Current Status and Application of Ceramic Foam Filter for Aluminum Melt
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材料概论ppt问题及其答案说明:以下问题由⽼师所给的上课问题整理所得,其中Q -ADD是个⼈所加,答案并不完整且不完善,还望诸位共同合作Q11. Which glass is widely used in our ordinary life?More than 90% of the glass in us is based on oxides and in particular silica.2. Please give the main compositions of bio-glass?Calcium phosphateSilica3. How to prepare silicophosphate glasses?Sol-gel route4. Please list the general properties of glass?Lack of the periodic order of a crystalMetastabilityNo fixed melting temperatureIsotropyQ21. What is the role of C3S in Portland cement?2. How to delay the rapid setting of C3A2?Add some gypsum3. Please describe the properties of the reaction between Portland cement and water.4. Describe the abbreviations of SEM, TEM and XRD?SEM scanning electron microscopeXRD X-ray diffractionQ31. Please list the properties of ceramics used in electrical applications.Semi-conducting, superconducting, piezoelectric, magnetic2. Please give the application of ceramics in medical.Repair and replacement of human hips, knees and other body partsImaging system3. What is the wear resistance?The resistance of the removal of surface material4. What is the thermal shock? Which factors can affect the thermal shock resistance of materials? Thermal shock is a mechanism that can produce mechanical failure in materials.Factors: porosity, dispersions, noncrystal-linity, grain size, grain boundaries, pores and micro cracks.5. What are CVD and CVI?CVD is a process in which a mixture of gases is passed across a heated surface.CVI is somewhat related to CVD, the major difference being that the deposition occurs insidesa porous perform rather than only on a surface.Q41.What features do glasses have?2. 玻璃的组分可分为哪⼏类?3. 下⾯哪种⽅法较容易制备出含硅的磷酸盐玻璃( C )(A) ⾼温熔融淬冷法(B) 低温熔融淬冷法(C) 溶胶-凝胶法(D) 化学⽓相法Q51. What factors will affect the refractive index of glasses?They are the wavelength of light, the density, temperature, thermal history, stress and composition of the glass.2. Please list the major techniques for glasses formation?They are blowing, compression, drawing, floating method, rolling, and casting, respectively.3. What is the nature of glass lacking electronic conductivity?Without free electron movement.4. Please give examples about the application of glass.For example: application in architecture, in anti-solar, in fiber optics5. Please list the recent topics about glass in optoelectronics field.Blue and green light sources, host-guest stems for non-linear optics, up-conversion glasses, optical switches, optical fibers. Q61. Please define brass and bronze?Brass: The copper-zinc alloysBronze: The copper-tin alloys2. Which structure do zinc and copper adapt?Zinc: hexagonal-close-packed structureCopper: face-centered cubic structure3. Please list three Refractory Metals.ChromiumTantalumV anadium etc4. Please give the characteristics of titanium?Light weightSilvery colorBlue grinding sparksQ71. Please list several chemical processes for powder preparation.(1) a cold step, in which the ceramic part is formed or shaped into a green part or preform(2) a hot step, in which the green compact is first subjected to heat to dry up any liquid phaseformed during the processing and then subjected to higher heating, known as firing, sintering, or densification.2. What is vapor process for advanced ceramics and give some examples?V apor process, including heating a solid substance to a temperature that transforms the solid into a vapor, which is then deposited onto a surface.Some examples: PVD, CVD, CVI, MBE, LPE etc.3. Please describe the mechanical properties. (我个⼈认为这⾥所指的是陶瓷的机械性能) Good in compressionV ery high hardnessGreat stiffnessBrittleness etc4. List some applications of ceramics?RefractoriesUse in the construction industryLighting electricalElectrical applicationCommunicationMedicalEnvironmental and space applicationQ81. What is a key factor for preparing glasses?Cooling temperature2. Please give explanations about following scheme?Figure 4.2 V ariation of volume of a simple glass forming melt along with that of the crystal. The cooling rate for curve a is higher than that for curve b (schematic).P1443. Please list the major techniques for glasses formation?4. 例举玻璃的结构学说?Continues random network modelRandom close packing model5. How to decide whether the glass is amorphous?P1366. What is the main usage for chalcogenide glasses?Infrared window7. What is the role of silica in glasses?Glass forming material8. What chemical types do glasses formation occurs?Q91.试计算体⼼⽴⽅铁受热⽽变为⾯⼼⽴⽅铁时出现的体积变化。
压电材料的研究新进展温建强;章力旺【摘要】压电材料作为机电转换的功能材料,在高新技术领域扮演着重要的角色.锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷凭借其优良的性能,自投入使用以来成为最广泛使用的压电材料.近年来,探索和发展潜在的替代新型材料备受重视.本文就近些年来国内外压电材料技术研究进展中呈现的无铅化、高性能化、薄膜化的新趋势进行了综述,并对今后的研究提出一些发展性的建议.【期刊名称】《应用声学》【年(卷),期】2013(032)005【总页数】6页(P413-418)【关键词】压电材料;压电性能;无铅压电材料;压电薄膜【作者】温建强;章力旺【作者单位】中国科学院声学研究所北京100190;中国科学院声学研究所北京100190【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM2821 引言1880年P.Curie和J.Curie首次发现石英晶体有压电效应,1954年美国 B.Jaffe 发现了锆钛酸铅(PZT)压电陶瓷,此后逐渐发展为国内外主流的压电材料,在功能材料领域占有重要的地位[1]。
压电材料发展的类型主要有单晶、多晶、微晶玻璃、有机高分子、复合材料等。
20世纪80年代以来,随着压电陶瓷材料从二元系向三元、多元系的开发研究高潮的结束,压电材料的研究一度进展缓慢。
随着科学技术快速发展,应用需求牵引下的开发探索给予了压电材料研究的新动力,加上科技工作者在基础性研究和生产工艺改进上的不懈努力,近十几年来,新型的压电材料不断涌现出,并呈现出无铅化、高性能化、薄膜化的态势,使得压电材料研究的面貌焕然一新,带动相应的应用器件研究也日趋活跃。
本文就近些年来国内外压电材料技术研究中所呈现出的新趋势和最新进展进行介绍,并对今后研究的努力发展方向进行展望,并提出一些建议。
2 压电材料研究的新趋势2.1 无铅化随着环境保护和社会可持续发展的要求,发展环境协调性材料及技术已是公认的大势所趋。
为了防止环境污染,国内外科研人员对无铅压电材料开展了大量的研究工作并取得了令人鼓舞的进展[2]。
Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532Rubidium-modified bioactive glass-ceramics withhydroxyapatite crystals for bone regenerationYan-ni TAN, Wen-juan CHEN, Wei WEI, Qian-li HUANG, Xiang HEState Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaReceived 20 March 2020; accepted 25 November 2020Abstract: In order to study the influence of rubidium (Rb) addition on the phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties and cell response of bioactive glass-ceramics, CaO−SiO2−Na2O−B2O3−MgO−ZnO−P2O5 glass system was designed with and without addition of Rb. The results show that hydroxyapatite (HA) and Mg−whitelockite (Ca18Mg2H2(PO4)14) crystalline phases are formed in the glass matrix without Rb. After the addition of Rb, only HA phase is detected. The grain size of the crystals in the glass-ceramics is larger with the addition of Rb than that of samples without Rb. Rb addition can improve the bending strength of glass-ceramics. The cultivation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) on Rb-containing glass-ceramics demonstrates enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation and ALP activity. In conclusion, Rb-modified glass-ceramics exhibit good mechanical property, excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility, which have potential for bone regeneration application.Key words: CaO−SiO2−Na2O−B2O3−MgO−ZnO−P2O5; rubidium; bioactive glass-ceramics; hydroxyapatite; human bone mesenchymal stem cells1 IntroductionOrthopedic and dental clinicians oftenencounter bone defects during operations forfractures, bone infections, tumors, and so on.Artificial materials implanted into bone defects aregenerally encapsulated by fibrous tissue andisolated from the surrounding bone tissue. This isthe normal response of the body towards inertartificial materials [1]. In 1971, HENCH and hiscoworkers [2] firstly reported the bone bondingproperties of bioactive glasses. Since then, varioustypes of ceramic, glass and glass-ceramic materialshave been proposed and used to repair or replacethe damaged bone in many clinical applications.Glass-ceramics contain nano- and/or micro-grained polycrystalline phases embedded in residualglass phase, which are prepared by the well-controlled heat treatment following the progressionsof nucleation and crystal growth within the glassmatrix [3]. Due to the controlled devitrification andevolution of variable proportions of crystalline andglassy phases, glass-ceramics substantiallyovercome the shortcomings encountered in glasses.These are acknowledged with the special status offunctional biomaterials that have superiorperformance with tailorable manufacturing andconvenient designs [4]. Bioactive glass-ceramicsare those types of glass-ceramics that have theability to form chemical bond with bone throughthe formation of a biologically active apatite layerafter reaction with the surrounding body fluid [5].The general characteristics of these types ofglass-ceramics are that they contain CaO and P2O5in their chemical composition, and they containapatite Ca10(PO4)6(F,Cl,OH)2as one of the crystalphases [3], such as Cerabone A-W, Bioverit andCeravital [4]. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2,HA) has excellent bioactivity and biocompatibilityCorresponding author:Yan-niTAN;Tel:+86-731-88836296;E-mail:****************.cnDOI:10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65514-01003-6326/© 2021 The Nonferrous Metals Society of China. Published by Elsevier Ltd & Science PressYan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 522as it is similar with the inorganic chemical composition of the tooth and bone of vertebrate [6]. Thus, it has been widely studied and used in biomedical field.Since the pioneering invention of 45S5 Bioglass, several other glass and glass-ceramic compositions have been developed to improve the properties and clinical abilities of traditional bioactive glass to meet the stringent requirements of repairing and regeneration of damaged bones [4]. One trend is the incorporation of different elements into the composition of these bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics to enhance their physical characteristics and therapeutic benefit [5], such as silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), silicon (Si), fluoride (F), potassium (P) and zirconia (ZrO2) [7,8]. For example, the addition of BaO and TiO2can effectively improve the bioactivity of the host glass [9,10]. The addition of Ag2O in 45S5 Bioglass could endow the material with bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties [11]. Sr-substituted bioactive glass may promote an anabolic effect on osteoblasts and an anti-catabolic effect on osteoclasts [12]. A further research showed that the incorporation of Sr into mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds has significantly stimulated the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteogenesis/cementogenesis related gene expressions in periodontal ligament cells [13].Rubidium (Rb) is an alkali metal element along with Li, Na, K amd Cs, and has similar biological functions with K. Along with the progress of Rb mining and extraction technology, Rb has attracted more and more attentions and gained wide applications in energy, nonlinear optical crystals, catalysis, medicine, solder, special glass and ferromagnetic materials etc [14]. Rb is also an essential trace element or micronutrient in human body and has very low toxicity. It is excreted mainly through urine [15]. Rb ions have been used to treat several psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions including mania, epilepsy, and depression during the last century [16]. However, the addition of Rb in a biomaterial and its effect on the mechanical behavior and biological properties of the biomaterial is rarely studied to our knowledge. In our previous study, it was found that Rb-doped biomaterials have significant effect on promoting the middle and late stage of osteoblastic differentiation [17] as well as improving the angiogenic and osteogenic capacity [18]. Meanwhile, most importantly, it also has good antibacterial properties [17−19]. Rb has been proven to be an effective element for the modification of biomaterials.The primary aim of this study is to develop bioactive glass-ceramics using the traditional melting method by incorporating varying amounts of Rb and to investigate the effects of rubidium addition in CaO−SiO2−Na2O−B2O3−MgO−ZnO−P2O5glass-ceramic system on the crystalline phases, mechanical property, bioactivity and cell response of the material.2 Experimental2.1 Preparation of glass-ceramicsThe raw materials were reagent grade chemicals without any further purification. The chemical compositions of the glass are displayed in Table 1. The theoretical mole fractions of the addition of Rb salt are 0, 3%, 6% and 10%, respectively. Firstly, the chemicals were fully blended by ball milling for 24 h, and then melted in a corundum crucible at 1300 °C for 2.5 h in an electric furnace. The melted liquid glass was poured into the graphite mold that was preheated at 540 °C for 1 h. Then, the glass samples with the mold were immediately moved into the preheated furnace (550 °C) for the stress relief annealing for 1.5 h, and then cooled with the furnace. Finally, the glassTable 1 Chemical compositions of glass-ceramicsSample No.Rb content/at.%Chemical composition/wt.%CaO SiO2B2O3Na2O MgO ZnO Ca(H2PO4)21021.2 17.6 16.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 29.6 2320 16.7 16 4.7 4.7 4.7 28.3 3619 15.8 15.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 27 41017.9 14.7 14.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 25.1Yan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 523samples were heat-treated at 750 °C for 6 h for the nucleation and growth of the crystals. After cooling with furnace, the glass-ceramic samples were obtained.2.2 CharacterizationsDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed with a SDT Q600 thermal analyzer against α-alumina powder as the reference material. Nonisothermal experiments were performed by heating four kinds of glass powders at a heating rate of 10 °C/min in the range from ambient temperature to 1000 °C.The crystalline phases formed in the glass-ceramics were identified with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) equipment (SIMENS D500) with Cu target and Ni filter from 2θ=5°to 65°. The scanning speed was 2 (°)/min with the step-length of 0.02°, and the accelerated voltage was 40 kV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS, Pekrin- Elmer pHI−5400, USA) and Fou rier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Thermo/USA Nicolet Nexus 670FTIR) were also used to characterize the chemical state and chemical groups.The scanning electron microscope (SEM, Quanta FEG 250) was used to observe the microstructures of the samples. Before sputtering gold, the glass-ceramics were polished, and chemically-etched using 10% HF solution for 70 s.2.3 Mechanical properties measurementThe bending strength of the glass-ceramics was measured by the three-point bending method with a loading speed of 0.5 mm/min. Six polished rectangular bars with the dimensions of 25 mm ×12 mm × 7 mm were used for each condition.2.4 In vitro bioactivity evaluationFour groups of glass-ceramic samples were soaked into stimulated body fluid (SBF) for 14 d to test their in vitro bioactivity. The ion concentrations of SBF and the preparation method were the same with those published before [20]. The samples were washed by acetone and distilled water and then dried before soaking. SBF was refreshed every day.2.5 Cell culturePrimary human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and the appropriative complete medium were purchased from Shanghai Zhongqiaoxinzhou Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Cells were sub-cultured to the third passage to be used for the biological experiments. All the samples were sterilized by autoclaving sterilizer for 30 min and then dried in the oven at 60 °C.2.5.1 Cell proliferation activity testingFor comparison, samples No. 1 (without Rb) and 4 (10% Rb) were selected for the MTT assay (the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, Sigma). hBMSCs were cultured on the surface of the samples for 1, 3 and 7 d using 24-well plate. After cultivation for the set time, MTT was added into the well. After 4 h, 1 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, VETEC) was added per well. The cell proliferation activity was performed by measuring the OD values at 490 nm using Bio-Tek microplate readers.2.5.2 Cell adhesion and activity assayAfter 24 h of cell culture, hBMSCs were rinsed with phosphate buffer and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and then sequentially dehydrated by gradient alcohol. After being freeze-dried, the samples were coated with Au for SEM observation.After culture for 1 and 7 d, the cells on each specimen were washed twice with PBS for 5 min, and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). After being washed for 3 times by phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 10 min, the cells were permeabilized with 0.5% TritonX-100 for 5 min at 37 °C. Finally, their cell nuclei and cytoskeleton were stained by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue) and FITC-phalloidin (green) in dark, respectively, and observed with a fluorescence microscopy (Motic, China).2.5.3 Alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assayThe hBMSCs were cultured on the surfaces of Samples 1 and 4 to compare the effect of Rb addition. At each time point, day 1, day 7 and day 14, the ALP activity of hBMSCs was measured using an ALP kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bio- engineering Institute, China). It was based on the decomposition effect of benzene disodium phosphate by ALP. Free phenol that was formed after the decomposition can react with 4-aminoantipyrine in alkaline solution and then oxidized by potassium ferricyanide to form red quinone derivatives. The enzyme activity can be measured according to the shades of red. OD values were measured at 520 nm. ALP activity was then calculated according to a standard curve of ALP.Yan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 5242.5.4 Statistical analysisThe data were calculated by mean±standard deviation (SD). Some results were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOV A) at a significance level of 0.05. If the obtained p<0.05, the two groups of data were considered significantly different. If the obtained p>0.05, the two groups of data were considered insignificantly different.3 Results and discussionThe DSC curves of the four groups of glass-ceramic powders are shown in Fig. 1. It is obvious that there is only one exothermic peak for all the samples. The addition of Rb does not have significantly influence on the crystallization temperature.Fig. 1 DSC curves of four kinds of glass powders with heating rate of 10 °C/minThe XRD patterns of glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb after heat treatment at 720 °C for 6 h are shown in Fig. 2. There are two crystalline phases formed in glass-ceramic without Rb, which are the main phase of hydroxyapatite (HA, PDF #86-0740) and the minor phase of Mg−whitelockite (Ca18Mg2H2(PO4)14, PDF#70-2064). The peak intensity of the later one is relatively weak, partly because of the less content of Mg oxides in the start material. After addition of Rb, Mg-whitelockite has not been detected and only HA phase is formed, indicating that Rb addition inhibits the formation of Mg−whitelokite crystals. The content of Rb addition has no significant influence on the HA phase. The diffraction area of the amorphous peak obtained by Rietveld refinement is about 45%−55%.Fig. 2XRD patterns of glass-ceramics with different contents of RbXPS patterns of glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb are shown in Fig. 3. Sample 1 contains P, Ca and O. For Rb-doped Samples 2−4, additional peaks corresponding to Rb are detected (Fig. 4(a)). The difference of the peaks can be obviously seen between the glass-ceramics with and without Rb (Fig. 4(b)). The peak at 110.4 eV of samples with Rb is the bending energy of Rb (3d). There is no Rb (3d) peak for the sample without Rb. With the increase of the content of Rb, the peak intensity of Rb (3d) increases, proving the successful addition of different contents of Rb ions in the glass-ceramic matrix.FTIR spectra are shown in Fig. 4. The bands at 578 and 622 cm−1are attributed to the vibrational modes of P—O bending of HA. The bands observed between 800 and 1200 cm−1 (1035 cm−1) can be attributed to the superimposition of P—O antisymmetric stretch in 34PO-of HA phase and Si—O—Si stretching vibrational modes of the glass. The band at 470 cm−1is resulted from the Si—O—Si bending and the band at 715 cm−1is associated with large 3D silica structures (Si—O—Si, Si—OH, or SiO—) of the glass [21]. Some bands between 1200 and 1400 cm−1are the B—O vibrations of BO3 units of the glass [22]. The bands observed at 3420 cm−1of the samples containing Rb belong to the stretching vibrations of O—H. There is no band at 3420 cm−1of the samples without Rb. The pair of weak peaks at 2002 and 1932 cm−1can be attributed to 10B—O and 11B—O antisymmetric stretching ν3 modeof the linear2BO-groups, respectively [23]. After being compared with references [23,24] andYan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 525Fig. 3XPS patterns of glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb: (a) Full spectra of various specimens;(b) Narrow-spectra of Rb 3d; (c) Rb 3d spectrum of Sample 4through analysis, it can be inferred that the borate groups belong to HA but not glass. Some phosphate and OH groups of HA were partially substituted by borate groups. In addition, the content of borate substituted HA is maybe under the XRD detection limit or it is amorphous, so there are no related XRD peaks in Fig. 2.Fig. 4FTIR spectra of glass-ceramics with different contents of RbFigure 5 shows the SEM images of glass- ceramics with different Rb contents after heat treatment at 720 °C for 6 h. Without addition of Rb, the crystal morphology is rod-like, of which some crystals are bundled or agglomerated together (Figs. 5(a, b)). After addition of 3% Rb, fine grains are formed in the glass matrix, with grain size between 25 and 200 nm (Figs. 5(c, d)) and most of the grain size is under 50 nm. Short-rod-like crystals and regular round particles are formed with size of 70−250 nm with 6% Rb addition (Figs. 5(e, f)). When adding 10% Rb, both rod-like crystals and round particles are observed in the glass-ceramic (Figs. 5(g, h)). The rod-like crystals are longer and the round particles in the glass- ceramic with 10% Rb (270−800 nm in size) are much bigger than those in glass-ceramic with 6% Rb and 3% Rb. As the content of Rb increases, the size of the crystals increases. Mg-whitlockite crystals belong to hexagonal or rhombohedral crystal system [25]. In SEM observation, they show either hexagonal plates [26] or rhombohedral shape [27,28]. Although the XRD results (Fig. 2) show that there is Mg-whitlockite phase in glass- ceramic samples without Rb, there is no obvious Mg-whitlockite crystals observed under SEM. This is probably because the amount of Mg-whitlockite crystals is too little or their sizes are too small to be observed. Since the hydroxyapatite is the only phase in Rb-containing glass-ceramics detected by XRD (Fig. 2), these crystals observed by SEM are all hydroxyapatite crystals. The addition of Rb promotes the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals.Yan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532526Fig. 5 SEM images of glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb after heat treatment: (a, b) Sample 1; (c, d) Sample 2; (e, f) Sample 3; (g, h1, h2) Sample 4Yan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 527Figure 6 shows the bending strength of the four groups of glass-ceramics. With increasing Rb content, the bending strength increases. The bending strength of all the samples with addition of Rb is higher than that of samples without Rb. The glass-ceramic with 3% Rb exhibits the highest bending strength. According to the Hall−Petch formula, the strength of a material is inversely proportional to the grain size. The grain size of the Rb-containing glass-ceramics increases along with the Rb content (Fig. 5), so the bending strength of the glass-ceramics decreases accordingly.Figure 7 shows the SEM images of the surface of glass-ceramics soaked in SBF for 7 d. The surface of all the glass-ceramics are completelyFig. 6 Bending strength of glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb covered by a thick layer of precipitation minerals, with the rough and porous microstructure, including spherical and irregular particles. Since the ceramic crystalline phase in the glass-ceramic is HA, it is a little difficult to characterize the phase of the precipitation layers. But, they can be presumed to be HA. It is assumed that glass-ceramics could form close chemical bond with bone by inducing surface mineralization after implantation.Figure 8 shows the hBMSCs attachment on the surfaces of glass-ceramics. The cells attach and spread well on the surfaces of all the samples with obvious filopodia extension. This indicates that the glass-ceramics can promote cellular initial adhesion and spreading. The fluorescent results of the staining of cell nuclei and cytoskeleton after 1 d (Figs. 9(a, c, e, g)) and 7 d (Figs. 9(b, d, f, h)) cultivation show that the cell density for all the tested samples increases after 7 d cultivation compared with that after 1 d. However, the cell density for the Rb-containing glass-ceramic (Sample 4) both after 1 and 7 d cultivation is significantly higher than that for the Rb-free glass- ceramic (Sample 1). Especially, after 7 d cultivation, the cells on the surface of Sample 4 reach a confluence. This indicates that Rb addition can promote the cellular proliferation.The cell viabilities and the ALP activities of hBMSCs after culturing on Samples 1 and 4 for different durations are shown in Fig. 10. In general,Fig. 7SEM images of surfaces of glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb after soaking into SBF for 7 d: (a) Sample 1; (b) Sample 2; (c) Sample 3; (d) Sample 4Yan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532528Fig. 8 SEM images of hBMSCs cultured for 24 h on glass-ceramics with different contents of Rb: (a, b) Sample 1; (c) Sample 2; (d) Sample 3; (e, f) Sample 4both the cell viabilities and the ALP activities increase with prolonging cultivation time. This demonstrates that the samples are not toxic and the cell proliferation is promoted. There is no significant difference in the ALP activities of both groups after 1 and 3 d. However, after 7 d, the ALP activity of the glass-ceramic with Rb (Sample 4) is much higher than that of the Rb-free glass-ceramic (Sample 1). As ALP is regarded as an early marker of osteogenic differentiation, the ALP production can present the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMSCs. Therefore, it is suggested that the addition of Rb can promote the osteoblastic differentiation and the glass-ceramic has osteogenic effect.The only crystalline phase in Rb-containing glass-ceramics prepared in this work is hydroxyapatite, which is the main inorganic component of human bone and teeth. Therefore, the samples exhibit excellent biocompatibility, which is confirmed by the cell culture results. It is noteworthy that the samples containing more Rb possess enhanced ability in stimulating cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as osteoblastic differentiation. Some ions have been reported to be beneficial for the interactivity with cells and in vivo bone regeneration. For example, Sr ions can improve osteoblast proliferation and simultaneously reduce osteoclast activity, as well as enhance the bone formation in vivo [29]. It has been reported that lithium (Li) can enhance the proliferation and ALP activity of osteoblasts when adding it to 45S5 glass [30]. The presence of other alkali metals such as sodium and potassium also have been proven to improve the biocompatibility and bioactivity of glass-ceramics [31]. However, the effect of RbYan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 529Fig. 9 Immunofluorescent images of hBMSCs cultured for 1 and 7 d on Samples 1 and 4 with cell nuclei stained by DAPI (a−d, blue) and cytoskeleton stained by FITC-phalloidin (e−h, green)Yan-ni TAN, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 521−532 530Fig. 10 Cell viability (a) and ALP activity (b) of hBMSCs cultured on Samples 1 and 4 for 1, 3 and 7 daddition or doping in biomaterials has been rarely studied. As the main group element same with Li and K, Rb is considered to have the similar biological effect as a doping element or additive. RbCl has been reported to inhibit osteoclasto- genesis and promote osteoblastogenesis both in vivo and in vitro by targeting at Jnk/p38-mediated NF-κB activation [32]. In the previous work, Rb has been added into bioglass scaffold [18]. The results show that Rb addition can improve the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs by influencing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The Rb-containing bioglass has angiogenic and osteogenic effect. In the present work, even though no osteogenic agent was added into the culture medium, the results confirm that Rb addition in glass-ceramics can promote the adhesion, proliferation and ALP activity of hBMSCs on the surface of glass-ceramics. Rb can be employed as a promising doping element for biomaterials to improve their biological performance. 4 Conclusions(1) Glass-ceramics containing different contents of Rb are successfully prepared. Hydroxyapatite crystals are formed in the glass matrix.(2) The addition of Rb promotes the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals. Compared with the glass-ceramics without Rb, Rb-containing glass-ceramics exhibit higher bending strength. Most importantly, Rb addition can promote the cell proliferation and adhesion, and increase the ALP activity.(3) Rb-containing glass-ceramics with hydroxyapatite crystals can be used in dental or bone repair applications. AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful for the financial supports from the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2019JJ50797), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2019T120711).References[1]KAMITAKAHARA M, OHTSUKI C, INADA H,TANIHARA M, MIYAZAKI T. Effect of ZnO addition onbioactive CaO−SiO2−P2O5−CaF2glass-ceramics containing apatite and wollastonite [J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2006, 2(4):467−471.[2]HENCH L L, SPLINTER R J, ALLEN W C, GREENLEE TK. Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramicprosthetic materials [J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1971, 5(6): 117−141.[3]BASUDEB K. Functional glasses and glass-ceramics:7−Glasses and glass-ceramics for biomedical applications [M]. 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AC/DC Current Measurement SystemsTCPA300, TCP312A, TCP305A, TCP303, TCPA400, TCP404XL DatasheetThe TCP300 and TCP400 Series AC/DC current measurement family is a highly advanced current measurement system for today's current measurement needs. When connected to Tektronix oscilloscopes with TEKPROBE Level II, TekConnect (w/ TCA-BNC), or TekVPI (w/ TPA-BNC)interfaces, current measurements and calculations are simple and easy.Key performance specificationsDC - 100 MHz, Current Probe Amplifier (TCPA300) uses:DC - 100 MHz, 30 A DC (TCP312A)DC - 50 MHz, 50 A DC (TCP305A)DC - 15 MHz, 150 A DC (TCP303)DC - 50 MHz, Current Probe Amplifier (TCPA400) Uses:DC - 2 MHz, 750 A DC 1 (TCP404XL) (500 A DC Continuous)1Derated with duty cycleKey featuresAutomatic scaling and units 2 - Oscilloscope on-screen readout of magnitude and amps reduces measurement errors with no more hand calculations AC/DC input couplingLow insertion impedance reduces device under test loading Split-core construction allows easy circuit connectionStatus indicators provide visual operating status and notification of potential error conditions - degauss, probe open, overload, not terminated into 50 Ω, noncompatible probe typeLow DC drift and noise allows improved low-level current measurements3rd party safety certification2 Requires a TDS TEKSCOPE oscilloscope or a TekConect oscilloscopewith TCA-BNC adapterApplicationsDevelopment and analysis solutions for designers, installers, and service personnel in telecom, data comm, computer, and semiconductor power electronics environments for:Power supplies (switching and linear)Semiconductor devices (SCRs, IGBTs, MOSFETs, CMOS, BJTs)Power inverters/converters Electronic ballastsIndustrial/consumer electronicsMobile communications (phone, satellite, relay stations)Motor drivesTransportation systems (electronic vehicles, electric trains, locomotives,avionics)Meets today's AC/DC current measurement applicationsThe TCPA300 amplifier, when used with TCP312A, TCP305A, or TCP303probes, provides a wide range of current measurement capability and spans the gap between low-level milliamp measurements to very high current levels. These three probes provide current measurement capabilities of 30 A, 50 A, and 150 A DC continuous. For even higher current levels, the TCPA400 amplifier with the TCP404XL current probe measures 500 A DC continuous and 750 A DC continuous, derated with duty cycle.Higher-frequency performance is available with the TCP312A w/TCPA300providing ≥100 MHz bandwidth and a maximum current of 30 A DC.Measurement errors and manual calculations are now a thing of the pastWith this new series of current measurement tools, automatic control and on-screen scaling and units is provided for users of Tektronix TDS3000, TDS500, TDS600, TDS700, TDS5000, TDS6000, and TDS7000B series oscilloscope systems (the DPO3000, MDO/MSO/DPO4000, MSO/DPO5000, and DPO7000 series oscilloscopes, the TPA-BNC adapter is required).The TCP300/TCP400 current measurement systems seamlessly integrate with your TDS series oscilloscope.Even non-TEKPROBE systems can use the TCPA300/400 series to make proper current measurements by simply multiplying the measured output voltage on the oscilloscope by the TCPA300/400 series range setting.SpecificationsAll specifications apply to all models unless noted otherwise. Model overviewDatasheet2 CharacteristicsMaximum current ratingsHigh-current sensitivityLow-current sensitivityRange 1 A/V 5 A/V 5 A/V N/A DC (continuous) 5 A 25 A 25 A N/A RMS (sinusoidal) 3.5 A 17.7 A 17.7 A N/A Peak50 A50 A500 AN/APhysical characteristicsAmplifiersProbesMaximum conductor sizeCable length1.5 m (60 in)1.5 m (60 in)2 m (78.7 in)8 m (315 in)EMC environment and safetySafety complianceElectromagnetic compatibility,amplifiers only EC Council Directive 89/336/EEC, FCC Part 15, Subpart B Class A, AS/NZS 2064.1/2.TemperatureOperating 0 °C to +50 °C (32 °F to 122 °F)Nonoperating-40 °C to +75 °C (-40 °F to 167 °F)AC/DC Current Measurement Systems 3HumidityOperating5% to 95% R.H. to +30 °C (86 °F)5% to 85% R.H. +30 °C to +50 °C (86 °F to 122 °F)Nonoperating5% to 95% R.H. to +30 °C (86 °F)5% to 85% R.H. +30 °C to +75 °C (86 °F to 167 °F)AltitudeOperating2000 m (6800 ft.) maximumNonoperating12,192 m (40,000 ft.) maximumOrdering informationModelsProbesTCP312A Probe AC/DC current, DC to 100 MHz; 30 A DC (Requires TCPA300 amplifier)TCP305A Probe AC/DC current, DC to 50 MHz; 50 A DC (Requires TCPA300 amplifier)TCP303 Probe AC/DC current, DC to 15 MHz; 150 A DC (Requires TCPA300 amplifier)TCP404XL Probe AC/DC current, DC to 2 MHz; 500 A DC (750 A DC derated with duty cycle) (Requires TCPA400 amplifier) AmplifiersTCPA300 Amplifier AC/DC current probe, DC to 100 MHz, (Requires TCP305A or TCP312A or TCP303 probes)TCPA400 Amplifier AC/DC current probe, DC to 50 MHz, (Requires TCP404XL probe)Recommended accessoriesCover, large probe protective; (forTCP303, TCP404XL)016-1924-00Case, transit; currentmeasurement systems016-1922-0050 Ω feedthrough termination011-0049-0250 Ω BNC-to-BNC coaxial cable012-0117-00TEKPROBE interface cable,TCPA300 or TCPA400 amplifier toTDS series oscilloscopes012-1605-00Current loop, 1 turn, 50 Ω, BNCconnector (for TCP305A, TCP312A,TCP202A)067-2396-00Current loop, 1 turn, 50 Ω, BNCconnector (for TCP303, TCP404XL)015-0601-50TCPA300/TCPA400 amplifiercalibration adapter174-4765-00Power measurements deskew fixture for TCP202A, TCP305A, TCP312A, TCP303 probes 067-1478-00Datasheet4 WarrantyOne year parts and labor.Power requirementsAmplifiers90 V to 264 V, 47 to 440 Hz, 50 W; Maximum CAT II (auto switch)Probes TCP312A, TCP305A, TCP303 probes require a TCPA300 Amplifier; TCP404XL probe requires a TCPA400 Amplifier OptionsPower plug optionsOpt. A0North America power plug (115 V, 60 Hz)Opt. A1Universal Euro power plug (220 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A2United Kingdom power plug (240 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A3Australia power plug (240 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A5Switzerland power plug (220 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A6Japan power plug (100 V, 110/120 V, 60 Hz)Opt. A10China power plug (50 Hz)Opt. A11India power plug (50 Hz)Opt. A12Brazil power plug (60 Hz)Opt. A99No power cordServiceOptionsOpt. C3Calibration Service 3 YearsOpt. C5Calibration Service 5 YearsOpt. D1Calibration Data ReportOpt. D3Calibration Data Report 3 Years (with Opt. C3)Opt. D5Calibration Data Report 5 Years (with Opt. C5)Opt. R3Repair Service 3 Years (including warranty)Opt. R3DW Repair Service Coverage 3 Years (includes product warranty period). 3-year period starts at time of instrument purchase Opt. R5Repair Service 5 Years (including warranty)Opt. R5DW Repair Service Coverage 5 Years (includes product warranty period). 5-year period starts at time of instrument purchase Opt. SILV400Standard warranty extended to 5 years (TCP305A, TCP312A, TCPA300, TCPA400 )Opt. SILV600Standard warranty extended to 5 years (TCP303, TCP404XL)Tektronix is registered to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 by SRI Quality System Registrar.AC/DC Current Measurement Systems 5DatasheetASEAN / Australasia (65) 6356 3900 Austria 00800 2255 4835*Balkans, Israel, South Africa and other ISE Countries +41 52 675 3777 Belgium 00800 2255 4835*Brazil +55 (11) 3759 7627 Canada180****9200Central East Europe and the Baltics +41 52 675 3777 Central Europe & Greece +41 52 675 3777 Denmark +45 80 88 1401Finland +41 52 675 3777 France 00800 2255 4835*Germany 00800 2255 4835*Hong Kong 400 820 5835 India 000 800 650 1835 Italy 00800 2255 4835*Japan 81 (3) 6714 3010 Luxembourg +41 52 675 3777 Mexico, Central/South America & Caribbean 52 (55) 56 04 50 90Middle East, Asia, and North Africa +41 52 675 3777 The Netherlands 00800 2255 4835*Norway 800 16098People's Republic of China 400 820 5835 Poland +41 52 675 3777 Portugal 80 08 12370Republic of Korea 001 800 8255 2835 Russia & CIS +7 (495) 6647564 South Africa +41 52 675 3777Spain 00800 2255 4835*Sweden 00800 2255 4835*Switzerland 00800 2255 4835*Taiwan 886 (2) 2722 9622 United Kingdom & Ireland 00800 2255 4835*USA180****9200* European toll-free number. If not accessible, call: +41 52 675 3777 Updated 10 April 2013 For Further Information. Tektronix maintains a comprehensive, constantly expanding collection of application notes, technical briefs and other resources to help engineers working on the cutting edge of technology. Please visit . Copyright © Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification and pricechange privileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. All other trade names referenced are the service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective companies.24 Apr 201360W-16458-7 。