图的最大亏格与直径
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工程制图知识梳理目录第一章绘图基本知识 (1)第二章点、线、面的投影 (3)第三章基本体的投影及表面交线 (6)第四章组合体 (8)第五章机件常用表达方法 (8)第六章螺纹、常用标准件与齿轮 (10)第一章绘图基本知识1.图线2.尺寸注法1.以mm为单位时,不需要标注单位。
2.尺寸是机件的最后完工尺寸(和比例没有关系)。
3.每一尺寸只标注一次。
4.尺寸界线伸出尺寸线2-3mm。
5.大于半圆标Φ,小于半圆标R.(看作完善圆)6.文字标注,遇到斜的情况,要往上放;如果竖直就往左放。
3.图形分析1.尺寸分析1.尺寸基准:确定平面图形各线段形状大小的几何元素如对称线大圆中心线长直线。
2.定型尺寸:确定各线段大小的尺寸。
3.定位尺寸:确定各部分相对位置的尺寸(要有横,纵两个尺寸)4. 线段分析1. 已知线段:定型,定位尺寸都有的线段2. 中间线段:具有定型尺寸和一个定位尺寸的线段3. 连接线段:只有定型尺寸,没有定位尺寸的线段4. 作图步骤1. 基准线和定位线2. 所有已知线段3. 中间线段4. 连接线段5. 尺规绘图的一般方法和步骤1. 布置图形(基准线)2. 底稿,不分粗细,轻描淡写3. 描深4. 标注尺寸,填写标题栏第二章点、线、面的投影注:I. 我国采用第一角画法II. a’是主视图,a’’是左视图,a是俯视图。
III. 主视图面为V 侧视图为W 俯视图为H一. 点的投影1. 两面投影确定一个点的空间位置(第三面投影)2. 水平投影到OX轴的距离等于侧面投影到OZ轴的距离(第一象限到OZ等于第三象限到OX)3. 过a的水平线和过a’’的垂线相交与第四象限的45°线上4. 沿投射线观察,被挡住的点要打括号(离投射面近的点打括号)二. 直线的投影1. 按照相对于投影面的位置分为三类:投影面垂直线、投影面平行线、一般位置直线投影面垂直线:正垂线,铅垂线,侧垂线投影面平行线:正平线,水平线,侧平线一般位置直线:三个投影长度都比实际长度略短。
李德明,博士,首都师范大学数学科学学院副教授、硕导。
研究方向各位读友大家好,此文档由网络收集而来,欢迎您下载,谢谢中文名,李德明。
职业,副教授。
李德明硕导。
毕业院校,北京交通大学。
代表作品,清理三角债问题的优化数学模型及其解法。
学位,博士。
研究方向,图论。
组合最优化。
人物简介。
职称:副教授。
硕导学位:博士毕业院校:北京交通大学研究方向:图论。
组合最优化。
主要论著。
29. Incidence colorings of powers of circuits,28. Haj os’ conjecture and cycle power graphs,26. List extremal number of union of short cycles,27. Incidence coloring of the squares of some graphs,25. 直径为三的不可上嵌入的图,24. Hadwiger’s conjecture for powers of cycles and their complements,23. On the decay number of a graph,22. The Genus distributions of Mobius ladders21. 由轮图导出的某些平面图的星色数20. The star chromatic numbers of some planar graphs derived from wheels19. Some planar graphs with star chromatic number between 3 and 4 Journal of Mathematical Research and Exposition, V ol 21 Issue 4 500—Finding a smooth frame decomposition of a graph Chinese Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, V ol 16 Issue 3 75—7917. On 3-connected cubic graphs whose maximum genus attains the lower bound J. Xinyang Teachers College 14;2 138-14316. Maximum genus and structures of 2-connected cubic simplicial graphs J. Xinyang Teachers College 14;1 4-1115. The lower bounds on the maximum genus of loopless multigraphs Applied Mathematics A Journal of ChineseUniversities . 15:4, 359-36814. Maximum genus, girth and connectivity European Journal of Combinatorics. 21 , 651-65713.A relative maximum genus graph embedding and its local maximum genus Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica . 16:4 366--37212. A tight lower bound on the maximum genus of a 3-connected loopless multigraph Applied Mathematics A Journal of Chinese Universities. 15:4 369--37611. Genus distribution of circular ladders Northeastern Mathematics Journal 16:2 , 181-18910. A polynomial algorithm for finding the minimum feedback vertex set of a 3-regular simplicial graph Acta Mathematica Scientia , 19: 4 375–3819.A tight lower bound on the maximum genus of 3-edge connected loopless graphs Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica . 15:4 361-3678. The star chromatic numbers of some graphs 《数学进展》, 28:3 259 – 2657. The maximum genus ofa 3-regular simplicial graph Applied Mathematics A Journal of Chinese Universities . 14: 2 203-2146. An efficient algorithm for finding an adjacency matching of a graph Journal of Northern Jiaotong University , 23:2 23-275. The smallest non-upper embeddable 2-connected 3-regular simplicial graphs 北方交通大学学报, 22:2 5-84. The number of a 4-regular planar Hamilton maps 北方交通大学学报, 21:5 548-5533. 层次分析中最小偏差法的性质系统工程理论与实践, 16:7 36-392. 星点临界图的性质曲阜师范大学学报, 21:5 42-431. 清理三角债问题的优化数学模型及其解法曲阜师范大学学报, 21:2 61-64。
美国大学生数学建模MCM 数学专用名词augmented matrix增广矩阵asymptotic渐进的asymptote渐进线asymmetrical非对称的associative law结合律ascending上升的arrangement排列arithmetic算术argument幅角,幅度,自变量,论证area面积arc length弧长apothem边心距apex顶点aperiodic非周期的antisymmetric反对称的antiderivative原函数anticlockwise逆时针的annihilator零化子angular velocity角速度angle of rotation旋转角angle of incidence入射角angle of elevation仰角angle of depression俯角angle of circumference圆周角analytic space复空间analytic geometry解析几何analytic function解析函数analytic extension解析开拓amplitude幅角,振幅alternative互斥的alternate series交错级数almost everywhere几乎处处algebraic topology代数拓扑algebraic expression代数式algebraic代数的affine仿射(几何学)的admissible error容许误差admissible容许的adjugate伴随转置的adjoint operator伴随算子adjoint伴随的adjacency邻接additive加法,加性acute angle锐角accumulation point聚点accidential error偶然误差accessible point可达点abstract space抽象空间abstract algebra抽象代数absolute value绝对值absolute integrable绝对可积absolute convergent绝对收敛Abelian阿贝尔的,交换的balance equation平衡方程bandwidth带宽barycenter重心base基base vectors基向量biased error有偏误差biased statistic有偏统计量bilinear双线性的bijective双射的bilateral shift双侧位移的binomial二项式bisector二等分线,平分线boundary边界的,边界bounded有界的broken line折线bundle丛,把,卷calculus微积分calculus of variations变分法cancellation消去canonical典型的,标准的canonical form标准型cap交,求交运算capacity容量cardinal number基数Cartesian coordinates笛卡尔坐标category范畴,类型cell单元,方格,胞腔cell complex胞腔复形character特征标characterization特征circuit环路,线路,回路circular ring圆环circulating decimal循环小数clockwise顺时针方向的closed ball闭球closure闭包cluster point聚点coefficient系数cofinal共尾的cohomology上同调coincidence重合,叠和collinear共线的collective集体的columnar rank列秩combinatorial theory组合理论common tangent公切线commutative交换的compact紧的compact operator紧算子compatibility相容性compatible events相容事件complementary余的,补的complete完全的,完备的complex analysis复变函数论complex potential复位势composite复合的concave function凹函数concentric circles同心圆concurrent共点conditional number条件数confidence interval置信区间conformal共形的conic圆锥的conjugate共轭的connected连通的connected domain连通域consistence相容,一致constrained约束的continuable可延拓的continuity连续性contour周线,回路,轮廓线convergence收敛性convexity凸形convolution对和,卷积coordinate坐标coprime互质的,互素的correspondence对应coset陪集countable可数的counterexample反例covariance协方差covariant共变的covering覆盖critical临界的cubic root立方根cup并,求并运算curl旋度curvature曲率curve曲线cyclic循环的decade十进制的decagon十边形decimal小数的,十进制的decision theory决策论decomposable可分解的decreasing递减的decrement减量deduction推论,归纳法defect亏量,缺陷deficiency亏格definition定义definite integral定积分deflation压缩deflection挠度,挠率,变位degenerate退化的deleted neighborhood去心邻域denominator分母density稠密性,密度density function密度函数denumerable可数的departure偏差,偏离dependent相关的dependent variable因变量derangement重排derivation求导derivative导数descent下降determinant行列式diagram图,图表diameter直径diamond菱形dichotomy二分法diffeomorphism微分同胚differentiable可微的differential微分differential geometry微分几何difference差,差分digit数字dimension维数directed graph有向图directed set有向集direct prodect直积direct sum直和direction angle方向角directional derivative方向导数disc圆盘disconnected不连通的discontinuous不连续的discrete离散的discriminant判别式disjoint不相交的disorder混乱,无序dissection剖分dissipation损耗distribution分布,广义函数divergent发散的divisor因子,除数division除法domain区域,定义域dot product点积double integral二重积分dual对偶dynamic model动态模型dynamic programming动态规划dynamic system动力系统eccentricity离心率econometrics计量经济学edge棱,边eigenvalue特征值eigenvector特征向量eigenspace特征空间element元素ellipse椭圆embed嵌入empirical equation经验公式empirical assumption经验假设endomorphism自同态end point端点entropy熵entire function整函数envelope包络epimorphism满同态equiangular等角equilateral等边的equicontinuous等度连续的equilibrium平衡equivalence等价error estimate误差估计estimator估计量evaluation赋值,值的计算even number偶数exact sequence正合序列exact solution精确解excenter外心excision切割,分割exclusive events互斥事件exhaustive穷举的expansion展开,展开式expectation期望experimental error实验误差explicit function显函数exponent指数extension扩张,外延face面factor因子factorial阶乘fallacy谬误fiducial置信field域,场field theory域论figure图形,数字finite有限的finite group有限群finite iteration有限迭代finite rank有限秩finitely covered有限覆盖fitting拟合fixed point不动点flag标志flat space平旦空间formula公式fraction分数,分式frame架,标架free boundary自由边界frequency频数,频率front side正面function函数functional泛函functor函子,算符fundamental group基本群fuzzy模糊的gain增益,放大率game对策gap间断,间隙general topology一般拓扑学general term通项generalized普遍的,推广的generalized inverse广义逆generalization归纳,普遍化generating line母线genus亏格geodesic测地线geometrical几何的geometric series几何级数golden section黄金分割graph图形,网格half plane半平面harmonic调和的hexagon六边形hereditary可传的holomorphic全纯的homeomorphism同胚homogeneous齐次的homology同调homotopy同伦hyperbola双曲线hyperplane超平面hypothesis假设ideal理想idempotent幂等的identical恒等,恒同identity恒等式,单位元ill-condition病态image像点,像imaginary axis虚轴imbedding嵌入imitation模仿,模拟immersion浸入impulse function脉冲函数inclination斜角,倾角inclined plane斜面inclusion包含incomparable不可比的incompatible不相容的,互斥的inconsistent不成立的indefinite integral不定积分independence无关(性),独立(性)index指数,指标indivisible除不尽的inductive归纳的inductive definition归纳定义induced诱导的inequality不等式inertia law惯性律inference推理,推论infimum下确界infinite无穷大的infinite decimal无穷小数infinite series无穷级数infinitesimal无穷小的inflection point拐点information theory信息论inhomogeneous非齐次的injection内射inner point内点instability不稳定integer整数integrable可积的integrand被积函数integral积分intermediate value介值intersection交,相交interval区间intrinsic内在的,内蕴的invariant不变的inverse circular funct反三角函数inverse image逆像,原像inversion反演invertible可逆的involution对合irrational无理的,无理数irreducible不可约的isolated point孤立点isometric等距的isomorphic同构的iteration迭代joint distribution联合分布kernel核keyword关键词knot纽结known已知的large sample大样本last term末项lateral area侧面积lattice格子lattice point格点law of identity同一律leading coefficient首项系数leaf蔓叶线least squares solution最小二乘解lemma引理Lie algebra李代数lifting提升likelihood似然的limit极限linear combination线性组合linear filter线性滤波linear fraction transf线性分linear filter线性滤波式变换式变换linear functional线性泛函linear operator线性算子linearly dependent线性相关linearly independent线性无关local coordinates局部坐标locus(pl.loci)轨迹logarithm对数lower bound下界logic逻辑lozenge菱形lunar新月型main diagonal主对角线manifold流形mantissa尾数many-valued function多值函数map into映入map onto映到mapping映射marginal边缘master equation主方程mathermatical analysis数学分析mathematical expectati数学期望matrix(pl. matrices)矩阵maximal极大的,最大的maximum norm最大模mean平均,中数measurable可测的measure测度mesh网络metric space距离空间midpoint中点minus减minimal极小的,最小的model模型modulus模,模数moment矩monomorphism单一同态multi-analysis多元分析multiplication乘法multipole多极mutual相互的mutually disjoint互不相交natural boundary自然边界natural equivalence自然等价natural number自然数natural period固有周期negative负的,否定的neighborhood邻域nil-factor零因子nilpotent幂零的nodal节点的noncommutative非交换的nondense疏的,无处稠密的nonempty非空的noncountable不可数的nonlinear非线性的nonsingular非奇异的norm范数normal正规的,法线normal derivative法向导数normal direction法方向normal distribution正态分布normal family正规族normal operator正规算子normal set良序集normed赋范的n-tuple integral重积分number theory数论numerical analysis数值分析null空,零obtuse angle钝角octagon八边形octant卦限odd number奇数odevity奇偶性off-centre偏心的one-side单侧的open ball开球operations reserach运筹学optimality最优性optimization最优化optimum最佳条件orbit轨道order阶,级,次序order-preserving保序的order-type序型ordinal次序的ordinary寻常的,正常的ordinate纵坐标orient定方向orientable可定向的origin原点original state初始状态orthogonal正交的orthonormal规范化正交的outer product外积oval卵形线overdetermined超定的overlaping重叠,交迭pairity奇偶性pairwise两两的parabola抛物线parallel平行parallel lines平行线parallelogram平行四边形parameter参数parent population母体partial偏的,部分的partial ordering偏序partial sum部分和particle质点partition划分,分类path space道路空间perfect differential全微分period周期periodic decimal循环小数peripheral周界的,外表的periphery边界permissible容许的permutable可交换的perpendicular垂直perturbation扰动,摄动phase相,位相piecewise分段的planar平面的plane curve平面曲线plane domain平面区域plane pencil平面束plus加point of intersection交点pointwise逐点的polar coordinates极坐标pole极,极点polygon多边形polygonal line折线polynomial多项式positive正的,肯定的potency势,基数potential位势prime素的primitive本原的principal minor主子式prism棱柱proof theory证明论probability概率projective射影的,投影proportion比例pure纯的pyramid棱锥,棱锥体quadrant像限quadratic二次的quadric surface二次曲面quantity量,数量quasi-group拟群quasi-norm拟范数quasi-normal拟正规queuing theory排队论quotient商radial径向radical sign根号radication开方radian弧度radius半径ramified分歧的random随机randomize随机化range值域,区域,范围rank秩rational有理的raw data原始数据real function实函数reciprocal倒数的,互反的reciprocal basis对偶基reciprocity互反性rectangle长方形,矩形rectifiable可求长的recurring decimal循环小数reduce简化,化简reflection反射reflexive自反的region区域regular正则regular ring正则环related function相关函数remanent剩余的repeated root重根residue留数,残数resolution分解resolvent预解式right angle直角rotation旋转roundoff舍入row rank行秩ruled surface直纹曲面runs游程,取遍saddle point鞍点sample样本sampling取样scalar field标量场scalar product数量积,内积scale标尺,尺度scattering散射,扩散sectorial扇形self-adjoint自伴的semicircle半圆semi-definite半定的semigroup半群semisimple半单纯的separable可分的sequence序列sequential相继的,序列的serial序列的sheaf层side face侧面similar相似的simple curve简单曲线simplex单纯形singular values奇异值skeleton骨架skewness偏斜度slackness松弛性slant斜的slope斜率small sample小样本smooth manifold光滑流形solid figure立体形solid geometry立体几何solid of rotation旋转体solution解solvable可解的sparse稀疏的spectral theory谱论spectrum谱sphere球面,球形spiral螺线spline function样条函数splitting分裂的statistics统计,统计学statistic统计量stochastic随机的straight angle平角straight line直线stream-line流线subadditive次可加的subinterval子区间submanifold子流形subset子集subtraction减法sum和summable可加的summand被加数supremum上确界surjective满射的symmetric对称的tabular表格式的tabulation列表,造表tangent正切,切线tangent space切空间tangent vector切向量tensor张量term项terminal row末行termwise逐项的tetrahedroid四面体topological拓扑的torsion挠率totally ordered set全序集trace迹trajectory轨道transcendental超越的transfer改变,传transfinite超限的transformation变换式transitive可传递的translation平移transpose转置transverse横截、trapezoid梯形treble三倍,三重trend趋势triad三元组triaxial三轴的,三维的trigon三角形trigonometric三角学的tripod三面角tubular管状的twist挠曲,扭转type类型,型,序型unbiased无偏的unbiased estimate无偏估计unbounded无界的uncertainty不定性unconditional无条件的unequal不等的uniform一致的uniform boundness一致有界uniformly bounded一致有界的uniformly continuous一致连续uniformly convergent一致收敛unilateral单侧的union并,并集unit单位unit circle单位圆unitary matrix酉矩阵universal泛的,通用的upper bound上界unrounded不舍入的unstable不稳定的valuation赋值value值variation变分,变差variety簇vector向量vector bundle向量丛vertex顶点vertical angle对顶角volume体积,容积wave波wave form波形wave function波函数wave equation波动方程weak convergence弱收敛weak derivatives弱导数weight权重,重量well-ordered良序的well-posed适定的zero零zero divisor零因子zeros零点zone域,带</Words>。