitialism.(11) blending: A single new word can be formed by combining two separate forms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch isformed by the shortened forms of breakfast and lunch.(12) root: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system from un- + system + atic + ally. (13) stem: the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word. For example, book is the stem of bookish.(14) prefix: Affixes can be joined to the beginning of the root or stem, in which case they are called prefixes.(15) suffix: Affixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suffixes.2. (3), (5), (7)3. (1) simple: fly tree suite(2)bound morpheme root fly / flyreuse re-usespiteful -ful spite preplan pre-plandesks -s desk triumphed -ed triumph suite / suiteoptionality -ality option untie un-tiedelight de-lightfastest -est fastprettier -ier prettytree / treejustly -ly justdeform de-form mistreat mis-treat dislike dis-like payment -ment pay disobey dis-obey premature pre-mature4.(1) Column I: ablaut (vowel modification)Column II: suppletionColumn III: stress modification(2)The process in the Column I is finished by changing the vowel of each word,while in Column II, the process is finished by changing vowel and consonant of each word.(3)Column I: awake/awoke bear/bore arise/aroseblow/blew bite/bit hide/hidlie/lay know/knew foot/feetgoose/geese tooth/teeth louse/liceColumn II: bad/worse are/were many/moreColumn III: #combine/com#bine #compress/com#press#conduct/con#duct #insert/in#sert#insult/in#sult #intern/in#tern5. (1) Omitted.(2)Other examples:#rerun (n.) – re#run (v.) #contrast (n.) – con#trast (v.)#convert (n.) – con#vert (v.) #desert (n.) – de#sert (v.)#export (n.) – ex#port (v.) #increase (n.) – in#crease (v.)#conduct (n.) – con#duct (v.) #object (n.) – ob#ject (v.)#content (n.) – con#tent (v.) #protest (n.) – pro#test (v.)#insult (n.) – in#sult (v.) #produce (n.) – pro#duce (v.)When a word belongs to different word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on different syllables. When all the words above are stressed on the first syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verbs.6. (1) It means “the inhabitant of ”.(2)It means “the person who does”.(3)The morphological rule working here is “n. + -er ––n.”, and the last phoneme of the noun, which the suffix -er is added to, should be a consonant.(4)The rule in (3) doesn’t work in the word discoverer because the last phoneme of discoverer is a vowel /2/.7. (1) inflection (2) derivation (3) inflection (4) inflection (5) derivation。