风险管理(英文版)

The purpose of this procedure is to provide for a system and in structi ons, and to assig n resp on sibilities for identifying and evaluating risks.2.0 ScopeThis procedure applies to risks related to the QMS.3.0 Procedure3.1The need for risk identification is determined on the basis of information and trendsregard ing the performa nee and effective ness of the QMS. I n particular:Regulatory requireme ntsProduct safety requireme nts and con siderati onsProduct and service noncon formitiesProcess problems and noncon formitiesSupplier quality performa nee recordsReject and scrap ratesField service recordsOn time delivery performa neeProducti on equipme nt maintenance recordsCustomer feedback and compla intsQuality man ageme nt system audit recordsData loss/corrupti on in cide nts, n etwork outages, etc.3.2Risks are identified and evaluated when quality performance data indicates that there are trends of decreas ing quality capability an d/or effective ness of the quality man ageme nt system. For example:in creas ing in cide nce of product noncon formity; excessive equipme nt problems; or in creas ing n umber of audit findings against the same quality system process or department.3.3Initiating risk management projects3.3.1Risks are ide ntified, evaluated and addressed in DaMei Risk Man ageme nt module; with in a framework of a Risk Man ageme nt Project.3.3.2Risk man ageme nt projects may be proposed by any orga ni zati onal un it and any employee in the compa ny. Requests for in itiati ng a risk man ageme nt project are submitted to Man ageme nt represe ntative or Gen eral man ager, as appropriate. Only Man ageme nt represe ntative and Gen eral man ager have the authority to initiate, or approve the initiation of risk management projects. This is to prioritize and direct resources where risk con trol is most urge nt.4.0 Risk man ageme nt project4.1Risk management projects are initiated in DaMei Risk Management module using electronic form EF-380-1 Risk Project.4.2When initiating a new project, select in form EF-380-1 the risk assessment method that will be used for the project:1)Hazard Evaluation: This is a method for evaluating hazards and related harms, rather than estimating the actual risks. The method is based on evaluating hazardous situations and associated harms (risk cases), and existing controls that reduce the likelihood of the hazardous situation occurring and/or reduce the severity of the harm. The evaluation results in a decision whether additional controls need to be implemented to further reduce risk. Although no a full fledged risk analysis, it is an excellent method for dem on strati ng 'risk based thinking' without going into formal and complex risk an alysis studies. This method should not be used when evaluating risks related to the safety of medical devices.2)Risk Matrix Analysis: This is a structured, formal method for assessing risks using a risk matrix. The risk matrix for the project is defined usinga template provided in formEF-380-01 (click the Risk Matrix tab in the form). This method is often referred to in technical literature as a Prelim inary Hazard An alysis (PHA). It is a top-dow n approach, using a list of known hazards as in put for the risk analysis. The risk matrix method is the most flexible and versatile, as it can be applied to any product, process or system, and does not require detailed kno wledge about the system to be an alyzed. Where appropriate, the risk matrix Analysis method should be used when evaluating risks related to the safety of medical devices.Other Method: Select this item when some other risk assessment method will be used, for example: Failure Mode Effects An alysis (FMEA), Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality An alysis (FMECA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), etc.4.3Risk man ageme nt projects are periodically reviewed to en sure that they remai n releva nt and up to date. Review dates are scheduled, and the review are docume nted in form EF-380-1 in the 'Reviews' block.5.0 Hazards5.1Hazards are con diti ons, circumsta nces, practices or other 'thi ngs' that can be a source of harm or loss. Hazards do not cause harms; they just make harms possible. Hazards are usually con sta nt, i.e., they are always there, unl ess the hazard is completely removed.5.2For each risk man ageme nt project ide ntify all releva nt hazards and en ter them into DaMei Risk Man ageme nt module (select the project and en ter hazards into the 'Hazards' grid).。

风险分析及方法简述（中英文）1 Basic Risk Management Facilitation Methods 基本的风险管理的便利方法Some of the simple techniques that are commonly used to structure risk management by organizing data and facilitating decision-making are:下面是一些简单的通常使用的方法，进行风险管理和制定决策：Flowcharts/流程图Check Sheets/检查清单Process Mapping/过程图Cause and Effect Diagrams (also called an Ishikawa diagram or fish bone diagram)/因果图（或者叫鱼骨图）2 Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) 失效模式与效果分析2.1 Describe/描述FMEA (see IEC 60812) provides for an evaluation of potential failure modes for processes and their likely effect on outcomes and/or product performance. Once failure modes are established, risk reduction can be used to eliminate, contain, reduce or control the potential failures. FMEA relies on product and process understanding. FMEA methodically breaks down the analysis of complex processes into manageable steps. It is a powerful tool for summarizing the important modes of failure, factors causing these failures and the likely effects of these failures.FMEA提供了工艺潜在失效模式的评估和对产品性能或结果的潜在影响。

沃尔玛的全面风险管理战略(英文版) Comprehensive Risk Management Strategy of Walmart Introduction:Risk management is an essential component of every successful business. It involves identifying potential risks, assessing their impact, and implementing strategies to mitigate them. As one of the largest retail corporations in the world, Walmart recognizes the importance of having a comprehensive risk management strategy in place. This article aims to outline Walmart's approach to risk management, highlighting its key principles and strategies.1. Risk Identification:The first step in Walmart's risk management strategy is to identify potential risks that could impact the company's operations. This involves conducting thorough risk assessments at various levels, including corporate, regional, and store levels. Walmart uses various techniques such as problem analysis, performance reviews, and trend analysis to identify areas of potential vulnerability. The company also closely monitors external factors such as market trends, regulatory changes, and geopolitical risks that could affect its business.2. Risk Assessment:Once the risks are identified, Walmart assesses their potential impact on the company's operations, financial performance, and reputation. This involves quantifying risks in terms of financial loss, operational disruption, and potential damage to the brand image. By conducting risk assessments, Walmart can prioritize risks and allocate resources effectively to mitigate them.3. Risk Mitigation Strategies:After assessing the risks, Walmart implements strategies to mitigate them and minimize their impact on the company. This includes developing and implementing robust internal controls, standard operating procedures, and policies to prevent and detect risks. Walmart also invests in state-of-the-art technology and infrastructure to ensure the security and efficiency of its operations. For example, the company uses advanced surveillance systems and cybersecurity measures to protect its stores and customer data from potential threats.Walmart also believes in fostering a culture of risk management throughout the organization. It educates and trains its employees on risk awareness and encourages them to report any potential risks or violations. This helps Walmart to proactively address risks and prevent potential issues before they escalate.4. Crisis Management:Despite careful planning and risk mitigation efforts, unexpected events can still occur. Walmart understands the importance of having a robust crisis management plan in place. The company has a dedicated crisis management team that is responsible for coordinating responses to various crises, such as natural disasters, product recalls, or public relations crises. Walmart's crisis management plan outlines clear procedures for communication, decision-making, and business continuity to ensure a swift and effective response to any crisis situation.5. Business Continuity Planning:Another critical aspect of Walmart's risk management strategy is business continuity planning. This involves developing strategies and procedures to ensure the continuous operation of key business functions in the event of a disruption. Walmart has comprehensive business continuity plans at both the corporate and individual store levels. These plans outline alternative operating procedures, backup systems, and recovery strategies to minimize downtime and mitigate the impact of any disruption.6. Continuous Improvement:Walmart recognizes that risk management is an ongoing process that requires continuous improvement and adaptation. The company regularly reviews and updates its risk management strategies to address emerging risks and changing business environments. It actively seeks feedback from employees, customers, and stakeholders to identify areas for improvement and implement necessary changes.Conclusion:Walmart's comprehensive risk management strategy demonstrates its commitment to ensuring the safety, security, and continuity of its operations. By adopting a proactive and holistic approach torisk management, Walmart can identify and mitigate potential risks, minimize their impact, and maintain its position as one of the world's leading retail corporations.Certainly! Here are some additional points to expand on Walmart's risk management strategy: 1. Supply Chain Risk Management:Walmart's risk management strategy includes a strong focus on supply chain management. The company recognizes thatdisruptions in its supply chain can have a significant impact on its operations and ability to serve customers. To mitigate supply chain risks, Walmart has implemented several strategies. Firstly, the company has diversified its supplier base to reduce dependency on a single supplier or region. This helps to minimize the impact of any potential disruptions, such as natural disasters or geopolitical issues. Secondly, Walmart closely collaborates with its suppliers to ensure they meet specific quality, safety, and compliance standards. The company also conducts regular audits and inspections to mitigate the risks associated with unethical practices or non-compliance.2. International Risk Management:As a global retail corporation, Walmart operates in various countries with different regulatory, political, and cultural environments. To manage the risks associated with international operations, Walmart has established a robust governance structure. The company has a dedicated international risk management team that monitors and assesses risks specific to each country. This allows Walmart to tailor its risk mitigation strategies to address the unique challenges and requirements of individual markets. Additionally, Walmart maintains strong relationships with local stakeholders, government agencies, and industry associations to proactively address any potential risks or issues that may arise.3. Data Privacy and Cybersecurity:The increasing reliance on technology and digital systems within the retail industry brings new risks such as data breaches and cyber-attacks. Walmart recognizes the importance of protecting customer and company data from potential threats. The companyhas invested heavily in cybersecurity measures, including firewalls, encryption, and constant monitoring of its systems. Walmart also regularly conducts vulnerability assessments and penetration tests to identify and address any potential weaknesses. In addition to technical safeguards, Walmart has implemented strict data privacy policies and procedures to ensure compliance with relevant regulations and protect customer privacy.4. Regulatory Compliance:Operating in a highly regulated industry, Walmart places a strong emphasis on compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The company has a dedicated legal and compliance team that monitors and ensures adherence to local, national, and international regulations. Walmart invests in training programs for its employees to ensure they are aware of and comply with relevant laws and regulations. The company also conducts regular internal audits to assess compliance and identify areas for improvement. Walmart's commitment to regulatory compliance helps to mitigate the risks associated with legal sanctions, reputational damage, and operational disruptions.5. Environmental Sustainability:Walmart recognizes the risks associated with climate change and environmental degradation and has integrated sustainable practices into its risk management strategy. The company has set ambitious goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy, minimize waste, and conserve natural resources. By adopting sustainable business practices, Walmart reduces its exposure to potential regulatory, reputational, and operational risks. The company also works closely with its suppliers to promotesustainable sourcing and production practices throughout its supply chain.Conclusion:Walmart's comprehensive risk management strategy encompasses a wide range of areas, including risk identification, assessment, mitigation, crisis management, business continuity planning, and continuous improvement. Through its proactive and holistic approach, Walmart can effectively manage potential risks and ensure the safety, security, and continuity of its operations. By placing a strong emphasis on supply chain integrity, international risk management, data privacy, regulatory compliance, and environmental sustainability, Walmart demonstrates its commitment to long-term success and resilience in an ever-changing business landscape.。

一般准则【准则条文】１．英文：「An organization risk management program must be tailored to its overall objectives and should change when those objectives change.」２．英文：「If you are in a “safe”business (relatively immune from depression, bankruptcy or shifts in products market), you risk management program can be more “risky”and less costly.」３．英文：「Don’t risk more than you can afford to lose.」４．英文：「Don’t risk a lot for a little」５．英文：「C onsider the odds of an occurrence」６．英文：「Have clearly defined objectives which are consistent with corporate objectives」７．英文：「The risk management department, as a user of services, should award business on the basis of ability to perform.」８．英文：「For any significant loss exposure, neither loss control nor loss financing alone is enough; control and financing must be combined in the right proportion.」风险辨认衡量准则【准则条文】９．英文：「Review financial statements to help identify and measure risks.」１０．英文：「Use flow charts to identify sole source suppliers or other contingent business１１．英文：「To more fully identify and assess risks, you must visit the plants and relate to operations people.」１２．英文：「A reliable data base is essential to estimate probability and severity.」１３．英文：「Accurate and timely risk information reduces risk, in any of itself.」１４．英文：「The risk manager should be involved in the purchase or design of any new operation to assure that there are no built-in risk management problems.」１５．英文：「Be certain environmental risks are evaluated in mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures.」１６．英文：「Select hazardous waste contractors on their risk control measures and their financial stability or insurance protection. 」１７．英文：「Look for incidental involvement in critical risk areas, （ie. aircraft and nuclear products, medical malpractice, engineering design, ect.）」风险控制准则【准则条文】１８．英文：「Risk control works, it is cost effective and helps control local operating costs.」１９．英文：「The first ( and incontrovertible ) reason for risk control is the preservation of life.」２０．英文：「A property conservation program should be designed to protect corporate assets-not the underwriter.」２１．英文：「Be mindful that key plants and sole source suppliers may need protection above and beyond normal HPR (highly protected risks)requirements.」２２．英文：「Use the risk control services of your broker and insurer as an extension of your corporate program. Don’t let them go off on a tangent.」２３．英文：「Quality control should not be substitute for a full product liability program.Quality control only assures the product is made according to specifications, whether good or bad.」２４．英文：「Most of the safety-related “standards”of governmental agencies should be considered as minimum requirements.」２５．英文：「Duplicate and separately store valuable papers and back-up data processing media.」２６．英文：「Avoid travel by multiple executives in a single aircraft.」。