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介词和介词短语（Prepositions）重点用法①介词的种类1.根据形式可以将介词分为简单介词（如in，on，for等）、合成介词（如inside，without等）、双重介词（from behind，from among等）、动词-ing形式的介词（如including，regarding等）和短语介词（如in front of，out of等）。
根据意义可将介词分为表示时间、场所、方向等的介词，介词在句中不能独立做成分。
2.表示时间的介词after在……之后before在……之前around大约……at在……时by到……为止in在……后on在……时till/until直到……3.表示场所、方向的介词across在……对面along沿着……at在……in在……里on在……上above在……上方under/below在……下面beside在……旁边behind在……后面before/in front of在……前面between在……之间among在……之间4.其他介词about关于；对于from从；自从with与……一起；用of……的；属于……的to向；到；对as担任；像；作为for对于；为了；给……besides除了……还有重点用法②表示时间的常用介词辨析用法：1.at表示时刻、时间的某一点；on表示具体的某一天，某一天的上、下午；in表示月、季节、年，泛指上午、下午、晚上（在一段时间内）。
at lunch在午餐时on Monday在周一in January在一月2.before表示“在……之前”；after表示“在……之后”。
I will be back before lunch.午饭之前我赶回来。
The nights start after half past five in winter.冬天的夜晚在5点半之后开始。
3.by表示“在……之前，截止到……”；until/till表示“直到……为止”；by表示到什么时候为止动作已经完成，而until表示动作持续到什么时候，在终止性动词的否定式中，二者通用。
语法专题三介词和介词短语1.(2015课标全国Ⅰ,语法填空)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour awaycar and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.2.(2015课标全国Ⅱ,语法填空) the same time,they warm up again for the night.3.(2015重庆)Last year was the warmest year on record,with global temperature 0.68℃the average. 〚导学号03730005〛4.(2015浙江)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea?5.(2015福建)A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.6.(2015河南顶级名校模拟)They were asked to rank them again,in the order they would vote them.7.(2015河北邯郸质检)Seeing the sunlight,passers-by or trees outside might make you more aware how you look,might make you think about walking or might inspire you to choose a green salad.8.(2015山西四校联考)Her interest reading also benefited from the fact that her parents only let her watch half an hour of TV a day.9.(2015四川宜宾一诊)To our delight,the kids quickly adjusted themselves the situation.10.(2015甘肃部分普通高中联考)their amazement,they found that it was effective in trapping all the articles.11.(2015北京东城下学期综合测试)The room he has just rented is about 9 meterslength and 3 meters wide.12.(2015广州调研)While other guys caught only three or four a day,Sam’s boat was always full fish.13.(2015广东惠州一调)The young man could not believe his own ears and wasgreat surprise.14.(2015山西师大附中12月考)I laughed as I watched my children play with their toys hours,and thanked God for the greatest gift I had ever been given.15.(2015浙江省重点中学协作体适应性测试)We can become a smart shopper by choosing for value,not for looks; other words,choose good quality goods with plain packages.16.(2015江西临川一中期中考试)America is growing older.Today,10 out of every 100 Americans are 65.17.(2015云南部分名校1月统考)On some other websites,you can connect with peopleall over the world.18.(2015山东省实验中学三诊)Ordinary people use it shopping,banking,bill-paying,and communicating with family and friends.19.(2015重庆巴蜀中学模拟)Great pity! His illness is the treatment available so far.20.(2015广东惠州二模)Meanwhile,Doctor Marescaux in New York watched her on a video screen and then sent messages to the robot machine the computer.21.(2014陕西)The Scottish girl blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.22.(2014浙江)People won’t pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying expression.23.(2014重庆)She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went the road.24.(2014江西)It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth.25.(2013课标全国Ⅱ)A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.Ⅱ.用适当的介词完成句子(每空一词)1.穿着红衣服的女孩们在讲意大利语。
名词、介词一名词1．不定冠词a、an后用名词单数形式。
2．有some、many、all、both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。
3．名词前有one of时，名词用复数形式。
4．谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。
◆Before graduation,many students exchange presents with each other.毕业前，许多同学互赠礼物。
5．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则。
(1)以－o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加－s，但中学英语中下列名词要加－es，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes。
但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros (zeroes) 零，mosquitos (mosquitoes) 蚊子，volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。
(2)以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加－s，但下列以－f或－fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，即selves, lives，thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。
但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕，scarfs(scarves) 围巾。
(3)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。
例如：sons－in－law 女婿；passers－by 过路人；story－tellers 讲故事的人；grown－ups成年人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主妇。
6．只有复数形式的可数名词。
一些食物名词或表示一些成双成对的物品名称的名词通常用复数形式，如noodles, snacks,jeans,earphones,trousers,clothes,pants,glasses,shoes,sunglasses,scissors, compasses等。
领兑市安插阳光实验学校介词、介词短语和动词短语2A．单句填空1．Tom had to turn ________ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.答案down [句意：汤姆上周末因为太忙了不得不推掉晚会的邀请。
根据语境可知，汤姆不能参加晚会，turn down sth.意为“拒绝某事”，为固搭配，符合句意，故填down。
]2．My parents always attach great importance ________ my getting a good education.答案to [句意：我的父母一直非常让我接受良好的。
attach importance to 为固搭配，意为“；强调”。
]3．I've been trying to phone Charles all evening, but there must be something wrong with the network; I can't seem to get ________.答案through [根据．..there must be something wrong with the network...可知电话络出了问题，“我”无法接通他的电话。
句意：我整晚都在给查尔斯打电话，但一是络出了问题，好像就是接不通。
get through意为“接通”，为固搭配。
]4．The two countries are going to meet to break ________ some barriers to trade between them.答案down [句意：这两个国家打算会晤商讨打破两国贸易的障碍。
break down意为“打破”，为固搭配。
]5．—How long have you been learning English?—About four months.—You can't ________ serious! Your English is so good.答案be [句意：——你学英语有多长时间了？——大约四个月了。
专题三介词和介词短语1.[2017江苏,33]—What does the stuff on your T-shirt mean?—It’s nothing. Just something the top of my head.2.[2016天津,8]Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voiceher opinion on the subject.3.[2016江苏,30]Many businesses started up by college students have taken thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.4.[2015陕西,12]The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.5.[2015江苏,34]Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but Thomas Edison.6.[2015浙江,17]These comments came response to specific questions often asked by local newsmen.7.[2015陕西,25]Peter will take his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.8.[2015江苏,29]The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.9.[2014陕西,14]The Scottish girl blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.10.[2014湖北,30]Check carrots, potatoes, onions and any other vegetablesstore and immediately use or throw away any which show signs of rotting.11.[2014福建,22]Our club is open to everyone regardless age, sex or educational background.12.[2014安徽,26]Terry, please look up your cell phone when Grandma is talking to you.13.[2013山东,34]The Smiths are praised the way they bring up their children.14.[2013辽宁,25] behalf of everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.15.[2013浙江,14]It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. the meanwhile, I’ll set the table.16.[2013江西,27]Mother always complains that children wear their shoes very quickly.17.[2013陕西,25]My uncle hasn’t been able to quit smoking, but at least he has cut .18.[2017甲卷(全国Ⅱ)改错]They have also bought for some gardening tools.19.[2015新课标全国Ⅰ改错]Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.答案1.off 题干中的"It’s nothing"说明T恤衫上的东西不是经过精心设计的,因此用off, off the top of my head "不假思索地"。
介词、介词短语和动词短语（测试时间：40分钟，总分：60分）班级：____________ 姓名：____________ 座号：____________ 得分：____________I.用适当的介词（短语）填空(每小题0.5分，共5分)1. (2017·新课标I卷·语法填空)This trend, which was started by the medical community （医学界） a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease —the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.2. (2017·新课标I卷·阅读理解)I got a rescue call ___________a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground..3. (2017·新课标I卷·阅读理解)Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiringa passion(热情) __________discovery and lifelong learning __________ science, math and technology.4. (2017·新课标I卷·阅读理解)The friendship that grew out__________ the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root __________ the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came __________ a tradition of theater and live TV.5. (2017·新课标I卷·完形填空) __________ the years, I’d run into former students who would provide updates on old classmates.6. Most people work because it’s unavoidable.________ contrast ，there are some people who actually enjoy work.7. These comments came ________ response to specific questions often asked by local newsmen.8. This meeting room is a non－smoking area. I would like to warn you ________ advance that if you smoked here you would be fined. x&kw9. The little pupil took his grandma ________ the arm and walked her across the street.10. Last year was the warmest year on record，with g lobal temperature 0.68 ℃ ________ the average.【参考答案】1.as2.from3.for; in4.of; in; from5.Through6.By7.in8.in9.by 10.aboveⅡ.单项填空(每小题0.5分，共5分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.（2017·北京）Many people who live along the coast make a living _______ fishing industry.A. atB. inC. onD. by【答案】B【解析】句意：许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。
此处用介词in,不用by,因为by 后面通常接做什么事情来谋生，此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里，在这个行业里谋生，用in，故选B。
2.（2017·江苏）Determining where we are ____________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.A. in contrast toB. in defense ofC. in face ofD. in relation to【答案】D【解析】考查介词短语。
句意：根据周围的环境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。
A. in contrast to对比，截然不同；B. in defense of为……辩护；C. in face of 面对；D. in relation to与……有关。
故选D。
3.（2017·江苏） Working with the medical team in Africa has ____________ the best in her as a doctor.A. held outB. brought outC. picked outD. given out【答案】B4.（2017·天津）Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter ___________, getmarried, and have kids.A. settled downB. keep offC. get upD. cut in【答案】A【解析】句意：布朗先生和夫人想要看到他们的女儿安顿下来，结婚生子。
settled down安顿下来；keep off远离；get up起床；cut in插嘴。
根据句意可知选A。
5.If you had prepared __________, you wouldn’t be in such a bad position.A.in turnB.in particularC.in advanceD.in short【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语辨析。
句意:如果你提前作好准备，你现在也不会处于这样糟糕的处境。
in turn"反过来"； in particular"尤其，特别"； in advance"预先，提前"； in short"总之"。
6.When their children lived far away from them, these old people felt __________from the world.A. carried awayB. broken downC. cut offD. brought up【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语。
句意：当这些老人的孩子们远离他们生活时，他们感觉到跟这个世界隔绝了。
cut off意为"切断，隔绝"，符合语意，所以这里选C项。
7.I hate it when she calls me at work —I’m always too busy to __________a conversation with her.A. carry onB. break intoC. turn downD. cut off【答案】A【解析】考查动词短语辨析。
句意：我讨厌工作时她给我打电话，因为我总是很忙，难以和她进行谈话。
carry on"进行，从事"；break into"破门而入"；turn down"拒绝(提议等)"；cut off "中断，切断"。
8.We’d better discuss everything ___________ before we work out the plan.A.in detailB.in generalC. on purposeD.in time【答案】A9.The salesman sold me the car at a lower price and added some fancy gifts _____.A. for exampleB. for saleC. for good measureD. for one thing【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语。
句意：那个推销员以较低的价格卖给我汽车，并额外给我送了一些精美的礼物。
A.for example例如：B.for sale出售；待售；C.for good measure作为额外增添；另外；D.for one thing一方面。
故选C。
10.People can live__________one another only when they regain that simple and basic love.A.in harmony withB.in love withC.in line withD.in touch with【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。
句意：人唯有重拾那份简单的、基础的爱，彼此才能和平相处。
in harmony with"与……和平相处"。
III.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共10分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me.I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft （技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous,aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core（核心）of our relationship off the screen.We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。
