汽车用铝合金焊接工艺的研究

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学位论文作者签名 杨淑芳
日期
2004 年 1 月 12 日
上海交通大学 学位论文版权使用授权书
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处的热影响区发生了软化 软化区产生的主要原因是该区强化相粒子 在焊接热循环过程中发生了过时效 产生聚集粗化 经过一定的自然 时效 接头的强度和延伸率有一定的恢复 6061 铝合金 裂纹 气孔 焊接工艺 显微组织
关键词 汽车
RESEARCH ABOUT THE WELDING TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMOTIVE ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
2]
其中采用新型材料来降低汽车重量是最有潜力的 用
高强度钢板来代替原先使用的普碳钢是汽车轻量化的一个重要手段 [3~5] 由于高 强钢比普碳钢强度高的多 按等强度转换原则 钢板的厚度就可削减 这样大大 减少了钢材用量 从而有效地降低了汽车的重量 且随着电力工业的发展和冶炼技术的革新 能满足汽车工业的特殊要求 而在轻质材料中 树脂基材料在再生上有问题 镁的价格和安全性限制了它 的广泛应用 铝不仅有丰富的资源 好 铝的产量大增而成本大幅度下降 此外铝合金具有高比强度 耐锈蚀 热稳定性 易成型 再生性好和简化结构等一系列优点 故在汽车业中倍受青睐 大量的对比研究和反复实践证明 选用铝合金材料是实 现汽车轻量化的另一个重要手段 铝合金在汽车中的应用使汽车具有如下优点[6
KEY WORDS automotive, 6061 alloy, hot cracking, porosity, welding technology, microstructure
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ABSTRACT
The weldability of automotive aluminum alloys is not very good and deficiencies (such as porosity, hot cracking) often occur during welding. Therefore, the article explored the welding technology of 6061 aluminum alloy that is often used in car body. This research provides experiment data for the application of aluminum alloys in automotive industry. The work also has important practical value to the further use of aluminum alloys that will make automotive lighter. The weldability of 6061 alloy was examined by means of FISCO to test welding crack susceptibility and tests of porosity sensibility. The welding technology of 6061 was studied to get suitable welding parameters. The mechanical properties of 6061 welded joint were also tested. In order to make further research of the different performance between welded joint and base metal of 6061 alloy, the microstructure characteristics and point component of butt joint of 6061 alloy were studied by means of advanced test methods including optics microscope and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). Furthermore, the article also covered research of effects about different welding processes and parameters on 6061 alloy bead sizes. The analysis results indicate that 6061 alloy is characterized by the sensibility of crystal crack and hydrogen porosity. Under the same condition, 6061 alloy is more susceptible to hot cracking than 3A21 alloy. While 4043 welding wire was used as the filler metal, low crack susceptibility was achieved and hot crack only emerged in arc crater. Crater crack appeared both longitudinal and horizontal. As far as 6061 alloy’s porosity
杨淑芳 指导教师签名 楼松年
上海交通大学硕士学位论文
第一章 前言

1.1 研究背景和目的
为适应现代社会的需要 汽车正向着节能 环保 安全 舒适 智能 低成 本及长寿命方向发展 尤其是节能和环保更是关系人类可持续发展的重大问题 而解决能源和环保这两个问题最有效的措施是减轻汽车的重量以降低能耗 减少 污染 提高燃油效率 实现汽车轻量化的主要方法有 修改结构设计 缩小汽车 规格和采用新型材料[1
susceptibility is concerned, influencing factors include welding methods, relative humidity of the environment, surface state of test plate, composition of shielding gas and welding variables. There were three main types of porosity in welded joint, i.e. porosity of chains, intensive porosity and single porosity. It was found that to strictly control sources of moisture could effectively reduce the amount of porosity in the weld. In addition, 6061 alloy’s porosity susceptibility could be reduced by use of suitable welding variables and adding gas with oxidizability to the shielding atmosphere. The result of welding procedure’s test shows that welding parameters have great effect on weld shape. And hybrid welding of laser and electric arc can allow the weld with larger penetration and width compared to that seam welded by single welding method (such as TIG, MIG and YAG laser). So it is proved that the hybrid welding process is ideal. The study of microstructure and properties of 6061 welding joint indicates that hardness, tensile strength and plasticity of the joint are lower than the relevant properties of base metal and the weakest point of welded joint is in the soften zone of HAZ, 9~13mm away from the weld center. It is formed due to the overaging of the main strengthening phase particle, which aggregates and coarsens during the influence of welding heat. After some extent of natural seasoning, tensile strength and plasticity of the joint are restored.