跨文化交际试题答案(附翻译)

跨文化交际试题答案(附翻译)一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是跨文化交际的核心要素？A. 语言差异B. 文化差异C. 沟通技巧D. 民族风俗答案：D翻译：Which of the following is not a core element of intercultural communication?A. Linguistic differencesB. Cultural differencesC. Communication skillsD. Folk customs2. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项行为可能导致误解？A. 打招呼B. 鞠躬C. 直接拒绝D. 礼貌地表达意见翻译：In intercultural communication, which behavior may lead to misunderstandings?A. GreetingB. BowingC. Direct refusalD. Politely expressing opinions二、填空题1. 跨文化交际中的文化差异主要体现在____、____、____等方面。

答案：价值观、行为规范、语言使用翻译：The cultural differences in intercultural communication are mainly reflected in values, behavioral norms, and language use.2. 跨文化交际能力包括____、____、____等方面。

答案：知识、技能、态度翻译：Intercultural communication competence includes knowledge, skills, and attitudes.三、简答题1. 简述跨文化交际的重要性。

跨文化交际在全球化背景下具有重要意义。

以下是跨文化交际的重要性：（1）促进国际交流与合作：跨文化交际有助于不同国家和地区的人们相互了解，增进友谊，促进国际合作。

跨文化交际试题附答案Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love itLuke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They arediscussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrongTom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game It's a rather important experiment Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at LeedsUniversity in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the words.4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture,especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC" This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems ofother countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology and social psychology, communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. Onelevel of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication.Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman.Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee'Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man' What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'post man’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak EnglishAnswer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraphPassage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating StocksSince May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True T / False F / Not Given NG according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered underlined.Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述;“IC”实际上是自20世纪50年代以来在世界范围内发展起业的一门学术及应用学科;有时称为“跨文化交际”或“比较文化”,学者们大多使用“inter”这一前缀加上“文化”这个词来表述文化间的相互作用;在一个层面上,IC体现在文化研究上,研究其它国家的政治,经济和生活方式制度等;在另一个层面上,它是应用语言学,力求了解语言与文化的关系;20世纪80年代以来,许多中国英语教师和教授对此产生了浓厚兴趣一如何在英语教学中帮助学生同时了解英国,美国或其他英语国家基本的交际行为;但跨文化交际这门学科实际上是一门广泛且日益完善的研究领域;IC是涵盖如文化人类学、社会学、心理学及社会心理学、交际研究、应用语言学和教育学的跨学科应用;IC是了解人类文化以及它们间是如何相互影响的综合尝试;要了解跨文化交际,我们力图探究传统与现代,一致与变化;由于我们了解了某一民族现存的某些民族特色,我们便可以探究如何从外部审视这一文化,它是如何与其它文化相互影响的,又是如何变化的;在过去的30多年,学者们发展了用于比较文化的理论框架以及若干用于思考它们异同的实践领域;跨文化比较的一个层面是文化特性,另一层面是口头语言交际;还有一倍受关注的领域是非语言交际;Paper 4: ReadingPassage 115. D16. C17. The pronunciation of the final syllable of 'chairman' is /m'n/ as in the pronunciation of 'woman'.18. The author argues that the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant. OR: The author argues that the male meaning of 'man' is no longer 'dominant.19. The impact is more in formal and/or written language areas e. g. the media. Ordinary people still tend to use words ending in ' man'. Therefore In Informal language use there has been little or no impact.20. Regardless of language structure in any society, non-sexist language use does not mean change will occur if people's attitudes and behaviors do not change.Passage 2● Award one point for each item.● Answers must be the same as the key.21. F 22. F 23. T 24. T 25. T26. T 27. F。

跨文化交流考试试题及答案一、选择题1. 跨文化交流的定义是：A. 不同文化之间的交流B. 跨越地域界限的交流C. 多种交流方式的选择D. 不同语言之间的交流答案：A. 不同文化之间的交流2. 跨文化交流中最重要的因素是：A. 语言能力B. 文化背景C. 社交技巧D. 沟通方式答案：B. 文化背景3. 跨文化交流的挑战包括以下哪些？A. 语言障碍B. 文化差异C. 社交礼仪D. 打破隔阂答案：A. 语言障碍、B. 文化差异4. 在跨文化交流中，以下哪些行为是不恰当的？A. 尊重对方的文化习惯B. 使用简单明了的语言表达C. 批评对方的文化观念D. 遵守当地的社交礼仪答案：C. 批评对方的文化观念5. 跨文化交流的好处包括：A. 增进文化理解B. 缩小文化差异C. 促进国际合作D. 创造更多商机答案：A. 增进文化理解、C. 促进国际合作、D. 创造更多商机二、问答题1. 请简要说明跨文化交流的意义和价值。

跨文化交流具有重要的意义和价值。

首先，它可以增进不同文化之间的理解和尊重，消除误解和偏见，促进友好合作关系的建立。

其次，跨文化交流可以促进文化的多元发展和融合，丰富人们的思想和观念。

此外，跨文化交流有助于拓展商务和经济合作的机会，加强国际间的互利互惠关系。

总之，跨文化交流对于推动全球化进程、促进世界和平与繁荣具有重要的作用。

2. 请列举三种跨文化交流中常见的误解和解决方法。

常见误解：a. 语言障碍：不同语言之间存在的语言障碍常导致误解，解决办法可以是提前学习对方的语言，或者借助翻译工具和专业人士进行沟通。

b. 礼仪差异：不同文化间存在的社交礼仪差异容易导致误解，解决办法是提前了解对方的文化礼仪，尊重对方的习惯，并在交流中保持开放和灵活的态度。

c. 价值观冲突：不同文化之间的价值观存在差异，可能导致观念冲突和摩擦。

解决办法是理解对方的文化背景，尊重差异，以合作和共同利益为出发点，寻求共识和妥善处理分歧。

跨文化交际专业试题及答案一、选择题1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪个行为最可能被视为不礼貌？A. 直接注视对方B. 握手C. 鞠躬D. 保持微笑答案：A2. 在美国，人们通常在什么情况下会使用“please”？A. 要求别人做事B. 表达感谢C. 表达歉意D. 表达同意答案：A3. 在日本，以下哪种行为被认为是尊重的表现？A. 直接进入别人的办公室B. 敲门并等待允许C. 未经允许就坐下D. 直接打断别人说话答案：B4. 在阿拉伯文化中，握手时通常不包括以下哪个动作？A. 用右手B. 保持眼神接触C. 持续时间较长D. 同时用左手触碰对方答案：D5. 在中国文化中，赠送礼物时以下哪个行为是不恰当的？A. 包装礼物B. 赠送钟表C. 赠送书籍D. 赠送鲜花答案：B二、简答题1. 描述跨文化交际中非言语交流的重要性。

答案：非言语交流在跨文化交际中起着至关重要的作用，因为它可以传达情感、态度和文化背景。

非言语交流包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、声音的音调和节奏等。

不同的文化对这些非言语信号有不同的解读，因此理解和正确使用非言语交流对于跨文化沟通的成功至关重要。

2. 解释文化冲击是什么，并给出一个例子。

答案：文化冲击是指一个人在进入一个新文化环境时，由于文化差异而经历的心理和情感上的困惑、焦虑和不适。

例如，一个习惯于个人主义文化的西方人，当他第一次来到一个强调集体主义的亚洲国家时，可能会对那里的团队合作和群体决策感到不适应，从而经历文化冲击。

三、论述题1. 论述在国际商务环境中，了解和尊重不同文化的重要性。

答案：在国际商务环境中，了解和尊重不同文化对于建立和维护商业关系至关重要。

首先，了解不同文化可以帮助我们更好地理解商业伙伴的行为和期望，从而避免误解和冲突。

其次，尊重文化差异可以展示我们的开放性和包容性，这有助于建立信任和尊重，是长期合作关系的基石。

此外，跨文化交际能力也是全球化时代商务人士的重要技能，能够帮助企业在多元文化市场中取得成功。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical pianoconcert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Takethe word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postma n’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

跨文化交际试题附答案Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love itLuke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrongTom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game It's a rather important experimentFeng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of aparticular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spacesdifferent .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC" This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about internationalthings or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology and social psychology, communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like thefinal syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man' What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postm an’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraphPassage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating StocksSince May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True T / False F / Not Given NG according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered underlined.Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述;“IC”实际上是自20世纪50年代以来在世界范围内发展起业的一门学术及应用学科;有时称为“跨文化交际”或“比较文化”,学者们大多使用“inter”这一前缀加上“文化”这个词来表述文化间的相互作用;在一个层面上,IC体现在文化研究上,研究其它国家的政治,经济和生活方式制度等;在另一个层面上,它是应用语言学,力求了解语言与文化的关系;20世纪80年代以来,许多中国英语教师和教授对此产生了浓厚兴趣一如何在英语教学中帮助学生同时了解英国,美国或其他英语国家基本的交际行为;但跨文化交际这门学科实际上是一门广泛且日益完善的研究领域;IC是涵盖如文化人类学、社会学、心理学及社会心理学、交际研究、应用语言学和教育学的跨学科应用;IC是了解人类文化以及它们间是如何相互影响的综合尝试;要了解跨文化交际,我们力图探究传统与现代,一致与变化;由于我们了解了某一民族现存的某些民族特色,我们便可以探究如何从外部审视这一文化,它是如何与其它文化相互影响的,又是如何变化的;在过去的30多年,学者们发展了用于比较文化的理论框架以及若干用于思考它们异同的实践领域;跨文化比较的一个层面是文化特性,另一层面是口头语言交际;还有一倍受关注的领域是非语言交际;Paper 4: ReadingPassage 115. D16. C17. The pronunciation of the final syllable of 'chairman' is /m'n/ as in the pronunciation of 'woman'.18. The author argues that the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant. OR: The author argues that the male meaning of 'man' is no longer 'dominant.19. The impact is more in formal and/or written language areas e. g. the media. Ordinary people still tend to use words ending in ' man'. Therefore In Informal language use there has been little or no impact. 20. Regardless of language structure in any society, non-sexist language use does not mean change will occur if people's attitudes and behaviors do not change.Passage 2●Award one point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.21. F 22. F 23. T 24. T 25. T26. T 27. F。

跨文化交流考试试题及答案跨文化交流是现代社会中越来越重要的一个话题，随着全球化进程的加速，不同文化之间的交流与融合变得日益频繁。

为了帮助大家更好地了解和掌握跨文化交流的知识，本文将为大家提供一些跨文化交流考试的试题及答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

试题一：简要解释什么是跨文化交流，列举出三种常见的跨文化交流挑战，并提出应对之策。

答案：跨文化交流是指不同文化背景的个体或群体之间进行沟通、交流和互动的过程。

在跨文化交流中，常见的挑战包括语言障碍、文化差异和价值观冲突。

为了应对这些挑战，可采取以下策略：学习对方的语言和文化，加强跨文化意识和能力，尊重和理解不同文化的差异，寻求共同点和共识，建立互信与尊重的关系。

试题二：简述跨文化沟通的要素及重要性，列举出三种有效的跨文化沟通技巧。

答案：跨文化沟通的要素包括语言、非语言表达、文化背景和社会习惯等。

跨文化沟通的重要性在于可以帮助个体或群体更好地理解和协调不同文化之间的关系，避免误解和冲突，提高合作效率。

有效的跨文化沟通技巧包括：尊重他人的文化与差异，保持开放与包容的心态，倾听和理解他人的观点，用简洁清晰的语言表达自己的意见，积极寻求共同目标。

试题三：描述一种跨文化交流的实际案例，分析其中出现的问题及解决方案。

答案：某公司在进行与国外客户的合作时，由于双方文化背景和工作习惯的不同，出现了沟通不畅、误解频发等问题。

为了解决这些问题，公司采取了以下措施：加强跨文化培训，培养员工的跨文化意识和能力；设立文化沟通专岗，担任文化中介的角色，协调双方的沟通；建立双向反馈机制，及时发现和解决问题。

通过以上试题及答案的介绍，相信大家对跨文化交流有了更深入的了解。

在现今社会，跨文化交流已成为一项非常重要的能力，希望大家能够通过学习不断提升自己的跨文化意识和能力，更好地适应和融入多元文化的环境中。

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跨文化交际试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 跨文化交际的定义是指：A. 不同国家和地区间的交际活动B. 不同民族和文化背景间的交际活动C. 同一文化内部的交际活动D. 不同语言之间的交际活动答案：B2. 文化差异会对跨文化交际产生以下哪种影响？A. 理解困难B. 语言障碍C. 价值观冲突D. 人际关系紧张答案：A、C3. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种行为被认为是失礼的？A. 目光接触B. 握手问候C. 低头鞠躬D. 打招呼时用双手表示敬意答案：C4. 在中国文化中，以下哪种颜色象征喜庆和幸福？A. 黑色B. 红色C. 绿色D. 白色答案：B5. 在进行跨文化交际时，以下哪种策略是最有效的？A. 强调自己的文化优势B. 忽视文化差异C. 遵守对方的文化规范D. 强迫对方接受自己的文化观念答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简要阐述跨文化交际的重要性以及其中存在的挑战。

答案：跨文化交际的重要性在于增进各国间的相互了解和友谊，推动跨国合作和发展。

然而，跨文化交际也面临着重重挑战，如语言沟通障碍、文化差异带来的不解和冲突，以及对他人观点和习俗的理解困难等。

2. 在国际商务谈判中，如何合理利用非语言交际手段？答案：在国际商务谈判中，非语言交际手段可以帮助加强沟通效果。

可以通过身体语言表达自信和诚意，比如坐姿、目光接触和手势运用等；可以通过服饰和礼仪来展示对对方文化的尊重；还可以通过图表和演示文稿等视觉媒介来辅助表达和说明。

3. 请简要解释文化冲突是如何产生的，并提出解决文化冲突的建议。

答案：文化冲突是由于不同文化之间的差异而产生的，当个体或群体面对不熟悉的文化规范和价值观时，可能会感到困惑和不满。

为解决文化冲突，建议应采取以下措施：学习和了解对方文化，加强跨文化交际能力；尊重差异，避免对他人价值观的评判和偏见；建立良好的沟通渠道，积极解释自己的观点并倾听对方的意见；寻求共同利益和双赢的解决方案。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improvedupon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successfulcommunication or cultural understanding.?Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist,Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are havingdinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'lllove it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at aBritish university for some months. It has not been totally successful.They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is ascientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child' s play, and I'm playingthe game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather importantexperiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several thingsrequire more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problemsand explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were studentsafterlater, year A Britain. in University Leeds at together graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year'sexchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classicalpiano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up ontothe stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers duringthe playing of a particular musical item. This happened several timesduring the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stagesinging some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all thesequite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applaudedthe pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave whilethe pianist remained on the stage.?Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill thegap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spacesprovided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the words.?4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided onadifferent .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it wasdecided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still somethat needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people'srelationships in China.8. Mike! Meet Jane, the .9. Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know.10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face orhurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture,especially the system of which all members of the group areexpected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she receivedthe news that her husband had left her for another woman. 13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.?Paper 3 Translation?Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Pleasewrite your translation on the answer sheet.?What do we mean by Intercultural Communications or IC? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academicand applied discipline that has developed internationally since the1950s. Sometimes called cross-cultural communications or comparative culture , scholars most often use the prefix inter with the word cultural to describe the interaction between cultures.On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examinethe political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. Onanother level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek tounderstandthe relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese Englishteachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learnthe basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other Englishspeaking countries.?But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinaryapplication of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, appliedlinguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attemptto understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact witheach other.?To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek tounderstand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. Aswe understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people,we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how itinteracts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the lastthirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical frameworkconsideringfor dimensions practical some and cultures comparing for the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level ofcomparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving muchattention is Nonverbal Communication.?Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20?In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist biasin the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabularyand grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of theworld as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role.Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact applyto people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-orientedas it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairmanwere exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compoundof 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased toview this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed ofthese two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of 'cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman mightbe defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite suchconsiderations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitiveto the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive itas a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of womenin society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral termssuch as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to askquestions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?'Other changes advocated include the replacement of words suchas 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutralterms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer'.There is, however, continuing controversy about how far suchlanguagechanges should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idiomsas 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What aboutthose words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant,such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done somore in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postmanbeen?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here'postman' remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian andTurkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makesthroughits system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain thatmales who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speakEnglish!?Answer the following questions according to the above text:?15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' isgiven?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?? Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clientsusing a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid theconflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms,whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companiesbeing courted by their investment bankers.We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity, said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice presidentfor investment advice and products. While the development of thesystematicallyperformed being is analysis the human, is methodologyand automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks ina similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individualstocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over timehas not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as towhether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though,is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stockratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out verygenerously.People who run computerized selection systems criticizetraditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflictsof interest, as well as individual bias. I am very suspicious aboutopinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stockselection, said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely onthe selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factorsthat their developers believe have the greatest ability to predictshare prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earningsgrowth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to whichearnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems asmarketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on howa group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, asdo stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans,and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform themarket averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwabsystem or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-Scouter? Mark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG)according to the information provided in the text.?Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided forquestions.?21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better thanhumans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices. 答案及评分标准?Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

跨文化交际复习题和答案解析(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。

然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。

F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes toa person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。

T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。

参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone‟s quick to blame the alien”in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today…s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today…s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What‟s the difference between today‟s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today…s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one‟s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without1prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village”is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global‟may be more local than the …local‟”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of thelocal events. In this sense, ―the ‗global…may be more local than the ‗local…‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not,2globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。

、案例分析（答题说明：每题10 分，合计分。

） 1. Situation: Two Americans, Bill and Tony, are talking aboutTony's unhappy experience with his Chinese college.Bill: Hi, Tony. How 're you doingTony: Fine. Just got back from visiting the home of one of myChinese colleagues.Bill: Oh, have a good timeTony: Oh yes, very good. Mind you, I was bit hurt about the way they treatedmypresent. You see, I know they like western music so I brought them backsome of the latest tapes from the UK.Had them all wrapped up beautifully and gave them to them as soon as I gotinside the door and what do you think happenedBill: WhatTony: Nothing. Well, more or less, they said thank you but then just put themaway in a corner. Didn 't even bother to unwrapthem. I must say I felt a bit miffed after all the trouble I ' d taken.参考答案：答题点：Gift giving in the West三、跨文化单选（答题说明：每题1分，合计分。

1.Three international developments have made intercultural contact more pervasive (无处不在), they are .（D）A. new technology and information systemB. changes in the world’s populationC. a shift in the world’s economic arenaD. A, B and C2.__C____ has evolved that lets societies share cultural experiences with one another as films are produced and shown around the world.A. Show businessB. I.T.C. international film industryD. Mass media3._A_____ in the United States, because they have been profoundly affected by population and immigration increases, are a primary setting for domestic intercultural contact.A. SchoolsB. CommunityC. WorkplaceD. club4. It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication because__D____.A. the complex nature of communicationB. the issue of intentionalityC. the issue of unintentionalityD. A, B and C5. To Reusch and Bateson, communication often takes place ___A__.A. without awarenessB. consciouslyC. intentionallyD. deliberately6. Which of the statements of communication is not true?A(?)A. Communication is dynamicmunication is symbolicmunication is InterpretiveD. Communication is static7. Communication has a consequence means that ____D__.A. Communication is irreversibleB.Our response to message does not have to be immediateC. The nature of our responses to messages is rooted in our cultureD. A, B and C8. Which of the item is not the basic component of culture?DA. ValuesB. EmotionsC. PersonalityD. Attitudes9. We learn our culture not through ________.A. proverbsB. artC. mass mediaD. self-taught10.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the _______ of a culture resists major alterations.BA. historyB. the deep structureC. backgroundD. tradition11. __D____ is at the core of intercultural communication.A. senderB. receiverC. cultureD. language12. Although cultures change through several mechanisms, which of the following item is not the three most common ones.CA. DiffusionB. AcculturationC. InventionD. Innovation13. One of the most difficult tasks for foreigners in learning a new language is learning the _________ and ________ in which they are used.CA. different styles, the contextsB. grammar, accentC. different styles, the speech actsD. vocabulary, the pronunciation14. Language is accompanied by a continuous flow of nonverbal communication, which involves not only ____ but also ____ and _____.CA. the tone, gaze, postureB. the voice, the face, the bodyC. the pitch, gaze, gestureD. the pace, the distance, touch15. _B____ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our physical and social world.A. InterpretationB. PerceptionC. AnalysisD. Understanding16. The maps are usually drawn by putting one’s country in the center. This illustrates ___C___.A. MisinterpretationB. Racial biasC. EthnocentrismD. Stereotype17. Many stereotypes are provided by the __D______.A. School educationB. TextbookC. HistoryD. Mass media18. Cultural breakdowns, setbacks or conflicts result from misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, and stereotype as a result of ____B___.A. MisperceptionB. Racial biasC. MisunderstandingD. False impression19. ___C__ are defined as “an enduring set of beliefs that serve to guide or direct our behavior”.A. LawsB. PerceptionsC. ValuesD. World views20. Which of the statements about cultural values is not true?CA.Cultural values, as is the case with cultural beliefs, guide both perception and communication.B. Cultural values have nothing to do with individual values.C.Cultural values are prescriptive.D.Cultural values, once formed, are enduring and relatively stable.21. Which of the countries doesn’t belong to individualistic culture?D(?)A. ItalyB. New ZealandC. FranceD. Greece22. In a high power distance culture, the superior tends to BA.treat employees respectfullyB.display his authorityC. interact with workers more oftenD.do important work23. Which of the statements about low uncertainty avoidance is not trueA.Divers population.B.Frequent innovations.C.Generally older countries with a long history.D. Citizens are proud of nation.24. Which of the following countries or region of no feminine traits? DA. NorwayB. FinlandC. DenmarkD. Austria25. Language ______ cultural reality.CA. ExpressesB. EmbodiesC. InfluencesD. Symbolizes26.It is a universal truth that language is _____ by culture and in turn it ______ culture. BA.influenced, reflectsB.displayed, influencesC. determined, reflectsD.shaped, influences27. Language is the ______ representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.DA. PrescriptiveB. AbstractC. SubstantialD. Symbolic28. Which of the contextual cues do not matter in a high-context culture?AA. The type of relationship that exists between the speaker and the listener.B. The coded, explicit message.C. Age relative to the speaker and the listener.D.Where is the communication taking place?29. The low-context culture doesn’t have which of the characteristics.BA.Tends to develop transitory personal relationship.B. Tends to use "logic" to present ideas.C.Tends to give simple, ambiguous, non-contexting messages.D.Values individualism.30. The following advantages of high-context culture don’t include ______.DA.it saves us making many trivial decisions;B.it allows for great flexibility, adaptability and originality;C.roles tend to be clear;D.group projects and team efforts tend to be practicable and effective.31. P eople from cultures that prefer “high involvement” styles tend to __A_______.A. expect to be interruptedB. use polite listening soundC.give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partnersD. speak one at a time32. People from “high considerateness” cultures are often thought to be _____B___.A. loudB. passiveC. chattyD. pushy33. One way to determine whether a culture favors a direct or indirect style in communication is _____A_______.A. H ow they say, “No.”B. How they invite people.C. How they teach people.D. How they accept people.34. In 2010, the Easter is on ___A______.A. 4th, AprilB.5th, AprilC. 2nd, AprilD. 6th, April35. Which of the communication style can’t be characterized as high considerateness?AA. ChineseB. JapaneseC. Mainstream AmericanD. Russian Define the following concept. (4 points for each of the 5 items)(1)Culture (2) Acculturation (3) Stereotype (4) Value (5) Uncertainty avoidance (6) Communication (7) Innovation (8) Perception (9) Ethnocentrism(10) Intercultural communication (11) Power distance (12) high-contextTrue or false.(1) ( F ) Cultural generalizations must be viewed not as approximations (接近)of reality, but as absolute representations.(2) (T ) Domestic contacts are increasing because new immigrants and co-cultures are growing in numbers.(3) ( F ) Our response to message has to be immediate.(4) ( T ) It is always possible to share our feelings and experiences by means of direct mind-to-mind contact.(5) ( T ) Culture is a problem of nurture instead of nature, that is one’s cultural patterns are acquired through learning or interacting, or they are determined by the environment within which we live.?? (6) ( F ) Misinterpretations do result every time members from two cultures communicate.(7) ( F ) Ethnocentrism is usually learned at the conscious level.(8) ( F) Low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to have a less efficient infrastructure than high uncertainty avoidance cultures.(9) ( T ) China, Korea, Japan, Latin America, and to a certain extent, France, are considered to be high-context cultures.(10) ( T ) In the mainstream American culture, the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect.(11) （T）Communication is an activity that affects people and other people.? (12) （T ）New technology, and growth in the world’s population have contributed toincreased international contacts.(13) (F ) All cultures use symbols, but they rarely assign their own meanings to them.(14) ( T ) Communication can be retrieved.(15) ( )Patterns of culture are inherent with individual, that is, they are genetically passed down from previous generations.(16) ( ) Perceptions for the same object, behavior or event are always universal.(17) ( ) To understand other people we must go into their perceptual world and try to experience reality in the same manner as they do.(18) ( T ) The Arabic-speaking nations, Latin America, Russia, and nearly all of Asia (especially India and China) are high power distance.(19) ( ) Language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture.(20) ( F ) Mainstream American conversation style would also be characterized as “high involvement”, although it differs significantly from the various Asian patterns.(21) ( ) We are captives of our culture, though it offers us a common frame of reference.(22) ( ) We study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture, so our observations and our conclusion are tainted by our personal and cultural orientations.(23) ( ) Because we do not have direct access to the thoughts and feelings of others, we can’t infer what they are experiencing.(24) ( ) There are rules for speakers to follow as to how messages are constructed and interpreted.(25) ( ) Only when we are deprived of our own culture or put into a completely new culture can we realize the importance of culture to us.(26) ( ) Stereotype refers to an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.(27) ( ) The assumption of similarity is one of the biggest promotions in intercultural communication.(28) ( T) Countries or regions with masculine traits are Ireland, the Philippines, Greece, South Africa, Austria, Japan, Italy, and Mexico.(29) ( ) Low context communication saves us making many trivial decisions.(30) ( F) For Americans, two or three seconds of silence can be comfortable.1.三个国际的发展作出了跨文化联系更普遍的（无处不在），他们是。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In eachof the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on whatis to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.?Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, whohas no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.?Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at aBritish universityfor some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situationin the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientificexperiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child' s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require moreinformed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the culturaldifferences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. Ayear later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year'sexchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concertperformed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talkingand at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunchof flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened severaltimes during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singingsome songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the endof the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. Theaudience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.?Paper 2 V ocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill thegap ineach of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in youranswer sheet. Do not change the forms of the words.?4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still somethat neededexplanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationshipsin China.8. Mike! Meet Jane, the .9. Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know.10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting otherpeople by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially thesystem of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that herhusband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.? Paper 3 Translation?Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write yourtranslation on the answer sheet.?What do we mean by Intercultural Communications or IC? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or goingoverseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developedinternationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called cross-cultural communications orcomparative culture , scholars most often use the prefix inter with the wordcultural to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is representedby culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems ofother countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek tounderstand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese Englishteachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How toteach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practicesof Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.?But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields likecultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is acomprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures andhow theyinteract with each other.?To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand traditionand modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoingnational characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from theoutside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirtyodd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparingcultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differencesbetween them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Anotherlevel of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attentionis Nonverbal Communication.?Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20?In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in theEnglishlanguage. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we usereflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men aredominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example.While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to bemale-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman wereexclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as acompound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceivecupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use ofchairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite suchconsiderationsother speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it ismade up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about theplace of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral termssuch as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as;'Who is chair of the committee?'Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman','fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker',fire-fighter' and 'police officer'. There is, however, continuing controversy about howfar such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditionalidioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those wordswhere the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in thewritten language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would bequite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation.Here 'postman' remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is amatter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kindsof sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would bedifficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than maleswho speak English!?Answer the following questions according to the above text:?15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph??Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using acomputerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interestthat have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analystshave oftenacted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers.We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity, said JerryChafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products.While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performedsystematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company touse a computer-driven rating system, several others, including V alue Line and ZacksInvestment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, andtheir ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been provedconclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people.What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand outfewer positivestock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out verygenerously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Streetanalysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. I amvery suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individualstock selection, said Samuel Eisenstadt, V alue Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on theselection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developersacompare models Most prices. share predict to ability greatest the have believecompany9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many trackthe extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems asmarketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group ofstocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on WallStreet, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocksthat will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or newmodels, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-Scouter?Mark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) accordingto the information provided in the text.?Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.?21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'ValueLine'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准?Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: V ocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

《跨文化交际》考试试卷Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.Questions1-5are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior.Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D for each question.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.Madam Chair states that chimpanzee's altruism__________.A.is similar to that of beesB.may contain an element of self-interestC.is part of a group feeding systemD.is not a mutual-aid system2.Worker bees work hard looking for food for2or3weeks,__________.A.and then die,leaving no offspringB.and then feed their offspringC.but die before feeding their offspringD.and then produce their offspring3.Chimpanzees who don't do their share of grooming are__________by the group.A.criticizedB.acceptedC.exchangedD.rejected4.Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising__________.A.brothersB.brothers and sistersC.brothers and sisters and daughtersD.brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts5.Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?A.bees,dogs,and lionsB.bees,chimpanzees,and fishC.bees,chimpanzees,and lions.D.chimpanzees,lions,and dogsPart2.Questions6-15are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to part of a lecture.As you listen,fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note:Each blank requires only ONE word.People communicate with one another all the time.Culture is regarded at the__6___of communication challenges and it influences how people__7___problems and participate in groups and in___8___.One definition of culture given in the lecture is that"Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that__9___how we understand the world."In the complex world,culture is one of the factors that act upon people.Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that"culture provides the lens through which we view the world;the__10___by which we order it;the_11___by which the world makes sense."Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together,cultural values sometimes__12___and misunderstanding arises.The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include:different communication styles,attitudes toward conflict,approaches to___13____tasks,decision making styles,attitudes toward__14___,and approaches to knowing.When talking about communication style,the speaker introduced two aspects:verbal and non-verbal communication.Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,__15___, seating arrangements,personal distance,and sense of time.This is the end of the Listening Test.Section II Communicative Competence[30points]Questions16-30:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.16.Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism?__________A.Collectivist cultures are described as"I"cultures.B.Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.C.Uniformity and conformity are stressed in collectivist cultures.D.Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and express unique opinions.17.Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame.I'll just have to face the music.The underlined part here means__________.A.to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the musicB.to relax oneself by listening to the music aloneC.to accept responsibility for a mistakeD.to go to see the person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong18.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.B.The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.C.Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.D.Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide,but the gap can be bridged.19.Bob is great!He always plays the game.The underlined part has the same meaning as __________.A.takes something as a game without caring too muchB.plays various gamesC.helps others when playing gamesD.behaves in a fair and honorable way20.Which of the following first names is shortened as"Bob"?__________A.RobertB.WilliamC.AlexanderD.Peter21.Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names?__________A."Forester"came from personal characteristics.B."Young"came from occupations.C."O'Patrick"came from family relationships.D."Butler"came from places.22.If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it,what would be an appropriate action?__________A.Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.B.Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.C.Accept the invitation but then not attend.D.Write a reply informing the host/hostess that you could not attend the banquet.23.Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green.She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately?__________A."Your hair is as green as tree leaves."B."It looks good."C."It's too green.I don't like the color."D."It looks much better."24.Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend.Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time.How would you refuse the request politely?__________A."Well,why don't you borrow one from someone else?"B."Sorry,I cannot lend it to you."C."Yes,but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible."D."I'd love to,but I'm afraid I've got a lot of things to type up as well."25.Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin(对牛弹琴)-playing violin to a bull.The corresponding English expression is__________.A.casting pearls before swineB.casting diamonds to a dogC.throwing pearls to a pigD.throwing diamonds to a goat26.Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication?__________A.Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.B.Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.C.Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret,it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.D.Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.27.The idiom"by the skin of one's teeth"means__________.A.very thinB.hard and flexibleC.only justD.one's sense of right and wrong28.What does the ring gesture(you form an"O"by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb)mean in Britain?__________A.Something is expensive.B.Something is good.C.Something is worthless.D.I will kill you.29.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person stands to another.B.All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.C.Social distance has a wider range than public distance.D.The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.30.If someone is said to be"economical with the truth",he/she__________A.has saved a lot of moneyB.does not tell the whole truthes very few wordsD.has recently diedSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.Questions31-35are based on Passage1.(10points)Passage1A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world.However,the strength,length,and duration of a handshake will vary by culture.Of course,Japanese will still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands.Mexicans who know each other will hug and East Europeans may kiss.In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each business meeting.Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting.Variations include where to keep your cards,which languages the card should be in,and what to do with the business card once you have received it.One rule to follow:Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need.To explore the nuances of business card exchange,we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.First,the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other.The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker.It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned.The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket.Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook.The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting. Cards are presented with the giver's name(Japanese side)facing the recipient.The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow.On receipt of a card,it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person.Since meetings usually involve more than one person,each card received should be placed on the table,like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with.The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards,placing them in one's wallet,or writing on them in the presence of the giver.The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization;therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.As a general rule,use people's titles on international business assignments.Learn the appropriate titles for each country.People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as'Doctor'.In many countries,people will be referred to by their titles only.For example,"Chief Engineer,can you tell us how this operation works?"The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.Questions31-35:Decide whether the following statements are true,false,or not mentioned according to the passage.Write T for"true",F for"false",and NM for"not mentioned"on the Answer Sheet._______31.Generally speaking,in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting._______32.You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips._______33.In Japan,the person's status should be clearly given on the card._______34.It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanese business card to remind him of the person who gave it to him._______35.The Japanese business card is more than just a reminder of who the person is.It also represents the company he works for.Part2.Questions36-40are based on Passage2.(10points)Passage2In an effort to get over culture shock,there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment,an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects,social institutions,ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese,English,or French,nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right,or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are,as far as the individual is concerned,beyond his/her awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.As we know,children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned,culture becomes a way of life,the sure,familiar,largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value. People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism,a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me.If you criticize me,you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance,if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act,it is now considered a national trait.Instead of being censured as an individual,his country is censured.It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups.If a person criticizes some aspect of one's own culture,one should listen but not enter into criticisms.Questions36-40:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.36.According to the passage,which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in acultural environment?A.social institutionsB.beliefsC.historyD.physical objects37.What is the writer's stand about culture?A.Parents are responsible for transmitting culture to their children.B.Children are born with culture.C.Culture needs to be taught to young people.D.Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.38.According to the passage,what is NOT suggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?A.Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.B.Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.C.Identifying oneself with the group one comes from.D.Assuming other cultures do things likewise.39.What is the writer's attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.indifferent40.What does the word"censure"mean in the article?A.praiseB.criticizeC.evaluateD.judgePart3.Questions41-45are based on Passage3.(10points)Passage3The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders,and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction.Insiders consist of people from two categories:automatic and selected.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates,whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.For example,a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developed a special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships.Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders,and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider's comprehension. To illustrate,a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications.In the Chinese culture,moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based.Moral stands tend to vary from one relationship to another.Family-centered"insider"relationships have two important implications for relationshipdevelopment with strangers.First,as King and Bond argue,the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers.In the Chinese culture,the transformation from a wai ren(outsider)to a zi ji ren(insider)involves an arduous and time-consuming process,because personal relationships often take a long time to develop.After relationships have been established,however, they tend to stay very solid.As a result,in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development,intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction.Second,the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups.This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders because value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups,and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.Questions41-45:Answer the following questions briefly.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41.According to the author,what are the five common criteria of an insider?42.How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?43.What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?44.According to the author,what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?45.What might be an appropriate title for this passage?Section IV Communication Analysis[20points]The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication.In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon.Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Your analysis should be about100words for each case. You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure:why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to each party in the case?Note:Your writing ability will be assessed.Case1(10points)Li Hong is a new teacher in a middle school.One day,one of her Chinese colleague Yang Zhen introduces her to their middle-aged foreign teacher Maggy.Yang:Li Hong,this is Maggy,our English teacher from America.And Maggy,this is Li Hong,our new colleague.Li and Maggy:How do you do?Maggy:Your sweater is so smart.Li:Oh,it is only an old one,I bought it last year.Maggy:You are so young and smart,I am sure you are a good teacher.Li:No,no.I am just a newcomer,I should learn from you old teachers.Maggy looks surprised and thinks,"I am really so old?"Question46:Why did Li and Maggy behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Li and Maggy to avoid miscommunication?Case2(10points)Li has returned to China after a year in the States.He marries his childhood sweetheart,who has never traveled and speaks very little English.Li's best friend in the States,Bob,comes to visit China for the first time and is introduced to Wang Lan,the new wife of his best friend."Gee,it's great to meet you",says Bob,"Li talked about you all the time back in Houston!",and kisses Wang Lan heartily on both cheeks.Wang Lan is shocked.Question47:Why did Bob and Wang Lan behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Bob and Wang Lan to avoid miscommunication?《跨文化交际》考试参考答案Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.(10points,2points each.)1.B2.A3.D4.A5.CPart2.(10points,1point each.0.5point off for each misspelling.)6.root7.approachmunities9.shape10.logic11.grammar12.conflictpleting14.disclosure15.gesturesSection II Communicative Competence[30points](30points,2points each.)16.C17.C18.B19.D20.A21.C22.D23.B24.D25.A26.A27.C28.B29.C30.BSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)31.T32.F33.NM34.F35.TPart2.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)36.C37.D38.A39.C40.BPart3.(10points)Award2points to each correct answer.41.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.42.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.43.A Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.44.The importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system (or value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups).45.In-Groups and Out-Groups in China;Interpersonal Relations in China;Relating Foreigners in China,etc.Section IV Communication Analysis[30points]The sample answers given in this part are more detailed than required in order to lead you through the three steps.In the examination,the students'analysis for each case should be about100words. Question46.Case1(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than self and modesty displayed on the part of the young.Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertiveness and free expression of feelings.(2points)2.As a young and new teacher,Li Hong showed her respect to Maggy with a formal greeting. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself,Li reacted in a typical Chinese way by overusing modesty in front of a teacher older than her.She displayed her humbleness by saying that her sweater was an old one and she should learn from Maggy,an old teacher.Li's responses are perfect between Chinese people but terrible in cross-cultural situations like this.She did not realize that her expression of respect could be translated into offence since individualistic cultures do not associate as much deference with age as collectivistic cultures do.Therefore,Maggy, coming from an individualistic culture,was surprised when Li called her"old teacher".Maggy did not understand that the word"old"here meant as a compliment,meaning that she had richer teaching experience.Both Li Hong and Maggy communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscommunication.(3points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Li Hong and Maggy should learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li could simply reply"thank you".She could use her non-verbal language to show her respect to Maggy,for instance,with a smile,a handshake,etc.(2points)As to Maggy,she could use fewer complimentary words or more objective questions to reduce Li's nervousness.She should also understand that one of the key values in collectivism is deference paid to experience and old age. (2points)Question47.Case2(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Bob comes from an individualistic culture which features close body contact among personal relationships.Wang Lan comes from a collectivistic culture which does not feature open display of personal feelings through body contact.(2points)2.In the case,Bob treated Wang Lan as a close friend and greeted her in a typical western way with hearty kisses on her cheeks to display the close friendship.However,with little knowledge of western greeting etiquette,Wang Lan was shocked since Bob's"rude"behavior was not in line with the Chinese ways of expressing close friendship.In Chinese culture,a hearty handshake will serve the purpose.It is the contrast of Bob's open expression of closeness through close body contact and Wang Lan's indirectness in expressing her feelings that caused miscommunication.(3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Bob and Wang Lan need to learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.Bob should ask Wang Lan if he could kiss her to express his friendship or he could shake hands with Wang Lan instead.(2points)Wang Lan needs to understand that the kisses were well meant and does not have to feel embarrassed or shocked.She could act more actively by extending her hand out first for a handshake rather than behave passively.(2points)。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical pianoconcert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Takethe word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postma n’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案一、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下面短文，并根据文章内容选择正确答案。

Passage 1Communication styles and norms differ significantly between cultures, and understanding these differences is essential for successful cross-cultural communication.In some cultures, such as the United States and Canada, direct communication is highly valued. People tend to speak their mind openly and directly, even if it means disagreeing with others. They believe in being straightforward and assertive.On the other hand, in many Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, indirect communication is the norm. People are more likely to hint at what they mean rather than stating it outright. They often use nonverbal cues and context to convey their messages. This communication style values harmony and maintaining face.When engaging in cross-cultural communication, it is important to be aware of these differences and adjust your communication style accordingly. If you are from a direct communication culture, you may need to be more sensitive to nonverbal cues when interacting with individuals from an indirect communication culture.1. According to the passage, direct communication is highly valued in which cultures?A. Asian culturesB. United States and CanadaC. European culturesD. African cultures2. What is the communication style in Japan and China?A. Direct communicationB. Indirect communicationC. Nonverbal communicationD. Contextual communication参考答案：1. B2. B二、交际用语（共10分）根据对话情境和所给选项，选择恰当的答案完成对话。