PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION OF SPEECH IN ONE AND SEVERAL MODALITIES COMMON FUNCTIONS, COMMON RE

皮博迪图片词汇测验中文修订版的结构效度分析作者：王安陈德枝周兢《优质标准》课题组来源：《幼儿教育·教育科学版》2021年第04期【摘要】本研究以五省份2083名学前儿童词汇测验的数据为研究样本，探索皮博迪图片词汇测验中文修订版的结构效度。

结果表明，抽取七个公因子可以解释的方差贡献率为61.376%，结合各公因子所含项目的基本含义，将七个公因子分别命名为视觉分析、知觉经验、发展因素、抽象词汇理解、生活经验、简单词汇认知和听觉记忆。

验证性因素分析结果表明，包含七个公因子结构的模型拟合较好，各路径系数均显著，适合用来分析学前儿童的词汇发展情况。

【关键词】皮博迪图片词汇测验;结构效度;学前儿童【中图分类号】G610 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1004-4604（2021）04-0019-05词汇是个体语言及其他认知能力发展的基础。

儿童的早期词汇发展水平与后期的智力发育、阅读能力等存在显著相关。

〔1〕当前，国外应用较为普遍的儿童词汇测评工具之一是皮博迪图片词汇测验（Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test，PPVT）。

该测验不仅可以测查正常儿童的词汇发展水平，而且可以对语言延迟、情绪情感及行为紊乱的儿童进行筛查，〔2〕其结果可以作为语言干预导致的词汇增长估计值、〔3〕语言习得增长有效性指标〔4〕和儿童早期词汇增长重要描述性指标。

〔5〕PPVT在国外应用相对比较成熟，针对PPVT的研究涉及信效度研究、〔6〕跨文化比较研究〔7〕以及在特殊群体中的应用研究〔8〕等多个方面。

PPVT虽然有着较好的测量学指标并在国外广泛应用，但是有关PPVT效度的研究多集中在效标关联效度的研究上，结构效度的研究鲜有涉及。

米勒（Miller）选择多义词、词汇长度、词汇使用频率作为潜变量，通过建立结构方程模型考察PPVT词汇习得顺序是否合理，从侧面为PPVT的结构效度提供了证据，但是并没有从测验试题出发，对测验本身的结构进行探索和验证。

第 2部分：maintenance strategy保持战略management overhead管理费mandatory adaptation逼迫性适应manufacturer brand制造商 /全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives生产商的代理商 /销售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA)制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches生产商的销售做事处 / 分支机构market aggregation strategy整体市场战略market attractiveness factors市场吸引力因素market attractiveness市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances市场环境market demorgraphics市场人口分布 /统计特征market dimension市场量度market entry strategies市场进入战略market exclusion市场排斥market expansion strategy市场扩大战略market factors市场要素market growth rate市场增添率market hirarchy市场等级market inclusion市场纳入market measurement市场测量market opportunity analysis市场机遇解析market position factors市场所位要素market positioning analysis市场定位解析market potential measurements市场潜力测度market segment细分市场market segmentation市场细分market targeting目标市场选择marketability市场开拓能力market-entry strategies市场进入战略marketing action plan营销行动计划marketing audit营销审计marketing channel营销渠道marketing codes of conduct营销行为规范marketing communication营销沟通/ 流传marketing concept营销看法marketing control营销控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS)营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit营销环境审计marketing flows and functions营销过程和职能marketing function area audit营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of对营销的影响marketing information system营销信息系统marketing institutions营销机构marketing management营销管理marketing message营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy营销策略marketing productivity area audit营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components营销计划内容marketing program营销计划 /方案marketing relationship营销关系marketing research营销研究marketing strategy营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price产品/溢价价格Marlboro万宝路Marriott Hotel万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场浸透战略mass-market strategy大市场战略matrix organizational structure矩阵组织结构Matsushita日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's麦当劳McDonnell Douglas麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前生界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System)市场决策支持系统measurability可测度性measure or index测量指标measurement criteria计量标准media audiences媒体受众medical and health services医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Servicesmemory of consumers花销者记忆Mercedes-Benz梅赛德斯- 奔驰Mercer Management Consulting美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising销售merchant middlemen国内贸易中间商message structure信息结构Michael Porter迈克尔-波特micro risks微观风险microsegmentatioin微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA米勒·泰丁法案minging矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta美能达miscellaneous sources多方面本源mission要旨missionary selling销售式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries三菱重工modified rebuy调整再购monosegment positioning单一细分市场定位Monsanto孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals伦理/道德诉求morals道德Motorola摩托罗拉multichannel distribution多渠道分销multidimensional scaling多维等级法multilevel selling多级销售multinational coporations (MNCs)跨国公司multiple test markets多测试市场multiple-brand strategy多品牌战略multiple-factor index多要素指数法multisegment positioning多重细分市场定位national account management全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor美国国家半导体公司net sales 净销售额new business selling新业务销售new buy购入新产品new entrants新进入者New Prod screening model新普罗德精选模型new-product ideas新产品创意Newsweek《新闻周刊》new-task buying崭新采买new-to-the-world products世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛 /机遇市场浸透战略niche-market strategy壁龛市场战略no-brand brand name无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product无虚饰产品noise in communication system 流传系统中的噪音non-financial rewards非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling非概率抽样non-store retailing无商店零售业number of stockouts迟滞数量object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标 -任务促销估量法objectives and strategy area audit目标与战略领域的审计objectives详尽目标observation察见解occupancy costs房屋占用成本occupation/position职业 /职位odd pricing奇/余数定价法oeverall quality整体质量off-invoice discounts发票之外的折扣offsets抵消交易on-air testing广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships建立关系operating supplies生产供应品operational excellence运作管理水平opinion leaders建议领导者opportunity cost机遇成本opportunity identification机遇鉴别opportunity/threat matrix机遇 /威胁矩阵order cycle time订货周期order processing订单办理organisational level组织层次organizaitonal requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit组织领域的审计organization buying center组织采买中心organizational customer组织顾客organizational direct selling组织直销organizational markets组织市场organizational purchasing组织采买organzational structure组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out-of-home media户外广告媒体overall cost leadership全面成本预先overheads 平常开支ownership of new product新产品所有权panel of experts专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved交换中的各方payment terms支付条款pay-off control支出控制penetration pricing浸透定价perceived customer value顾客感知价值perceived quality感知到的质量perceived value感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method销售额百分比促销估量法perceptions of consumers花销者感知/理解perceptual (product) pisitioning感知（产品）定位perceptual map感知图perceptual organization感知组织perceptual vigilance感性的警惕performance dimension业绩标准performance evaluation业绩评估performance measures表现/业绩测度performance objective绩效目标performance standards绩效标准performance功能perishability非长远性personal selling人员销售personal sources个人的信息本源personnel development人力资源开发pharmaceuticals industry医药行业physical (product) positioning物理（产品）定位physical descriptors物理变量physical distribution实物分销Pillsbury皮尔斯博瑞place utility地址功能planning and control system area audit计划与控制系统率域的审计point of sale information销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion采买点促销point-of-sales (POS) data销售点数据pontificator保守派popularity通用性population trends人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation资源配置的财富组合模式possession utility拥有功能post-purchase dissonance购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation购买后评估power in distribution分销权益power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers供应商能力predatory pricing抢劫性定价法pre-empting scarce resources先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums额外奖励present competitors现有的竞争者presenting sales message供应销售信息pre-test market research测试前市场研究price discrimination价格歧视price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性price fixing价格设定price leaders价格领导者price lining价格排列定价法price/earnings ration价格/收益比price-off promotions降价促销price-setting process定价过程pricing adjustments定价调整primary demand基本需求primary sources第一类/主要数据print media印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营 /盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进步型新产品开发战略probability sampling概率抽样problem formulation界定问题process management过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G)宝洁公司product availability产品的可获得性product category产品种类product class 产品种类product decisions产品决策product design产品设计product dimension or attributes产品维度/ 属性product evolution产品演变product features产品特色product intent share产品倾向份额product leadership产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC)产品生命周期product life cycle curve产品生命周期曲线product manager audit产品经理审计product offering供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies产品策略product scope产品范围product space产品地址product systems产品系统product type产品种类product usage产品用途product(ion)-oriented organization产品/生产导向型组织product-line pricing adjustments产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure产品管理组织结构product-market entry control产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics产品的市场特色product-use testing产品使用测试pro-environment环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS)市场战略的收益影响profitability analysis盈利性解析profitability盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy有利可图的生计者战略project-company resource compatibility项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement预计损益表projective tests投影测试promotion decisions促销决策promotion mix促销组合promotion policies促销策略promotional allowance促销折让promotional effort促销努力promotional pricing促销定价promptness及时性propector strategy研究型战略prospecting for customers搜寻顾客psychographics心理统计特色psychological cost心理成本psychological pricing心理定价法public utilities公共设施publicity公共宣传pull strategy for control of distributionchannels分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation瞳孔扩大purchase predisposition购买倾向purchasing agent采买代理purchasing power perity (PPP) 购买力平价指数push money/spiffs佣金push stragtegy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略qualifying prospects审查潜藏顾客资格quality dimensions质量维度quantity discount数量折扣question marks问题类questioning咨询法quotas定额R & D expenditure研究开发战略race and ethnic origin种族和民族rack jobbers供应超级市场的批发商rank ordering排序rate of adoption采买率rate-of-return/target return pricing 回报率 /目标回报定价法rational appeals理性诉求rationale基本源理reactive and proactive responses反应及前摄策略reactive new-product development strategyreactor strategy反应型战略rebates回扣recall tests 记忆测试receiver接收者reciprocity 利益互惠recognition of problem/need发现问题/需求recognition tests认知测试recreation 娱乐业recruitment and selection招聘与选拔recycling of packaging包装回收（利用）reference group参照集体referent power参照权refocus牢固refunds退款refusal to deal拒绝经营regression analysis回归解析法regulation管制related/concentric diversification相关/同心多元化relational VMSs相关式垂直营销系统relative attractiveness of declining markets衰退市场的相对吸引力relative market potential相对市场潜力relative market share相对市场份额reliability可靠性repeat purchase behavior重复购买行为repetition重复repositionings重新定位产品requirements planning需求计划reseller中间商resident buyers常驻采买员resource allocation/deployment资源配置response strategies 反应策略 response to communication 流传响应 responsive strategy 反应型新产品开发战略 responsiveness 响应性retail coverage strategy 零售范围战略Retail Index 零售指数retail sales零售额retailer co-operatives零售商合作社retailer零售商retailing trends零售趋势Return on Equity (ROE)权益回报率Return on Investment (ROI)投资回报率Return on Net Assets (RONA)净财富回报率reverse engineering反向工程reward systems奖励系统rivalry determinants竞争决定要素rivalry竞争对手roster名册sales agents销售代理商sales analysis by customer顾客销售解析sales analysis by order size订货规模的销售解析sales analysis by product产品销售解析sales analysis by territory地区销售解析sales forcasting销售展望sales force estimates 销售人员预计sales force size 销售队伍规模sales force销售队伍sales forecasting销售展望sales management销售管理sales organization销售组织sales personnel incentives销售人员激励sales personnel销售人员sales potential销售潜力sales territory销售地区sales trends销售趋势sales/price reduction销售/价格下降sample design样本设计sample size样本大小sampling抽样sampling供应样品scale efficiency规模效率scaled measures比率测度scoring models评判模型screening of ideas创意精选sealed bidding招标secondary sources第二类/次要数据second-but-better new-product development strategy 后者居上型新产品开发战略security 证券业segmentation and targeting细分与目标选择segmentation criteria细分标准segmentation descriptors市场细分变量selective demand选择性需求selective distribution选择分销selective exposure选择性接触selective perception选择性感知 /理解selective retention选择性保留self-employed person独立经营的个人self-managing teams自我管理团队self-oriented自我导向型selling groups销售团队selling proposition销售计划/建议selling 销售 /销售service guarantees服务保证serviceability服务能力serviceability适用性services channels服务渠道servicing products服务产品servicing the account客户服务setting quotas 确定定额shake-out stage混乱阶段shared programs/facilities分享计划 / 设施share-growth strategies for followers追随者的市场份额增添战略shareholder value股东价值share-maintenance份额保持Sherman Act, USA美国谢尔曼法案signal vehicle/carrier信号载体simulated test marketing模拟市场测试single-factor index单要素指数法single-line mass-merchandiser stores单一类型产品专营连锁店skimming and early withdrawal撇脂与尽早撤退战略skimming pricing撇脂定价法sleepwalker/contented underachievers梦游者/很简单满足的人slotting allowance部署津贴social acceptability社会可接受性social class 社会阶层social objectives社会目标sociocultural environment社会文化环境soft goods 非耐用品soft technology软技术sole ownership entry strategy独享所有权的进入战略source credibility信息本源的可信度source广告信息本源sources of new-product ideas新产品创意来源speciality goods特别品speciality retailers专营零售商speciality stores专营商店specialization特地化Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)标准工业分类代码standardization strategy 标准化战略standby positioning 备用定位 staplegoods 平常用品statement of job qualifications工作要求说明stock levels库存水平stockless purchase arrangement无存货采买计划store brands零售商品牌straight commission compensation plan纯佣金制薪酬方案straight rebuy直接再购straight salary compensation plan 纯薪金制薪酬方案strategic control战略控制strategic fit战略协调性strategic group战略组strategic inertia战略惯性strategic intent/objective战略目标strategic marketing program战略营销计划strategic pricing objectives战略定价目标strategic withdrawal战略撤退strategy constraints战略影响要素strategy formulation and implementation战略拟定和推行strategy implementation战略推行strategy reassessment战略重估subculture亚文化subfactor次级要素substitute goods取代品substitution threat取代产品的威胁Sumitomo住友商事Sun Microsystems太阳微系统supplementary media辅助性广告媒体suppliers' bargaining power 供应商的讨价还价能力surrogate products取代产品survival pricing生计定价法sustainable competitive advantage 可连续的竞争优势sweepstakes彩票抽奖switching cost变换成本synergy共同作用tabulation制表tangibility有形性target audience目标受众target level of product quality产质量量标准target or hurdle level目标或难度水平target return price目标回报价格targeting strategy目标市场选择战略targeting目标市场选择team selling团队销售technical selling技术销售television audience measurement 电视观众测量television home shopping电视家庭购物territorial restrictions地区限制territories地区territory design and deployment地区设计及部署territory inventory地区存货test marketing市场测试testing new product测试新产品the American Association for Public Opinion Research 美国公共建议研究协会the Council of American Survey Research Organization 美国检查研究组织委员会the Fishbein Model菲什宾模型the Marketing Research Association 营销研究协会theatre tests现场测试threat of new entrants新进入者的威胁three order-hierarchy models 三阶段层级结构模型time frame时间框架/ 要求time pricing时间定价time utility时间功能Timex天美时title所有权total cost总成本total quality managemnt (TQM)全面质量管理Toys 'R' Us美国出名玩具零售商tracking and monitoring追踪与监控trade promotion贸易促销trade selling贸易销售trade/functional discounts贸易/职能折扣trade-in allowance以旧换新折让transactiional efficiency交易效率transaction cost analysis (TCA)交易成本分析turnkey construction contract督查建筑契约turnover人员流动two-sided presentations双向信息陈述tying contracts附带条件的合同types of adverstising广告种类types of brand品牌种类types of costs成本种类ultimate customers/end users最后顾客/用户underlying dimension基本组成要素uniform delivered pricing一致运费定价法Union Pacific Railroad联合太平洋铁路unit sales单位产品销售额unitary price elasticity单位需求价格弹性Universal Product Code (UPC)一致商品编码universe（样本）整体unrelated/conglomerate diversification复合多元化unsought goods非渴求产品usage 用途use tests使用测试utility/price relationship功能/价格关系VALS2 价值与生活方式系统2value-based planning价值基础计划variability变化性variable costs可变成本variable incentive可变激励措施VCR (video cassette recorder)录像机vending sales自动售货业vending-machine operators自动售货机经营商vendor analysis供应商解析vertical integration垂直/纵向一体化vertical marketing systems (VMS) 垂直营销系统want欲求warranty质量保证wholesale clubs批发俱乐部wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains批发商倡导的自觉连锁wholesaling trends批发趋势win-back program赢回（顾客）方案working capital investment周转资本投入workload approach计算工作量方法zero defect零弊端zone pricing分区定价法。

CHAPTER 3 Cognitive Psychology1 . PerceptionA . Visual perceptual organizationa.Perception is the process of interpreting and organising the environmental information received by the senses.b.Visual perceptual organizationFor visual perception, this involves taking the constantly fluctuating patterns of light which arrive from all over the environment, upside-down, onto our two-dimensional retinas and detecting the shape of objects in the environment; Establishing location in three-dimensional space; Recognizing an object in terms of its shape, size, brightness and colour.c.Perceptual Organization: Gestalt(1)Visual Capture:tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.(2)Gestalt -- an organized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.(3)Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.Grouping Principles:Proximity -- group nearby figures togetherSimilarity -- group figures that are similarContinuity -- perceive continuous patternsClosure -- fill in gapsConnectedness -- spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connectedd.Top-down theories of perception(1)Sometimes referred to as constructivist theories, these theories stress the factors in the construction of reality that go beyond the information received from the senses.(2)Gregory’s theory and perceptual set theory regard perception as a very active process, whereby the individual’s past knowledge, expectations and stereotypes seek out sensory data to ‘complete the picture’.(3)Perceptual Constancyperceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change.(color,shape ,size)(4) Illusions(5) Perceptual Set: Schemase.Bottom-up theories of percption(1)These theories emphasise the richness of the information entering theeye and the way that perception can occur from using all the information available.(2)Gibson believes perception occurs directly from sensation, feature detection theories examine the processes involved in assembling perception from sensations.f.The development of perceptionDepth Perception: ability to see objects in three dimensions; allows us to judge distance.Binocular cues:retinal disparity,images from the two eyes differ; closer the object, the larger the disparity.Convergence: neuromuscular cue; two eyes move inward for near objects. Monocular Cuesrelative size: smaller image is more distantInterposition: closer object blocks distant objectrelative clarity: hazy object seen as more distantTexture: coarse --> close; fine --> distantrelative motion: closer objects seem to move fasterlinear perspective: parallel lines converge with distancerelative brightness: closer objects appear brighter2 . AttentionA. Definition: The focusing and concentration of mental effort thatusually results in conscious awareness of certain aspects of external sensory stimuli or mental experiences(although most study has focused on the former).B. Some studies have looked at focused or selective attention – how certain stimuli are selected over others through allocating attention.Other studies have looked at divided attention – how, within a limited capacity, attention can be allocated to more than one task at a time(Research has shown that if tasks are practised enough, they become automatic, need less attention, and can be successfully performed with other tasks).3 . MemoryA.Memory:persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information.B.Flashbulb Memory:a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or eventC.Memory as Information Processinga. Encoding:the processing of information into the memory system. i.e.,extracting meaning.b.Storage:the retention of encoded information over time.c.Retrieval:process of getting information out of memory.D.Sensory Memory:the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.E.Working Memory:focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.G.Short-Term Memory:activated memory that holds a few items briefly, look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten.H.Long-Term Memory:the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory systemI.A Simplified Memory ModelEncoding EncodingLong-termmemoryShort-termmemorySensorymemorySensorymemorySensory input attention to important Retrievingor novel informationa. Encoding:Automatic Processing and Effortful Processing(1)Automatic Processing:unconscious encoding of incidental information(Space, time, frequency);well-learned information(word meanings);we can learn automatic processing(reading backwards)(2)Effortful Processing:requires attention and conscious effort.(3)Rehearsal:conscious repetition of information.(to maintain it in consciousness ;to encode it for storage)(4)Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables:the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2.(5)Spacing Effect:distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice.b.What Do We Encode?(1) Semantic Encoding:encoding of meaning, including meaning of words.(2) Acoustic Encoding:encoding of sound, especially sound of words(3)Visual Encoding:encoding of picture images.(4)Imagery:mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.(5)Mnemonics:memory aids ,especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices .(6)Chunking:organizing items into familiar, manageable units,like horizontal organization--1776149218121941(often occurs automatically);use of acronyms;Organized information is more easily recalled;(7)Hierarchies:complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.Encoding(automaticor effortful)OrganizationMeaning(semanticEncoding)Imagery(visualEncoding)ChunksHierarchiesb. Storage: Retaining Information(1) Iconic Memory:a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli;a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second.(2)Echoic Memory:momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.(3)Short-Term Memory :limited in duration and capacity;“magical”number 7+/-2(4)Long-Term MemoryⅠ.Synaptic changes:increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.Ⅱ.Strong emotions make for stronger memories:some stress hormones boost learning and retention.Ⅲ.Explicit Memory:memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare;also called declarative memory;hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.Ⅳ.Implicit Memory :retention independent of conscious recollection;also called procedural memory.c. Retrieval(1)retrievalⅠ.Recall:measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier,as on a fill-in-the-blank test.Ⅱ.Recognition:Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned ,as on a multiple-choice test.Ⅲ .Relearning:memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time.Ⅳ. Priming:activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.(2) Retrieval CuesⅠ.Deja Vu (French)--already seen:cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.Ⅱ.Mood-congruent Memory:tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood ;memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues.State-dependent Memory-----what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same stateⅢ .After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context.d. Forgetting(1) Forgetting can occur at any memory stage.(2)As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it.(3)Amnesia--the loss of memory(4)Forgetting as encoding failure:Information never enters the long-term memory. Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time.(5)Forgetting as retrival failure:Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory.(6)Interference:Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information.Ⅰ.Proactive (forward acting) Interference:disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.Ⅱ.Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference:disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information.Ⅲ .Motivated Forgettingpeople unknowingly revise memoriesⅣ.Repressiondefense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety - arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.(7)Memory ConstructionⅠ.We filter information and fill in missing pieces.Misinformation Effect and Source AmnesiaⅡ.Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questionedJ . Improve Your Memory(1)Study repeatedly to boost recall.(2)Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.(3)Make material personally meaningful.(4)Use mnemonic devices: associate with peg （标记性） words--something already stored;make up story;chunk--acronyms.(5)Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood(6)Recall events while they are fresh-- before you encounter misinformation(7)Minimize interference(8)Test your own knowledge:rehearse;determine what you do not yet know.CHAPTER 3 Developmental Psychology1 . Prenatal Development and the NewbornA . Rooting Reflextendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek B. Preferencesa. human voices and facesb.smell and sound of motherC. Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulationD. Having habituated to the old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one.2. Infancy and Childhood:A. Physical Developmenta.Maturation(1)biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior.(2)relatively uninfluenced by experience.b.Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a monthB . Cognitive Developmenta. Schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.b. Assimilationinterpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.c. Accommodationadapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.d. CognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.e.Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentTypical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental PhenomenaBirth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world throughsenses and actions (looking,Object permanence Stranger anxietytouching, mouthing)About 2 to 6 years PreoperationalRepresenting thingswith words and imagesbut lacking logical reasoning Pretend play Egocentrism Language developmentAbout 7 to 11 years Concrete operationalThinking logically about concreteevents; grasping concrete analogiesand performing arithmeticaloperations Conservation Mathematical transformationsAbout 12 through adulthood Formal operationalAbstract reasoningAbstract logicPotential for moral reasoning(1)Object Permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.(2)Baby MathematicsShown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer(3)Conservationthe principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.(4)Egocentrismthe inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view. (5)Theory of Mindpeople’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict. (6) AutismMarked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind.C . Social Developmenta. Stranger Anxiety(1)fear of strangers that infants commonly display.(2)beginning by about 8 months of age.b. Attachment(1)an emotional tie with another person.(2)shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation.c. Harlow’s Surrogate Mother ExperimentsMonkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even whilefeeding from the nourishing wire mother.d. Critical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.e. Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.f. Imprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.h. Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)(1)a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy(2)said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregiversi. Self-Concepta sense of one’s identity and personal worthAddition: Child-Rearing Practices①Authoritarian: parents impose rules and expect obedience②Permissive:submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment③Authoritative:both demanding and responsive;set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion3. AdolescenceTips: Adolescence-----the transition period from childhood to adulthood.extending from puberty（青春期）to independencePuberty-----the period of sexual maturation.when a person becomes capable of reproduction.Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14. A. Kohlberg’s Moral LadderPostconventional level Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rightsand personal ethical principles.Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoiddisapproval.Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gainconcrete rewards.B . Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentApproximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy(1st year) Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infantsdevelop a sense of basic trust.Toddler(2nd year)Autonomy vs. Shame anddoubt Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.Preschooler(3-5 years)Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasksand carry out plans, or they feel guiltyabout efforts to be independent.Elementary(6 years-puberty)Competencevs. inferiorityChildren learn the pleasure ofapplying themselves to tasks, or theyfeel inferior.Adolescence(teens into 20’s)Identity vs. RoleconfusionTeenagers work at refining a sense ofself by testing roles and thenintegrating them to form a singleidentity, or they become confusedabout who they are.Young Adult(20’s to early 40’s)Intimacyvs. isolationYoung adults struggle to form closerelation-ships and to gain the capacityfor intimate love, or they feel sociallyisolated.Middle Adult (40’s to 60’s)Generativityvs. stagnationThe middle-aged discover a sense ofcontri-buting to the world, usuallythrough family and work, or they mayfeel a lack of purpose.Late Adult (late 60’s and up)Integrity vs.despair When reflecting on his or her life, theolder adult may feel a sense ofsatisfaction or failure.C . Social Developmenta. Identity: one’s sense of self. the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.b .Intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships. a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.c. The changing parent-child relationship: dwindle per years.4. AdulthoodA. Physical Developmenta. The Aging Senses: vision ,smell ,and identifying spoken words aredecreasing per years .b. Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.c. Incidence of Dementia by AgeRisk of dementia increases in later years .B. Cognitive Developmenta. Recalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier foryounger adults than for older ones .b. the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not.c. Cross-Sectional Study:a study in which people of different ages are compared with one anotherd. Longitudinal Study: a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.e. Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline .f. Crystallized Intelligence:one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills .Tends to increase with age .Fluid Intelligence: ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly .Tends to decrease during late adulthood .C. Social Developmenta. Social Clock: the culturally preferred timing of social events ,such asmarriage ,parenthood ,retirementb .Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial .。

一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。

2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。

It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。

3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。

4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。

Organization of SpeechesI. Organizational Patterns:A. Topical Division - organizes a speech according to aspects, subtopics, or topics.B. Chronological Division- organizes speech according to a time sequence.Historical Topics, Process or procedure topics (how to cook, paint)C. Spatial Division - organizes a speech according to the geography or physical structure of the subject. Best for topic dealing with parts of an object (i.e. the parts of a gun), or a place (Grocery Store, Museum)).D. Causal Division - Organizes a speech from cause to effect, or effect to cause.Identify / Trace an a condition from its causes (i.e. recession, medical topic disease) Also useful in persuasionE. Pro-Con Division - organizes a speech according to arguments for and against some policy, position, or action. Since it is balanced approach - easier to use in informative than persuasion . Broader context and provides more balance/objectivity. ex. used in policy options / political choices / May be useful in workplace setting.F. Gimmick Division - Organizes a speech according to a special memory device, such as alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word. ex. IRSG. Problem Solution Pattern - A pattern of organization that analyzes a problem in terms of 1. harm, 2. significance, 3. cause; ant that proposes a solution which is 1. Described 2. feasible, and 3. advantageous. Identifies and analyzes a problem and proposes a solution.II. How to Develop Key Ideas. -A. Signpost- words that indicate that you are going to make a point - initially, finally, next. (Give directions)B. State your idea - word precisely (Tag)C. Support your ideaD. Summarize your ideaIII. Organizing the Body of the Speech- How to organize body of a speech-A. Main points - how to break down and decide1. 2-5 main points / 3 = best / Simplicity2. 1 major idea per point3. Symmetrya. body should be longest partb. points should be balanced in respect to timec. intro and conclusion should be about the same length4. Coherence- make sure the points relate to each other / conclusion ties back into the intro.5. Orderliness - need a consistent pattern of development. (i.e. problem then solution, chronological start at beginning and go to end / don't jump around.) org structureB. Sub points - how to break down main points into more specific areas. Makes speech more developed and organized.1. 2-4 subpoints2. 1 idea per subpoint3. balance time4. follow a clear developmentC. Support materials - narrative, definitions, descriptions, comparison, examples, ets1. Make sure they really support main point2. Supporting material must be specific.D. Connectives or Transitions:1. Internal transitions - connects 2 main pointssummary of last point and preview of next pointnow that I have, I will2. Internal preview- list subpoints at beginning of main pointcats are clean for three reasons; litter box, bathing, dry food3. Internal summary - restate subpoints at end of a main pointIE: it was seen that cats are clean because the use a litter box, bathe frequently and eat dry food.4. Sign posts - mini transitions between subpointsE. Types of Transitions: transition - a statement that connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection.Complementary - adds one idea on to another, also, and , next, in addition to Causal - establishes a cause effect relationship between two ideas; consequently, resulting in, becauseContrasting - shows how two ideas are different; but, although, on the other hand Chronological Transitions - shows how one idea proceeds or follows another in time: next, further, thenIV. Functions of an Outline-A. Tests the scope of a speaker's contentB. Tests the logical relations among parts of the speechC. Tests relevance of supporting ideas.D. Checks balance of proportion of speechE. Serves as notes during delivery of speech.V. Types of an Outline-A. WordB. PhraseC. SentenceCoordinate Ideas - (main points)Subordinate ideas - (subpoints) Must have at least 2 for each main point.Outlining guidelines1. Each number or letter should represent only 1 idea.2. Should use consistent numbers and letters.3. If there is a subpoint there must be at least 2.4. Should use a complete sentence/ phrase/ word depending on outline.5. Coordinate points should have parallel grammatical construction.VI. Stages of outlines:Working outline: An informal, initial outline recording a speaker's process of narrowing focusing, and balancing a topic. Make lists / sublists / piles/ etc- break it downFormal outline - A complete sentence outline written in sufficient detail that a person other than the speaker can understand it.Speaking outline- A brief outline for the speaker containing source citations and delivery completeHints for notecard outline1. Don't write word for word/ use key words/ be brief2. Use a well organized outline3. Don't write too small4. Use different colored pens or highlighters to set apart points, organize tags5. draw lines between main pointsVII. OUTLINE OF A SPEECHI. IntroductionA. Opener Or Attention GetterB. Significance of topicC. Up-to-date (is it recent) topicD. Relevance to Audience or Audience linkE. Thesis and PreviewII. BodyA. Main Point One(Internal preview)1. Sub-point 1a. Support materialb. Support material(sign post)2. Sub-point 2a. Support materialb. Support material(sign post)3. Sub-point 3a. Support materialb. Support material(internal summary)(INTERNAL TRANSITION)B. Main Point Two(Internal preview)1. Sub-point 1a. Support materialb. Support material(sign post)2. Sub-point 2a. Support materialb. Support material (sign post)3. Sub-point 3a. Support materialb. Support material (internal summary) (INTERNAL TRANSITION) C. Main Point Three (Internal preview)1. Sub-point 1a. Support materialb. Support material (sign post)2. Sub-point 2a. Support materialb. Support material (sign post)3. Sub-point 3a. Support materialb. Support material (internal summary)III. ConclusionA. Summary of topic and what we learnedB. Review the three main points.C. Return to attention catcher for your exitOutline/Organization Activity1. Read over all of the information in your envelopes. Based on the given specific purpose thesis, construct an outline for the body of this speech by doing the following.A. Select three main points from the given choices.B. Select two sub-points from the given choices.C. Choose the general support matrerial from the given list that will appropriately support each main point.D. Be sure to include the appropriate connectives needed to tie the speech together.。

第一节知觉的基本特性第二节知觉组织第三节物体识别第四节知觉的一般理论1234网膜像由照度、反射度以及折射率等因素影响，物理因素的不同组合均可以形成相同的网膜像。

不同尺寸、不同朝向、与观察者不同距离的物体可以在视网膜上形成同样的网膜像。

Michhotte（1946）认为观察者可以直接知觉到因果关系。

如两球相撞实验。

映。

外部的客观世界与主观现象世界之间存在着区别和联系！BACK 控制系•计划之后或运动执行•确保精确，适当调整•受空间特征影响•不受意识影响，较快•位于顶叶上部在运动之前或早期启用选择目标、方式、时间计划—控制Palmer,S.12?总流程图：13对图片—背景分离也有一定的影响知觉组织的过程Surroundedness Size Orientation Contrast Symmetry Convexity Parallelism Lower Region Meningfulness Gestalt 分组原则19Synchronychange at the same time are perceived as grouped together, even if they do not change in the same way.Is the “x” on the same or different object?知觉到的深度会影响分组双眼交叉看两幅图的中间一列，可以看到立体图。

当立体图产生时，的点和B图中的方块会根据深度来分组，而非简单的共同区域和连通性。

分组会发生在主观补全之后！中间一列的分组受到主观轮廓的影响！28Back 利用颜色相似、接近等分组原则，分组后，歧义图的形状常性可以确立29 Back鬼宫–相似性特征会干扰搜索过程Pritchard, 1961物体识别过程实验证据42物体识别过程特征提取光能初始简图45。

商务英语中常见的词汇汇总商务英语常用词汇中，以字母“P”开头的词语很多，下面做了一个汇总，希望给大家对词汇的熟悉和掌握有帮助。

perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product) pisitioning 感知(产品)定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警觉performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perishability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理(产品)定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pacific Electric 太平洋电气packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay-off control 支出控制peration pricing 渗透定价Pepsi-Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞pioneers 先入者Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 方案与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales (POS) data 销售点数据pontificator 保守派popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式problem identificatioin 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性potential target market 潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购置者能力power of suppliers 供给商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法position intensity 地位集中程度positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购置后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购置后评估post-purchase/after-sale service 售后效劳potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场primary demand 根本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为根底的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present petitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格构造price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供给品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product usage 产品用途product 产品product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织public relations 公共关系public utilities 公共设施publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购置倾向purchasing agent 采购代理purchasing contract 采购合同purchasing manager/agent 采购经理/代理purchasing power perity (PPP) 购置力平价指数push money/spiffs 佣金push stragtegy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织构造product-market entry control 产品-市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project-pany resource patibility 工程与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价product policies 产品策略product positioning 产品定位product quality 产品质量product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psychographics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理本钱psychological pricing 心理定价法public organization 公共组织。

语言学第五版第六单元术语1. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. As an interdisciplinary academic field basied on psychology and linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following subjects: language acquisition, language comprehension, language production, language disorders,language and thought, and cognitive architecture of language, the most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.2. Language acquisition is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phrases are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two word stage, three word utterances, and, fluent grammatical conversation stage.3. holophrastic stage is the first phase of language acquisition. The main linguistic accomplishments during this stage are control of the speech musculature and sensitivity tothe phonetic distinctions used in the parents’language. Shortly before their first birthday, babies begin to unstand words, and around that birthday, they start to produce them.4. two word stage is the second phase of language acquisition. Around 18 months, the child begins to learn words at the rate of one every two walking hours, and keeps learning that rate or faster through adolescence.5. Three word utterances stage is the third phase of language acquisition. Three word utterances look like samples drawn from longer potential sentences expressing a complete and more complated idea.6. connectionism: With respection to the respect to language comprehension, connectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate the pronunciations of written words and to access the pronunciations of familiar words, or words that are exceptions to these patterns. In this view, similarity and frequency play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel iterms being processed based on their similarity to known ones.7. Cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognitionpostulation postulated by Marslen Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate is a clear winner.8. Interactive model holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have direct, “top down”influence on lower levels. Lexical knowedge can affect the perception of phonemes. There is interactivity in the formal of lexical effects on the perception of sublexical units. In certain cases, listeners’ knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonems; in other cases, listeners continue to “hear” phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noise.9. Race model suggests in spoken word recognition there are two routes that race each other a pre lexical route, which computers phonological information from the acoustic signal, and a lexical route in which the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itselfis accessed When word level information appears to affect a lower level process, it is assumed that the lexical route won the race.10. Serial model proposes that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language grammar with remarkable speed. serial model describes how the processor quickly constructs one or more representations of a sentence based on a restricted range of information that is guaranteed to be relevant to its interpretation ,primarily grammatical information .Any such representation is then quickly interpreted and evaluated, using the full range of information that might be relevant.11. Parallel model emphasizes that the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range of information .including grammatical, lexical, and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speaker writer and of the world in general. parallel model describes how the processor users all relevant information to quickly evaluate the full range of possible interpretations of a sentence .it is generally acknowledged that listener and readers integrate and situational knowledge in understandinga sentence.12. Resonance model is a model about text comprehension,in this model , information in long term memory is automatically activated by the presence of material that apparently bears a rough semantic relation to it .semantic details, including factors such as negation that drastically change the truth of propositions , do not seem to affect the resonance process. It emphasized a more active and intelligent search for meaning as the basis by which a reader discovers the conceptual structure of a discourse. In reading a narrative text, reader attempts to build a representation of the causal structure of the text. analyzing events in terms of goals ,actions, and reactions .A resonance process serves as first stage in processing a text, and , reading objectives and details of text structure determine whatever a reader goes further searches for a coherent structure for the text.13. Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation inalternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure ground segregation etc.14. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguisticexpressions.15. Figure ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relation configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving object. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground.16. Trajector means a moving or dynamic figure.17. Landmark means the ground provided for a moving figure.18. Basic level category is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the gestalt of the category.19. Subordinate level is the level at which we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories.20. Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure toour experience.21. Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the others. It’s oftendescribed in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.22. Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.23. Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.24. Structural metaphors play the most important role because they allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept according to another.25. Generic space maps onto each of the inputs. It reflects some common, usually more abstuct, structure and organization shared by the inputs. It defines the core cross space mapping between them.26. Blend space is the fourth space onto which is partially projected by inputs I1 and I2。

pasimology 手语式passing score 合格分数passing stranger effect 陌路效应passion 热情passionate love 热情的爱passive 被动的passive absorption 被动吸收passive adaptation 被动适应passive aggression 被动攻击passive aggressive 消极攻击的passive aggressive personality 消极攻击人格passive attention 被动注意passive avoidance 消极躲避passive avoidance training 被动回避训练passive castration complex 被动阉割情结passive consciousness 被动意识passive defense reaction 被动防御反应被动防反应passive distribution 被动分布passive euthanasia 被动安乐死passive exercise 被动锻炼passive imagination 被动想象passive inhibition 被动抑制passive instinct 被动本能passive introversion 被动内向性格passive language 被动语言passive learning 被动学习passive movement 被动运动passive reason 消极理性passive resistance 消极抵抗passive sensitization 被动敏化passive sleep theory 被动睡眠理论passive speech 被动言语passive theory of sleep 睡眠的无活动学说passive therapy 消极治疗法passive transfer 被动传递passive vocabulary 被动字词passiveness 被动性passive aggressive personality 被动攻击型人格passive aggressive personality disorder 消极攻击型人格异常passive aggressive underachievement 消极反叛性低成就passive dependent personality 被动依赖性人格passivism 被动倾向passivity 被动性past experience 过去经验pastconsummatory behavior 满足后行为满足後行为pastime reading 消遣性阅读pastoral counseling 宗教咨询patchy amnesia 空隙性遗忘patella reflex 膝关节反射paternal family 父性家族paternal inheritance 父性遗传paternal instinct 父性本能paternalism 家长作风paternalist 家长式统治者paternalistic behavior 父性行为path 通路path analysis 因径分析path coefficient 因径系数path diagram 通路图解path model 通路模型path regression coefficient 因径回归系数path toward self actualization 自我实现的途径pathematic aphasia 惊恐性失语pathematology 病理学pathergia 过敏反应性pathergy 过敏反应性pathetic fallacy 感情误置pathetic nerve 滑车神经pathetismus 催眠状态pathic 被奸者pathoanatomy 病理解剖学pathoclisis 特异感受性pathocure 病理治愈pathogenesis 致病原因pathogeny 发病机理pathognomy 病征学pathography 病志pathologic physiology 病理生理学pathologic reflex 病态反射pathological anatomy 病理解剖学pathological emotion 病理性激情pathological fear 病态恐惧pathological gambling 病态嗜赌pathological grief 病理性悲伤pathological inertia 病理惰性pathological inertress 病理惰性pathological intoxication 病态酒精中毒病态酒精中毒pathological liar 病态撒谎者pathological lying 病态说谎pathological nystagmus 病态眼振pathological personality 病理性人格pathology 病理学pathomania 悖德狂pathometabolism 病理性代谢pathometer 发病率记录器pathomimesis 疾病模仿pathomimia 模仿病pathomorphism 病理形态学pathoneurosis 躯体性神经机能病pathonomia 疾病规律学pathophobia 疾病恐怖症pathopsychology 病理心理学pathopsychosis 器质性精神病pathos 精神病态pathway 通路path goal theory 通路目标理论patient 病人patriarchal family 父权制家族patriarchal management 家族主义管理家族主义管理patriarchy 父权制patricide 杀父者patrilineal 父系的patrilineal family 父系家族patrilineal society 父系社会patriling 父权patriot 爱国者patriotic feeling 爱国主义情感patriotic mind 爱国心patriotism 爱国主义patroclinous 父传的patron 庇护人pattern 模式pattern 式样pattern analysis 模式分析pattern discrimination 模式辨识pattern drill 模式练习pattern information processing 模式信息处理pattern learning 模式学习pattern manipulator 模式操纵器pattern of behavior development 行为发展模式pattern of crime 犯罪模式pattern of culture 文化模式pattern of memorizing 熟记方式pattern recognition 模式识别pattern stimuli 模式刺激pattern theory of pain 痛觉模式说pattern variable 型态变量patternalism 规范主义patterned interview 模型式访谈patterned strings problem 交错线难题交错难题patterning 图案结构pattllometer 膝反射计patu s syndrome 佩托氏综合症paurometabolous development 渐变态发育pause 停顿pavlovian conditioning 巴甫洛夫条件作用pavlovianism 巴甫洛夫理论pavlov s method 巴甫洛夫法pavlov s pouch 巴甫洛夫小胃pavlov s stomach 巴甫洛夫胃pavlov s theory 巴甫洛夫学说pavor 惊pavor diurnus 昼惊pavor nocturnus 夜惊pawn 受摆布者payload 有效负荷payment system 付酬制度payoff 支付payoff matrix 支付矩阵pcl 手掌传导水平pcpa 对氯苯丙胺pcr 手掌传导反射pcs 前意识pe 概误peabody individual achievement test 皮博迪个人成就测验peabody picture vocabulary test 皮博迪图片词汇测验peak 峰peak age of crime 犯罪高峰年龄peak clipping distortion 峰端削波失真峰端削波失真peak experience 顶峰体验peak of sonority 响音峰peak performance experience 运动高峰体验peak pressure level 峰压级peak shift 峰移peaked test 峰检验pearson product moment correlation 皮尔逊积差相关pearson product moment correlation coefficient 皮尔逊积差相关系数pearsonian correlation 皮尔逊相关法pearson s coefficient of contingence 皮尔逊相依系数pearson s correlation 皮尔逊乘积相关皮尔逊乘积相关pearson s correlation coefficient 皮尔逊相关系数pecatophobia 犯罪恐怖症peccant materiel 致病物质pecking mania 窥视症pecking order 支配顺序pecking order 啄击顺序pectorophony 语音增强pedagogical psychology 教育心理学pedagogics 教育学pedagogy 教育学pedal 踏板pedephilia 恋童症pederast 好男色者pederasty 男色pederosis 恋童色情pedestrian 步行pedestrian accidents 步行事故pediatric psychiatry 儿科精神病学pediatric psychology 儿科心理学pediatrics 儿科学pedigree 家谱pedigree analysis 家系分析pedigree chart 家系图pedigree method 家系研究法pedipulator 步行机pedogenesis 未熟发育pedologist 儿科学家pedology 儿科学pedometer 步数计pedomorphism 童态pedophilia 恋童癖pedophobia 儿童恐怖症pedophobia 洋娃娃恐怖症peduncle 茎pedunculus cerebri 大脑脚peer 同辈peer counseling 朋辈咨询peer group 同伴团体peer group acceptance 同辈群体接纳peer group therapy 同伴团体治疗peer influences 同龄人影响peer rating 同伴评定peer relation 同伴关系peer tutoring 朋辈导修peg 气脑造影术pegboard 插钉板peg word system 字钩法peinotherapy 饥饿疗法peladophobia 秃发恐怖症秃发恐惧症pelizaeus merzbacher disease 家族性中叶性硬化pelopsia 近前幻视peltier effect 培尔蒂埃效应penal psychology 刑罚心理学penalty 刑罚pencil and paper test 纸笔测验pendular nystagmus 摆动性眼振penetrance of gene 基因外显率penetrating action 贯穿动作penetrating head injury 穿通性头部外伤穿通性头部外伤penetration progression hypothesis 穿透进化假说peniaphobia 贫困恐怖症penile erection 竖阳penile inversion 阴茎反向penilingus 口交penis 阴茎penis envy 阴茎妒羡penitentiary 罪犯教养所penmanship psychology 书法心理学pennsylvania assessment of creative tendency 宾州创造倾向量表penology 刑罚学penrose s triangle 潘罗斯三角形pension neurosis 养老金神经官能症pentobarbital 戊巴比妥penumbra 半阴影people approaches 人员途径peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡peptide 肽perceive 察觉perceived conflict 察觉到的冲突perceived environmental quality index 知觉环境品质指数perceived light source color 可觉光源色可觉光源色perceived noise level 感觉噪声级perceived object color 可觉物体色percent 百分数percent hearing loss 听力丧失率percent impairment of hearing 听觉损害率percentage 百分率percentage rate 百分率percentage ratio 百分比percentage scale 百分率量表percentile 百分位percentile curve 百分位数曲线percentile norm 百分位数常模percentile rank 百分等级percentile scale 百分量表perceptibility 知觉能力perceptible 感觉得到的perception 知觉perception & psychophysics 知觉与心理物理学perception of causality 因果性知觉perception of dynamics 力度感知perception of motion distance 运动距离知觉perception of motion in depth 运动深度知觉perception of motion rhythm 运动节奏知觉perception of motion size 运动大小知觉运动大小知觉perception of motion space 运动空间知觉perception of motor orientation 运动方位知觉perception of movement causality 因果性运动知觉perception of obstacles 障碍知觉perception of relationship 关系知觉perception of risk 风险认知perception of simultaneity 同时性知觉perception of space 空间知觉perception of speech 言语知觉perception of time 时间知觉perception of velocity 速度知觉perceptional intuitionalism 知觉直觉说知觉直觉说perceptive 知觉的perceptive deafness 感音性聋perceptive function 感知功能perceptive judgment 知觉判断perceptive style 主求知型perceptorium 感觉中枢perceptron 知觉机perceptual 知觉的perceptual & motor skills 知觉与动作技能perceptual ability 知觉能力perceptual adaptation 知觉适应perceptual after effect 知觉后效perceptual attention 知觉注意perceptual chain 知觉链perceptual closure 知觉合闭perceptual constancy 知觉恒常性perceptual cue 知觉线索perceptual curiosity 知觉好奇心perceptual defense 知觉防卫perceptual defense mechanism 知觉防卫机制perceptual deficit 知觉缺陷perceptual development 知觉发展perceptual differential 知觉差异perceptual disability 知觉失能perceptual discrimination 知觉辨认perceptual distortion 知觉扭曲perceptual disturbance 知觉障碍perceptual experience 感性经验perceptual field 知觉场perceptual hypothesis 知觉假设perceptual illusion 错觉perceptual investigation 知觉探究perceptual knowledge 感性认识perceptual laterality effect 感知一侧效应perceptual learning 知觉学习perceptual masking 知觉掩蔽perceptual mechanism 知觉机制perceptual motor learning 知觉动作学习知觉动作学习perceptual ocular dominance 知觉性眼优势perceptual organization 知觉组织perceptual orientation 知觉定向perceptual pattern 知觉模式perceptual power 知觉力perceptual prediction 知觉预测perceptual process 知觉过程perceptual restructuring 知觉重组perceptual schema 知觉图式perceptual selectivity 知觉选择性perceptual sensitization 知觉敏感perceptual set 知觉心向perceptual sign 知觉信号perceptual space 知觉空间perceptual span 知觉广度perceptual span of reading 阅读的知觉广度perceptual stage of cognition 感性认识阶段perceptual structure 知觉结构perceptual style 知觉方式perceptual time 知觉时间perceptual transparency 知觉透明度perceptual type 知觉类型perceptual unity 知觉统合perceptual vigilance 知觉警觉perceptualization 知觉化perceptual motor analysis 知觉运动分析知觉运动分析perceptual motor coordination 知觉运动协调perceptual motor development 知觉动作发展perceptual motor learning 知觉动作学习知觉动作学习perceptual motor process 知觉动作过程知觉动作历程perceptual motor skill 知觉动作技能知觉动作技能perceptual motor test 知觉动作测验percevonics 知觉学percipient 感知者perennial dream 旧梦重温perfect correlation 全相关perfect cortex 完全皮层perfect negative correlation 完全负相关完全负相关perfect positive correlation 完全正相关完全正相关perfectionism 完美主义perfectionism 至善论perforator 穿孔器performance 绩效performance 作业performance anxiety 作业焦虑performance appraisal 绩效评价performance box 作业箱performance capacity 作业能力performance characteristic 操作特征performance curve 作业曲线performance evaluation 绩效评估performance goal 操作性目标performance iq 作业智商performance maintenance scale 绩效维系量表performance maintenance theory 绩效维持理论performance proper 原本表现performance psychology 表演心理学performance rate method 速率法performance rating 业绩评定performance scale 操作量表performance standard method 作业标准评定法performance study 性能研究performance technology 演示技术performance test 操作测验performing 执行performing structure 执行结构perilympha 外淋巴液perimeter 视野计perimetry 视野检查法perineural 周围神经的perineurium 神经束膜period 期period of adolescence 青春期period of aging 老年期period of attendance at school 入学期period of concrete operations 具体运思期period of decline 衰老期period of destruction 破坏期period of development 发育期period of duration 生育期period of embryo 胚胎期period of fetus 胎儿期period of formal operations 形式运思期形式运思期period of local arrangement 位置安排期位置安排期period of maturation 成熟期period of ovum 卵细胞期period of puberty 青春期period of resistance 反抗期period of sexual maturity 性成熟期periodic 周期的periodic amnesia 周期健忘periodic and cyclic behavior 周期和循环行为periodic inspection 定期检查定期检查periodic investigation 定期调查periodic motion 周期运动periodic movement 周期运动periodic outbreak 周期性大发作periodic phenomena 周期性现象periodic psychosis 周期性精神病periodic reinforcement 定时强化periodic sampling 周期抽样periodic state 周期状态periodic tracking signals 周期性追踪信号periodical mania 周期性躁狂症periodicity 周期性periodicity condition 周期性条件periodicity pitch 周期性音调periodism 周期性现象periopticon 周视神经节perioptometry 视野检查法periosteal reflex 骨膜反射peripateticism 亚里士多德学派peripateticism 逍遥学派peripheral 边缘的peripheral 外周的peripheral acuity 边缘视敏度peripheral adjustment 边缘适应peripheral auditory system 外周听觉系统peripheral coding 外周编码peripheral construct 外围建构peripheral nervous 外周神经peripheral nervous system 外周神经系统周围神经系统peripheral reflex centre 外围反射中枢外围反射中枢peripheral theory of thinking 边缘思维论边缘思考论peripheral trait 外围特质peripheral vision 边缘视觉peripheral visual field 边缘视野peripheralism 外周说peripheralist theory 外周论peripheraphose 外周性影幻视peripherocentral 外周中枢性的peripheroceptor 外周感受器peripherophose 外周性光幻视periphery 周围periphery of consciousness 周边意识peristalsis 生理蠕动peristase 外因力periventricle system 室周系统室周系统periventricular area 运动前区perjury 伪证perky effect 派基效应permanent 永久的permanent hearing loss 永久性听力损失永久性听力损失permanent memory 永久记忆permanent modification 永续变异permanent object 永久性客体permanent satiation 永久饱和permanent threshold shift 永久性阈移permeability 渗透性permeable 可透的permeable construct 可渗透性建构perminal period 胚种期permissive parent 宽容型父母permissiveness 放任permutate 完全变化的permutation 排列permutation test 排列检定pernicious 恶性的peroxidase method 过氧化物酶法perplexity 迷惘状态perrevse elements 错乱成分persecution complex 虐待情结persecution delusion 虐待幻觉persecutory anxiety 虐待焦虑persecutory delusion 迫害妄想perseverance 持续性perseveration 固着perseveration theory 持续论perseverative error 固着误差perseverative set 固着心向persiflage 挖苦persist 持续persistence 持续性persistence of sensation 感觉持续persistency 持久性persistency of interest 兴趣的持久性persistent error 持续误差persistent resignation 持续性屈从persistent state 持续状态persistent trend 持续趋势person 个人person disorientation 人物迷乱person document 个人档案person perception 对人知觉persona 角色象persona 人格面具personal adjustment 个人适应personal attribution 个人归因personal bias 人为偏误personal character 个人性格personal communication 个人沟通personal construct 个人构念personal construct psychology 个体结构心理学personal construct theory 个人构念理论个人构念理论personal culture 个体文化personal data sheet 个人资料表personal declaration system 个人申告制度personal disorientation 个人定向障碍personal disposition 个人秉赋personal distance 个人距离personal distance zone 私交区personal documents method 私人文件法私人文件法personal education 人格教育personal equation 个人方程式personal equipment 个人装备personal error 人为误差personal fable 个人寓言personal grata 受欢迎的人personal identity 个人统合personal image 个人意象personal influence 个人影响personal interview 个人面谈personal involvement 亲身投入personal monitoring 个人监察personal morality 个人品德personal motivation 个人动机personal nating 人事考核personal non grata 不受欢迎的人personal norms 个人规范personal orientation inventory 个人取向量表personal play therapy 个人游戏疗法personal psychology 个体心理学personal quality 个人品质personal religion 人格宗教personal selection 个人选择personal self concept 个人自我概念personal selling 个人销售personal space 个人空间personal traits 个人特质personal trust 私人信任personal unconscious 个人潜意识personalism 人本主义personalism in attribution 人身归因personalistic 人格的personalistic disorder 个性失常personalistic ethics 人格伦理观personalistic psychology 人格主义心理学personality 人格personality and social psychology bulletin 个性与社会心理学通报personality and social psychology review 个性与社会心理学评论personality assessment 人格评鉴personality changes 人格改变personality characteristics 人格特征personality continuity 人格持续性personality cult 个人崇拜personality development 人格发展personality disorder 人格障碍personality dynamics 人格动力学personality factor 人格因素personality factor questionnaire 人格因素量表personality formation 人格形成personality foundation 人格基础personality in composition 创作个性personality indication 个性倾向性personality integration 人格整合personality inventory 人格量表personality inventory for children 儿童个性测验personality measure个性测量个性测量personality model 人格模式personality of prisoners 监狱人格personality organization 人格组织personality pattern disorder 人格型态障碍personality pattern disturbance 人格型态困扰personality profile 人格剖析图personality psychology 个性心理学personality psychology 人格心理学personality questionnaire 人格问卷personality reorganization 人格重组personality research form 个性研究量表personality research form 个性研究量表个性研究量表personality sphere 人格总体personality structure 个性结构personality test 人格测验personality theory 个性理论personality trait 人格特质personality trait disorder 人格特质障碍性格特质违常personality trend 人格倾向personality type 人格类型personality value 人格价值personality job fit theory 人格工作适应理论personality situation interaction 人格情境互动personality trait theory 人格特质理论人格特质论personalization 人格化personalized instruction 个人化教学personalized instruction 个人内在冲突个人内在突personalized system of instruction 个人化教学法personalogy 个人学personal document analysis 私人文件分析法personal document method 私人文件法私人文件法personal effectiveness training 个人效能训练personification 拟人化personnel 人事personnel 人员personnel appraisal 人事考核personnel counseling 人事咨询personnel counselor 人事顾问personnel development 人事发展personnel evaluation 人事评鉴personnel management 人事管理personnel management abstract 人事管理文摘personnel placement 人事定职personnel promotion 人事晋等personnel psychology 人事心理学personnel records 人事记录personnel recruitment 人员招聘personnel selection 人员选拔personnel supply 人员供应personnel system 人事系统personnel termination 人员解职personnel tests of industry 工业人事测验恰当问题测验personnel training 人事训练personnel work 人事工作personology 个性学personology 人格学person centered approach 当事人中心取向person centered therapy 当事人中心治疗法person injured 受害人person machine dialogue 人机对话person other object 个人、他人与事物person situation contioveisy 个体情境矛盾person to person communication 个人间沟通person to person communication method 个人间沟通法。

心理学专业词汇1.Abnormal psychology2.Absolute threshold3.Accommodation4.Acquisition5.Action potential6.Acute stress7.Addition8.Ageism9.Aggression10.Agoraphobia11.Algorithm12.All-or-none law13.Altruism14.Alzheimer’s disease15.Amacrine cell16.Ambiguity17.Amnesia18.Amygdala19.Analytic psychology20.Anchoring heuristic21.Animal cognition22.Anticipatory coping23.Anxiety24.Anxiety disorders25.Apparent motion26.Archetype27.Assimilation28.Association cortex29.Attachment30.Attitude31.Attribution theory32.Attributions33.Auditory cortex34.Auditory nerve35.Automatic processes36.Availability heuristic37.Aversion therapy38.Axon39.Basic level40.Basilar membrane41.Behavior42.Behavior analysis43.Behavior modification44.Behavior therapy45.Behavioral confirmation46.Behavioral data47.Behavioral measures48.Behavioral rehearsal49.Behaviorism50.Behaviorist perspective 51.Belief-bias effect52.Between-subjects design53.Biofeedback54.Biological constraints on learning55.Biological perspective56.Biomedical therapies57.Biopsychosocial model58.Bipolar cells59.Bipolar disorder60.Blocking61.Body image62.Bottom-up processing63.Brain stem64.Brightness65.Broca’s area66.Bystander intervention67.Cannon-bard theory of emotion68.Case study69.Catharsis70.Central nervous system71.Centration72.Cerebellum73.Cerebral cortex74.Cerebral hemispheres75.Cerebrum76.Child-directed speech77.Chronic stress78.Chronological age79.Chunking80.Circadian rhythm81.Classical conditioning82.Client83.Client-centered therapy84.Clinical ecology85.Clinical psychologist86.Clinical social worker87.Closure88.Cochlea89.Cognition90.Cognitive appraisal91.Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion92.Cognitive behavior modification93.Cognitive development94.Cognitive dissonance95.Cognitive map96.Cognitive perspective97.Cognitive processes98.Cognitive psychology99.Cognitive psychology100.Cognitive science1.Cognitive therapy2.Collective unconsciousorbidityplementary colorspliance6.Concepts7.Conditioned reinforcers8.Conditioned response9.Conditioned stimulus10.Conditioning11.Cones12.Conformity13.Confounding variable14.Consciousness15.Consensual validation16.Conservation17.Consistency paradox18.Contact comfort19.Contact hypothesis20.Context of discovery21.Context of justification22.Contextual distinctiveness23.Contingency management24.Control procedures25.Controlled processes26.Convergence27.Coping28.Corpus callosum29.Correlation coefficient30.Correlational methods31.Counseling psychologist32.Counterconditioning33.Countertransference34.Covariation principle35.Creativity36.Criterion validity37.Cross-sectional design38.Crystallized intelligence39.Cultural perspective40.Cutaneous senses41.Dark adaptation42.Daytime sleepiness43.Debriefing44.Decision aversion45.Decision making46.Declarative memory47.Deductive reasoning48.Delusions49.Demand characteristics50.Dendrites51.Dependent variable 52.descriptive statistics53.Determinism54.Developmental age55.Developmental psychology56.Diathesis-stress hypothesis57.Dichotic listening58.Difference threshold59.Diffusion of responsibility60.Discriminative stimuli61.Dispositional variable62.Dissociative amnesia63.Dissociative disorder64.Dissociative identity disorder(DID)65.Distal stimulus66.Divergent thinking67.Double-blind control68.Dream analysis69.Dream work70.Drives71.Echoic memory72.Ego73.Ego defense mechanisms74.Egocentrism75.Elaboration likelihood model76.Elaborative rehearsal77.Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)78.Electroencephalogram(EEG)79.Emotion80.Emotional intelligence81.Encoding82.Encoding specificity83.Endocrine system84.Engram85.Environmental variables86.Episodic memories87.EQ( emotional intelligence)88.Equity theory89.Estrogen90.Etiology91.Evolutionary perspective92.Excitatory inputs93.Expectancy effects94.Expectancy theory95.Experience-sampling method96.Experimental methods97.Explicit uses of memory98.Extinction99.Face validity100.Fear101.Fight-or-flight response1.Figure2.Five-factors model3.Fixation4.Fixed-interval schedule5.Fixed-ratio schedule6.Flooding7.Fluid intelligence8.Formal assessment9.Foundational Theories10.Fovea11.Frame12.Free Association13.Frequency distribution14.Frequency theory15.Frontal lobe16.Frustration-aggression hypothesis17.Functional fixedness18.Functional MRI(f MRI)19.Functionalism20.Fundamental attribution error(FAE)21.G22.Ganglion cells23.Gate-control theory24.Gender25.Gender identity26.Gender roles27.General adaption syndrome(GAS)28.Generalized anxiety disorder29.Generativity30.Genes31.Genetics32.Genocide33.Genotype34.Gestalt psychology35.Gestalt therapy36.Glia37.Goal-directed selection38.Ground39.Group dynamics40.Group polarization41.Groupthink42.Guided search43.Hallucinations44.Health45.Health promotion46.Health psychology47.Heredity48.Heritability estimate49.Heuristics50.Hierarchy of needs51.Hippocampus 52.HIV53.Homeostasis54.Horizontal cells55.Hormones56.Hozho57.Hue58.Human behavior genetics59.Human-potential movement60.Humanistic perspective61.Hypnosis62.Hypnotizability63.Hypothalamus64.Hypothesis65.Iconic memory66.Id67.Identification and recognition68.Illusion69.Illusory contours70.Implicit uses of memory71.Implosion therapy72.Imprinting73.Impulsive aggression74.Incentives75.Independent construals of self76.Independent variable77.Induced motion78.Inductive reasoning79.Inferences80.Inferential statisticsrmational influence82.In-group bias83.In-groups84.Inhibitory inputs85.Insanity86.Insight therapy87.Insomnia88.Instincts89.Instinctual drift90.Instrumental aggression91.Intelligence92.Intelligence quotient（IQ）93.Interdependent construals of self94.Interference95.Internal consistency96.Internalization97.Interneurons98.Intimacy99.Ion channels100.James-Lange theory of emotion 101.Jigsaw classroom1.job burnout2.judgment3.just noticeable difference(JND)4.kinesthetic sensenguage productiontent contentw of common fatew of effectw of proximityw of similarity11.learned helplessness12.learning13.learning-performance distinction14.lesions15.levels-of-processing theory16.libido17.life-change units(LCUs)18.lightness constancy19.limbic system20.longitudinal design21.long-term memory(LTM)22.loudness23.lucid dreaming24.magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)25.major depressive disorder26.manic episode27.manifest content28.maturation29.mean30.measure of central tendency31.measures of variability32.median33.meditation34.medulla35.memory36.mental age37.mental retardation38.mental set39.meta-analysis40.metamemory41.mnemonics42.mode43.mood disorder44.morality45.motivation46.motor cortex47.motor neurons48.Narcolepsy49.natural selection50.nature-nurture controversy 51.need for achievement(in Ach)52.Negative punishment53.negative reinforcement54.neuromodulator55.neuron56.neuropathic pain57.neurotic disorders58.neurotransmitters59.nociceptive pain60.nonconscious61.non-REM(NREM) sleep62.norm crystallization63.normal curve64.normative influence65.normative investigation66.norms67.object permanence68.object relations theory69.observational learning70.observer bias71.obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)72.occipital lobe73.olfactory bulb74.operant75.operant conditioning76.operant extinction77.operational definition78.opponent-process theory79.optic nerveanismic variableanizational psychologists82.orientation constancy83.out-groups84.overregularization85.pain86.panic disorder87.parallel forms88.parallel processes89.parasympathetic division90.parental investment91.parenting practice92.parenting style93.parietal lobe94.partial reinforcement effect95.participant modeling96.pastoral counselor97.patient98.peace psychology99.perceived control100.perception1.Perceptual constancy2.Perceptual organization3.Peripheral nervous system(PNS)4.Personality5.Personality disorder6.Personality inventory7.Personality types8.Persuasion9.PET scans10.Phantom limb phenomenon11.Phenotype12.Pheromones13.Phi phenomenon14.Phobia15.Phonemes16.Photoreceptors17.Physical development18.Physiological dependence19.Pitch20.Pituitary gland21.Place theory22.Placebo control23.Placebo effect24.Placebo therapy25.Pons26.Population27.Positive punishment28.Positive reinforcement29.Possible selves30.Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)31.Preattentive processing32.Preconscious memories33.Predictive validity34.Prefrontal lobotomy35.Prejudice36.Primacy effect37.Primary reinforcers38.Priming39.Problem solving40.Problem space41.Procedural memory42.Projective test43.Prosocial behaviors44.Prototype45.Proximal stimulus46.Psychiatrist47.Psychic determinism48.Psychoactive drugs49.Psychoanalysis50.Psychoanalyst 51.Psychobiography52.Psychodynamic personality theories53.Psychodynamic perspective54.Psychological assessment55.Psychological dependence56.Psychological diagnosis57.Psychology58.Psychometric function59.Psychoneuroimmunology60.Psychopathological functioning61.Psychopharmacology62.Psychophysics63.Psychosocial stages64.Psychosomatic disorders65.Psychosurgery66.Psychotherapy67.Psychotic disorders68.Puberty69.Punisher70.Racism71.Range72.Rapid eye movements(REM)73.Rational-emotive therapy(RET)74.Reasoning75.Recall76.Recency effect77.Receptive field78.Reciprocal altruism79.Reciprocal determinism80.Reciprocity norm81.Recognition82.Reconstructive memory83.Reflex84.Refractory period85.Reinforcement contingency86.Reinforcer87.Relative motion parallax88.Relaxation response89.Reliability90.Representative sample91.Representativeness heuristic92.Repression93.Residual stress pattern94.Resistance95.Response bias96.Resting potential97.Reticular formation98.Retina99.Retinal disparity100.Retrieval1.Retrieval cues2.Reversal theory3.Ritual healing4.Rods5.Saturation6.Schedules of reinforcement7.Schemas8.Schemes9.Schizophrenic disorder10.Selective optimization with compensation11.Selective social interaction theory12.Self-actualization13.Self-awareness14.Self-efficacy15.Self-esteem16.Self-fulfilling prophecy17.Self-handicapping18.Self-perception theory19.Self-report measures20.Self-serving bias21.Semantic memories22.Sensory adaptation23.Sensory memory24.Sensory neurons25.Sensory physiology26.Sensory receptors27.Serial position effect28.Serial processes29.Set30.Sex chromosomes31.Sex differences32.Sexism33.Sexual arousal34.Sexual scripts35.Shape constancy36.Shaping by successive approximations37.Short-term memory(STM)38.Signal detection theory(SDT)39.Significant difference40.Situational variables41.Size constancy42.Sleep apnea43.Social categorization44.Social-learning theory45.Social-learning therapy46.Social norms47.Social perception48.Social phobia49.Social psychology50.Social role51.Socialization52.Sociobiology 53.Soma54.Somatic nervous system55.Somatosensory cortex56.Specific phobias57.Split-half reliability58.Spontaneous recovery59.Spontaneous-remission effect60.Standard deviation(SD)61.Standardization62.Stereotype threat63.Stereotypes64.Stigma65.Stimulus discrimination66.Stimulus-driven capture67.Stimulus generalization68.Storage69.Stress70.Stress moderator variables71.Stressor72.Structuralism73.Superego74.Sympathetic division75.Synapse76.Synaptic transmission77.Systematic desensitization78.Taste-aversion learning79.Temporal lobe80.Tend-and-befriend response81.Terminal buttons82.Testosterone83.Test-retest reliability84.Thalamus85.Thematic apperception test (TA T)86.Theory87.Theory of ecological optics88.Think-aloud protocols89.Three-term contingency90.Timbre91.Tolerance92.Top-down processing93.Traits94.Transduction95.Transfer-appropriate processing96.Transference97.Trichromatic theory98.Type A behavior pattern99.Unconditional positive regard 100.Unconditioned response(UCR) 101.Unconditioned stimulus(UCS) 102.Unconscious103.Unconscious inference104.Validity105.variable106.variable-interval schedule 107.variable-ratio schedule 108.vestibular sense109.visual cortex110.volley principle111.weber’s law112.wellness113.wisdom114.within-subjects design 115.working memory116.zygote。