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1.dynamicity of language 语言的动态性It refers to a distinctive feature of Chinese. Compared with English, Chinese have a much higher degree of dynamicity. It puts more emphasis on motion or action, which finds its expression in verbs and adverbs; however, English seems to lay more focus on the concept, as is expressed by nouns.例：你怎么看？How do you think? What do you think?2.semantic motivation 语义理据It refers to the mental associations of the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal meaning and figurative meaning of a word. It can be achieved through rhetorical devices such as metaphor, hyperbole, analogy, metonymy and image.例：metaphor: 喇叭花，纸老虎，鹅卵石3.lexical gap 词汇空缺Lexical gap refers to the fact that no corresponding lexical items of the source language can be found in the target language. There are several causes for such gaps: different motivations behind nomenclature, different ways of grouping things, differences among synonyms, and things unique to a culture, etc.例：billions, millions4.parataxis 意合It means that the connections between sentences depend on the meanings of the languages or their logical relationship. Compared with English, Chinese is more paratactic because of its perceptional thing and holistic comprehension.例：留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
1.plain prose2.seckill 秒杀3.chinadonisia 中国、印度、印度尼西亚4.broken society 道德沦丧的社会5. PIIGS 欧猪五国(欧洲主权债务危机最严重的葡萄牙，意大利，爱尔兰，希腊，西班牙五个国家的首字母合成词。
Portugal,Italy,Ireland,Greece,Spain)6.game theory 博弈论(博弈论又被称为对策论（Games Theory),是研究具有斗争或竞争性质现象的理论和方法，它既是现代数学的一个新分支，也是运筹学的一个重要学科。
博弈论已经成为经济学的标准分析工具之一。
)7.ghost estate 三无房产、废弃房产（无人居住，无人修缮，或尚未完工的废弃房产）8.defriend：解除好友关系9.cultural pluralism10.Obama-mess：奥巴马乱/困境11. Localization本土化12. 敲门砖：a stepping stone (to)13. 蜗居: humble abode14.富二代:affluent second generation15.房奴:home mortgage slave16汉化英语:Chinglish17. 典故:allusion/ literary quotation18. 典籍英译:old scripture19. 模拟国际会议口译:stimulated international conference interpreting20. 陪同口译: escort interpreting21.翻译专业硕士:Master of translating and interpreting22. 建设中国特色社会主义: build socialism with Chinese characteristics23. 偏方: folk prescription26.隐婚族: concealing-marriage clan27.翻译标准: translation criteria28.增强政治和文化建设: strengthen the construction of political culture29.农家乐: rural/farm tourism30.Escorticism:31.orientalize:东方化32.copycatting：山寨，模仿的产品33.功能对等：functional equivalence34.学术翻译: academic translation31.NASA:national aeronaustics and space administration航空航天医学:aerospace medicine水利枢纽工程:water conservancy project储蓄银行:savings bankAIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndromes),affirmative action:反歧视行动实施科教兴国战略: implement the strategy of vitalizing the country through science and educationGATT: General Agreement on T arrifs and Trade关税暨贸易总协定UNESCO联合国教科文组织CPPCC(Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference)中国人民政治协商会议hard currency硬通货，强势货币favorable balance of trade：贸易顺差，贸易出超天人合一:unity of man and nature实事求是：seek truth from facts公诚勤朴：严谨求实团结创新：妄自菲薄：belittle/ look down upon/underestimate oneselfYogi瑜伽修行者IMF：International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织SPCA：Society for the Prevention of the Cruelty of Animals英国动物保护协会speak in tongue：讲方言，讲不为人知的语言物流logistics家电下乡：home appliances going to the countryside畅通重庆:traffic-smooth Chongqing面子工程:image/vanity project二线城市:second-tier city医患纠纷:doctor-patient dispute酒驾:driving under the influence叙利亚危机:the crisis in SyriaTOEFL :Test of English as a Foreign Language托福考试NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织smog雾霾4、intellectual property知识产权5、 5、first-aid treatment急救6、6、the voice of people is the voice of god人民的声音就是神的声音7、7、diplomatic ettiquet 外交礼仪8、拜年 a New Year’s visit9、同学会 :homecoming/alumni association10、民意调查:opinion poll11、自助者天助 :God help those who help themselves.12、经济一体化 :economic integrationad hoc: 临时的，特定的，特别地NASA：美国国家航空和航天管理局national aeronaustics and space administration Socrates:苏格拉底~argument苏格拉底论证rule of law：法治worst-case scenario ：最恶劣情形（in the worst-case scenario）Midas :迈达斯，传说中的弗里吉亚国王Ponzi scheme：庞氏骗局庞氏骗局”是金字塔传销的模板之一，是一种非法集资。
商务英语中常用术语的翻译定价和支付price and payment1.CIF 到岸价格/ 成本加保险费,运费价2.FOB离岸价格/ 装运港船上交货3.CFR离岸加运费价格/ 成本加运费价格4.佣金commission5.折扣discount6.净价,单价net price / unit price7.定金down payment8.分期付款installment payment询盘和报盘1.询盘inquiry2.发盘offer3.还盘counter-offer4.实盘firm offer5.虚盘non-firm offer6.规格specification7.样品sample8.交货delivery9.定货order10.最低价rockbottomprice11.价格单price list单据document1.形式发票proformainvoice2.商业发票commercial invoice3.领事发票consular invoice4.汇票draft / bill of exchange5.即期信用证sight draft6.远期信用证usancedraft7.信用证letter of credit / L/C8.即期信用证sight L/C9.远期信用证usanceL/C10. 装船通知shipping advice11.装箱单packing list11.货运单据shipping documents12.海运提单bill of lading / B/L13.清洁提单clean B/L14.不清洁提单unclean B/L16.保险单insurance policy17.检验证书certificate of inspection18.质检证书certificate of quality19.原产地证明书certificate of origin20.进口许可证import license21.出口许可证export license22.合同contract23.确认书confirmation24.售货确认书sales confirmation25.购货确认书confirmation of purchase。
感觉记忆(SM)—sensor y memory短期记忆(STM)—short-term M。
长期记忆(LTM)—long-term memory复诵——rehear sal预示(激发)——primin g童年失忆症——childh ood amnesi a视觉编码(表征)——visual code(repres entat ion)听觉编码—acoust ic code运作记忆——workin g memory语意性知识—semant ic knowle dge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanni ng proced ure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaus tiveS.P。
自我终止式扫瞄—self-termin atedS。
程序性知识—proced uralknowle dge命题(陈述)性知识——propos ition al(declar ative)knowle dge 情节(轶事)性知识—episod ic K。
讯息处理深度—depthof proces sing精致化处理—elabor ation登录特殊性—coding specif icity记忆术—mnemon ic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word(线)探索(测)(激发)字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propos ition al though t心像思考——imagin al though t行动思考——motori c though t概念——concep t原型——protot ype属性——proper ty特征——featur e范例策略——exempl ar strate gy语言相对性(假说)—lingui sticrelati vityth。
翻译专业术语大全本文为翻译专业术语大全，介绍翻译领域中常见的术语及其解释。
一、翻译1. Translation 翻译：将一种语言的文本用另一种语言表达的过程。
2. Translator/Interpreter 翻译员：从一种语言转换为另一种语言的专业人士。
3. Source Language（SL）源语言：被翻译文本的语言。
4. Target Language（TL）目标语言：翻译后的目标语言。
5. Bilingual 双语的：能听说读写两种语言的人。
6. Multilingual 多种语言的：能听说读写多种语言的人。
7. Translate 翻译：将源语言文本转换成目标语言文本。
8. Interpretation 口译：将源语言口述转换成目标语言口述。
9. Localization 本地化：将一个产品从一种语言转换成另一种语言，并符合该地区的文化、政治、习俗等环境。
二、文本类型1. Technical Text 技术文本：对某种科技、专业领域的知识、技能、思想等进行描述的文本。
2. Legal Text 法律文本：含法律内容的文本，如合同、法规等。
3. Medical Text 医学文本：含医学内容的文本，如医学论文、病历等。
4. Financial Text 金融文本：含金融内容的文本，如财经新闻、报告等。
5. Literary Text 文学文本：小说、诗歌等文学作品。
6. Commercial Text 商业文本：广告、宣传资料等商业性文本。
三、翻译术语1. Translation Theory 翻译理论：研究翻译规律、方法和技巧的学科。
2. Translation Studies 翻译研究：研究翻译现象、理论和实践问题的学科。
3. Translation Criticism 翻译批评：通过对原著和译文进行分析、比较和评价来评判翻译质量的学科。
4. Translation Equivalence 翻译等值性：翻译过程中，源语言和目标语言表达方式和意义上的相当性。
胡壮麟的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can eas ily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
绝对翻译。
Absolute Translation。
按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2摘要翻译。
Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。
3滥译。
Abusive Translation。
路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。
4可接受性。
Accetability。
图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。
A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。
5准确。
Accuracy。
翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。
A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。
6改编Adaptation。
传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。
机械名词英译汉大全机械行业是一个广泛的领域，其中包含了许多特定的名词和术语。
了解这些名词的英文翻译对于学习机械工程和通信非常重要。
本文将带您了解机械名词英译汉的大全，让您更好地掌握机械工程领域的专业术语。
A•Acceleration: 加速度•Actuator:执行器•Angular velocity: 角速度•Automation:自动化•Axis:轴B•Bearing:轴承•Bevel gear:锥齿轮•Bolt:螺栓•Bore:孔径•Bushing:套筒C•Cam:凸轮•Carrier:承载体•Clutch:离合器•Crankshaft:曲轴•Cylinder:气缸D•Deflection:挠曲•Die:模具•Drive:驱动•Dynamic:动态的E•Efficiency:效率•Elasticity:弹性•Encoder:编码器•Engine:发动机F•Fastener:紧固件•Fatigue:疲劳•Friction:摩擦•Fuel:燃料G•Gear:齿轮•Generator:发电机•Grinder:砂轮•Guide:导轨H•Heat exchanger:换热器•Hydraulic:液压的•Hose:软管•Hub:轮毂I•Idle:空闲的•Inertia:惯性•Inlet:进口•Implement:工具•Jack:千斤顶•Joint:接头•Junction:连接点•Jig:夹具K•Key:键•Kinematics:运动学•Knurling:滚花L•Laser:激光•Lever:杠杆•Lubricant:润滑剂•Lathe:车床•Machine:机器•Machining:加工•Maintenance:维护•Martensite:马氏体N•Nozzle:喷嘴•Newton:牛顿•Nonferrous:有色的•Nylon:尼龙O•Orifice:孔隙•Outlet:出口•Overload:过载P•Piston:活塞•Pulley:滑轮•Pressure:压力•Pneumatic:气动的Q•Quenching:淬火•Quick-release:快速释放•Quill:芯轴•Queue:队列R•Reducer:减速器•Reliability:可靠性•Rivet:铆钉S•Shaft:轴•Screw:螺丝•Spring:弹簧•Static:静态的T•Torque:力矩•Tolerance:公差•Thread:螺纹•Turbine:涡轮机U•Ultrasonic:超声的•Upset:擴頭•Uniform:均匀的•U-bolt:U形螺栓V•Velocity:速度•Valve:阀门•Vibration:振动•Vacuum:真空W•Welder:焊工•Worm gear:蜗杆齿轮•Welding:焊接•Wear:磨损X•X-axis:X轴•Xenon:氙气•X-ray:X射线•Xerography:静电复印Y•Yoke:夹具•Y-axis:Y轴•Yield strength:屈服强度•Yarn:纱线Z•Z-axis:Z轴•Zinc:锌•Zero clearance:零间隙•Zone:区域以上是机械名词英译汉大全，包含了机械工程领域中常见的名词和术语。
绝对翻译。
Absolute Translation。
按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2摘要翻译。
Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。
3滥译。
Abusive Translation。
路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。
4可接受性。
Accetability。
图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。
A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。
5准确。
Accuracy。
翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。
A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。
6改编Adaptation。
传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。
A term traditionally used to refer to any TT in which a particularly strategy has been adopted。
充分性。
Adequacy。
某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所采用的术语。
A term used by some commentators on translation to discuss the nature of the relationship between ST and TT,按照图里的解释，指翻译过程中与规范相关的连续体的两极之一。
According to Toury ，one of the two poles of the continuum relates to the NORMS used in the translation process。
8调整。
Adjustment。
按照奈达的解释，指《圣经》翻译中使用的一套技巧，旨在于目标语中“产生正确的对等形式”，以帮助译文达至动态对等。
According to Nida，a set of techniques used in Bible translation which are designed to “produce correct equivalents”in TL and thus help a translation achieve dynamic equivalences9美学诗体翻译。
Aesthetic-Poetic Translation:按照卡塞格兰德的解释，指四种翻译类型之一。
According to Casagrande ，one of four types of translation。
10经纪人Agent。
塞杰用来指“处于译者与译品最终使用者中间位置”之人的术语。
A rerm used by Sager to the person who is “in an intermediary position between a translator and an end user of a translation。
”11国际会议口译联合会。
AIIC(AssoicationIternationale Iterpretes de Conference)为包含会议口译员利益而成立于1953 年11 月的组织。
An organization founded in November 1953 to protect the interests of conferences interpreters12类同形式。
Analogical form。
按照霍姆斯的解释，译者在翻译诗体形式时可以采用的四种途径之一。
According to Holmes，one of four approaches which a traslator may use when translating verse form。
13分析。
Analysis。
奈达与泰伯用来描述翻译过程三步骤之中第一步的术语。
A term used by Nida&T aber to describe the first of the three stages of the translation process。
14应用翻译学，应用翻译研究。
Applied translation studies。
霍姆斯提出的翻译研究领域，与翻译研究中的理论研究及描写翻译研究相对应（后两者构成纯翻译研究）。
The area of investigation within translation studies constrasted by Holmes with theoretical and descriptive translation studies（the two of which together make up the field of pure translation studies）15古词，废词。
Archaism。
用来指译本中使用古文（或指一例具体的此种用词）的术语。
A term which refers to the use of obsolescent language in a translation （or alternatively，a single instance of such language）16元译素（简称ATR）。
Architranseme。
范。
路文兹瓦特创造的术语，用来表示在文学文本与其译本之间进行详尽语言比较时所用的理论概念。
A term coined by Leuven-Zwart to designate a theoretical concept used in the close linguistic comparision of literary texts and their translations。
关于范围的翻译理论。
Area-restricted theories of translation。
霍姆斯将此界定为关于语言或文化的局部翻译理论。
Defined by Holmes as partial theories of translation which are restricted with regard to the languages and/or culteurs which are being considered18自立幅度。
Autonomy spectrum罗斯为翻译分类提供框架而引进的一个概念。
A concept introduced by Rose to providea framework for categorizing translation19自译。
Autotranslation or self translation波波维奇将此界定为“由作者本人将原作变成另一种语言的翻译。
”Defined by Popovic as “the translation of an original work into another language by the author himself.”20巴别塔。
Bable ，tower of。
《圣经》故事，讲述人类为什么注定要说多种语言。
A biblical narrative explaining why man is destined to speak a multiplicity languages。
21回译（Back-tanslation）。
将已译成特定语言的文本译回源语的过程。
A process in whicha text which has been translated into a given language is retranslated into SL。
22双语料库（Bilingual Corpora），平行语料库（Parallel Corpora）。
按照贝克的解释，指“用A 语写成的源语文本和用B 语翻译的译文”组成的一种语料库。
Accoeding to Baker，a type of corpus “consists of original ，source language-texts in language A and theirtranslated versions in language B。
”23双文本（Bi-text ）哈里斯引进的术语，用来指既包括源文本又包括目标文本在内的一种概念。
A term used by Harris to refer to a construct comprising both ST and TT，which exists as a psychological reality for the translator （or the bilingual reader ）。
24无韵体翻译。
Blank verse translation 勒坲维尔所提译诗的七种策略之一。
Presented by Lefevere as one of seven strategies for translating poetry 。
25借用。
Borrowing 维纳与达尔贝勒纳描述的七种翻译程序之一。
One of seven translation procedures described by Vnay&Darbelnet。
26仿造，又名借译。
Calque or loan translation 。
该术语用来只把源语词项的单个成分（如单词的各个词素）直译成目标语对等成分的过程。
